Based on points of articulation consonants are divided into labial, interdental, dental, alveolar, alveo?palatal, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal. Based on manner of articulation consonants are divided into stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, lateral, trill, semivowel. 1. Stop consonants are produced by stopping the air completely and suddenly releasing it, such as /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/. The first three consonants are voiceless and the last three are voiced. English voiceless stops usually have a rather strong release of breath between the opening and the beginning of voicing for the following vowel. This aspiration and the stops are said to be aspirate. 2. Affricate consonants are produced similar to way stop is produced. The difference is that the opening is slow and with a movement through a fricative position. it means the combination of stop and fricative. Examples: /c/, /j/. 3. Fricative consonants are produced by not stopping the air completely, allowing the air to go through a narrow passage in the mouth. In /f, v, �, ? / it is relatively wide from side to side, but very narrow from top to bottom. Because of the slit-like shape of the opening, these sounds are called slit fricatives. In contrast in /s, x, ?, �/ the opening is much narrower from side to side and deeper from top to bottom. These sounds are called grooved fricatives. 4. Lateral consonants are produced by making the air goes around the sides of the tongue. Example: /l/. 5. Trill consonants are produced by making a very rapid motion??? the tip of the tongue flips up to the alveolar ridge and back down rapidly. Example: /r/. 6. Nasal consonants are produced by allowing the air to go through the nose. The sounds [n], [m], [?], [�] are nasals. 7. Semivowel (approximant) sound/phonemes are produced without/very little handicap in the mouth. Examples: /w/, /y/. The lateral, trill, nasal, and approximant are also called sonorants. TABLE 1 CONSONANT CHART A'lator&Place/Manner of Arti Bila-bial Labio dental ApikoDen-tal ApikoAlveo-lar ApikoAlveo P'tal BladeAlveoP'tal Fron-to Pa-latal DorsoVelar Uvu-lar Pharyngeal Glot-tal Stops Voiceless Voiced Pb td td kg ? Affricates Voiceless Voiced cj h Fricatives Voiceless Voiced �? fv ?� sz �? x? Nasals m n � ? Lateral l Trill r Semivowels w y A sequence of consonants in one syllable is called cluster. Originally Indonesian does not have any cluster. but now it has since it has adopted some foreign words. English has clusters such as /str/ in /straik/ 'strike', /st/ in /stud/ 'stood', /tr/ in /tru/ 'true', /kr/ in /krai/ 'cry', /prInt/ 'print'. B. Vowels Vowels can be divided based on 1. the height of lower jaw and 2. the form of the lips 3. the part of the tongue raised. Based on the height of the tongue, vowels divided into high (such as /i/, /u//), middle (such as /e/, / ? /), and low (such as /a/). Based on the form of the lips vowels are divided into rounded (such as /u/, /o/) and un-rounded (such as /i/, /a/). Based on the part of tongue raised, vowels are divided into front (/i/, /e/), central (/?/,/a/), and back (/u/, /o/). TABLE 2 VOWEL CHART Part of the to-ngue raised, form of the lips/ height of jaw FRONTUn-rounded FRONTrounded CENTRALUn-rounded CENTRALrounded BACKUn-rounded BACKrounded High i � � u Low High I U High Mid e ? o Low Mid E O High Low � Low a ? ? Diphthong is the sound that consists of two vowels which occur in the same syllable, the tongue moves smoothly from one position to the other without hiatus (pause, or interruption), one sound gliding to another sound, it is the cluster of vowels. Diphthongs are differentiated into: 1. When the stress is strongest at or near the beginning, it is falling diphthong, such as ai, ei, and oi. 2. When the main stress is at or near the end, it is called rising diphthong, such as iu, ua. Gleason (1961:254) gives another kind of diphthong i.e., sustained diphthong, means that the stress continues evenly through. |