Alan’s SPSS Research
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore
the role that non-academic
predictors have on the number of
years of education completed in the American
education system.
Research Question: Can non-academic demographics be a
significant predictor of
years of education completed in the
United States?
Objective of the
study: To discern the role that
non-academic factors play as
predictors of years of education
completed.
Type of Study: Cross-sectional
Unit of Analysis:
years of education completed
Dependent variable: Highest year of school completed (continuous
variable).
Independent variables:
Sex (dichotomous); Race (dichotomous); Age (continuous);
Region of the
(categorical); Highest year of
school completed, Mother (continuous); Highest
year of school completed, Father (continuous); Highest year of school
completed, Spouse (continuous); Social Class
(categorical); Number of siblings
(continuous); How often respondent
reads the newspaper (categorical).
Data Source: General Social Survey, 1991
Descriptive
Statistics
|
|
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
N |
|
DEPENDENT VARIABLE HIGHEST YEAR OF SCHOOL COMPLETED |
13.78 |
2.593 |
349 |
|
FEMALE RESPONDENTS |
.54 |
.499 |
349 |
|
MALE RESPONDENTS |
.46 |
.499 |
349 |
|
AGE
OF RESPONDENT |
43.55 |
13.73 |
349 |
|
BLACK
RESPONDENT |
.05 |
.209 |
349 |
|
WHITE RESPONDENT |
.93 |
.258 |
349 |
|
OTHER
RESPONDENT |
.03 |
.159 |
349 |
|
REGION
OF THE COUNTRY |
4.80 |
2.58 |
349 |
|
HOW
OFTEN R ATTENDS RELIGIOUS SERVICES |
4.17 |
2.62 |
349 |
|
HIGHEST
|
13.43 |
2.86 |
349 |
|
HIGHEST
|
10.87 |
3.05 |
349 |
|
HIGHEST
|
11.02 |
3.76 |
349 |
|
HOW
OFTEN DOES READ NEWSPAPER |
1.66 |
1.05 |
349 |
|
NUMBER
OF BROTHERS AND SISTERS |
3.70 |
3.02 |
349 |
|
SUBJECTIVE
CLASS IDENTIFICATION |
2.59 |
.568 |
349 |
HISTOGRAM AND P-P PLOT
Inferential Statistics
Variables
Entered/Removed(a)
|
Model |
Variables Entered |
Variables Removed |
Method |
|
1 |
HIGHEST |
. |
Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter
<= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). |
|
2 |
SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION |
. |
Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter
<= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). |
|
3 |
HIGHEST |
. |
Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter
<= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). |
|
4 |
HOW OFTEN DOES READ NEWSPAPER |
. |
Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter
<= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). |
|
5 |
RACE OF RESPONDENT |
. |
Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter
<= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). |
|
6 |
AGE OF
RESPONDENT |
. |
Stepwise (Criteria: Probability-of-F-to-enter
<= .050, Probability-of-F-to-remove >= .100). |
a Dependent Variable: educ HIGHEST YEAR OF SCHOOL COMPLETED
Model
Summary(g)
|
Model |
R |
|
Adjusted |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
Change Statistics |
||||
|
R Square Change |
F Change |
df1 |
df2 |
Sig. F Change |
|||||
|
1 |
.533(a) |
.284 |
.282 |
2.197 |
.284 |
137.735 |
1 |
347 |
.000 |
|
2 |
.579(b) |
.336 |
.332 |
2.120 |
.052 |
26.883 |
1 |
346 |
.000 |
|
3 |
.603(c) |
.363 |
.358 |
2.078 |
.028 |
14.977 |
1 |
345 |
.000 |
|
4 |
.615(d) |
.378 |
.371 |
2.057 |
.015 |
8.298 |
1 |
344 |
.004 |
|
5 |
.624(e) |
.390 |
.381 |
2.040 |
.012 |
6.484 |
1 |
343 |
.011 |
|
6 |
.631(f) |
.398 |
.387 |
2.030 |
.008 |
4.563 |
1 |
342 |
.033 |
a Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE
b Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION
c Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION, paeduc HIGHEST YEAR
SCHOOL COMPLETED, FATHER
d Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION, paeduc HIGHEST YEAR
SCHOOL COMPLETED, FATHER, news HOW OFTEN
DOES R READ NEWSPAPER
e Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION, paeduc HIGHEST YEAR
SCHOOL COMPLETED, FATHER, news HOW OFTEN
DOES R READ NEWSPAPER, r_white RACE OF RESPONDENT
f Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION, paeduc HIGHEST YEAR
SCHOOL COMPLETED, FATHER, news HOW OFTEN
DOES R READ NEWSPAPER, r_white RACE OF RESPONDENT, age AGE OF RESPONDENT
g Dependent Variable: educ HIGHEST YEAR OF SCHOOL COMPLETED
ANOVA(g)
|
Model |
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
1 |
Regression |
665.059 |
1 |
665.059 |
137.735 |
.000(a) |
|
Residual |
1675.508 |
347 |
4.829 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
2340.567 |
348 |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
Regression |
785.854 |
2 |
392.927 |
87.446 |
.000(b) |
|
Residual |
1554.713 |
346 |
4.493 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
2340.567 |
348 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Regression |
850.537 |
3 |
283.512 |
65.644 |
.000(c) |
|
Residual |
1490.030 |
345 |
4.319 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
2340.567 |
348 |
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Regression |
885.633 |
4 |
221.408 |
52.349 |
.000(d) |
|
Residual |
1454.934 |
344 |
4.229 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
2340.567 |
348 |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Regression |
912.626 |
5 |
182.525 |
43.844 |
.000(e) |
|
Residual |
1427.941 |
343 |
4.163 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
2340.567 |
348 |
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Regression |
931.428 |
6 |
155.238 |
37.676 |
.000(f) |
|
Residual |
1409.140 |
342 |
4.120 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
2340.567 |
348 |
|
|
|
a Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE
b Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION
c Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION, paeduc HIGHEST YEAR
SCHOOL COMPLETED, FATHER
d Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION, paeduc HIGHEST YEAR
SCHOOL COMPLETED, FATHER, news HOW OFTEN
DOES R READ NEWSPAPER
e Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION, paeduc HIGHEST YEAR
SCHOOL COMPLETED, FATHER, news HOW OFTEN
DOES R READ NEWSPAPER, r_white RACE OF RESPONDENT
f Predictors: (Constant), speduc HIGHEST YEAR SCHOOL COMPLETED, SPOUSE,
class SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION, paeduc HIGHEST YEAR
SCHOOL COMPLETED, FATHER, news HOW OFTEN
DOES R READ NEWSPAPER, r_white RACE OF RESPONDENT, age AGE OF RESPONDENT
g Dependent Variable: educ HIGHEST YEAR OF SCHOOL COMPLETED
Literature Review:
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New
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Education in the United States, 1960-1986.
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208-237
Gomes, S.S, Oakes,
J, Ormseth, T. (1991). Multiplying
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of Race, Social Class, and Tracking
on Opportunities to Learn Mathematics and
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Heller, D.E.
(1997). Student Price Response in Higher Education.
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Higher Education, 68
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Hutchings, M. (2000). 'Bettering Yourself'? Discourses of risk, cost
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Wikipedia (2006). General
Social Survey URL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Social_Survey
General Social Survey Codebook (2006). URL: http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/GSS/