AP Biology Summer Assignment
In order to be successful in AP Biology, there are some Biology and Chemistry topics you should familiarize yourself with over the summer.  You should expect a test on Chapters 1-3 (basic themes of Biology, basic chemistry, and water) the first week of class.  Since we do not issue textbooks over the summer, feel free to use the Internet to find the answers to any questions you do not already know.

Web resources
	Textbook website: 
		Go to: www.phschool.com/access
		Choose: Campbell, Biology 5e/6e
		Enter: [access code removed for web posting, see instructors] 
	Mr. Jordan's website: www.geocities.com/jordan.ghhs

8 themes (Chapter One):
•	Hierarchy of organization
•	Cellular basis of life
•	Heritable information
•	Correlation between structure & function
•	Interactions between organisms & environment
•	Unity in diversity
•	Evolution
•	Science as a process	
1) Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest:
Organ        Atom        Community        Ecosystem        Biosphere        Tissue        Biome        Cell        Organelles        Population        Organ System        Molecule
2) Who first discovered cells? The cell theory? First to examine living specimens under a microscope?
3) What is the hypothetico-deductive method?
4) What is a positive control? A negative control?
5) Give a brief definition of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Define a common ancestor.
6) What is the purpose of DNA?

Chemistry (Chapter Two):
1) What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture?
2) Make a table of the three subatomic particles, their charges, sizes, and locations.
3) What is the octet rule? Use it to describe bonding.
4) Name the following compounds: NaCl, H2SO4, HNO3, NH3, C6H12O6, CO, CO2
5) Calculate the molar mass of NaCl, H2SO4, HNO3, NH3, C6H12O6, CO, CO2
6) Make a table comparing and contrasting ionic versus covalent bonds.  Tell what happens with electrons, whether melting points & boiling points are high or low, and give an example of each.
7) What is polarity?  How does electronegativity figure into whether a compound is polar, nonpolar, or ionic?
8) Describe ground versus excited states.
9) Give the electron configurations for the following atoms: Mg, Cl, Fe, S, C, O, N.
10) If I want to make a 2.5M solution of NaCl from solid NaCl, how do I do it?  Show your work.
11) Suppose I want a solution of 0.25M NaCl and all I have is 1.0M.  How do I go about making this dilution?
12) What is an isotope? An ion?
13) Describe half-life.  How could this concept be used in biology?
14) What are the three types of intermolecular forces?  How do they differ from intramolecular forces?
15) Sketch the following molecular shapes: pyramidal, tetrahedral, linear, water’s shape.
16) Label the products and reactants in the following equation.  What does the double arrow mean?   
	3H2  +  N2    2NH3

Water (Chapter Three):
1) Explain how water’s polarity makes it a “universal solvent.”
2) What is a buffer?
3) Define hydrogen bonds.  Are they weak or strong?
4) What is cohesion? Adhesion?
5) Define molarity.
6) What is specific heat? What is significant about water’s specific heat?
7) Explain evaporative cooling.  Why is it important?
8) Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
9) Titrations:  If 5.4mL of 4.0M NaOH is needed to titrate 3.8mL of HCl, what is the concentration of the HCl?  If 2.1ML of 2.0M NaOH is needed to titrate 4.3mL of H2SO4, what is the concentration of H2SO4?
10) If a solution has a pH of 4.5, how many H+ ions does it have? OH-? What is its pOH?
11) What is the formula for determining pH?  Define acids, bases, neutral.

Organic Chemistry:
1) Why is carbon the basis of all life on earth? Refer to its bonding potential.
2) What is an alkane? Alkene? Alkyne?  Draw an example of each.

Cell Biology:
1) What is the difference(s) between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
2) Making RNA from DNA is called _____________ and it happens in the _____________.
3) Making protein from RNA is called _____________ and it happens in the ____________.
4) What is a codon? Anticodon?
5) What are the three types of RNA? Explain the function of each.
6) What are some differences between plant and animal cells?  List three.
7) State the most important function(s) of the: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus.

Energy:
1) What is kinetic energy? Potential energy?
2) What is Gibbs Free Energy?  Give the equation.
3) What is entropy? Enthalpy?
4) What are endergonic and exergonic reactions?
5) What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
6) What process takes place in the chloroplast? The mitochondria?
7) Link together photosynthesis and respiration.  What connects them?
8) Sketch a chloroplast.  Label the thylakoids, stroma, grana, and the membrane.
9) Sketch a mitochondrion.  Label the cristae.
10) Are the membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria single or double membranes?  Briefly discuss their importance in making ATP (chemiosmosis).
11) What are the (very) general steps in making ATP through cellular respiration?  Draw a flow chart and tell where each process occurs.

Cell Cycle:
1) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.  Tell # of cells, haploid or diploid, identical or different.
2) Describe the phases of mitosis.
3) What is crossing over?  Does it occur in mitosis, meiosis, or both?
4) What are some types of asexual reproduction?
5) What is the advantage of sexual reproduction in terms of evolution?

Genetics:
1) Who was Gregor Mendel?  Thomas Hunt Morgan?
2) What is a dominant trait? Recessive? Heterozygote? Homozygote?
3) What is a genotype? Phenotype?  Do a sample Punnett square of RR crossed with Rr.