1. YOU NEVER
HAD IT SO GOOD:
·
India is the 4th largest economy, in terms of purchasing power parity. Tenth
most industrialized economy.
·
Strong macro-economic performance.
·
Political stability and broad consensus on reforms. Liberal and transparent
foreign investment regime.
·
well developed banking system. Vibrant capital market, National Stock Exchange
third largest, Bombay Stock Exchange fifth largest in terms of number of
trades.
·
Strong and independent judicial system.
·
among the highest rates of returns on investment, Profitability of US
investments in India: 19.33% in 2000 (according to US Department of Commerce).
2.
INCREDIBLE SKILLS ON OFFER:
·
Strong pool of scientific and technical manpower. Prowess of IITs, IIMs
well known.
·
255 Fortune 500 companies getting services.
·
2nd largest English-speaking population.
·
Abundant, high-quality, cost-effective, competitive manpower. Over
100,000 IT professionals added each year.
·
India rated as the most attractive destination for offshore business
processing by global consultancy A T Kearney.
·
IT Industry $14 billion; growing at 50% p.a.
·
Exports $12 billion; 2008 exports target: $60 billion, to be 35% of
India's total exports.
·
Job creation: a million direct & 2-3 million indirect.
3. HIGHLY
COMPETITIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
·
Prevalence of foreign technology licensing - Rank 1 in the world.
·
Availability of scientist and engineers - Rank 2.
·
Quality of management schools - Rank 9.
·
Firm level innovation - Rank 12.
·
Firm level technology absorption - Rank 16.
·
Company spending on R&D - Rank 32. (Source: Global Competitiveness
Report, 2003)
·
India amongst the leading entrepreneurial hotbeds globally. (Red
Herring clubs India with Israel)
4. GREAT
MACRO-ECONOMIC SHOW:
·
India among world's fastest growing economies.
(Graph on top left shows Indian GDP growth since 1996-97).
·
Average GDP (gross domestic product) growth of 5.4% during the 9th
Five-Year Plan (1997-2002).
·
Exports registered growth of over 19% in 2002-03.
·
Foreign exchange reserves at an all-time high of over $90 billion.
·
Increase in forex during the fiscal year in 2002-03: $20 billion.
·
India's economic growth is sustained.
·
The nation's GDP is expected to grow by over 7.0 % this year.
5. EASY
INDUSTRIAL LICENSING POLICY:
Under the
Industries (Development & Regulation) Act, 1951, industrial license is
needed only for items:
·
Falling under the list of compulsory licensing. Reserved for
small-scale sector. If location attracts restriction.
·
All industries exempt from industrial licensing required to file an
Industrial Entrepreneur Memorandum.
·
No approval is required; Only notification need.
Industries
retained under compulsory licensing under the Industrial (D&R) Act, 1951:
·
Distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks.
·
Cigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes.
·
Electronic aerospace and defence equipment.
·
Industrial explosives; Hazardous chemicals.
6. MAJOR
FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS:
·
Setting up of the Competition Commission; Amendments to Companies Act,
Fiscal Responsibilities, and Securitisation Act for creditors' security.
·
Board for Industrial & Financial Reconstruction to be repealed.
Computerisation of Customs interface.
·
Stable tax regime. Only 3 rates of indirect tax. Trade facilitation
measures introduced.
·
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 provides a liberal regime; forex
procedures eased.
·
Stocks can be sold on the without prior approval.
·
Profits, dividends and capital investment can be repatriated.
·
Royalties can be paid by wholly owned arms to parent companies.
7. TRADE
POLICY RATIONALISATION:
·
Trade policy liberalised. Most items on Open General License.
·
Policies fully compatible with WTO.
·
Functioning of the Director General Foreign Trade (DGFT) computerized:
·
All 33 locations are Web-enabled.
·
70% of the total transactions of exporters/importers are Web-enabled.
·
Transaction time has reduced to just 6 hours.
·
On-line banking fully integrated.
8. A
PROACTIVE FDI POLICY:
FDI
under ‘Automatic Route,’ except in areas:
·
Attracting compulsory licensing; or for acquisition of shares in an
existing company.
·
Sectors not open to FDI. (Gambling, lottery, et cetera.)
·
Investor can bring automatic route cases for Foreign Investment
Promotion Board approval.
·
Foreign technology collaborations freely allowed under automatic and
government approval routes.
India FDI
Outlook
·
India rated best destination for outsourcing and 6th most attractive
destination for FDI, according to AT Kearney.
·
Global competitive report ranks India at first place in terms of
prevalence of foreign technology licensing.
·
Among top 10 tourist destinations. Major destination for foreign
venture capital funds. Pie chart, left bottom, shows country-wise FDI
inflows.
9. GREAT
INFRASTRUCTURE, AND A HELPING HAND:
·
$12 billion Highways Development Programme. Over 13,000 Kms of Highways
being developed.
·
The Electricity Act, 2003 in place to facilitate reforms in power
sector. Permits trading in electricity, captive generation freed from prior
approval.
·
Upgradation of airports at New Delhi and Mumbai.
·
‘Sagar Mala,’ a major programme aimed at developing ports and
shipping sector at an estimated investment of $22 billion.
·
Major advances in telecommunications sector. Bandwidths of terabit
available. Sharp decline in telecommunications costs.
·
Foreign Investment Implementation Authority helps solve foreign
investors' problems. It meets periodically with investors to sort out
operational difficulties and facilitates implementation.
·
An Empowered Sub-Committee of the National Development Council set up
on creating an investor friendly climate and removing regulatory barriers to
investments.
·
Modernisation of legislations on intellectual property. All IPR Laws
are TRIPS compliant. Intellectual Property Appellate Tribunal functional.
·
Simplification and re-engineering of work procedures.
10. BOOMING
SECTORS & OPPORTUNITIES GALORE:
·
Roads: Capacity enhancement of highways. 7000 kms of National
Highways being offered during the current year. Many more opportunities in the
States. Opportunities for equipment manufacturers. technical support.
·
Urban Infrastructure: Development of townships for the rapidly
growing, increasingly affluent urban middle class. City level infrastructure.
roads, bridges, IT Parks, sanitation and water supply, etc. Consultancy in
urban planning.
·
Ports: Government of India's initiative of developing ports –
‘Sagar Mala' with an investment of $22 billion. Development of Ports.
Shipping. Upgradation and operation of cruise terminal. Operation of Dry Port
at Mumbai.
·
Power: Addition of 100,000 MW required over the next 10 years.
Installed capacity 106,000 MW. Hydro-electric initiative to develop 50,000 MW.
Detailed project reports to be prepared to facilitate private investment.
·
Telecommunications: Cellular phones increasing @ 1.5 million
every month. To increase by 20 million this year. Figure to rise to 100
million in the next 3-4 years. Telephone connections to rise to 75 million by
2005 and 175 million by 2010. Investment Opportunities. Setting up
manufacturing base. Value-added services.
DOING BUSINESS IN INDIA
Location
India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, the mainland extends between
latitudes 8 deg. 4' and 37 deg. 6' north, longitudes 68 deg. 7' and 97 deg.
25' east and measures about 3214 kms from north to south between the extreme
latitudes and about 22,993 km from east to west between the extreme
longitudes.
Physical Background
The Republic of India forms a natural subcontinent with the Himalayan mountain
range to the North. Two sections of the Indian Ocean - the Arabian Sea and the
Bay of Bengal, lie to West and the East respectively. India borders Pakistan
to the northwest; China, Bhutan and the Nepal to northeast; and Bangladesh and
Myanmar to the east . Near India's southern tip, across the Palk Strait, is
Sri Lanka. India occupies the greater part of the sub continent of Southern
Asia.
India: Investment Policies
India's economic policies are designed to attract significant capital inflows
into India on a sustained basics and to encourage technology calibration
agreements between Indian and foreign firms. Policy initiatives taken over the
last few years have resulted in significant inflows of foreign investment in
all areas of the economy, except those reserved for the public sector.
Today, India is one of the most exciting emerging markets in the world.
Skilled managerial and technical manpower that match the best available in the
world and a middle class whose size exceeds the population of the USA or the
European Union, provide India with a distinct cutting edge in global
competition.
Foreign Direct Investment in
India (FDI)
Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted as under the following forms of
investments.
1.
Through financial collaborations.
2.
Through joint ventures and technical collaborations.
3.
Through capital markets via Euro issues.
4.
Through private placements or preferential allotments.
Forbidden
Territories:
FDI is not permitted in the following industrial sectors:
1.
Arms and ammunition.
2.
Atomic Energy.
3.
Railway Transport.
4.
Coal and lignite.
5.
Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur, gold, diamonds,
copper, zinc.
Foreign
Investment through GDRs (Euro Issues)
Foreign Investment through GDRs is treated as Foreign Direct Investment
Indian companies are allowed to raise equity capital in the international
market through the issue of Global Depository Receipt (GDRs). GDRs are
designated in dollars and are not subject to any ceilings on investment. An
applicant company seeking Government's approval in this regard should have
consistent track record for good performance (financial or otherwise) for a
minimum period of 3 years. This condition would be relaxed for infrastructure
projects such as power generation, telecommunication, petroleum exploration
and refining, ports, airports and roads.
Clearance from FIPB
There is no restriction on the number of Euro-issue to be floated by a company
or a group of companies in the financial year . A company engaged in the
manufacture of items covered under Annex-III of the New Industrial Policy
whose direct foreign investment after a proposed Euro issue is likely to
exceed 51% or which is implementing a project not contained in Annex-III,
would need to obtain prior FIPB clearance before seeking final approval from
Ministry of Finance.
Use of GDRs
The proceeds of the GDRs can be used for financing capital goods imports,
capital expenditure including domestic purchase/installation of plant,
equipment and building and investment in software development, prepayment or
scheduled repayment of earlier external borrowings, and equity investment in
JV/WOSs in India.
Restrictions
However, investment in stock markets and real estate will not be permitted.
Companies may retain the proceeds abroad or may remit funds into India in
anticipation of the use of funds for approved end uses. Any investment from a
foreign firm into India requires the prior approval of the Government of
India.
Investment
Risks in India
Sovereign
Risk
India is a vibrant parliamentary democracy and has been one since its
political independence from British rule more than 50 years ago. There is no
serious revolutionary movement in India; hence there is no conceivable
possibility of the state collapsing. Sovereign Risk in India is therefore zero
for both "foreign direct investment" and "foreign portfolio
investment." It is however advisable to avoid investing in the extreme
north-eastern parts of India because of terrorist threats. Kashmir in the
northern tip is also a troubled area, but investment opportunities in Kashmir
are anyway restricted by law.
Political Risk
India suffered political instability for a few years due to the failure of any
party to win an absolute majority in Parliament. However, political stability
has returned since the previous general elections in 1999. However, political
instability did not change India's economic course though it delayed certain
decisions relating to the economy.
The political divide in India is not one of policy, but essentially of
personalities. Economic liberalisation (which is what foreign investors are
interested in) has been accepted as a necessity by all parties including the
Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Thus, political instability in India, in practical terms, posed no risk to
foreign direct investors because no policy framed by a past government has
been reversed by any successive government so far. You can find a comparison
in Italy which has had some 45 governments in 50 years, yet overall economic
policy remains unchanged. Even if political instability is to return in the
future, chances of a reversal in economic policy are next to nil.
As for terrorism, no terrorist outfit is strong enough to disturb the state.
Except for Kashmir in the north and parts of the north-east, terrorist
activity is either non-existent or too weak to be of any significance. It
would take an extreme stretching of the imagination to visualise a
Bangladesh-type state-disrupting revolution in India or a Kuwait-type
annexation of India by a foreign power.
Hence, political risk in India is practically non-existent.
Commercial Risk
Commercial risk exists in business in any country. Not each and every product
or service can be readily sold, hence it is necessary to study the
demand/supply situation for a particular product or service before making any
major investment. There is a large number of market research firms in India
(including our own) which will study demand/supply situation for any
product/service and advise the potential investor accordingly in exchange of a
professional fee.
Risk of Foreign Sanctions
India did not seem to be in the good books of the United States government due
to its nuclear weapons and missiles development policy. However, US President
Bill Clinton's state visit to India in 2000 was a massive hit which even saw
the President dancing with a crowd of colorfully dressed women in the
northwestern state of Rajasthan. Subsequent to the visit, visits between the
two countries at different levels took place, and the US government has all
but come to terms with the reality of a nuclear-armed India.
Background to the sanctions:
The US had imposed some sanctions against India because of its nuclear tests
in May 1998. But these sanctions have been theoretical and even such
theoretical sanctions were relaxed within months of their imposition. Given
the fact that US foreign policy in the post-Cold War era is dictated by its
economic interests, it anyway seemed most unlikely that Iraq or Libya-type
sanctions would ever be imposed on India. India is highly self-sufficient in
terms of basic technology and requirements, hence the threat sanctions could
not bring India to its knees. The United States seems to understand this which
is perhaps why it never went ahead with really biting sanctions against India.
Regardless of how strong the threat of sanctions were, the US President's
above-mentioned state visit to India has laid to rest all doubts. In fact, the
United States has often referred to India as a great potential trading partner
as well as, perhaps, a politically strategic partner in Asia. India's rapidly
improving relations with Israel has only lent further momentum to India-US
bonding.
Given the fact that the United States has somehow managed for itself the role
of the world's policeman (a role to which India is explicitly opposed), other
countries – notably Japan and Australia – have also toned down their
opposition to India's nuclear weapons programme. In other words, it is now
business as usual for the world vis-à-vis India.
It is however theoretically possible that relations with the United States can
go sour again in the future. If that happens, India's sheer self-sufficiency
in all matters except in the not-so-critical cutting edge technologies, will
ensure that no sanction will hurt more than a mosquito bit on an elephant.
The threat of foreign sanctions is therefore of academic and speculative
value.
Business
Opportunities in India
While
looking at the prospect of doing business in India it would be prudent to see
what are the options available to a Non Indian company to invest in India.
Since 1991 India has undergone a sea change in its outlook toward foreign
investment and global collaboration. Add to that the phenomenon called
Internet and you really have an explosive combination. It's no wonder that
software and Internet services have really led India's outward push.
India's economy continues to progress on a higher growth path, due to the
economic reform process stepped up since October 1999. India is committed to
implementing fully economic reforms, encouraging investment and technology
flows, and actively promoting and facilitating greater private sector
participation in all sectors of the economy.
India is the fourth largest economy in the world, and has the second largest
GDP among developing countries, based on purchasing power parity. Economic
indicators are promising. It is the world's largest democracy, with a long
established and robust democratic, federal system. India has a large market,
and a growing middle class with substantial purchasing power. India has a long
established legal and accounting system, an independent judiciary, a free and
vibrant press, and a strong tradition of entrepreneurship. The use of English
is widespread in business and commerce. India's engineers, scientists,
technicians, managers and skilled personnel are among the best in the world.
The Information Technology sector continues to show robust growth. India's
vast reservoir of knowledge workers has attracted many global companies to do
business in India. Seldom mentioned is India's advance in bio-technology
As India moves ahead with its economic reforms, opportunities wait to be
exploited in sectors such as energy, telecommunications, insurance and
financial services, manufacturing, transportations, urban development, and
other areas of infrastructure. Procedures are being simplified and streamlined
to facilitate business. Indian Embassies and Consulates are at your service to
assist you to do business with India, AND so are we.
Welcome
you to India.
GEOGRPHY
OF INDIA
Location:
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma
and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 N, 77 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 3,287,590 sq km
Land: 2,973,190 sq km
Water: 314,400 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries: total: 14,103 km
Border Countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China
3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
Coastline: 7,000 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM
Continental Shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin
Exclusive Economic Zone: 200 NM
Territorial Sea: 12 NM
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along
the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Highest Point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
Natural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore,
manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds,
petroleum, limestone, arable land
Land use: arable land: 56%
Permanent Crops: 1%
Permanent Pastures: 4%
Forests and Woodland: 23%
Other: 16% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 535,100 sq km (1995/96 est.)
Natural hazards: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common;
earthquakes
Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing;
desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle
emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural
pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing
population is overstraining natural resources
Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling
Population in India - Census India
Population
India’s population, as on 1 March 1991 stood at 846.30 million (439.23
million males and 407.07 million females). This includes the projected
population of 7.72 million of Jammu and Kashmir. The second largest populous
country, India is the home of 16 per cent of world’s population. The
country, however, accounts for 2.42 per cent of the total world area.
The population of India as recorded at each decenial census from 1901 has
grown steadily except for a decrease during 1911-21. Decadal growth of
population from 1901 is shown in table 1.1. In most states the growth rate
declined during the decade. However, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal, Daman and Diu,
Lakshadweep and Pondicherry which account for one-third of the country’s
population, recorded increase in growth rate. Nagaland registered the highest
growth rate of 56.08 per cent while Kerala the lowest 14.32 per cent.
Click
Here for 2001 Census Data
Population density
One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of
population. It is defined as the number of persons per square kilometre. The
population density has gone up from 216 in 1981 to 267 persons in 1991
(excluding Assam and J&K). In 1901 it was 77 persons.
The 10 heavily populated districts of the country are Calcutta, Chennai,
Greater Mumbai, Hyderabad, Delhi, Chandigarh, Mahe, Howrah, Kanpur City and
Bangalore. All of them have density of above 2,000 persons per square
kilometre and 5.01 per cent of the country’s population lives in these
districts. The average density of these districts is 6,888.
Sex Ratio
Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males. In India, it
has generally been adverse to women. The ratio has also declined over the
years except in 1981 when it slightly improved to 934 from 927. In 1991, there
has been a fall by seven points to 927 per thousand males. But Kerala
represented a different spectrum. The State has a higher number of females
than males, 1,036 females against thousand males.
Government
of India
Political
structure
India - Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic
The Indian Union - 28 States and seven centrally administered Union
Territories
Form of government - Parliamentary, based on universal adult franchise
Legislature - Parliament, consists of President and the two Houses,
known as Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and Lok Sabha (House of the People )
Executive - Consists of President, Vice-President and Council of
Ministers led by the Prime Minister
Judiciary - Independent of executive
Federal System
India, a union of states, is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic with a
Parliamentary system of Government. The Indian polity is governed in terms of
the Constitution, which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November
1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.
The President is the constitutional head of Executive of the Union. Real
executive power vests in a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as
head. Article 74(1) of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council
of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President who
shall, in exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. The
Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, the House
of the People.
In the states, the Governor, as the representative of the President, is the
head of Executive, but real executive power rests with the Chief Minister who
heads the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers of a state is
collectively responsible to the elected legislative assembly of the state.
The Constitution governs the sharing of legislative power between Parliament
and the State Legislatures, and provides for the vesting of residual powers in
Parliament. The power to amend the Constitution also vests in Parliament.
The Union Executive consists of the President, the Vice-President and Council
of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the
President.
Political
System of India
President
of India
The
President is elected by members of an Electoral College consisting of elected
members of both Houses of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of the states,
with suitable weightage given to each vote. His term of office is five years.
Among other powers, the President can proclaim an emergency in the country if
he is satisfied that the security of the country or of any part of its
territory is threatened whether by war or external aggression or armed
rebellion. When there is a failure of the constitutional machinery in a state,
he can assume to himself all or any of the functions of the government of that
state
Vice-President
The Vice-President is elected by the members of an electoral college
consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the
system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.
He holds office for five years. The Vice-President is Ex-officio Chairman of
the Rajya Sabha.
Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers comprises Cabinet Ministers, Minister of States
(independent charge or otherwise) and Deputy Ministers. Prime Minister
communicates all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to
administration of affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation to the
President. Generally, each department has an officer designated as secretary
to the Government of India to advise Ministers on policy matters and general
administration. The Cabinet Secretariat has an important coordinating role in
decision making at highest level and operates under direction of Prime
Minister.
The Legislative Arm of the Union, called Parliament, consists of the
President, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. All legislation requires consent of both
houses of parliament. However, in case of money bills, the will of the Lok
Sabha always prevails.
Rajya Sabha
The Rajya Sabha consists of 245 members. Of these, 233 represent states and
union territories and 12 members are nominated by the President. Elections to
the Rajya Sabha are indirect; members are elected by the elected members of
Legislative Assemblies of the concerned states. The Rajya Sabha is not subject
to dissolution, one third of its members retire every second year.
Lok Sabha
The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct
election on the basis of universal adult suffrage. As of today, the Lok Sabha
consists of 545 members with two members nominated by the President to
represent the Anglo-Indian Community. Unless dissolved under unusual
circumstances, the term of the Lok Sabha is five years.
State Governments
The system of government in states closely resembles that of the Union. There
are 25 states and seven Union territories in the country.
Union Territories are administered by the President through an Administrator
appointed by him. Till 1 February 1992, the Union Territory of Delhi was
governed by the Central government through an Administrator appointed by the
President of India. Through a Constitutional amendment in Parliament, the
Union Territory of Delhi is now called the National Capital Territory of Delhi
from 1 February 1992. General elections to the Legislative assembly of the
National Capital Territory were held in November 1993.
Political System
A recognised political party has been classified as a National Party or a
State Party. If a political party is recognised in four or more states, it is
considered as a National Party.
The Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Janata Dal, Communist Party of India and
Communist Party of India (Marxist) are the prominent National Parties in the
Country. Telugu Desam in Andhra Pradesh, Asom Gana Parishad in Assam,
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha in Bihar, Maharashtrwad Gomantak Party in Goa, National
Conference in Jammu and Kashmir, Muslim League in Kerala, Shiv Sena in
Maharashtra, Akali Dal in Punjab, All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in Tamil Nadu, Bahujan Samaj Party and Samajwadi
Party in Uttar Pradesh and All-India Forward Block in West Bengal are the
prominent state parties.
Indian
Constitution
Extracts
from The Constitution of India
Preamble
We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its
citizens :
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity
of the Nation;
In our constituent assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby
adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution.
Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Right
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Saving of Certain Laws
Fundamental Duties
To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
To cherish and follow the noble ideas which inspired our
