AP Biology, Chapter 29+30
SWAT Script

	Apical meristems for longitudinal growth of subterranean and aerial organs
	Sporophyte: multicelluar diploid that performs meiosis
	Ordovician, 475 mya, Charophytes  land plants
	Early Devonian, 400 mya, ferns
	Late Devonian, 360 mya, gymnosperms
	Cretaceous, 130 mya,  angiosperms
	Bryophytes, Mosses and liverworts
	Pteridophytes, Ferns, lycophytes, horsetails
	Gymnosperms, Conifers, ginkgoes, cycads
	Angiosperms,  Flowering plants
Charophyceans, and land plants.
			a. Homologous chloroplasts: pigments, stacked thylakoids, DNA sequence, # of 
			membranes
			b. Biochemical similarity: cell wall composition, peroxisomal enzymes
			c. Mitosis and cytokinesis
				i. Nuclear membrane disassembly
				ii. Spindle persists until cytokinesis
				iii. Cell plate for cytokinesis in some charophytes
			d. Similar sperm ultrastructure
			e. Genetic relationship: nuclear and rRNA sequences
Sporopollenin protects spores
	Plantae: land plants; embryophytes (used in the 6th edition)
	Streptophyta: embryophytes + charophyta
	Viridiplantae: embryophytes + charophyta + chlorophyta
Hepatophyta, Commonly called liverworts
	Anthocerophyta, Sporophytes horn or spike-shaped
	Homosporous: one type of spore, bisexual gametophyte (ex. ferns)
Heterosporous: micro- (male) and mega- (female); separate gametophytes
	Lycophytes, Separate gametophyte; non-photosynthetic; persistent, relies on mycorrhizae
Sphenophytes (horsetails)
	Pteridophytes, Ferns, whisk ferns
	Cycadophyta, Cone-like cluster of sporophylls 
Ginkgophyta, One species remains; common street tree
	Gnetophyta, Non-clade? Weltwitschia, Ephedra
Coniferophyta, The most common gymnosperms, Seeds found between the leaves of cones
Micropyle
Monocots, Traditional characters: single seed leaf, parallel venation, flower parts in 3s
Dicots, Not monophyletic, Traditional characters: two seed leaves, branched venation, flower 
		parts in 4s and 5s
	Eudicots, A clade as supported by molecular data Traditional dicot characteristics
Amborella, most primitive angiosperm (oldest clade)
	Sepals: green modified leaves surrounding and protecting the petals		
	Petals: colored modified leaves in animals-pollinated flowers		
	Stamens: male reproductive organs, produce pollen		
	Carpels: female reproductive organs, produce ovules
	Filament: stalk of the stamen, holds up the anther
	Anther: stamen sac where pollen is produced
	Stigma: sticky tip of the carpel, captures pollen
	Style: stalk of the carpel connecting the stigma and ovary
	Ovary: base of the carpel, contains ovules, develops into fruit
	Fruit is the developed mature ovary, protects and disperses seeds
Seeds are multicellular and much more complex
Ovules produce megaspores that form embryo sacs
	Double fertilization.
Coevolution: responsive adaptation in ecologically connected species