| Jacob Riis- Was born in Southwestern Denmark and was a crusader against poverty. He was the first to use photographic evidence to document poverty in America. The book that made many deep ripples was How the other half lives. He was active in the movement for the establishment of parks and tenements, and the reform of public schools. The Dumbbell tenements- Rose out of a NYC law stipulating that tenements must have a 10�x4� central shaft for the allowance of air. It helped only a little. YMCA- Was founded in England in 1841 and exported to America a decade later. It specialized on assisting the new farmer immigrants into the city, and gave adolescents a place to grow in a Christian environment. It was focused on a protestant tradition of bettering oneself but it eventually became a non-sectarian organization. Hull House-Started by Jane Addams, it was a place in Chicago where the poor could come, and it acted as a community center. I later became a center for social activism. Salvation Army- Begun as a protestant evangelical organization, which it still is, was transformed into a massive good-works program. It was founded by the Booth Methodist family and it is structured like an army. Social Gospel Movement- William S. Rainsford thought that the mega-churches in the downtown areas that had been overrun by immigrants should not shun the poverty but attempt to help them out, by offering social services. |
| John Harvey Kellogg- Founded Kellogg foods. He helped to invent granola. Born in Michigan, he was a non-conformist who would not bow to common medical theories of the day. He wanted people to have a natural diet, so he invented corn flakes. Montgomery Ward- was a powerful department store chain that only recently died. It was like Woolworth�s, where trinkets and clothes were sold. It was the forerunner to J.C. Penny. Henry Beecher- was the brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe, and was a strong protestant minister of the Presbyterian branch. He was a leader in the antislavery movement, a proponent of woman suffrage, and an advocate of the theory of evolution. John Sullivan- was America�s biggest sports hero. He was a championship boxer, and was the hero of the working man. Ironically he renounced all of it later and became a temperance advocate. Mark Twain- was a great novelist and political thinker of the mid to late 1800�s. He is one of the most quotable people in history, and his book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and Tom Sawyer shattered the code of writing for the Victorian era. The books were the first widely persecuted of the Victorian days. Women�s Christian Temperance Union- Founded by Francis Willard in the latter 1800�s, the society advocated no alcohol, was the leader in prohibition, and wanted the typical family structure to remain. They had around 180,000 members by 1890. |
| Bland-Allison act- was the bill that attempted to make the production of silver dollars free. It was passed by the house but amended by the senate to make it to where the treasury would buy a certain amount of silver and make them into dollars. Half-breeds- were those more liberal elements of the Republicans who liked Garfield�s efforts at reforming the social service system. Stalwarts- Old party hardliner republicans who refused to reconcile the south or go along with the Garfield doctrine of social reform. Pendleton Act- Effectively ended the spoils system. People who wished to take part in social services would now have to meet qualifications and pass an examination. Populist party- With its foundations in the Greenback party and the farmers� alliances, the Populist Party, that through allegiances with the democrats, would soon become a threat to the republican dominance. Plessey v. Ferguson- Upheld a Louisiana Law that forced segregated rail cars. The excuse of �if equal facilities are provided� excuse was begun. Munn v. Illinois- Upheld an Illinois law to regulate prices on Grain. The excuse was that the laws to protect farmers fell under the legal police powers states have. Coxey�s army- When in the depression of 1893 the unemployment rate hit 20%, thousands followed Jacob Coxey to march on D.C. for jobs. William Jennings Bryan- Was a 2 term congressman and a free-silver advocate. He gave his famous �you shall place no crown of thorns atop my head you shall not hang me on your cross of gold� speech against the Gold standard. He also opposed tariffs. He ran for president but got defeated all 3 times. Alfred T. Mahan- wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, in which he urged that the U.S. build up a massive navy, and made the wild suggestion that a nation�s greatness is by its naval power and not its armies. William Randolph Hearst- began the Hearst Media Empire. He was a writer and owner/editor for the New York Journal, and participated greatly in yellow journalism about the Spanish American War. Joseph Pulitzer- was another cornerstone in yellow journalism in his New York World. The Pulitzer Prize is named after him. He also introduced the comic strip to magazines. Also he was the first to separate the sports section from the regular news. Teller and Platt Amendments- Stated that the U.S. had no designs on Cuba, however reserved the right to ensure its independence. Open Door Notes- were circulated between imperial powers in relation to China�s trade. All of the world would recognize China, and would also allow all nations to participate in trade, and not carve China up. U.S.S. Maine- Was dispatched to Havana Harbor to protect American Investments in Cuba, but was blown up by probably a mine. It was used to go to war with spain. |
| APUS VOCABULARY CHAPTERS 19-21, SOCIAL REFORM TO SPANISH AMERICAN WAR. |