| Therefore we say the former is full or complete reduplication and the latter partial reduplication. In sayur mayur, the stem is reduplicated but it changes, it is sound changed reduplication. Sometimes after the reduplication of the stem there is another morpheme added, such as mobil mobilan, and sakit sakitan. This kind is called affixed reduplication. 3.2.3 Compounding When two or more words combine and form a combination meaning is called a phrase, such as 'bad boy' which means a boy who is bad. Two or more stems combine and form a new meaning is called word compounds. The word sweetheart for instance does not mean a heart that is sweet, but someone you love. Other words are sweet potatoes, high school, hotdog (special short of long red sausage in bread roll (loaf either long or in the shape of a ball)), black market, father in law, hot potato (something difficult or dangerous to deal with), etc. Compounds can be divided into two kinds: endocentric and exocentric. Endocentric means when the nuclear has the same class as the whole constituents, such as blackbird, ladybird (beetle) rumah sakit. Exocentric means when nuclear has different class from the whole constituents, such as pickpocket, income, jual beli, butterfinger. 3.2.4 Acronimy Acronimy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words. This process is actually the abbreviation of some words such as scuba (self contained under water breathing apparatus), radar (radio detecting and ranging), VIP (very important person), etc. It is not treated as an abbreviation anymore. 3.2.5 Clipping This term means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaning a part to stand for the whole. The words lab, dorm, prof, exam, math, mike are the clipping words of laboratory, dormitory, examination, mathematics, microphone etc. The others are ad, gas, taxi (taximeter) (taxicab), cab (cabriolet), pram (perambulator), fridge (refrigerator (=icebox)). The word flu formed by both fore and aft clipping. 3.2.6 Blending Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the last part of another, such as in brunch, from breakfast and lunch, smog from smoke and fog, motel from motorist hotel, in English), senpi (senjata api), pasutri (pasangan suami istri), etc. 3.2.7 Vowel change Vowel change means that the formation of the new morpheme by changing the vowel/s such as plural forms: /maus/ become /mais/, /fut/ become /fit/, /gus/ becomes /gis/, the past forms: /hould/ becomes /held/, /rid/ become /red/ 3.2.8 Suplition It means that the form of the new word is not regular. Its form is not predicted, examples: the form of past tense and perfect form, from 'go' to 'went' to 'gone', form 'speak' to 'spoke' and 'spoken', 'do' to 'did', etc. 3.2.9 Zero Morpheme It means that the new word is formed by adding nothing and no change; for instance the plural form of 'sheep' is also 'sheep', 'deer' is 'deer', and the past for of 'cut' and 'hit'. 3.2.10 Suprasegmental Morpheme One more formation of new word is by adding or changing the stress or tone; for instance in Chatino: 'ku' (with high tone) means 'he eats', and 'ku' (with low tone) means 'I eat'. The other form is the stress shift such as 'return' means come back, and 'return' means turn again, 'project' as a noun, 'project' as a verb. 3.3 Parts of Speech A part of speech is a form-class of stems which show similar behavior in inflection, in syntax or both. The part of speech system of a language is the classification of all its stems on the basis of similarities and differences of inflectional and syntactical behaviours (Hockett, 1958). Traditionally parts of speech consist of noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, conjunction, article, pre/postposition, and interjection. Structuralists divide parts of speech into word classes (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb) and function words (preposition, conjunction, numeral, etc. A noun is any of class of words naming or denoting a person, thing, place, etc. such as: book, pen, horse, teacher. Nouns can be grouped into some kinds such as concrete nouns (tangibility), abstract nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, animate and inanimate nouns, identified (has been mentioned before) and non identified noun, proper noun and common noun, based on shape (long and slender, flat, round, square, triangular, rectangular, etc), names of parts of the body, names of animals, kinship terms, and names of plants. In some languages the category of number exists, meaning that the form of singular noun is different from the plural noun, such as English nouns: book books, child children, church churches, puer bonus => pueri boni 'good boys' in Latin. The form of verb also may differ based on the number of the subject (plural or singular). Another possible category for noun is gender, i.e. the different form of the female and the male, such as alumnus (a male graduate) and alumna (a female graduate), or alumni (male graduates) and alumnae (female graduates), filius 'son', filia 'daughter', filii 'sons', filiae 'daughters' in Latin, and muchacho 'boy', muchacha 'girl', muchachos 'boys', muchachas 'girls', rey 'king', reyna 'queen' in Spanish. In Spanish lapiz 'pencil' is categorized as male while mano 'hand' is female. In Portuguese, we find menina 'girl' and menino 'boy', meninas 'girls' and meninos 'boys'. Gender in Marind can seen in these examples. namek 'brother' namuk 'sister' namik 'brothers and sisters' anem 'man' anum �woman' anim �men and women' Another form for noun is case. A case is inflectional affixes that indicate the way in which particular noun function in clause (i.e., whether as subject, object, or the like) (Elson, 1976:87). There are several types of case such as: accusative type, ergative type, nominative type, and accusative ergative type. Latin has the accusative type since one case is used for the subject of any sort of transitive verb, while a second is used for the object of a transitive verb. Eskimo has the ergative type, a case which we call the nominative appears for the subject of an intransitive verb and for the object of a transitive verb, while a second case, the ergative appears for the subject of a transitive verb. |
| continue |