Justin Franklin

Mr. Haskell

History

1 February 2005

Ch. 27 Outline (Eslr #1, 4)

I. Pressure for Peace

A. The late 1800’s and early 1900’s saw serious efforts to end the scourge of war.

B. The struggle for women’s suffrage throughout Europe supported the peace movement.

C. Organizations such as Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom gave women a way to voice their concerns.

II. Aggressive Nationalism

A. Nationalism can be a positive force, binding together a nation’s people.

B. It was strong in Germany and France, Germans were proud of new military and industrial leadership; the French tried to regain its position as Europe’s leading pwr.

C. The French were still bitter about their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

III. Economic and imperial rivalries

A. Economic rivalries further poisoned the international atmosphere.

B. The British felt threatened by Germany’s rapid economic growth.

C. Germany thought the other great powers didn’t give them enough respect.

IV. Militarism and the Arms Race

A. In the late 1800’s, there was a rice in militarism (the glorification of the military).

B. The rise in militarism grew partly out of the ideas of Social Darwinism, echoing the idea of “survival of the fittest.”

C. As international tensions grew, the great powers expanded their armies and navies.

V. A tangle of Alliances

A. Fear and distrust led the great powers to protect themselves through alliances.

B. these alliances were intended to create powerful combinations that no one would dare attack.

C. The first alliances had their origins in Bismarck’s day.

VI. A Murder With Millions of Victims

A. Among the group was a youth of 19 named Gavrilo Princip.

B. June 28 was a special date for Francis Ferdinand as well, actually 14 years earlier he married Countess Sophie Chotek.

C. At his trial, Princip stood by his deed, he regretted killing a women; he wasn’t executed, and he died in prison w/ tuberculosis

VII. Peace Unravels

A. News of his nephew’s assassination shocked the aging Austrian emperor, Francis Joseph

B. Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum, or final set of demands. It said to avoid war, they must end all anti-Austrian agitation.

C. Italy decided to remain neutral fro the time being, it is a policy of supporting neither side in a war.

VIII. Whose Fault

A. How cold an assassination lead to all out war in jus a few weeks, asked some people.

B. Each great power believed its cause was just, Austria wanted to punish Serbia for encouraging terrorism.

C. Although the leaders made the decisions, most ppl. On both sides were equally committed to military action.

IX. The Western Front

A. As the war began, German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris

B. Both sides dug in for the winter, they didn’t know that the battle lines in France and Belgium would remain almost unchanged for 4 years.

C. A underground network linked bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements.

X. Other European Fronts

A. On the Eastern Front, battle lines swayed back an forth, sometimes over large areas.

B. In august 1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany, but suffered defeat in war of Landenberg.

C. In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and helped crush its old rival Serbia.

XI. The War Beyond Europe

A. Through most of the fighting took place in Europe, World War 1 was a global conflict.

B. The Allies overran scattered German colonies in Africa and Asia.

C. Ppl. In the colonies had mixed feelings about serving, many volunteered eagerly, expecting that their service would be a step to citizenship.

XII. Effects of the Stalemate

A. As the struggle wore on, nations realized that a modern, mechanized war required total commitment of their whole society.

B. The result was what we today call total war, the channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort.

C. Early on, both sides set up systems to recruit arm, transport, and supply armies that numbered in the millions.

XIII. Women at War

A. Women played a major part in total war, they took over their jobs and kept national economies going.

B. Military nurses shared the dangers of the men whose wounds they tended.

C. War gave women a new sense of pride and confidence, after the war, most had to give up jobs to men returning home.

XIV. Collapsing Morale

A. By 1917, the morale of both troops and civilians had plunged, Germany was sending 15-year old recruits to the front.

B. As morale collapsed, troops mutinied in some French units, in Italy, many soldier deserted after the defeat at Caporetto.

C. Three years of war hit Russia especially hard, stories of incompetent generals and corruption destroyed public confidence.

XV. The United States Declares War

A. Soon after the Russian Revolution began, however, another event altered the balance of forces.

B. The United States, which so far had stayed out of the fighting, declared war on Germany.

C. The United States had other reasons to support the Allies, many Americans felt ties of culture and language to Britain.

XVI. Campaign to Victory

A. A final showdown got underway in early 1918, the germans launched a huge offensive that pushed the Allies back 40 miles.

B. The German people showed their monarch their frustration as uprisings exploded among hungry city dwellers.

C. By autumn, Austria-Hungary was also reeling toward collapse, as the government in Vienna tottered.

XVII. The Costs of War

A. The human and material costs of war were staggering, more than 8.5 billion ppl were dead.

B. Double that number had been wounded, many handicapped themselves for their entire life.

C. The devastation was made even worse in 191by a deadly epidemic of influenza that swept around the world and killed more than 20 million ppl.

XVIII. The Paris Peace Conference

A. To a very weary and very angry world, Woodrow Wilson seemed to be a symbol of hope.

B. Wilson was one of the “Big Three” strong personalities who dominated the Paris Peace Conference.

C. Crowds of other representatives circled around the “Big Three” with their own demands and interests.

XIX. The Treaty of Versailles

A. In June 1919, the peacemakers summoned representatives of the new German Republic to the palace of Versailles out side Paris.

B. Ther German delegates read the document with horror, it forced them to assume full blame for causing the war.

C. The Germans signed because they had no choice, but German resentment of the treaty would poison the international climate for 20 years.

XX. Other Settlements

A. The Allies drew up separate treaties w/the other central powers, these treaties redrew the map of Eastern Europe

B. A band of new nations emerged where the German, Austrain, and Russian empires had once ruled.

C. European colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific had looked to the Paris Peace Conference w/high hopes.

XXI. Hopes for Global Peace

A. The Paris Peace Conference offered one beacon of hope in the League of Nations.

B. In the aftermath of the war, millions of people looked to the league to ensure their peace.

C. Wilson’s dream had become a reality, yet his own senate refused to ratify the treaty and the United States never joined the league.