table_contents

                                                               TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface         ii
Table of contents        iii

I. INTRODUCTION        1
1.1 Linguistics and Language      1
1.2 Other Division of Linguistics      3
1.2.1 Synchronic and Diachronic      3
1.2.2 Descriptive, Historical, Comparative    3
1.2.3 Structural, Traditional, and Transformational   4
1.2.3.1 Structural        4
1.2.3.2 Traditional        4
1.2.3.3 Transformational grammar     5
1.2.4 Prescriptive, Descriptive      6
1.3. Other Fields Related to Linguistics     7

II. PHONOLOGY        9
2.1. Phonology and Phonemes      9
2.2 Classification of sounds      11
2.3 Supra-segmental Elements      16
2.4 Modifications        20
2.5 Morphophonemic Changes/Phonemic Changes   21
2.6 Finding Phonemes       23
2.7. Phonotactics           30

III. MORPHOLOGY        33
3.1 Morphology and Morphemes      33
3.2 Morphological Process       36
3.2.1 Affixation        37
3.2.2 Reduplication        39
3.2.3 Compounding        39
3.2.4 Acronimy        40
3.2.5 Clipping        40
3.2.6 Blending        40
3.2.7 Vowel change        41
3.2.8 Suplition        41
3.2.9 Zero Morpheme       41
3.2.10 Supra-segmental Morpheme     41
3.3 Parts of Speech        41
3.4 Finding Morphemes       53

IV. SYNTAX         57
4.1 Phrase         57
4.1.1 Endocentric        61
4.1.2 Exocentric        61
4.2 Clause and Sentence       63
4.3 Word Order        65
4.4 Basic Sentence Patterns       66
4.5 Sentence/Compound Sentence     67

V. DISCOURSE        79
5.1. Definition and Clasification      79
5.2. Cohesive and Coherent      80
5.3. Implicature, Presupposition, Inference, and Reference 82

VI. SEMANTICS        84
6.1 Kinds of meaning       84
6.1.1 Lexical, grammatical, and contextual meaning   84
6.1.2 Referential meaning and Non?referential meaning 85
6.1.3 Denotative Meaning and Connotative Meaning   85
6.1.4 Conceptual Meaning and Associative meaning   85
6.1.5 Idiomatical meaning and Proverb     86
6.2 Relation of Meaning       86
6.2.1 Synonym        86
6.2.2 Antonym        87
6.2.3 Poly-semy        87
6.2.4 Homonymy        87
6.2.4 Homonymy        87
6.2.5 Hyponymy        87
6.2.6 Ambiguity        88
6.3 Semantic Field        88
6.4 Semantic Components       88
6.5 Change of Meaning       89
6.6 Kinds of Change        90

VII LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD AND IN PAPUA   92
7.1 Languages of the world       92
7.2 Languages in Papua       94

Bibliography         100
I n d e x

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INTRODUCTORY LINGUISTICS
by Theodorus T. Purba