Lipid Structure and Metabolism
George M. Helmkamp, Jr., Ph.D.
|
Lecture 1: Lipid Structures; Digestion and
Absorption (Powerpoint) |
|
|
Lecture 2: Lipids as Sources of Metabolic
Energy (Powerpoint) |
|
|
Lecture 3: Synthesis of Structural and
Bioactive Fatty Acid Derivatives (Powerpoint) |
|
|
Lecture 4: Synthesis of Structural and
Bioactive Polyisoprenes (Powerpoint) |
|
|
Lecture 5: Medical Challenges of Cellular
Lipid Metabolism
(Powerpoint) |
|
|
Lecture 6: Vascular Lipid Metabolism:
Overview and Dyslipidemias (Powerpoint) |
|
|
Lecture 7: Vascular Lipid Metabolism:
Obesity and Diabetes (Powerpoint) |
|
|
Lecture 8: Vascular Lipid Metabolism:
Atherosclerosis (Powerpoint) |
Lecture 1: Lipid Structures;
Digestion and Absorption
Understand the nomenclature for
fatty acids and complex lipids.
Know general structural features and
functions of glycero-and sphingolipids.
List pancreatic enzymes involved in
the digestion of dietary lipids.
Outline the formation of
chylomicrons in the small intestine.
Explain why triacylglycerols are the
preferred storage form of metabolic energy in humans; compare the synthesis of
triacylglycerols in liver, adipose, and small intestine.
Describe the mobilization of adipose
triacylglycerols and its hormonal regulation.
Lecture 2: Lipids as Sources
of Metabolic Energy
Describe the activation of fatty
acids to fatty acyl-coenzyme A thioesters.
Explain how fatty acids utilize
carnitine to gain access to the mitochondrial matrix.
Outline the steps in the cycle of
beta-oxidation of long-chain, saturated fatty acids; know the general chemical
modifications to the acyl-CoA molecule.
Compare the plasma transport of
fatty acids and ketone bodies and their use as metabolic fuels.
Be able to calculate the energy
yield (ATP equivalents) from the oxidation of a saturated fatty acid to CO2
and H2O.
Lecture 3: Synthesis of
Structural and Bioactive Fatty Acid Derivatives
Describe the function and
organization of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase.
Outline the synthesis of long-chain,
saturated fatty acids from acetyl-CoA.
Know sources of NADPH that are
available for fatty acid synthesis.
Describe pathways of fatty acid
elongation and desaturation; explain why linoleate and linolenate are essential
to the human diet.
Compare the regulation and
subcellular localization of fatty acid oxidation and synthesis.
Outline the synthesis of
phosphatidate and diacylglycerol from glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acids.
Outline the synthesis of ceramide
from serine and fatty acids.
Lecture 4: Synthesis of
Structural and Bioactive Polyisoprenes
Know the numbering system for the
carbon atoms of cholesterol.
List major stages in cholesterol
synthesis; note important building blocks and intermediates.
Discuss the regulation of
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.
Outline cytochrome P-450-catalyzed
hydroxylations of the sterol nucleus and side chain; describe the synthesis of
pregnenolone as an important initial step in steroid hormone synthesis.
Describe general structures of bile
acids and bile salts; explain their role in the emulsification and absorption
of dietary lipids.
Recognize other biologically
important polyisoprenes.
Lecture 5: Medical Challenges
of Cellular Lipid Metabolism
Explain how phospholipases and other
enzymes can re-model the structure of a complex lipid.
Describe the formation and function
of pulmonary surfactant; summarize the characteristics of respiratory distress
syndrome and its treatment.
Discuss general aspects of impaired
sphingolipid degradation and lysosomal storage diseases; summarize the defect
in Gaucher's disease and current treatment strategies.
Know some specific examples of the
participation of the peroxisome in lipid metabolism; summarize the defect in
Refsum's disease.
Lecture 6: Vascular Lipid
Metabolism: Overview and Dyslipidemias
List the classes of plasma
lipoproteins and describe their lipid transport functions.
Describe the enzymes involved in
lipoprotein metabolism.
Discuss the metabolism of plasma
lipoproteins and their specific interactions with cell-surface receptors;
distinguish among the apo-B,E, apo-E, and scavenger receptors.
Define the process of reverse
cholesterol transport; describe the involvement of high density lipoproteins in
the transport and metabolism of cholesterol.
Summarize the clinical consequences
of hypo- and hyperlipoproteinemias.
Understand the therapeutic value of
medium chain triacylglycerols.
Describe the role of apo E in lipid
metabolism; know the specific involvement of specific isoforms in vascular and
central nervous system diseases.
Lecture 7: Vascular Lipid
Metabolism: Obesity and Diabetes
List some causes (genetics and
others) of human obesity.
Describe the role of leptin as a
regulator of food intake, energy expenditure, and adipose tissue mass.
Discuss the hormonal regulation of
adipose triacylglycerol synthesis and hydrolysis.
Explain why excessive plasma ketone
bodies develop in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Explain why elevated plasma
triacylglycerols are characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Lecture 8: Vascular Lipid
Metabolism: Atherosclerosis
List risk factors associated with
cardiovascular disease; distinguish between nonmodifiable and potentially
controllable factors.
Describe the structure and
development of atherosclerotic lesions; list the cells that participate in their
formation.
Outline the consequences of impaired
metabolism of low density lipoprotein in familial hypercholesterolemia.
Discuss the roles of modified LDL,
lipoprotein(a), and homocysteine in cardiovascular disease.
Understand current therapeutic
approaches to the treatment of elevated plasma lipids.