ONE CHILD ONLY POLICY IN CHINA : NINOS ENCONTRANDO NINOS Y PADRES!(VERSION 2)


It is common
knowledge that most students find it much easier to read a book with pictures. This is a multiple symbol system and quite a few researchers have examined the cognitive effects of pictures and text.



A Notes Page act as a script for the PowerPoint presentation. The information on each of the slide is written out in more detail and this helps to formulate thoughts. As much text as can fit on one page is entered in each Notes Page. Short quotations may be used for humor which adds a transition.



WELCOME TO THIS ONLINE SCHOOL IN CYBERSPACE...LEARN AS MUCH AS YOU CAN TO MEET YOUR OWN OBJECTIVES!...A NON-PROFIT PROJECT!







THE LAUNCHING OF THE BOOK!

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM...CLICK THIS LINK FOR A CONFIRMATION BY THE FBI!



Parents and teachers must not be afraid to use the vast potential of the Internet. They must be educated about the risks and benefits of surfing the Net. Some kids become endangered on-line if they are not taught the rules of "driving" on the electronic "SuperHighway". It is necessary to enhance interest and improve visual literacy in a unit by using PowerPoint slides as visuals.







REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE



In this project most of the instruction is in the visual mode. Visual literacy will be enhanced. Instruction in the classroom should not be confined to verbal literacy, but should not be confined to visual literacy. Heimich, Molenda and Russel (1982, p. 11) describes visual literacy as the "learned ability to interpret visual messages accurately and to create such messages." Adams and Hamm (1989, p. 26) state that "visual literacy may have become more electronic; but from cave drawings to medieval cathedrals to children's books illustrations it has been a major communication medium." These writers also claim that teaching using visual aids helps students to focus on lessons, retain information and improve psychomotor skills. It adds interest to the class, enhances student involvement and promotes visual thinking and recall.

It is common
knowledge that most students find it much easier to read a book with pictures. This is a multiple symbol system and quite a few researchers have examined the cognitive effects of pictures and text. Kozma studied works by Pressley, Schallert, Levie and Lants and found (p. 183) that the use of pictures with text increase recall, especially in poor readers. These kinds of results imply that, for some learners, the pictorial symbol systems have more meaning than the corresponding linguistic symbol system.
Pavio's integrated dual-code hypothesis is, "the ability of learners to build both visual and verbal models of mental representations as well as connections between them," (Pavio, quoted Mayer and Anderson 1991, p.484). Mayer in 1989 and again Mayer and Gallini in 1990 examined this hypothesis. The results of these experiments showed that in order to effectively understand scientific explanations there must be a mapping between words and pictures. When verbal and visual explanations were presented together in a co-ordinated way, the creative problem-solving abilities of students were better than when separate verbal and visual explanations were used. In another experiment, Mayer and Gallini (1991) found that when narrations were given before animation, the results on problem-solving were not as good as those students who were exposed to narration with animation. Thus, their findings support Pavio's dual-coding hypothesis.
Storey and Howe (1989) did a study on the effects of visual and verbal modes of presentation on children's retention of images and words and found that their findings supported Pavio's dual-coding hypothesis. They found firstly, that both treatment groups (ie. those who were presented with visual and those with visual-verbal information) represented more information in pictorial than in verbal form.A Notes Page act as a script for the presentation. The information on each of the slide is written out in more detail and this helps to formulate thoughts. As much text as can fit on one page is entered in each Notes Page. Short quotations may be used for humor which adds a transition.


A TECHNOLOGY PLAN


POWERPOINT 2000!...A PRESENTATION TOOL SOFTWARE! A Notes Page act as a script for the PowerPoint presentation. The information on each of the slide is written out in more detail and this helps to formulate thoughts. As much text as can fit on one page is entered in each Notes Page. Short quotations may be used for humor which adds a transition.


THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER.




The teacher instructs the pupils on-line.

The teacher prepares the visual slides of the presentation.


The teacher provides the pupils with some references and web site addresses.


The teacher prepares the script of the entire presentation.

The teacher reinforces positive behavior that promotes learning and stimulates the pupils. In this way the teacher acts as a catalyst.


The teacher comments on the students Notes Page summary text and promotes visual literacy.




The responsibilities of the pupils.


The pupils do research on the topics.

The pupils submits samples of their work.

The pupils can network with other students on-line, make use of newsgroups and cooperate to learn


THE UNIT-A SUMMARY OF CONTENT


Upgrade your networking software, hardware, and computer environment in order to minimize hazards and to meet legal and ethical standards.

PowerPoint slides and images used as visuals enhance interest and learning about the content of this multi-faceted thematic unit. In this project you will be given several Powerpoint slides and asked to use the "Notes Page" View of each slide and design and type a summary page based on several slides of a presentation.

LESSON CONTENT MATERIAL.
SECURITY

Allowing for access to shared data raises the problem of security. Before putting information on a network, decisions must be made as to who will have access to what data and the level of security required. Adequate security controls must be implemented in the network software. If the network is accesible through a dial-up connection or the Internet, security concerns are multiplied. Security "firewalls" can be set up in which a single computer is directly connected to the Internet. Files are transferred between the Internet computer and network under tight security control. Not all threats to network security come from outside the organization. Procedures must be in place to protect data from theft or damage by disgruntled or terminated employees. Employees may bring in illegal copies of software and install them on their workstations, possibly making them available for others to copy. A company may then be held liable for software piracy.


Y2K is COMING!...Let's COUNT...THE NEW MILLENIUM!!



THE TARGET GROUP-CONCERNED ADULTS WHO ARE COMPUTER-SAVVY AND A KNOWLEDGE OF THE USE THE SOFTWARE PowerPoint, E-MAIL, THE INTERNET, WORDPROCESSING AND CREATIVE-WRITING IS NECESSARY.


PARENTS.
TEACHERS.
ADULT STUDENTS.






A TECHNOLOGY PLAN.

Adult students who are already proficient in using the software PowerPoint and who are experienced computer users will work on-line and participate in developing the NotesPage portion of a PowerPoint presentation prepared by the teacher. A unit of study designed by the teacher on the theme "Upgrading your computer networking hardware, software and networked peripherals such as the printer, the learning environment, in order to minimize hazards associated with computer usage". A diskette with the content material and the PowerPoint slides will also be mailed to each student by e-mail.

Students' interest will increase with the use of these PowerPoint slides and images which are visuals; memory will be enhanced and teaching becomes effective. The teacher functions as a facilitator responding to questions by e-mail. Each week lecture, assignments, readings, and links to related World Wide Web sites will be posted. Students can access course-work materials at any time, 24 hours per day. Technical assistance will be available via the telephone and e-mail.







OBJECTIVES OF THE Project.


To enhance interest in the unit with the use of images.

To enhance literacy.




SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE UNIT.


At the end of this curriculum unit the student will:


(1) Be able to write texts from graphics.

(2) Appreciate the use of audio-visuals and Powerpoint slides in enhancing interest in this unit.



(3) Verbalize their understanding of the curriculum content mastered with the use of this technology.

(5) To use these skills to acquire income by working for themselves or searching for a job.




This is an educational project...
A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS!...USING POWERPOINT SLIDES AND IMAGES TO TEACH.



AN EXCITING EDUCATIONAL TOOL!...ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT IS COMING SOON TO A COMPUTER NEAR YOU.






CONTENT OF THE UNIT.


This is an integrated customized unit based on Upgrading your networking hardware, software, information system, telecommunications networks and applications, computer security issues, privacy issues, and ethical issues in information systems.
Integrating technology into your classroom is fun and easy. Microsoft 2000is a valuable tool software package for teachers. Computers are a great asset to students with disabilities. All students must have equal access.

INTRODUCTION.


In the USA, "individulized" or learner-centered instruction should be promoted and this is the reason why I chose this method. Competition should be promoted too. The increasingly "friendly" nature of most computer software packages on the market make it easy for students to maintain their interest and if students are already computer-literate they will be even more anxious to learn by this method. The computer is a wonderful tool. A change in attitude can be observed as students use this tool. Students can slowly climb the literacy ladder with the assistance of technology.
A TECHNOLOGY PLAN


POWERPOINT 2000!...A PRESENTATION TOOL SOFTWARE! A Notes Page act as a script for the PowerPoint presentation. The information on each of the slide is written out in more detail and this helps to formulate thoughts. As much text as can fit on one page is entered in each Notes Page. Short quotations may be used for humor which adds a transition.


UPGRADING YOUR COMPUTER, software,peripherals and computer environment to minimize hazards and to meet legal and ethical standards.




MATERIALS.

A Desktop Computer.
A Scanner
Software-Adobe PhotoShop.
Microsoft Office suite.
DRAFT OF INTEREST QUESTIONNAIRE-"PRE-TEST".


This is not a "test", so relax. Respond honestly please.


Please choose the most appropriate response to each statement.



State whether you agree, strongly agree, disagree, strongly disagree.

(1) I enjoy the thematic unit on "Upgrade".

(2) I learnt a lot on the topics.




(4)I understand the content of the unit.





(5)I prefer to be taught the things I find interesting.

(6) This technology helps me to remember the topics.





(8) I used visual aids to learn in the past.


(9) I find writing text from graphics interesting.














How schools are Coping with the Millenium or Y2K Problem!...Prepare for a millenium party!


QUESTIONNAIRE

Choose Yes or No for the following items in the questionnaire.

(1)The images in this project enhanced my memory.(T/F)


(2) The Powerpoint slides made me understand the content better. (T/F)



(3)The images in this project enhanced my interest in this unit.(T/F)



(4) The on-line teaching aids assisted me to apply the content provided in the course.(T/F)



(5)I am less interested in the content when I use images.(T/F

(6)I will use this technology again. (T/F)

(7)This technology helped me to be creative. (T/F)

(8)I prefer not to use images. (T/F)

(9)I learn better with images, this is my preferred learning style. (T/F)

(10) I was given a fair chance to use images. (T/F)

(11) I learn best by using Web pages because of its graphical interface. (T/F)

(12) I want my children to learn with educational images. (T/F)

PART 2

On a scale of 0-10, 0 being not at all satisfied and 10 completely satisfied, rate your satisfaction with the use of images as the technology for this project.


Choose a number to represent your choice on the scale. 0---1------2------3------4------5-----6------ 7-----8--------9-----10-----.

Other factors prevented me from getting the maximum from the use of this technology. (T/F)

Additional Comments.

Is there anything you would like added to or deleted from this course?

My personal objectives for attending this on-line course were met.

How many hours per day or per week do you spend on the computer? _______________________________________________________

Other factors prevented me from getting the maximum from the use of this technology. (T/F) ______________________________________________________








ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT.

QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION-TOOL FOR MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF LEARNING OUTCOMES.

The design of the study is an individualized CAI approach and a change in interest will be observed and recorded with the use of a "pretest-post-test" questionnaire.

This questionnaire will be done before the start of the unit and at the end of six weeks when the unit is completed. The unit will consist of six lessons.


QUESTIONNAIRE

Choose Yes or No for the following items in the questionnaire.
(1)The images in this project enhanced my memory.(T/F)

(2) The Powerpoint slides made me understand the content better. (T/F)

(3)The images in this project enhanced my interest in this unit.(T/F)

(4) The on-line teaching aids assisted me to apply the content provided in the course.(T/F)

(5)I am less interested in the content when I use images.(T/F)


(6)I will use this technology again. (T/F)

(7)This technology helped me to be creative. (T/F)

(8)I prefer not to use images. (T/F)

(9)I learn better with images, this is my preferred learning style. (T/F)



(10) I was given a fair chance to use images. (T/F)

(11) I learn best by using Web pages because of its graphical interface. (T/F)


(12) I want my children to learn with educational images. (T/F)


PART 2


On a scale of 0-10, 0 being not at all satisfied and 10 completely satisfied, rate your satisfaction with the use of images as the technology for this project. Choose a number to represent your choice on the scale.

0-----(---)

1-----(---)

2------(---)

3------(---)

4------(---)

5------(---)

6------(---)

7-----(---)

8-----(---)

9-----(---)

10-----(---)

Other factors prevented me from getting the maximum from the use of this technology. (T/F)



Additional Comments.

Is there anything you would like added to or deleted from this course?

My personal objectives for attending this on-line course were met. ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

How many hours per day or per week do you spend on the computer? _________________________________________________________________



Other factors prevented me from getting the maximum from the use of this technology. (T/F)


Hassles Scale.

Please think about how much of a hassle each item > was for you yesterday by circling the appropriate > number by each item. >
> How much of a hassle was this item for you > yesterday?
> 0=none or not applicable > 1=somewhat > 2=quite a bit > 3=a great deal > > > 0 1 2 3 A. Your children. > > > 0 1 2 3 B. Your parents or parents-in-law > > > 0 1 2 3 C. Other relative(s) > > > 0 1 2 3 D. Your spouse. > > > 0 1 2 3 E. Time spent with your family. >
> 0 1 2 3 F.Health or well-being of a family




member.

> 0 1 2 3 G. Sex. > > > 0 1 2 3 H. Intimacy. > > > 0 1 2 3 I. Family-related obligation(s) > > > 0 1 2 3 J. Your friend(s) > > > 0 1 2 3 K. Fellow workers > > > 0 1 2 3 L. Clients, supervisors, patients, > etc. > > > 0 1 2 3 M. Your supervisor or employer. > > > 0 1 2 3 N. The nature of your work. > > > 0 1 2 3 O. Your work load. > > > 0 1 2 3 P. Your job security. > > > 0 1 2 3 Q.Meeting deadlines or goals on the > job. > > > 0 1 2 3 R. Enough money for basics-food,house > > > > 0 1 2 3 S. Enough money for education. > > > 0 1 2 3 T. Enough money for emergencies. > > > 0 1 2 3 U. Financial care for someone who > does > > - - - - not live with you. > > > 0 1 2 3 V. Investments > > > 0 1 2 3 W. Your physical appearance. > > > 0 1 2 3 X. Your environment. > > > 0 1 2 3 Y. Your neighbourhood. > > > 0 1 2 3 Z. Home Repairs. > > > 0 1 2 3 A2. Housework > > > 0 1 2 3 A3 Home repairs. > > > 0 1 2 3 A4. Car maintenance. > > > 0 1 2 3 A5. Paying Bills. > > > 0 1 2 3 A6. Home entertainment. > > > 0 1 2 3 A7. Amount of free time. > > > 0 1 2 3 A8. Recreation. > > > 0 1 2 3 A9. Eating (at home) > > > 0 1 2 3 A10. Church or community > _ _ _ _ organizations > > > >
0 1 2 3 A. Legal Matters

0 1 2 3 A. Being organized

0 1 2 3 A. Social commitments.

The Online Classroom Project. URL Address is below: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/2086/geobook.html

Additional Comments.



Is there anything you would like added to or deleted from this course?


My personal objectives for attending this on-line course were met.
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

How many hours per day or per week do you spend on the computer? _________________________________________________________________



METHODOLOGY.

The researcher will combine an individualized CAI approach using the software PowerPoint, questionnaires, interviews, appropriate to this study.
This Powerpoint slide presentation is a visual way of presenting ideas and concepts on a computer screen. This is a contrast to the text mode without graphics.



LESSON PLANS/TEACHER EXCHANGE PROGRAM!

TIMELINE FOR LESSONS-AN OUTLINE OF WEEK 1.

September 8th, 1999-September 15th, 1999-Confirmation of Proficiency in using Powerpoint.

Complete the skills checklist on Powerpoint and send it back to me by e-mail.


CONCEPT TAUGHT- Images used in teaching this content area enhances interest. This technology also enhances visual literacy.




VIEW AN IMAGE OF A FLYER!


CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS.
Language Arts.
Mathematics.


Write a poem about images you would use in Networking and send it to me by e-mail.


PROCEDURE.


SET INDUCTION.
Ask students to view one graphical image linked from the first Powerpoint slide given which is linked to the Internet or by clicking on the hypertext below.


I CAN LEARN ABOUT INFOGRAPHICS...CLICK HERE.



Discuss the responses to the questions at the end of the lesson.

SAMPLE LESSON PLAN.

LESSON 1



INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS.

TELL THE STUDENTS TO READ ALL THE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

Step(1)



In this project you will be given several Powerpoint slides and asked to use the Notespage view of each slide and write and type a paragraph based on the slide in the context of the overall presentation.

Step(2)Download the Powerpoint presentation sent to you by e-mail and save it to your floppy disc or hard drive.

Step(3)Open the presentation called "Networking" and follow the instructions in step (1).

Step (4)Answer any questions asked on the slide by typing and editing on the notespage area.

Step (5)Return the completed presentation to me by e-mail.

"This is your evaluation for todays' lesson." says the teacher.


Tell the students this is what notespage look like. Refer to page 10 in your handout.


Ask the students whether they understand the instructions. The teacher says"Are you all getting excited?"

You can explore and review your previous lessons on Powerpoint for home-lessons.
OK.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.



INFOGRAPHICS-AN EXPLOSIVE PRESENTATION!...Click HERE TO VIEW MORE IMAGES.


HOME-LESSON.



READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT AND THINK ABOUT A GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION.



THIS IS THE END OF THE LESSONS.
GOOD-BYE UNTIL WE TALK ON-LINE AGAIN.

Study the paragraph below and think of different images that can be used to make Powerpoint slides for a presentation on the content material.





Sample Readings

A Critique of Cooperative Learning Methods.


An eclectic approach to teaching!...Say this in images!

Confucius, a Chinese philosopher taught that teachers should use different teaching methods to match the learning styles of students. In China, teacher presentation is the primary teaching method used today.


Cooperative learning as a teaching method has a special meaning for today's Chinese teenagers and children. In 1975 China adopted a one-child per family policy as a birth control measure in order to check on the fast growing population.

As Yang (1994) stated " the only child has strong intention of egoism. Such an "only-child" may not know how to cooperate with their peers at school. Cooperative learning should be encouraged in China in order to prepare them for a successful life in the future. For Mao Tse-tung, education was a comprehensive process that was ideologically connected to the political and economic goals of the society he envisioned. The school system that Mao Tse-tung helped to create in the People's Republic of China emphasized the relationship between politics and education. School is indeed a miniature society.


BOYS AND GIRLS COOPERATE TO LEARN AND LEARN TO COOPERATE!

Ask the students whether they understand the instructions. The teacher says"Are you all getting excited?"

You can explore and review your previous lessons on Powerpoint for home-lessons. OK.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH.


HOUSE POLICY!

CLICK Back To The Top Of Document!




GRADE 1



SAFETY RULES ON-LINE/STANDARD/DIAL EMERGENCY!







CLICKEAR THIS HYPERTEXT LINK NOW!

THANK YOU!


CLICK BACK ON THE BROWSER,

FORWARD TO GO FASTER!

"STOP" TO THINK AGAIN.

DON'T HIT ENTER!

NEVER CLICK "HOME" NOR SHELTER!

CLICK BACK TO THE TOP OF DOCUMENT!





BIBLE!...STANDARDS IN EDUCATION.
THE LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER FOR KIDS! HOME LESSON

HOME LESSON----


SELECT YOUR IMAGE HERE!
BOYS AND GIRLS COOPERATE TO LEARN AND LEARN TO COOPERATE!

UPDATES!









BOYS AND GIRLS COOPERATE TO LEARN AND LEARN TO COOPERATE!

MATH WORD PROBLEM

John+Pedro have 4 maternal uncles and 8 paternal uncles!!!!
CLICK THERE!

JOHN+PEDRO only have 1 favorite maternal uncle.


HOW MANY UNCLES REMAINING ARE NOT FAVORITE?

ANSWER:-----------
CLICK HERE FOR THE ANSWER!......SEARCH THE DATABASE!


CLICK Back To The Top Of Document!


HOME LESSON




STORY HOUR FOR KIDS!.....COMING SOON!






INTERDISCIPLINARY LESSONS
*****************************************************************


DON'T USE BIG WORDS!.....


When you are asked to make an oration in an auditorium
DON'T USE BIG WORDS!

LET THE SIMPLICITY OF YOUR VOCABULARY BE PROMINENTLY EMINENT.
DO NOT VOCIFERATE!
DO NOT PROPOUND PARADOXICAL PROPOSITIONS!
REMEMBER THAT THE OBJECT OF YOUR ORATION IS FOR THE EDIFICATION OF YOUR AUDIENCE.
REMEMBER TOO, THAT THEY ARE NOT A CONGLUMERATION OF LEXICOGRAPHERS, DICTIONARIANS, NOR PREAMBULATING ENCYCLOPEDIAS!....


DESIGNER IS FROM TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BUT I HAVE LINKS TO THE WHOLE WORLD!

*****************************************************************
Sound in the form of music allows some communication with individuals.

One can synchronise a movie so that the music plays until the end of the video clip.


AUTHORING SYSTEMS allow you to integrate graphics,text,video, and audio into one presentation.

A THOUGHT ABOUT ANIMATION!


Breathing life into characters can be pretty tricky!



TECHNOLOGY HAS PROVIDED THE TOOLS TO EXPAND THE POTENTIAL FOR ANIMATION TO A VAST MARKET SINCE SUSPENSE AND ACTION CAN BE INCLUDED FOR REAL CHARACTERS!



CLICK Back To The Top Of Document!




I am from TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO...EXPLORE!


(HOME-LESSON/JAN. 1998)

*****************************************************************


MATHEMATICS!

2+2=4
6-1=5
8-3=5
1+1=2



LANGUAGE ARTS! DR MARTIN LUTHER KING,Jr.



When he was a child he was a good reader.
When he was an adult he became a good leader.
When he was a child, he listened to the teacher.
When he was an adult he became a preacher.

Remember that there are two distinct functions involving words in desktop publishing:writing, or composing the words themselves, and layout, or arranging the words on the page.
With some desktop publishing programs one can type text in a Text Block and then select and rotate the entire Block to a specified degree. Another option is to create the rotated text in a graphics program and then import it as a graphic.

CONTORED TEXT.

Placing text in some overall shape is a much more limited special effect than a rotated text. In some situations, the impact of contored text can be very dramatic!


HOW CAN HYPERTEXT MAKE A PRODUCT MORE INTERACTIVE?

Hypertext or underlined words are those you can click on to move to another screen or see another option.



A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR JUAN CARRETERO.....AND HIS LOVE FOR TEACHING USING INTERNET LESSONS!


IMAGINE A SCHOOL WHERE..........

Students have access to infinite knowledge.

Parents can communicate with teachers during the day.

School is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Classrooms have no walls.

School to work transition can occur without the student leaving the school.

Money and resources is no problem


A GUESS....THE INTERNET!


Below is a computer program called FAMILY


/* family.ari family relations Bratko pg4 */ parent(pam,bob). parent(tom,bob). parent(tom,liz). parent(bob,ann). parent(bob,pat). parent(pat,jim). female(pam). male(tom). male(bob). female(liz). female(pat). female(ann). male(jim). mother(X,Y) :- parent(X,Y) , female(X). grandparent(X,Z) :- parent(X,Y), parent(Y,Z). sister(X,Y) :- parent(Z,X) , parent(Z,Y) , female(X), X\=Y. /* queries: parent(bob,pat) parent(liz,pat) parent(tom,ben). parent(X,liz). parent(bob,X). parent(X,Y) find X such that X is a parent of Y parent(Y,jim) , parent(X,Y). parent(X,ann) , parent(X,pat). mother(X,bob). mother(X,liz). sister(ann,pat). sister(X,pat). What's problem with this????? */ E-MAIL Me [email protected]
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$




PLEASE COME BACK TO VISIT THIS PAGE IS CURRENTLY BEING RECONSTRUCTED!
Hosted by www.Geocities.ws

LATEST FROM NEWSWEEK � Special war section � Q&A on smart weapons Who Will Try Iraqi War Criminals? By Ed Finn Posted Wednesday, March 19, 2003, at 3:19 PM PT
    In his speech to the nation Monday, President Bush promised that Iraqi war criminals would be tried and punished�but he didn't specify which criminals or in which court they would be tried. Which Iraqis will be tried, and who will judge them? The answers depend largely on the outcome of the war, once it's clear who's still alive to stand trial. Most experts agree that war-crimes trials will be limited to indictments against a small fraction of the thousands of likely suspects, since wiping out Iraq's government infrastructure (on top of its economic and military infrastructure) will make it that much harder to build a new state. In fact, the U.S. government has kept its official list of Iraqi war criminals extremely short, even though hundreds of officials have been implicated in the use of chemical weapons against Iraqi Kurds in 1988. It's likely that only the top echelons of the military will be tried�perhaps 50 people, perhaps more, depending on who you ask and whether or not local commanders fight. (If they surrender, they might escape prosecution.) For the invading Americans, "who" is tried is almost less important than "how," because these trials give the United States a much-needed chance to exhibit fairness and restraint after initiating a war. Possible trial venues include: International Criminal Court: This one can probably be ruled out�neither the U.S. nor Iraq ever agreed to it. Ironically, it might be legally possible to try British or Australian troops in the ICC for war crimes if they commit any atrocities, since their nations are signatories. U.N. ad hoc tribunal: This is a special international court that has to be mandated by the Security Council�recent examples include courts created to try war criminals from the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Considering the intense misgivings fellow Security Council members like France and Russia have about the war, it is unlikely that the United States will ask them to create a tribunal. And even if they did, there's another snag if the blue helmets show up�no U.N. court can sentence a war criminal to death. U.S. federal courts: Under the War Crimes Act of 1996, war crimes by or against U.S. citizens can be prosecuted in American federal courts. This option also seems unlikely, however, because many of the crimes likely to be prosecuted involve Iraqi officials assaulting their own citizens. Local Iraqi courts: These might do for small-fry Baath loyalists. After all, the United States will be trying to create a respectable criminal justice system in Iraq, and war criminals would provide useful fodder to get things rolling. But it's unlikely that any of the regime's kingpins would face a local court, since there would be too many opportunities for political skullduggery and old allegiances to taint the process. Hybrid courts: All the rage since their success in Sierra Leone, hybrid courts bring together a combination of local and international jurists. The idea is to mix the grass-roots appeal of civil courts with the respectability and fence-mending powers of international courts. This option also allows the United States to involve European jurists without having to go through the United Nations. The flexibility of a hybrid court will be attractive to post-Iraq planners not because of its appeal to international justice but because it will allow the United States to better trade amnesty for information while still satisfying world opinion. Say the United States invades Iraq and raids all the bunkers and palaces but doesn't find weapons of mass destruction or Saddam Hussein. In that case, the post-war administration's first priority will be to pump Iraq's surviving officials for information�a process that could carry over to war crimes courts. If you're wondering what war crimes are, Explainer has covered this before. Next question? Explainer thanks Ruth Wedgwood, professor of International Law and Diplomacy at John Hopkins University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; David Phillips, deputy director of the Center for Preventative Action and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; and Reed Brody, special counsel for Human Rights Watch. of statistics and facts on topics at home and abroad. Barnes & Noble



    FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




    --



      Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
      LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
      -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
      ------------------------------------------

        A -
        New York To Jerez

          B-
          New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

            C-
            New York To Madrid


              D-
              New York To Cordoba

                E-
                New York To Malaga


                  F-
                  ----------------


                    G-
                    New York To Granada

                      H-
                      New York To Barcelona
                      New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                      (1)
                        Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                        $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                        (2)
                          Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                          (3)
                            Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                            (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                            (5)
                              The National Airline Of Spain!
                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                              (6)
                                Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                (7)
                                  Legal Database Defence Airways
                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                  (8)
                                    Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                    A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                    Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                      UFO's
                                      12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                        Skylab
                                        12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                          Rockets
                                          -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

                                          �I kind of felt sorry for them,� said one U.S. military official, speaking to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity. �A lot of them looked hungry. They haven�t been fed in a while.� He spoke after U.S. Marines and their allies took control of the strategic port city of Umm Qasr and with it, Iraq�s access to the Persian Gulf. The outclassed Iraqis fought with small arms, pistols, machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades. Authorities said the nation�s southern oil fields would be secured by day�s end. At the same time, the Army�s 3rd Infantry Division surged 100 miles into Iraq. Much more was to come � an extraordinary land-based juggernaut of allied weaponry and troops was caught in an enormous traffic jam in Kuwait, ready to strike when it could cross the border. SOME RESISTANCE There were pockets of resistance, some of it stiff; a second combat death was reported Friday, a member of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force who was wounded while battling a platoon of Iraqi infantry. But often, the opponent advanced with a white flag in hand instead of a rifle. Within a few hours of crossing into southern Iraq, the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit encountered 200 or more Iraqi troops seeking to surrender. One group of 40 Iraqis marched down a two-lane road toward the Americans and gave up. Another group of Iraqi soldiers alongside a road waved a white flag and their raised hands, trying to flag down a group of journalists so they could surrender. Forty to 50 Iraqi soldiers surrendered to a Marine traffic control unit. They came down the road in the open back of a troop vehicle, their hands in the air for about a mile before they reached the Marines. Their decision to give up the fight was not unexpected, or unprompted; for months, Iraq has been bombarded with messages from the Americans, urging its soldiers to refuse to fight. � In the battle zone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � The 1991 oil fires � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq At a Pentagon news conference Friday, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld called on Iraq�s military to �do the honorable thing, stop fighting that you may live to enjoy a free Iraq, where you and your children can grow and prosper.� How many Iraqis had surrendered? No one knew for sure. Rumsfeld said he knew of a few hundred, and others who just quit fighting. �A lot of people just leave and melt into the countryside,� he said. In Baghdad, however, an Iraqi military spokesman denied there had been any large-scale surrender. �The 51st Army Division is still fighting the invading troops ferociously and courageously and inflicting upon the enemy forces the ugliest losses,� he said, reading a statement on Iraqi television Saturday. GROUND ADVANCE FASTER THAN PLANNED Rumsfeld said the allied forces were advancing and now controlled �a growing portion of the country of Iraq.� The captured territory included two airfields in western Iraq. The ground advance into Iraq appeared to be moving faster than planned. Units reached locations in Iraq 24 hours ahead of their expected arrival time, according to several reporters attached to those units. The Army�s 3rd Infantry Division was following a path through the desert west of the Euphrates River, avoiding populated areas. It appeared that strategists sought to minimize civilian and military casualties by flanking most Iraqi units and going straight for the Republican Guard around Baghdad. The bulk of the allied force hadn�t even entered Iraq yet. 'Target: Iraq' on MSNBC TV All day, all night coverage � MSNBC brings you live coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Tom Brokaw and Lester Holt anchor, with reports from Peter Arnett in Baghdad. There was a huge traffic jam at the border - thousands of vehicles parked in parallel rows, nothing but columns of trucks, Humvees, oil tankers, flatbed tucks, armored vehicles and vehicles of every stripe, from horizon to horizon. The traffic was so bad that it took 6� hours for one unit to go 51 miles, in swirling dust. Crossing the border Friday morning, the 3rd Battalion of the 7th Marine Infantry faced little resistance. Tanks attached to the battalion attacked five Iraqi tanks just north of the border, destroying them easily. TAKING SAFWAN The battalion passed the brown, stone rubble of several buildings it had shelled just minutes before � the air still held the acrid smell of explosives � and at least five enormous pictures of a smiling Saddam Hussein, some with him wearing a robe, others with him in a headscarf, that stood intact at the border post. They reached the town of Safwan, where speakers warned Iraqis to stay out of the Marines� way. A few ventured outside: A man on the side of the road bearing a white flag. Another in a long, gray robe, prostrate on the ground, apparently in prayer. �I never thought I�d see this place,� said Cpl. Matt Nale, 31, of Seattle, Wash. He stuck his head out of the top of an Amtrack armored personnel carrier, looked around, smiled and repeatedly nodded with wonder. The Marines later took control of positions mostly abandoned by Iraq�s 32nd Mechanized Infantry Brigade, blowing up a few abandoned tanks and armored personnel carriers and engaging in short firefights with a few Iraqi soldiers who had stayed back to defend their headquarters and barracks or were unable to flee in time.



                                          FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                          --



                                            Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                            LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE XMAS> -------------------------------------
                                            -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                            ------------------------------------------

                                              A -
                                              New York To Jerez

                                                B-
                                                New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                  C-
                                                  New York To Madrid


                                                    D-
                                                    New York To Cordoba

                                                      E-
                                                      New York To Malaga


                                                        F-
                                                        ----------------


                                                          G-
                                                          New York To Granada

                                                            H-
                                                            New York To Barcelona
                                                            New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                            (1)
                                                              Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                              $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                              (2)
                                                                Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                (3)
                                                                  Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                  (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                  (5)
                                                                    The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                    (6)
                                                                      Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                      (7)
                                                                        Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                        (8)
                                                                          Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                          A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                          Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                            UFO's
                                                                            12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                              Skylab
                                                                              12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                Rockets
                                                                                -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

                                                                                AN E-COMMERCE "TAXATION" FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC POLICY PROJECT...Teach And Learn With The Internet...A MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE.



                                                                                Close down Iraq (embassies).

                                                                                  Pentagon: Iraq could flood Tigris for defense Tactic was used to slow Iranian forces during Iran-Iraq War Friday, March 21, 2003 Posted: 4:24 AM EST (0924 GMT) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Story Tools --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    WASHINGTON (CNN) -- U.S. military planners are devising strategies in case the Iraqi military causes the Tigris River to flood, the Pentagon said Friday. If the Iraqi military were to release water into the Tigris from upstream reservoirs, extensive flooding could occur between Baghdad and Kut, to the south, the Pentagon said. Thousands of Iraqis could be displaced, adding to congestion on roads and requiring extensive humanitarian support. The Pentagon said Iraq used flooding to deter Iranian advances during the Iran-Iraq War.
                                                                                    "Iraq's strategy could include releasing a small amount of water from major dams and canals to interrupt maneuvering units," said a U.S. statement released early Friday. "Iraq also could cause catastrophic flooding of portions of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, either by releasing large amounts of water from dams or by destroying them." Although the latter could cause "major humanitarian crises in parts of Iraq, Baghdad would experience minimal damage," the statement said. Parts of southern Iraq routinely flood in March and April because of heavy rainfall and snow melting in the north. Some areas that are already under water could be impassable for four to six weeks, even without additional flooding, the Pentagon said. "The [Saddam] Hussein regime could incorporate the flooding into defensive preparations to slow the advance of coalition forces," the Pentagon said. "This tactic could force coalition units or displaced persons through flooded areas." Primary water sources for such "strategic flooding" are the Qadisiyah Dam and its Hadiyha Reservoir, the Pentagon said. Additionally, the release of water from five reservoirs -- Saddam, Dokan, Al Azim, Darbandikhan and Diyala -- could increase the flow rate of the Tigris. The rainy season is already expected to raise water levels in these dams, the Pentagon said.



                                                                                      A FEW DOZEN tents went up on Thursday morning in a camp near here, some 35 miles from the border with Iraq. Non-Iraqis fleeing from Iraq will be sheltered here, and already Thursday several dozen Sudanese workers and their families were huddling in the tents, which were being whipped by winds of 30 to 35 mph. The border area has been swept by sandstorms for the past three days. A second camp, for Iraqis, was being constructed a few miles away. Reporters visiting the border area Thursday morning found it was open, but the Jordanian military quickly ordered journalists to move away, saying a six-mile zone around the border was closed to the press. U.S. missiles hit buildings in Baghdad Iraq says civilian buildings hit, civilian killed U.S.-led forces launch ground assault Iraqi oil wells on fire White House urges Saddam to go into exile Downed U.S. helicopter returns to air U.S. sources: "Shock and awe" assault yet to come That zone includes a Jordanian military base that has been extensively renovated by the United States in recent weeks. An estimated 300 to 400 U.S. troops are at the base, officially to engage in search-and-rescue missions for downed allied pilots. � In the battle zone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � The 1991 oil fires � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq Read more dispatches from NBC News correspondents But most people here assume that the group also includes U.S. special operations forces moving into Western Iraq to search for Scud missiles, like those that were fired from this area in 1991 against Israel. ROAD FROM BAGHDAD BOMBED Some of the people who made the five-hour trip from Baghdad to Jordan Thursday said they saw evidence that the road and a fuel depot about 100 miles west of Baghdad had been bombed. Passengers on a bus said they had to drive around craters in the pavement. And several people reported seeing bodies at the fuel depot, including that of a Jordanian truck driver. Although the station is used by civilians, it could also be used by Iraqi forces moving west from Baghdad into the desert. Officials of the Red Crescent said the two refugee camps they are constructing should be adequate for 30,000 to 50,000 people, and could with difficulty handle as many as 100,000. But if the refugee population is much larger, as it was during the 1991 war, they say they would be overwhelmed.
                                                                                        Refugees will be given a blanket, a mattress, medicine and a box lunch, but it will be several days before a kitchen can be set up. Wells were drilled for water, but it was too salty, so desalination gear was brought in. Authorities say a ticket office will be set up for non-Iraqi refugees, so as many as possible can purchase transportation back to their home countries. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------





                                                                                          � In the battlezone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq THE RESPONSE HAD a familiar ring, echoing the long debate over whether war with Iraq was justified. Leaders worried and lamented, protesters condemned and demonstrated, friends of the United States proclaimed that it was ugly but sadly necessary. There was just one key difference Thursday: This time, military action in Iraq wasn�t just a possibility. It was becoming real. Muslim leaders in Asia condemned the U.S. attack and said Americans would pay. A response from the 30-million-strong moderate Muhammadiyah Muslim group in Indonesia came within minutes of the United States and Britain launching attacks on Iraq. �This is not an attack on Islam but an attack on humanity,� said Syafii Maarif, head of the organization. Latest on the military moves Deputy Malaysian Defense Minister Shafie Apdal told Reuters in Parliament that he feared reprisals by Iraqi sympathizers in other countries. Murid Timasaen, spokesman for Thailand�s Muslims for Peace Group, said Americans would never live in peace again. �They have attracted more enemies than ever, not only from the Muslim world, but also from the Buddhist community,� he said. �Countries like Iraq don�t have the capacity to fight the Americans in a conventional war, so more terrorist means will be deployed against the Americans.� JAPAN, PHILIPPINES BACK ATTACK Two Asian countries that have been supportive of the U.S. tough position on Iraq stepped in to reiterate their support. Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo said Manila was giving political and moral support for actions to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction. �The Philippines is part of the coalition of the willing� Arroyo said in a speech to graduates of the Philippine Military Academy. �We are giving political and moral support for actions to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction.� � Complete MSNBC coverage � Latest military developments � Kurds fleeing, again � Q &A with Peter Arnett � Top defector disappears � Video coverage from NBC � Blog: Army family's journal � Encarta: Detailed Iraq map � WashPost: Special coverage Latest from Newsweek � Zakaria: Arrogant empire � Waiting with the troops Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, putting a security alliance with the United States ahead of public opinion, reiterated his moral support for Washington on Thursday after the start of a U.S.-led attack on Iraq. �At this time... I understand, and I support the start of the use of force by the United States,� Koizumi told a news conference about an hour after Bush announced the start of the attack. Japanese troops, however, will not be fighting alongside U.S. forces. Japan�s postwar, pacifist constitution renounces war as a means of settling international disputes. � Daily updates on Iraq action Thailand said it wanted no part in the war. �But we are ready to help rehabilitate (Iraq) after the fighting, up to the extent of our resources,� Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra said. �At this stage, we hope the war casualties will be confined only to military targets and not on civilians.� China said the action against Iraq was �violating the norms of international behavior.� Germany expressed �great concern and consternation� that its anti-war diplomacy with France and Russia had failed; it immediately turned attention to the aftermath � and offered help dealing with the humanitarian consequences. �Soon the United States will have to reap the fruits of what they are doing now, and the fruits won�t be sweet,� Russian legislator Vladimir Lukin, a former ambassador to Washington, told Russia�s state-controlled ORT television. � Deployments
                                                                                          CONDEMNATION FROM IRAN Iran, Iraq�s neighbor and longtime enemy, issued immediate condemnation, calling the U.S. action �unjustifiable and illegitimate.� Neutral Finland weighed in, too, with President Tarja Halonen calling military force outside the U.N. Security Council �not acceptable.� �The ongoing war must not result in the marginalization of the United Nations,� she said. The United States and close ally Britain on Monday gave up trying to win the backing of the U.N. Security Council for a new resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq, arguing that they already were within their rights to launch an invasion. In November, the Security Council had voted unanimously for a tough resolution that called on Iraq to disarm or face �serious consequences.� Several months of weapons inspections, however, were inconclusive, and key members of the council stood resolutely opposed to military action.

                                                                                          Middle East - AP


                                                                                            Bush's Deadline Passes Unheeded in Iraq 31 minutes ago By DAVID ESPO, AP Special Correspondent President Bush (news - web sites)'s deadline for Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) to surrender power passed unheeded Wednesday night, and war against Iraq (news - web sites) appeared inevitable. An American-led invasion force of 300,000 troops awaited the order to strike. AP Photo AP Photo Slideshow: Iraq and Saddam Hussein Baghdad Residents Brace for Impending War (AP Video) Latest news: � France, Others: Attack on Iraq Illegal AP - 18 minutes ago � Baghdad Streets Empty As Deadline Passes AP - 43 minutes ago � Air Force: U.S. Assault Will Stun Iraqis AP - 2 hours, 37 minutes ago Special Coverage U.S. and British forces massed in the Kuwaiti desert close to the Iraqi border, giant B-52 warplanes were loaded with bombs and Tomahawk missile-carrying ships were in position, all awaiting an attack order from Bush. The deadline came at 8 p.m. EST, which was 4 a.m. Thursday in Baghdad, its population shrunken in recent days by an exodus of thousands of fearful residents. "The disarmament of the Iraqi regime will begin at a time of the president's choosing," said his press secretary, Ari Fleischer (news - web sites), moments after 8 p.m. "The American people are ready for the disarmament of Saddam Hussein. They understand what's at stake. The military is ready, the nation is ready and the cause is just." Just after the deadline, White House chief of staff Andrew Card informed the president that intelligence officials had no information that Saddam had left Iraq. Saddam's regime gave every appearance of digging in. In the minutes after the deadline, Iraqi TV showed footage of a pro-Saddam march Tuesday in Baghdad, with members of the crowd chanting pro-Saddam slogans, some brandishing rifles and carrying pictures of Saddam. "We are dedicated to martyrdom in defense of Iraq under your leadership," a loyal Iraqi parliament assured the Iraqi dictator, and armed members of the ruling Baath party deployed behind hundreds of sandbagged defensive positions in Baghdad. Even so, 17 Iraqi soldiers surrendered to American GIs during the day, eager to give up before the shooting started. Bush met periodically throughout the day with his top aides at the White House and sent formal notice to Congress that reliance on "further diplomatic and other peaceful means alone" would not suffice to counter "the continuing threat posed by Iraq." Fleischer, said the nation "ought to be prepared for the loss" of American lives once the military effort begins to depose Saddam and recover weapons of mass destruction. Aides said the commander in chief would decide on timing based on the advice of his military commanders. More than 25 protesters were arrested outside the White House, part of a larger group of demonstrators that chanted, banged drums and carried signs that read, "Stop the War on Iraq." It seemed unlikely in the extreme. Along with the U.S.-led force approaching 300,000 troops massed in the Persian Gulf region were 1,000 combat aircraft and five aircraft carrier battle groups. The United States claims the public and private support of 45 other nations in a coalition to topple Saddam. But only Britain, with about 40,000 troops, was making a sizable contribution to the military force. In a run-up to war, U.S. aircraft also dropped nearly 2 million leaflets over southern Iraq with a variety of messages, including, for the first time, instructions to Iraqi troops on how to capitulate to avoid being killed. Hundreds of miles away, at an air base in England, crews loaded bombs aboard giant B-52 combat aircraft. Apart from the desire to capture weapons of mass destruction, Bush's submission to Congress said a military attack could lead to the discovery of information that would allow the apprehension of terrorists living in the United States. An attack, it said, "is a vital part of the international war on terrorism." Despite deep divisions at the United Nations (news - web sites), Bush also claimed "the authority � indeed, given the dangers involved, the duty � to use force against Iraq to protect the security of the American people and to compel compliance with United Nations resolutions." The diplomatic wheels turned still at the United Nations where foreign ministers were meeting in the Security Council at the request of the French and Germans, prominent critics of the American military operation. "This is a sad day for the United Nations," said the organization's secretary general, Kofi Annan (news - web sites) said. "I know that millions of people around the world share this sense of disappointment and are deeply alarmed." Bush abandoned diplomacy on Monday, and administration officials blamed French intransigence for the lack of consensus on a new Security Council resolution that would have given Saddam an ultimatum. The signs of imminent conflict were abundant. Israel ordered its citizens to start carrying their gas masks to work and to school. And hundreds of Israeli residents fled Tel Aviv, fearful that Iraq would launch missiles against their seaside city, as happened in the 1991 Persian Gulf War (news - web sites). Royal Jordanian � the only commercial airline with regularly scheduled flights to Baghdad � said it was canceling them in anticipation of war. And Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (news - web sites) offered a dual-edged analysis. He blamed Iraq for the approaching military conflict. But he also said he hoped that "different international forces will realize the dangerous repercussions of any military action on the safety and stability of the Middle East region." Another country in the region, Bahrain, publicly offered exile to Saddam "in a dignified manner that should not be seen as undermining Iraq's position and capabilities." "It's the last-hour chance and we hope that Iraq will accept this offer to avoid war," Information Minister Nabil al-Hamer told The Associated Press. Exile for the Iraqi leader "is absolutely unthinkable," said Saadoon Hammadi, speaker of Iraq's parliament. "He will be in front of everyone. He will fight and guide our country to victory." 'Defining moment' dawns on America By Rick Hampson USA TODAY On a day when Americans should have been waiting for spring, they waited for war. As President Bush's deadline for Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ticked closer, Tuesday rituals -- weekly play dates and poker games, Bible study and baseball practice -- went on. Meanwhile, a page in history was about to turn. Eddie Hannigan, 73, spent the morning attaching American flags to the white wooden fence lining his driveway off a country road in Fallbrook, Calif. His wife was out buying yellow ribbons to tie to the flagpole. ''Woke up this morning and the wife said, 'I think we should put out the flag,' '' said Hannigan, who fought in the 1950-53 Korean War. ''It's a private driveway. No one can stop me. But the neighbors all thought it was a good idea. I don't like war, but I support our troops.'' People were reminded of the lull after another presidential ultimatum on Iraq a dozen years ago. But this time they knew, through painful experience, that war isn't something that always happens somewhere else. ''This seems more real than the first Gulf War,'' said Mary Clark, 52, a New York state employee who was passing Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan. ''It was like watching a movie. It's still just as far away, but now we have threats on our own soil. It feels like part of the battlefield, for this war is going to be here at home.'' On the other side of the continent, a man fishing in the choppy Pacific off Oceanside, Calif., agreed. ''I feel absolutely certain that we will suffer destruction from terrorist attacks,'' said Les Hite, 61, an avocado grower. ''I hope we don't look back on this day and say that's when we could have done things differently.'' To many, the country seemed to have set off on a road with no turning back. Mike Lance, 24, a New York marketing assistant, called it ''a defining moment.'' Some embraced it. Parents and teachers from the Heights Christian School in Los Angeles said they gave no thought to canceling a school trip to Washington, D.C. ''It's great,'' said Carolyn Litchfield, as she toured the Capitol. ''We're here in the middle of history.'' After months of waiting, some people said battle would come as a relief. ''Let's just get this war over with already,'' Clark said. ''I'm so frustrated about how we keep hanging on edge about this.'' In Marion, Ind., Nanette Weesner tied the 32nd yellow ribbon -- one for every day her son has been stationed with the Army in the Persian Gulf -- on the staircase in her apartment. She said she hopes that whatever happens, ''it'll happen fast, and the troops come home.'' In Hinesville, Ga., location of Fort Stewart, one resident said the civilians in town are almost eager for war. ''They want to get it on and get it over with,'' said Marion Adams, 56, ''because it's messing up their business.'' Bob Dickinson, president of Carnival Cruise Lines, said Bush's speech actually helped travelers make plans. ''It's been a kind of limbo we've been in the last couple months. Now people who have delayed making travel plans can get back to normal,'' Dickinson said. Meanwhile, Americans stocked up on emergency supplies, lit votive candles and gave blood. A few took to the streets on Tuesday in protest and in support of attacking Iraq -- mothers of soldiers wearing yellow ribbons and mothers against war wearing pink ones. To some, it felt like a rerun of 1991: the international antagonists, the internal divisions, the economic worries, the concern about terrorism, the signs saying ''No Blood for Oil.'' But there were differences. This time, fast-food deliveries already have been banned at the New York Stock Exchange. The airport metal detectors already have been fine-tuned. Office workers already are wearing their ID badges. This time, Mr. Rogers will not be around to record messages to reassure children. Some voices from around the nation: * A truck stop in Racine, Wis. Rich Reis, 44, a trucker from Hanover Park, Ill., said he has had doubts for weeks about the war. He's a Navy veteran with two sons who also served in the military. Reis' son-in-law is on a Navy vessel with 600 Marines in the Gulf. He has been there for months and has never seen his second son, who was born in December. Reis still isn't sure Iraq poses any serious threat beyond the missiles it has destroyed. He hasn't seen what he calls ''hard-core'' proof. ''Give me something to grab a hold of if you are going to put my sons' lives on the line,'' he said. But Reis also thinks it's too late too argue: ''We can't wait any more. My feeling, if we go to war -- when we go to war --is win it. Win. Don't play. Win.'' * A coffee house in Denver A storm that dumped about 3 feet of snow made the war the No. 2 news story on Denver TV. ''It's all about the snow,'' said Reb Ryan, manager and co-owner of Buzz Fill 'Er Up Cafe. ''People here right now are focused on getting through this storm.'' She closed her business at mid-morning for lack of business. Those who did drop in talked about war. ''Sixty percent are saying, 'This is crazy. I can't believe we're doing this,' '' Ryan said. ''But I have quite a few cops who come through, and they're all gung-ho for it.'' In the days before the storm, she noticed a drop-off in sales of lattes, cappuccinos and espressos. ''I think people are not looking for luxuries,'' she said. By the time the president went on TV, ''people were all on edge. They didn't want to hang out here. They wanted to go somewhere so they could watch the news.'' * A terminal at LAX The tension was palpable in the Delta Air Lines baggage claim area at Los Angeles International Airport. ''Now that it's here, I fear that the end of the world is here,'' said Joanne Drake, 68, who was arriving home from a trip to Orlando with her daughter and grandchildren. ''We're all going to be in danger from biological and chemical weapons. I'm very fearful, but I don't think we have any other choice. We can't let Saddam keep going and going.'' ''I'm afraid of everything,'' said Mandy Park, 30, a health care worker visiting from Canada with her gray tomcat. But if Saddam is ''feeding into terrorism,'' she said, ''he has to be taken care of.'' * An anti-war group in St. Louis For Woody Powell, 70, it was a day to mourn for peace and prepare for war. The executive director of Veterans for Peace fielded phone calls and e-mails while helping to organize a demonstration in Washington on Saturday. When the war begins, he said, he'll head to a military recruiting station in St. Louis to try to talk young people out of signing up. Powell said he had enlisted in the Air Force during the Korean War, ''full of patriotic fervor and the urge to prove myself as a man, and full of all the fears of inadequacy.'' ''The experience of war is not a natural one for human beings, and it does unnatural things to their psyches,'' he said. ''There are other ways to prove yourself as a human being.''

                                                                                            * A sidewalk near Ground Zero There was optimism. ''It will not be bloody,'' predicted Stephanie Baker, 36, a customer service manager from Boston. And there was pessimism. ''Gas prices will go up. Stock prices will go down,'' said Allison Vanderbrul, 21, an undergraduate at the State University of New York-New Paltz. ''People will be afraid to invest. International relations with the U.S. will get worse. International investors won't invest. It's not going to bounce back quickly.'' Alex Woods, 21, a University of Arizona undergraduate from Tucson, said it was all beyond him. ''Basically, I don't really know what's going on,'' he said. ''I hope our leaders know more than we do. I'm hoping they are making the right decisions.''





                                                                                              The Use of Anti-Terrorism Software For All Types Of Sabotage Around The World!
                                                                                              FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                              --


                                                                                              Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                              -------------------------------------- 22 hours 23 hours 24 hours 25 hours 26 hours 27 hours 28 hours 29 hours --
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------ Trinidad To Jerez Trinidad To Sanlucar de Barrameda Trinidad To Madrid Trinidad To Cordoba Trinidad To Malaga Trinidad To Torremolinos Trinidad To Granada Trinidad To Barcelona Trinidad To Almeria Trinidad To Sevilla Trinidad To Morocco Trinidad To The Straight Of Gibralter TRINIDAD TO ROTA TRINIDAD TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                              (1)-Jessie And "John-Pedro" TwinFalling Airlines!$3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                              (2)-Bail-Out The Airline Company AirWays $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                              (3)-Anti-Terrorism Dutch Airways! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                              (4)-American Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                              (5)-The National Airline Of Spain! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                              (6)-United French Airlines! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                              A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                              Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                (7)
                                                                                                  UFO's
                                                                                                  12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                    (8)
                                                                                                      Rockets
                                                                                                      12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (9)
                                                                                                        Missiles
                                                                                                        -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --






                                                                                                          Iraqi missile range: Under UN rules, Iraq is banned from having any missiles with a range greater than 93 miles (150 km). Controversy has arisen over the al-Samoud Two missile, which has travelled up to 112 miles (180 km) in tests. In response to requests by UN inspectors, Iraq has begun destroying some of its stock of 120 of these. Analysts also believe Iraq may have some banned missiles, although inspectors have not found any. These are believed to include a small number of 400-mile (644 km) range al-Hussein missiles, which would be capable of striking Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran and Kuwait. Iraq is also thought by some analysts to have 15 to 80 Scud B missiles with a range of 185 miles. Neither of these is very effective at dispersing chemical or biological weapons, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies. The 560-mile (902 km) range al-Abbas missile was developed more than 10 years ago from earlier Scud types, but it is not clear whether it reached operational status. Iraq does not have the facilities to build long-range missiles and would require several years and foreign assistance to do this.

                                                                                                            My teacher is called Jessie...she displayed herself for Carnival!...Look at Mas! Top Stories - Reuters U.S. Bombards Iraqi Units with Calls to Surrender Tue Mar 18,12:03 PM ET Add Top Stories - Reuters to My Yahoo! By Charles Aldinger WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. military is bombarding military units in the south of Iraq (news - web sites) with leaflets, broadcasts and e-mails urging them to surrender rather than oppose a looming invasion, U.S. officials said on Tuesday. Reuters Photo AP Photo Slideshow: U.S. Military Build-Up U.S. Infantry Shows Off Powerful Tanks in Kuwait (AP Video) U.S. Military Hardware Unloads in Turkey (AP Video) Latest news: � U.S. Commanders Rechecking War Plans AP - 16 minutes ago � U.S. Faces Unknowns if It Heads to War AP - 1 hour, 32 minutes ago � Relations Among U.S. Religions at a Low AP - 1 hour, 51 minutes ago Special Coverage Speaking after President Bush (news - web sites) gave Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) a 48-hour deadline to leave or face war, the officials told Reuters there had been "scattered" signs of some success in the surrender initiative, but declined to give specifics. The U.S. Central Command said from its Gulf military headquarters in Qatar that 1.4 million leaflets were dumped on Iraq on Monday in the biggest drop to date in a months-long psychological warfare campaign of broadcasts and air drops. The intention, officials in Washington said, was in large measure to persuade Iraqi forces in the south to stand aside when U.S.-led forces sweep north from Kuwait toward the oil fields around the southern oil center of Basra en route to the capital of Baghdad. "Indications are very scattered, but I would say positive," said one official who asked not to be identified. Defense officials have said instructions being given to Iraqi forces were very specific, including telling them to leave their tanks with their turrets reversed and to abandon vehicles in the open while returning to barracks. The officials refused to detail the Iraqi responses but noted cautiously that Saddam's elite and hard-line Republican Guards units were stationed further north near Baghdad. AWAITING INVASION ORDER Of the 280,000 U.S. and British troops arrayed in the Gulf against Iraq, 175,000 are in Kuwait awaiting orders from Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair (news - web sites) to launch a massive air and ground invasion to remove Saddam and destroy alleged stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons. U.S. defense officials and private analysts say one of the first objectives of an invasion would be to overwhelm regular army units and take Basra only about 40 miles from the Kuwait border as tens of thousands of U.S. and British forces sweep northward. Basra is 340 miles southeast of Baghdad. At Camp As Sayliyah in Qatar, battle headquarters of the Central Command, a crewman from a U.S. C-130 Special Operations aircraft broadcasting messages into Iraq said the programs use music to capture attention of Iraqi listeners, then follow with information slamming Saddam and touting the nobility of the Western cause, all leading to a main point -- do not fight the invaders. "We call ourselves the weapons of mass persuasion," the crewman, identified only as Lt. Col. Mike, told reporters.

                                                                                                            But in Washington, U.S. defense officials also told Reuters there had been growing signs that Iraq was preparing to use chemical and biological weapons against invading troops and to destroy its own oil fields. "Some trenches dug in the south could be quickly filled with oil and set afire to delay any advance," said one U.S. official. "They might just blast rigs and blame it on us." At the Pentagon (news - web sites), one official confirmed a Washington Post report from Kuwait that the U.S. military was trying to negotiate "capitulation agreements" with Iraqi commanders under which enemy troops would turn over most of their weapons and return to their barracks rather than be taken prisoners of war. The advantage of such a move, which would allow Iraqi commanders to keep their sidearms, would be to alleviate the advancing American and British forces or the burden of keeping tens of thousands of prisoners while speeding northward.



                                                                                                            FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                            --



                                                                                                              Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                              A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                                              -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                              ------------------------------------------ New York To Jerez New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda New York To Madrid New York To Cordoba New York To Malaga New York To Torremolinos New York To Granada New York To Barcelona New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                              (1)
                                                                                                                Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                (2)
                                                                                                                  Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                  (3)
                                                                                                                    Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-CareAirlines!
                                                                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                    (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                    (5)
                                                                                                                      The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                      (6)
                                                                                                                        Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                        A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                        Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                          UFO's
                                                                                                                          12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I
                                                                                                                          (7)Skylab 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (8)Rockets -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --





                                                                                                                            The Use of Anti-Terrorism Software For All Types Of Sabotage Around The World!
                                                                                                                            FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                            --


                                                                                                                            Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                            -------------------------------------- 22 hours 23 hours 24 hours 25 hours 26 hours 27 hours 28 hours 29 hours --
                                                                                                                            ------------------------------------------ Trinidad To Jerez Trinidad To Sanlucar de Barrameda Trinidad To Madrid Trinidad To Cordoba Trinidad To Malaga Trinidad To Torremolinos Trinidad To Granada Trinidad To Barcelona Trinidad To Almeria Trinidad To Sevilla Trinidad To Morocco Trinidad To The Straight Of Gibralter TRINIDAD TO ROTA TRINIDAD TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                            (1)-Jessie And "John-Pedro" TwinFalling Airlines!$3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                            (2)-Bail-Out The Airline Company AirWays $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                            (3)-Anti-Terrorism Dutch Airways! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                            (4)-American Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                            (5)-The National Airline Of Spain! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                            (6)-United French Airlines! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                            A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                            Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance
                                                                                                                            UFO's 12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I
                                                                                                                            (7)
                                                                                                                              Rockets
                                                                                                                              12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (8)
                                                                                                                                Missiles
                                                                                                                                -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --






                                                                                                                                  Eighteen Iraqi border guards surrender to US army in Kuwait: military source Wed Mar 19, 2:24 PM ET IN THE NORTHERN KUWAITI DESERT (AFP) - Eighteen Iraqi border guards crossed the border into Kuwait and surrendered to US troops, a military source in the emirate told AFP. AFP Photo A US officer here had earlier said 15 Iraqi soldiers had surrendered, while the state KUNA news agency, quoting a Kuwaiti military source, put the number at 16. The military source who spoke to AFP on condition of anonymity said the 18 had crossed the border in two batches -- the first comprising two border guards and the second 16.
                                                                                                                                  The US officer earlier said the 15 Iraqis who turned themselves in to US troops had been handed over to Kuwaiti police. They were handed over after laying down their arms and giving up, said Captain Darrin Theriault, headquarters company commander of the First Brigade of the US Army's Third Infantry Division. The surrenders, at about 1500 GMT, came as a 48-hour ultimatum given by President George W. Bush (news - web sites) to Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) to leave his country by early Thursday or face a massive attack was running out. "We anticipate more (surrenders) as this continues to develop," Theriault told AFP. He stressed that the Kuwaiti police had custody of the Iraqi soldiers and "no enemy prisoners of war are under US control." The United States and Britain have some 280,000 troops mustered in the region readying an invasion of Iraq (news - web sites) after Saddam rejected Bush's warning to quit the country. About 174,000 are in Kuwait.

                                                                                                                                  US warplanes launch strikes at seven locations in southern Iraq Wed Mar 19, 5:29 PM ET WASHINGTON (AFP) - The United States and Britain conducted wide-ranging air strikes in southern and western Iraq (news - web sites), bombing long-range artillery and a surface-to-surface missile system that threatened coalition forces poised to invade the country from Kuwait, officials said. AFP Photo The warplanes struck at least seven locations over a 10 hour period as the clock ran on a US deadline for Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) and his two sons to leave the country or face war. US and British officials said the strikes were within the scope of normal enforcement of a no-fly zone over southern Iraq, and the US Central Command said they were launched in response to Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire. But the strikes targeted 10 artillery systems that had been moved last week into range of US and British forces massing in Kuwait for a ground offensive as well as a surface-to-surface missile system, a US defense official said. The Central Command said long range artillery were struck at Az Zubayr and in the Al Faw peninsula, and a surface-to surface missile system near Basra. Warplanes also bombed a traffic control radar near Basra and communications sites near Ash Shuaybah, Mydaysis and Ruwayshid in southern Iraq. "The artillery was struck because they were a danger to coalition ground troops in Kuwait," the command said. "The air traffic control radar was used to direct Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire at coalition aircraft." In western Iraq, they targeted a radar and an air defense command center near the H-3 airfield that defends the approaches to Baghdad from Jordan, the command said. "The coalition executed today's strikes after Iraqi forces fired anti-aircraft artillery at coalition aircraft patrolling the southern no-fly zone south of the 33rd parallel in Iraq," the command said. In London, a spokeswoman for the British Defence Ministry said, "We are flying over southern Iraq. This evening we are targeting systems which are a threat to our forces." "We have been doing this for the last 10 years. It's the same as we've been doing, but obviously the time is perhaps more relevant," the official said.



                                                                                                                                  FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                  --



                                                                                                                                    Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                    LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                    -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                    ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                      A -
                                                                                                                                      New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                        B-
                                                                                                                                        New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                          C-
                                                                                                                                          New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                            D-
                                                                                                                                            New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                              E-
                                                                                                                                              New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                F-
                                                                                                                                                New York To Trinidad


                                                                                                                                                  G-
                                                                                                                                                  New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                    H-
                                                                                                                                                    New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                    New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                    (1)
                                                                                                                                                      Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                      (2)
                                                                                                                                                        Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                        (3)
                                                                                                                                                          Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                          (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                          (5)
                                                                                                                                                            The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                            (6)
                                                                                                                                                              Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                              (7)
                                                                                                                                                                Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                (8)
                                                                                                                                                                  Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                  A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                  Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                    UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                    12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                      Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                      12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                        Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                        -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --





                                                                                                                                                                        FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                                                        --



                                                                                                                                                                          Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                          LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                          -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                          ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                            A -
                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                              B-
                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                C-
                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                  D-
                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                    E-
                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                      F-
                                                                                                                                                                                      ----------------


                                                                                                                                                                                        G-
                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                          H-
                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                          (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                            Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                            (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                              Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                              (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                  The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                  (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                    Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                    (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                      Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                      (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                        A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                          UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                          12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                            Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                            12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                              -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

                                                                                                                                                                                                              Though they talk by phone every day, Blair said he wanted face time with Bush to discuss how to rebuild a post-Saddam Iraq, and to explore ways of rebuilding US-Europe relations left in tatters in the run-up to war. "I am clear that the United Nations (news - web sites) must be centrally involved" not just in humanitarian relief as the war rages, but in rebuilding Iraq after the guns fall silent, he told a Downing Street press conference. Blair said he leave Wednesday after his mid-day question period in the House of Commons for Washington, from where he would immediately go to Bush's retreat at Camp David, Maryland for talks Wednesday night and Thursday. Later Thursday, he said, he would go to New York to see Annan, before flying back to London. "I will see president Bush at Camp David to discuss not just the military campaign but also the diplomatic implications of recent events for the future -- in particular how we get America and Europe working again together as partners and not as rivals," Blair said. The snap war summit would also "assess the best way of dealing with the humanitarian crisis in Iraq... how we rebuild Iraq post-Saddam, and also, of course, our approach to the Middle East peace process." Blair has been Bush's staunchest ally in the showdown with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) over weapons of mass destruction, sending 45,000 soldiers, sailors and airmen, 120 tanks, a naval task force and 100-plus warplanes to join the US-led war. Opposition among Britons to war clearly appeared to be waning on day six of the fighting, with a poll in the Guardian newspaper Tuesday suggesting that 54 percent approved of a military attack to oust Saddam. On February 14, the figure had been 52 percent against. Britain suffered its second known combat fatality Monday when a member of Scotland's famed Black Watch regiment was killed in fighting near al-Zubayr, southwest of Basra. The first British soldier to die, a member of the Royal Tank Regiment, was killed in the same area Sunday, and two remain listed as missing. Fourteen other Britons died in two helicopter accidents, and two airmen perished when their Tornado bomber was hit by a US missile. Coalition commanders say Iraqi "irregulars" loyal to Saddam have been resisting British forces around Basra, but Blair insisted Tuesday that, overall, the invasion is going to plan. "It's precisely what you'd expect... These people are going to fight," he said, adding: "We have the forces that we need to do the job." In his first press conference since Bush launched the war Thursday with a volley of air strikes, Blair pledged that, unlike in the 1991 war to free Kuwait, the US-led coalition would not let the Iraqi people down. "My message to them is that this time we will not let you down. Saddam and his regime will be removed. Iraq will have a better future," the prime minsiter said. Warning the British people that the war is far from over, Blair said US, British and other forces would face "resistance all the way to the end of this campaign." "It will take time and perseverance and the continuing skill and dedication and professionalism of our armed forces to break it down," he said. Last Updated: Tuesday, 25 March, 2003, 17:54 GMT Email this to a friend Printable version Blair promises to back Iraqi people Tony Blair to meet George Bush Tony Blair has promised the Iraqi people that US-led coalition forces "will not let you down" as UK troops began firing in support of an apparent uprising in Basra. At his monthly news conference ahead of the assault on troop positions in the southern Iraqi city, Mr Blair said the military campaign had already achieved a "huge amount". He pledged: "Saddam Hussein and his regime will be removed. Iraq will have a better future ahead of it." Mr Blair said the Iraqi people were wary of rising up against Saddam Hussein's regime after the failure to remove the dictator following the Gulf War in 1991. He was speaking after fierce resistance from paramilitaries in Basra claimed a second British soldier's life. And coalition forces continued to advance on Baghdad - although delayed by fierce sandstorms - where they were expecting to meet extremely strong military opposition. Mr Blair also confirmed that he will fly to meet US President George Bush on Wednesday. The prime minister's spokesman said the discussions would centre on Iraq post-Saddam rather than on military strategy which had already been decided. Mr Blair is also due to hold talks with UN Secretary General Kofi Annan on Thursday. LATEST FROM NEWSWEEK � Special war section � Q&A on smart weapons Who Will Try Iraqi War Criminals? By Ed Finn Posted Wednesday, March 19, 2003, at 3:19 PM PT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                In his speech to the nation Monday, President Bush promised that Iraqi war criminals would be tried and punished�but he didn't specify which criminals or in which court they would be tried. Which Iraqis will be tried, and who will judge them? The answers depend largely on the outcome of the war, once it's clear who's still alive to stand trial. Most experts agree that war-crimes trials will be limited to indictments against a small fraction of the thousands of likely suspects, since wiping out Iraq's government infrastructure (on top of its economic and military infrastructure) will make it that much harder to build a new state. In fact, the U.S. government has kept its official list of Iraqi war criminals extremely short, even though hundreds of officials have been implicated in the use of chemical weapons against Iraqi Kurds in 1988. It's likely that only the top echelons of the military will be tried�perhaps 50 people, perhaps more, depending on who you ask and whether or not local commanders fight. (If they surrender, they might escape prosecution.) For the invading Americans, "who" is tried is almost less important than "how," because these trials give the United States a much-needed chance to exhibit fairness and restraint after initiating a war. Possible trial venues include: International Criminal Court: This one can probably be ruled out�neither the U.S. nor Iraq ever agreed to it. Ironically, it might be legally possible to try British or Australian troops in the ICC for war crimes if they commit any atrocities, since their nations are signatories. U.N. ad hoc tribunal: This is a special international court that has to be mandated by the Security Council�recent examples include courts created to try war criminals from the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Considering the intense misgivings fellow Security Council members like France and Russia have about the war, it is unlikely that the United States will ask them to create a tribunal. And even if they did, there's another snag if the blue helmets show up�no U.N. court can sentence a war criminal to death. U.S. federal courts: Under the War Crimes Act of 1996, war crimes by or against U.S. citizens can be prosecuted in American federal courts. This option also seems unlikely, however, because many of the crimes likely to be prosecuted involve Iraqi officials assaulting their own citizens. Local Iraqi courts: These might do for small-fry Baath loyalists. After all, the United States will be trying to create a respectable criminal justice system in Iraq, and war criminals would provide useful fodder to get things rolling. But it's unlikely that any of the regime's kingpins would face a local court, since there would be too many opportunities for political skullduggery and old allegiances to taint the process. Hybrid courts: All the rage since their success in Sierra Leone, hybrid courts bring together a combination of local and international jurists. The idea is to mix the grass-roots appeal of civil courts with the respectability and fence-mending powers of international courts. This option also allows the United States to involve European jurists without having to go through the United Nations. The flexibility of a hybrid court will be attractive to post-Iraq planners not because of its appeal to international justice but because it will allow the United States to better trade amnesty for information while still satisfying world opinion. Say the United States invades Iraq and raids all the bunkers and palaces but doesn't find weapons of mass destruction or Saddam Hussein. In that case, the post-war administration's first priority will be to pump Iraq's surviving officials for information�a process that could carry over to war crimes courts. If you're wondering what war crimes are, Explainer has covered this before. Next question? Explainer thanks Ruth Wedgwood, professor of International Law and Diplomacy at John Hopkins University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; David Phillips, deputy director of the Center for Preventative Action and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; and Reed Brody, special counsel for Human Rights Watch. of statistics and facts on topics at home and abroad. Barnes & Noble



                                                                                                                                                                                                                FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                          D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Malaga


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ----------------


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      �I kind of felt sorry for them,� said one U.S. military official, speaking to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity. �A lot of them looked hungry. They haven�t been fed in a while.� He spoke after U.S. Marines and their allies took control of the strategic port city of Umm Qasr and with it, Iraq�s access to the Persian Gulf. The outclassed Iraqis fought with small arms, pistols, machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades. Authorities said the nation�s southern oil fields would be secured by day�s end. At the same time, the Army�s 3rd Infantry Division surged 100 miles into Iraq. Much more was to come � an extraordinary land-based juggernaut of allied weaponry and troops was caught in an enormous traffic jam in Kuwait, ready to strike when it could cross the border. SOME RESISTANCE There were pockets of resistance, some of it stiff; a second combat death was reported Friday, a member of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force who was wounded while battling a platoon of Iraqi infantry. But often, the opponent advanced with a white flag in hand instead of a rifle. Within a few hours of crossing into southern Iraq, the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit encountered 200 or more Iraqi troops seeking to surrender. One group of 40 Iraqis marched down a two-lane road toward the Americans and gave up. Another group of Iraqi soldiers alongside a road waved a white flag and their raised hands, trying to flag down a group of journalists so they could surrender. Forty to 50 Iraqi soldiers surrendered to a Marine traffic control unit. They came down the road in the open back of a troop vehicle, their hands in the air for about a mile before they reached the Marines. Their decision to give up the fight was not unexpected, or unprompted; for months, Iraq has been bombarded with messages from the Americans, urging its soldiers to refuse to fight. � In the battle zone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � The 1991 oil fires � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq At a Pentagon news conference Friday, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld called on Iraq�s military to �do the honorable thing, stop fighting that you may live to enjoy a free Iraq, where you and your children can grow and prosper.� How many Iraqis had surrendered? No one knew for sure. Rumsfeld said he knew of a few hundred, and others who just quit fighting. �A lot of people just leave and melt into the countryside,� he said. In Baghdad, however, an Iraqi military spokesman denied there had been any large-scale surrender. �The 51st Army Division is still fighting the invading troops ferociously and courageously and inflicting upon the enemy forces the ugliest losses,� he said, reading a statement on Iraqi television Saturday. GROUND ADVANCE FASTER THAN PLANNED Rumsfeld said the allied forces were advancing and now controlled �a growing portion of the country of Iraq.� The captured territory included two airfields in western Iraq. The ground advance into Iraq appeared to be moving faster than planned. Units reached locations in Iraq 24 hours ahead of their expected arrival time, according to several reporters attached to those units. The Army�s 3rd Infantry Division was following a path through the desert west of the Euphrates River, avoiding populated areas. It appeared that strategists sought to minimize civilian and military casualties by flanking most Iraqi units and going straight for the Republican Guard around Baghdad. The bulk of the allied force hadn�t even entered Iraq yet. 'Target: Iraq' on MSNBC TV All day, all night coverage � MSNBC brings you live coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Tom Brokaw and Lester Holt anchor, with reports from Peter Arnett in Baghdad. There was a huge traffic jam at the border - thousands of vehicles parked in parallel rows, nothing but columns of trucks, Humvees, oil tankers, flatbed tucks, armored vehicles and vehicles of every stripe, from horizon to horizon. The traffic was so bad that it took 6� hours for one unit to go 51 miles, in swirling dust. Crossing the border Friday morning, the 3rd Battalion of the 7th Marine Infantry faced little resistance. Tanks attached to the battalion attacked five Iraqi tanks just north of the border, destroying them easily. TAKING SAFWAN The battalion passed the brown, stone rubble of several buildings it had shelled just minutes before � the air still held the acrid smell of explosives � and at least five enormous pictures of a smiling Saddam Hussein, some with him wearing a robe, others with him in a headscarf, that stood intact at the border post. They reached the town of Safwan, where speakers warned Iraqis to stay out of the Marines� way. A few ventured outside: A man on the side of the road bearing a white flag. Another in a long, gray robe, prostrate on the ground, apparently in prayer. �I never thought I�d see this place,� said Cpl. Matt Nale, 31, of Seattle, Wash. He stuck his head out of the top of an Amtrack armored personnel carrier, looked around, smiled and repeatedly nodded with wonder. The Marines later took control of positions mostly abandoned by Iraq�s 32nd Mechanized Infantry Brigade, blowing up a few abandoned tanks and armored personnel carriers and engaging in short firefights with a few Iraqi soldiers who had stayed back to defend their headquarters and barracks or were unable to flee in time.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE XMAS> -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ----------------


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Close down Iraq (embassies).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Pentagon: Iraq could flood Tigris for defense Tactic was used to slow Iranian forces during Iran-Iraq War Friday, March 21, 2003 Posted: 4:24 AM EST (0924 GMT) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Story Tools --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                WASHINGTON (CNN) -- U.S. military planners are devising strategies in case the Iraqi military causes the Tigris River to flood, the Pentagon said Friday. If the Iraqi military were to release water into the Tigris from upstream reservoirs, extensive flooding could occur between Baghdad and Kut, to the south, the Pentagon said. Thousands of Iraqis could be displaced, adding to congestion on roads and requiring extensive humanitarian support. The Pentagon said Iraq used flooding to deter Iranian advances during the Iran-Iraq War.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                "Iraq's strategy could include releasing a small amount of water from major dams and canals to interrupt maneuvering units," said a U.S. statement released early Friday. "Iraq also could cause catastrophic flooding of portions of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, either by releasing large amounts of water from dams or by destroying them." Although the latter could cause "major humanitarian crises in parts of Iraq, Baghdad would experience minimal damage," the statement said. Parts of southern Iraq routinely flood in March and April because of heavy rainfall and snow melting in the north. Some areas that are already under water could be impassable for four to six weeks, even without additional flooding, the Pentagon said. "The [Saddam] Hussein regime could incorporate the flooding into defensive preparations to slow the advance of coalition forces," the Pentagon said. "This tactic could force coalition units or displaced persons through flooded areas." Primary water sources for such "strategic flooding" are the Qadisiyah Dam and its Hadiyha Reservoir, the Pentagon said. Additionally, the release of water from five reservoirs -- Saddam, Dokan, Al Azim, Darbandikhan and Diyala -- could increase the flow rate of the Tigris. The rainy season is already expected to raise water levels in these dams, the Pentagon said.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A FEW DOZEN tents went up on Thursday morning in a camp near here, some 35 miles from the border with Iraq. Non-Iraqis fleeing from Iraq will be sheltered here, and already Thursday several dozen Sudanese workers and their families were huddling in the tents, which were being whipped by winds of 30 to 35 mph. The border area has been swept by sandstorms for the past three days. A second camp, for Iraqis, was being constructed a few miles away. Reporters visiting the border area Thursday morning found it was open, but the Jordanian military quickly ordered journalists to move away, saying a six-mile zone around the border was closed to the press. U.S. missiles hit buildings in Baghdad Iraq says civilian buildings hit, civilian killed U.S.-led forces launch ground assault Iraqi oil wells on fire White House urges Saddam to go into exile Downed U.S. helicopter returns to air U.S. sources: "Shock and awe" assault yet to come That zone includes a Jordanian military base that has been extensively renovated by the United States in recent weeks. An estimated 300 to 400 U.S. troops are at the base, officially to engage in search-and-rescue missions for downed allied pilots. � In the battle zone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � The 1991 oil fires � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq Read more dispatches from NBC News correspondents But most people here assume that the group also includes U.S. special operations forces moving into Western Iraq to search for Scud missiles, like those that were fired from this area in 1991 against Israel. ROAD FROM BAGHDAD BOMBED Some of the people who made the five-hour trip from Baghdad to Jordan Thursday said they saw evidence that the road and a fuel depot about 100 miles west of Baghdad had been bombed. Passengers on a bus said they had to drive around craters in the pavement. And several people reported seeing bodies at the fuel depot, including that of a Jordanian truck driver. Although the station is used by civilians, it could also be used by Iraqi forces moving west from Baghdad into the desert. Officials of the Red Crescent said the two refugee camps they are constructing should be adequate for 30,000 to 50,000 people, and could with difficulty handle as many as 100,000. But if the refugee population is much larger, as it was during the 1991 war, they say they would be overwhelmed.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Refugees will be given a blanket, a mattress, medicine and a box lunch, but it will be several days before a kitchen can be set up. Wells were drilled for water, but it was too salty, so desalination gear was brought in. Authorities say a ticket office will be set up for non-Iraqi refugees, so as many as possible can purchase transportation back to their home countries. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      � In the battlezone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq THE RESPONSE HAD a familiar ring, echoing the long debate over whether war with Iraq was justified. Leaders worried and lamented, protesters condemned and demonstrated, friends of the United States proclaimed that it was ugly but sadly necessary. There was just one key difference Thursday: This time, military action in Iraq wasn�t just a possibility. It was becoming real. Muslim leaders in Asia condemned the U.S. attack and said Americans would pay. A response from the 30-million-strong moderate Muhammadiyah Muslim group in Indonesia came within minutes of the United States and Britain launching attacks on Iraq. �This is not an attack on Islam but an attack on humanity,� said Syafii Maarif, head of the organization. Latest on the military moves Deputy Malaysian Defense Minister Shafie Apdal told Reuters in Parliament that he feared reprisals by Iraqi sympathizers in other countries. Murid Timasaen, spokesman for Thailand�s Muslims for Peace Group, said Americans would never live in peace again. �They have attracted more enemies than ever, not only from the Muslim world, but also from the Buddhist community,� he said. �Countries like Iraq don�t have the capacity to fight the Americans in a conventional war, so more terrorist means will be deployed against the Americans.� JAPAN, PHILIPPINES BACK ATTACK Two Asian countries that have been supportive of the U.S. tough position on Iraq stepped in to reiterate their support. Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo said Manila was giving political and moral support for actions to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction. �The Philippines is part of the coalition of the willing� Arroyo said in a speech to graduates of the Philippine Military Academy. �We are giving political and moral support for actions to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction.� � Complete MSNBC coverage � Latest military developments � Kurds fleeing, again � Q &A with Peter Arnett � Top defector disappears � Video coverage from NBC � Blog: Army family's journal � Encarta: Detailed Iraq map � WashPost: Special coverage Latest from Newsweek � Zakaria: Arrogant empire � Waiting with the troops Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, putting a security alliance with the United States ahead of public opinion, reiterated his moral support for Washington on Thursday after the start of a U.S.-led attack on Iraq. �At this time... I understand, and I support the start of the use of force by the United States,� Koizumi told a news conference about an hour after Bush announced the start of the attack. Japanese troops, however, will not be fighting alongside U.S. forces. Japan�s postwar, pacifist constitution renounces war as a means of settling international disputes. � Daily updates on Iraq action Thailand said it wanted no part in the war. �But we are ready to help rehabilitate (Iraq) after the fighting, up to the extent of our resources,� Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra said. �At this stage, we hope the war casualties will be confined only to military targets and not on civilians.� China said the action against Iraq was �violating the norms of international behavior.� Germany expressed �great concern and consternation� that its anti-war diplomacy with France and Russia had failed; it immediately turned attention to the aftermath � and offered help dealing with the humanitarian consequences. �Soon the United States will have to reap the fruits of what they are doing now, and the fruits won�t be sweet,� Russian legislator Vladimir Lukin, a former ambassador to Washington, told Russia�s state-controlled ORT television. � Deployments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      CONDEMNATION FROM IRAN Iran, Iraq�s neighbor and longtime enemy, issued immediate condemnation, calling the U.S. action �unjustifiable and illegitimate.� Neutral Finland weighed in, too, with President Tarja Halonen calling military force outside the U.N. Security Council �not acceptable.� �The ongoing war must not result in the marginalization of the United Nations,� she said. The United States and close ally Britain on Monday gave up trying to win the backing of the U.N. Security Council for a new resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq, arguing that they already were within their rights to launch an invasion. In November, the Security Council had voted unanimously for a tough resolution that called on Iraq to disarm or face �serious consequences.� Several months of weapons inspections, however, were inconclusive, and key members of the council stood resolutely opposed to military action.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Middle East - AP


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Bush's Deadline Passes Unheeded in Iraq 31 minutes ago By DAVID ESPO, AP Special Correspondent President Bush (news - web sites)'s deadline for Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) to surrender power passed unheeded Wednesday night, and war against Iraq (news - web sites) appeared inevitable. An American-led invasion force of 300,000 troops awaited the order to strike. AP Photo AP Photo Slideshow: Iraq and Saddam Hussein Baghdad Residents Brace for Impending War (AP Video) Latest news: � France, Others: Attack on Iraq Illegal AP - 18 minutes ago � Baghdad Streets Empty As Deadline Passes AP - 43 minutes ago � Air Force: U.S. Assault Will Stun Iraqis AP - 2 hours, 37 minutes ago Special Coverage U.S. and British forces massed in the Kuwaiti desert close to the Iraqi border, giant B-52 warplanes were loaded with bombs and Tomahawk missile-carrying ships were in position, all awaiting an attack order from Bush. The deadline came at 8 p.m. EST, which was 4 a.m. Thursday in Baghdad, its population shrunken in recent days by an exodus of thousands of fearful residents. "The disarmament of the Iraqi regime will begin at a time of the president's choosing," said his press secretary, Ari Fleischer (news - web sites), moments after 8 p.m. "The American people are ready for the disarmament of Saddam Hussein. They understand what's at stake. The military is ready, the nation is ready and the cause is just." Just after the deadline, White House chief of staff Andrew Card informed the president that intelligence officials had no information that Saddam had left Iraq. Saddam's regime gave every appearance of digging in. In the minutes after the deadline, Iraqi TV showed footage of a pro-Saddam march Tuesday in Baghdad, with members of the crowd chanting pro-Saddam slogans, some brandishing rifles and carrying pictures of Saddam. "We are dedicated to martyrdom in defense of Iraq under your leadership," a loyal Iraqi parliament assured the Iraqi dictator, and armed members of the ruling Baath party deployed behind hundreds of sandbagged defensive positions in Baghdad. Even so, 17 Iraqi soldiers surrendered to American GIs during the day, eager to give up before the shooting started. Bush met periodically throughout the day with his top aides at the White House and sent formal notice to Congress that reliance on "further diplomatic and other peaceful means alone" would not suffice to counter "the continuing threat posed by Iraq." Fleischer, said the nation "ought to be prepared for the loss" of American lives once the military effort begins to depose Saddam and recover weapons of mass destruction. Aides said the commander in chief would decide on timing based on the advice of his military commanders. More than 25 protesters were arrested outside the White House, part of a larger group of demonstrators that chanted, banged drums and carried signs that read, "Stop the War on Iraq." It seemed unlikely in the extreme. Along with the U.S.-led force approaching 300,000 troops massed in the Persian Gulf region were 1,000 combat aircraft and five aircraft carrier battle groups. The United States claims the public and private support of 45 other nations in a coalition to topple Saddam. But only Britain, with about 40,000 troops, was making a sizable contribution to the military force. In a run-up to war, U.S. aircraft also dropped nearly 2 million leaflets over southern Iraq with a variety of messages, including, for the first time, instructions to Iraqi troops on how to capitulate to avoid being killed. Hundreds of miles away, at an air base in England, crews loaded bombs aboard giant B-52 combat aircraft. Apart from the desire to capture weapons of mass destruction, Bush's submission to Congress said a military attack could lead to the discovery of information that would allow the apprehension of terrorists living in the United States. An attack, it said, "is a vital part of the international war on terrorism." Despite deep divisions at the United Nations (news - web sites), Bush also claimed "the authority � indeed, given the dangers involved, the duty � to use force against Iraq to protect the security of the American people and to compel compliance with United Nations resolutions." The diplomatic wheels turned still at the United Nations where foreign ministers were meeting in the Security Council at the request of the French and Germans, prominent critics of the American military operation. "This is a sad day for the United Nations," said the organization's secretary general, Kofi Annan (news - web sites) said. "I know that millions of people around the world share this sense of disappointment and are deeply alarmed." Bush abandoned diplomacy on Monday, and administration officials blamed French intransigence for the lack of consensus on a new Security Council resolution that would have given Saddam an ultimatum. The signs of imminent conflict were abundant. Israel ordered its citizens to start carrying their gas masks to work and to school. And hundreds of Israeli residents fled Tel Aviv, fearful that Iraq would launch missiles against their seaside city, as happened in the 1991 Persian Gulf War (news - web sites). Royal Jordanian � the only commercial airline with regularly scheduled flights to Baghdad � said it was canceling them in anticipation of war. And Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (news - web sites) offered a dual-edged analysis. He blamed Iraq for the approaching military conflict. But he also said he hoped that "different international forces will realize the dangerous repercussions of any military action on the safety and stability of the Middle East region." Another country in the region, Bahrain, publicly offered exile to Saddam "in a dignified manner that should not be seen as undermining Iraq's position and capabilities." "It's the last-hour chance and we hope that Iraq will accept this offer to avoid war," Information Minister Nabil al-Hamer told The Associated Press. Exile for the Iraqi leader "is absolutely unthinkable," said Saadoon Hammadi, speaker of Iraq's parliament. "He will be in front of everyone. He will fight and guide our country to victory." 'Defining moment' dawns on America By Rick Hampson USA TODAY On a day when Americans should have been waiting for spring, they waited for war. As President Bush's deadline for Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ticked closer, Tuesday rituals -- weekly play dates and poker games, Bible study and baseball practice -- went on. Meanwhile, a page in history was about to turn. Eddie Hannigan, 73, spent the morning attaching American flags to the white wooden fence lining his driveway off a country road in Fallbrook, Calif. His wife was out buying yellow ribbons to tie to the flagpole. ''Woke up this morning and the wife said, 'I think we should put out the flag,' '' said Hannigan, who fought in the 1950-53 Korean War. ''It's a private driveway. No one can stop me. But the neighbors all thought it was a good idea. I don't like war, but I support our troops.'' People were reminded of the lull after another presidential ultimatum on Iraq a dozen years ago. But this time they knew, through painful experience, that war isn't something that always happens somewhere else. ''This seems more real than the first Gulf War,'' said Mary Clark, 52, a New York state employee who was passing Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan. ''It was like watching a movie. It's still just as far away, but now we have threats on our own soil. It feels like part of the battlefield, for this war is going to be here at home.'' On the other side of the continent, a man fishing in the choppy Pacific off Oceanside, Calif., agreed. ''I feel absolutely certain that we will suffer destruction from terrorist attacks,'' said Les Hite, 61, an avocado grower. ''I hope we don't look back on this day and say that's when we could have done things differently.'' To many, the country seemed to have set off on a road with no turning back. Mike Lance, 24, a New York marketing assistant, called it ''a defining moment.'' Some embraced it. Parents and teachers from the Heights Christian School in Los Angeles said they gave no thought to canceling a school trip to Washington, D.C. ''It's great,'' said Carolyn Litchfield, as she toured the Capitol. ''We're here in the middle of history.'' After months of waiting, some people said battle would come as a relief. ''Let's just get this war over with already,'' Clark said. ''I'm so frustrated about how we keep hanging on edge about this.'' In Marion, Ind., Nanette Weesner tied the 32nd yellow ribbon -- one for every day her son has been stationed with the Army in the Persian Gulf -- on the staircase in her apartment. She said she hopes that whatever happens, ''it'll happen fast, and the troops come home.'' In Hinesville, Ga., location of Fort Stewart, one resident said the civilians in town are almost eager for war. ''They want to get it on and get it over with,'' said Marion Adams, 56, ''because it's messing up their business.'' Bob Dickinson, president of Carnival Cruise Lines, said Bush's speech actually helped travelers make plans. ''It's been a kind of limbo we've been in the last couple months. Now people who have delayed making travel plans can get back to normal,'' Dickinson said. Meanwhile, Americans stocked up on emergency supplies, lit votive candles and gave blood. A few took to the streets on Tuesday in protest and in support of attacking Iraq -- mothers of soldiers wearing yellow ribbons and mothers against war wearing pink ones. To some, it felt like a rerun of 1991: the international antagonists, the internal divisions, the economic worries, the concern about terrorism, the signs saying ''No Blood for Oil.'' But there were differences. This time, fast-food deliveries already have been banned at the New York Stock Exchange. The airport metal detectors already have been fine-tuned. Office workers already are wearing their ID badges. This time, Mr. Rogers will not be around to record messages to reassure children. Some voices from around the nation: * A truck stop in Racine, Wis. Rich Reis, 44, a trucker from Hanover Park, Ill., said he has had doubts for weeks about the war. He's a Navy veteran with two sons who also served in the military. Reis' son-in-law is on a Navy vessel with 600 Marines in the Gulf. He has been there for months and has never seen his second son, who was born in December. Reis still isn't sure Iraq poses any serious threat beyond the missiles it has destroyed. He hasn't seen what he calls ''hard-core'' proof. ''Give me something to grab a hold of if you are going to put my sons' lives on the line,'' he said. But Reis also thinks it's too late too argue: ''We can't wait any more. My feeling, if we go to war -- when we go to war --is win it. Win. Don't play. Win.'' * A coffee house in Denver A storm that dumped about 3 feet of snow made the war the No. 2 news story on Denver TV. ''It's all about the snow,'' said Reb Ryan, manager and co-owner of Buzz Fill 'Er Up Cafe. ''People here right now are focused on getting through this storm.'' She closed her business at mid-morning for lack of business. Those who did drop in talked about war. ''Sixty percent are saying, 'This is crazy. I can't believe we're doing this,' '' Ryan said. ''But I have quite a few cops who come through, and they're all gung-ho for it.'' In the days before the storm, she noticed a drop-off in sales of lattes, cappuccinos and espressos. ''I think people are not looking for luxuries,'' she said. By the time the president went on TV, ''people were all on edge. They didn't want to hang out here. They wanted to go somewhere so they could watch the news.'' * A terminal at LAX The tension was palpable in the Delta Air Lines baggage claim area at Los Angeles International Airport. ''Now that it's here, I fear that the end of the world is here,'' said Joanne Drake, 68, who was arriving home from a trip to Orlando with her daughter and grandchildren. ''We're all going to be in danger from biological and chemical weapons. I'm very fearful, but I don't think we have any other choice. We can't let Saddam keep going and going.'' ''I'm afraid of everything,'' said Mandy Park, 30, a health care worker visiting from Canada with her gray tomcat. But if Saddam is ''feeding into terrorism,'' she said, ''he has to be taken care of.'' * An anti-war group in St. Louis For Woody Powell, 70, it was a day to mourn for peace and prepare for war. The executive director of Veterans for Peace fielded phone calls and e-mails while helping to organize a demonstration in Washington on Saturday. When the war begins, he said, he'll head to a military recruiting station in St. Louis to try to talk young people out of signing up. Powell said he had enlisted in the Air Force during the Korean War, ''full of patriotic fervor and the urge to prove myself as a man, and full of all the fears of inadequacy.'' ''The experience of war is not a natural one for human beings, and it does unnatural things to their psyches,'' he said. ''There are other ways to prove yourself as a human being.''

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * A sidewalk near Ground Zero There was optimism. ''It will not be bloody,'' predicted Stephanie Baker, 36, a customer service manager from Boston. And there was pessimism. ''Gas prices will go up. Stock prices will go down,'' said Allison Vanderbrul, 21, an undergraduate at the State University of New York-New Paltz. ''People will be afraid to invest. International relations with the U.S. will get worse. International investors won't invest. It's not going to bounce back quickly.'' Alex Woods, 21, a University of Arizona undergraduate from Tucson, said it was all beyond him. ''Basically, I don't really know what's going on,'' he said. ''I hope our leaders know more than we do. I'm hoping they are making the right decisions.''





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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -------------------------------------- 22 hours 23 hours 24 hours 25 hours 26 hours 27 hours 28 hours 29 hours --
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (9)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Missiles
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Iraqi missile range: Under UN rules, Iraq is banned from having any missiles with a range greater than 93 miles (150 km). Controversy has arisen over the al-Samoud Two missile, which has travelled up to 112 miles (180 km) in tests. In response to requests by UN inspectors, Iraq has begun destroying some of its stock of 120 of these. Analysts also believe Iraq may have some banned missiles, although inspectors have not found any. These are believed to include a small number of 400-mile (644 km) range al-Hussein missiles, which would be capable of striking Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran and Kuwait. Iraq is also thought by some analysts to have 15 to 80 Scud B missiles with a range of 185 miles. Neither of these is very effective at dispersing chemical or biological weapons, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies. The 560-mile (902 km) range al-Abbas missile was developed more than 10 years ago from earlier Scud types, but it is not clear whether it reached operational status. Iraq does not have the facilities to build long-range missiles and would require several years and foreign assistance to do this.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        My teacher is called Jessie...she displayed herself for Carnival!...Look at Mas! Top Stories - Reuters U.S. Bombards Iraqi Units with Calls to Surrender Tue Mar 18,12:03 PM ET Add Top Stories - Reuters to My Yahoo! By Charles Aldinger WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. military is bombarding military units in the south of Iraq (news - web sites) with leaflets, broadcasts and e-mails urging them to surrender rather than oppose a looming invasion, U.S. officials said on Tuesday. Reuters Photo AP Photo Slideshow: U.S. Military Build-Up U.S. Infantry Shows Off Powerful Tanks in Kuwait (AP Video) U.S. Military Hardware Unloads in Turkey (AP Video) Latest news: � U.S. Commanders Rechecking War Plans AP - 16 minutes ago � U.S. Faces Unknowns if It Heads to War AP - 1 hour, 32 minutes ago � Relations Among U.S. Religions at a Low AP - 1 hour, 51 minutes ago Special Coverage Speaking after President Bush (news - web sites) gave Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) a 48-hour deadline to leave or face war, the officials told Reuters there had been "scattered" signs of some success in the surrender initiative, but declined to give specifics. The U.S. Central Command said from its Gulf military headquarters in Qatar that 1.4 million leaflets were dumped on Iraq on Monday in the biggest drop to date in a months-long psychological warfare campaign of broadcasts and air drops. The intention, officials in Washington said, was in large measure to persuade Iraqi forces in the south to stand aside when U.S.-led forces sweep north from Kuwait toward the oil fields around the southern oil center of Basra en route to the capital of Baghdad. "Indications are very scattered, but I would say positive," said one official who asked not to be identified. Defense officials have said instructions being given to Iraqi forces were very specific, including telling them to leave their tanks with their turrets reversed and to abandon vehicles in the open while returning to barracks. The officials refused to detail the Iraqi responses but noted cautiously that Saddam's elite and hard-line Republican Guards units were stationed further north near Baghdad. AWAITING INVASION ORDER Of the 280,000 U.S. and British troops arrayed in the Gulf against Iraq, 175,000 are in Kuwait awaiting orders from Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair (news - web sites) to launch a massive air and ground invasion to remove Saddam and destroy alleged stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons. U.S. defense officials and private analysts say one of the first objectives of an invasion would be to overwhelm regular army units and take Basra only about 40 miles from the Kuwait border as tens of thousands of U.S. and British forces sweep northward. Basra is 340 miles southeast of Baghdad. At Camp As Sayliyah in Qatar, battle headquarters of the Central Command, a crewman from a U.S. C-130 Special Operations aircraft broadcasting messages into Iraq said the programs use music to capture attention of Iraqi listeners, then follow with information slamming Saddam and touting the nobility of the Western cause, all leading to a main point -- do not fight the invaders. "We call ourselves the weapons of mass persuasion," the crewman, identified only as Lt. Col. Mike, told reporters.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        But in Washington, U.S. defense officials also told Reuters there had been growing signs that Iraq was preparing to use chemical and biological weapons against invading troops and to destroy its own oil fields. "Some trenches dug in the south could be quickly filled with oil and set afire to delay any advance," said one U.S. official. "They might just blast rigs and blame it on us." At the Pentagon (news - web sites), one official confirmed a Washington Post report from Kuwait that the U.S. military was trying to negotiate "capitulation agreements" with Iraqi commanders under which enemy troops would turn over most of their weapons and return to their barracks rather than be taken prisoners of war. The advantage of such a move, which would allow Iraqi commanders to keep their sidearms, would be to alleviate the advancing American and British forces or the burden of keeping tens of thousands of prisoners while speeding northward.



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ------------------------------------------ New York To Jerez New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda New York To Madrid New York To Cordoba New York To Malaga New York To Torremolinos New York To Granada New York To Barcelona New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (7)Skylab 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (8)Rockets -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The Use of Anti-Terrorism Software For All Types Of Sabotage Around The World!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        --


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -------------------------------------- 22 hours 23 hours 24 hours 25 hours 26 hours 27 hours 28 hours 29 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ------------------------------------------ Trinidad To Jerez Trinidad To Sanlucar de Barrameda Trinidad To Madrid Trinidad To Cordoba Trinidad To Malaga Trinidad To Torremolinos Trinidad To Granada Trinidad To Barcelona Trinidad To Almeria Trinidad To Sevilla Trinidad To Morocco Trinidad To The Straight Of Gibralter TRINIDAD TO ROTA TRINIDAD TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (1)-Jessie And "John-Pedro" TwinFalling Airlines!$3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (2)-Bail-Out The Airline Company AirWays $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (3)-Anti-Terrorism Dutch Airways! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (4)-American Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (5)-The National Airline Of Spain! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (6)-United French Airlines! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        UFO's 12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Missiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Eighteen Iraqi border guards surrender to US army in Kuwait: military source Wed Mar 19, 2:24 PM ET IN THE NORTHERN KUWAITI DESERT (AFP) - Eighteen Iraqi border guards crossed the border into Kuwait and surrendered to US troops, a military source in the emirate told AFP. AFP Photo A US officer here had earlier said 15 Iraqi soldiers had surrendered, while the state KUNA news agency, quoting a Kuwaiti military source, put the number at 16. The military source who spoke to AFP on condition of anonymity said the 18 had crossed the border in two batches -- the first comprising two border guards and the second 16.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The US officer earlier said the 15 Iraqis who turned themselves in to US troops had been handed over to Kuwaiti police. They were handed over after laying down their arms and giving up, said Captain Darrin Theriault, headquarters company commander of the First Brigade of the US Army's Third Infantry Division. The surrenders, at about 1500 GMT, came as a 48-hour ultimatum given by President George W. Bush (news - web sites) to Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) to leave his country by early Thursday or face a massive attack was running out. "We anticipate more (surrenders) as this continues to develop," Theriault told AFP. He stressed that the Kuwaiti police had custody of the Iraqi soldiers and "no enemy prisoners of war are under US control." The United States and Britain have some 280,000 troops mustered in the region readying an invasion of Iraq (news - web sites) after Saddam rejected Bush's warning to quit the country. About 174,000 are in Kuwait.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              US warplanes launch strikes at seven locations in southern Iraq Wed Mar 19, 5:29 PM ET WASHINGTON (AFP) - The United States and Britain conducted wide-ranging air strikes in southern and western Iraq (news - web sites), bombing long-range artillery and a surface-to-surface missile system that threatened coalition forces poised to invade the country from Kuwait, officials said. AFP Photo The warplanes struck at least seven locations over a 10 hour period as the clock ran on a US deadline for Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) and his two sons to leave the country or face war. US and British officials said the strikes were within the scope of normal enforcement of a no-fly zone over southern Iraq, and the US Central Command said they were launched in response to Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire. But the strikes targeted 10 artillery systems that had been moved last week into range of US and British forces massing in Kuwait for a ground offensive as well as a surface-to-surface missile system, a US defense official said. The Central Command said long range artillery were struck at Az Zubayr and in the Al Faw peninsula, and a surface-to surface missile system near Basra. Warplanes also bombed a traffic control radar near Basra and communications sites near Ash Shuaybah, Mydaysis and Ruwayshid in southern Iraq. "The artillery was struck because they were a danger to coalition ground troops in Kuwait," the command said. "The air traffic control radar was used to direct Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire at coalition aircraft." In western Iraq, they targeted a radar and an air defense command center near the H-3 airfield that defends the approaches to Baghdad from Jordan, the command said. "The coalition executed today's strikes after Iraqi forces fired anti-aircraft artillery at coalition aircraft patrolling the southern no-fly zone south of the 33rd parallel in Iraq," the command said. In London, a spokeswoman for the British Defence Ministry said, "We are flying over southern Iraq. This evening we are targeting systems which are a threat to our forces." "We have been doing this for the last 10 years. It's the same as we've been doing, but obviously the time is perhaps more relevant," the official said.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Trinidad


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ----------------


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Though they talk by phone every day, Blair said he wanted face time with Bush to discuss how to rebuild a post-Saddam Iraq, and to explore ways of rebuilding US-Europe relations left in tatters in the run-up to war. "I am clear that the United Nations (news - web sites) must be centrally involved" not just in humanitarian relief as the war rages, but in rebuilding Iraq after the guns fall silent, he told a Downing Street press conference. Blair said he leave Wednesday after his mid-day question period in the House of Commons for Washington, from where he would immediately go to Bush's retreat at Camp David, Maryland for talks Wednesday night and Thursday. Later Thursday, he said, he would go to New York to see Annan, before flying back to London. "I will see president Bush at Camp David to discuss not just the military campaign but also the diplomatic implications of recent events for the future -- in particular how we get America and Europe working again together as partners and not as rivals," Blair said. The snap war summit would also "assess the best way of dealing with the humanitarian crisis in Iraq... how we rebuild Iraq post-Saddam, and also, of course, our approach to the Middle East peace process." Blair has been Bush's staunchest ally in the showdown with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) over weapons of mass destruction, sending 45,000 soldiers, sailors and airmen, 120 tanks, a naval task force and 100-plus warplanes to join the US-led war. Opposition among Britons to war clearly appeared to be waning on day six of the fighting, with a poll in the Guardian newspaper Tuesday suggesting that 54 percent approved of a military attack to oust Saddam. On February 14, the figure had been 52 percent against. Britain suffered its second known combat fatality Monday when a member of Scotland's famed Black Watch regiment was killed in fighting near al-Zubayr, southwest of Basra. The first British soldier to die, a member of the Royal Tank Regiment, was killed in the same area Sunday, and two remain listed as missing. Fourteen other Britons died in two helicopter accidents, and two airmen perished when their Tornado bomber was hit by a US missile. Coalition commanders say Iraqi "irregulars" loyal to Saddam have been resisting British forces around Basra, but Blair insisted Tuesday that, overall, the invasion is going to plan. "It's precisely what you'd expect... These people are going to fight," he said, adding: "We have the forces that we need to do the job." In his first press conference since Bush launched the war Thursday with a volley of air strikes, Blair pledged that, unlike in the 1991 war to free Kuwait, the US-led coalition would not let the Iraqi people down. "My message to them is that this time we will not let you down. Saddam and his regime will be removed. Iraq will have a better future," the prime minsiter said. Warning the British people that the war is far from over, Blair said US, British and other forces would face "resistance all the way to the end of this campaign." "It will take time and perseverance and the continuing skill and dedication and professionalism of our armed forces to break it down," he said. Last Updated: Tuesday, 25 March, 2003, 17:54 GMT Email this to a friend Printable version Blair promises to back Iraqi people Tony Blair to meet George Bush Tony Blair has promised the Iraqi people that US-led coalition forces "will not let you down" as UK troops began firing in support of an apparent uprising in Basra. At his monthly news conference ahead of the assault on troop positions in the southern Iraqi city, Mr Blair said the military campaign had already achieved a "huge amount". He pledged: "Saddam Hussein and his regime will be removed. Iraq will have a better future ahead of it." Mr Blair said the Iraqi people were wary of rising up against Saddam Hussein's regime after the failure to remove the dictator following the Gulf War in 1991. He was speaking after fierce resistance from paramilitaries in Basra claimed a second British soldier's life. And coalition forces continued to advance on Baghdad - although delayed by fierce sandstorms - where they were expecting to meet extremely strong military opposition. Mr Blair also confirmed that he will fly to meet US President George Bush on Wednesday. The prime minister's spokesman said the discussions would centre on Iraq post-Saddam rather than on military strategy which had already been decided. Mr Blair is also due to hold talks with UN Secretary General Kofi Annan on Thursday. LATEST FROM NEWSWEEK � Special war section � Q&A on smart weapons Who Will Try Iraqi War Criminals? By Ed Finn Posted Wednesday, March 19, 2003, at 3:19 PM PT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            In his speech to the nation Monday, President Bush promised that Iraqi war criminals would be tried and punished�but he didn't specify which criminals or in which court they would be tried. Which Iraqis will be tried, and who will judge them? The answers depend largely on the outcome of the war, once it's clear who's still alive to stand trial. Most experts agree that war-crimes trials will be limited to indictments against a small fraction of the thousands of likely suspects, since wiping out Iraq's government infrastructure (on top of its economic and military infrastructure) will make it that much harder to build a new state. In fact, the U.S. government has kept its official list of Iraqi war criminals extremely short, even though hundreds of officials have been implicated in the use of chemical weapons against Iraqi Kurds in 1988. It's likely that only the top echelons of the military will be tried�perhaps 50 people, perhaps more, depending on who you ask and whether or not local commanders fight. (If they surrender, they might escape prosecution.) For the invading Americans, "who" is tried is almost less important than "how," because these trials give the United States a much-needed chance to exhibit fairness and restraint after initiating a war. Possible trial venues include: International Criminal Court: This one can probably be ruled out�neither the U.S. nor Iraq ever agreed to it. Ironically, it might be legally possible to try British or Australian troops in the ICC for war crimes if they commit any atrocities, since their nations are signatories. U.N. ad hoc tribunal: This is a special international court that has to be mandated by the Security Council�recent examples include courts created to try war criminals from the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Considering the intense misgivings fellow Security Council members like France and Russia have about the war, it is unlikely that the United States will ask them to create a tribunal. And even if they did, there's another snag if the blue helmets show up�no U.N. court can sentence a war criminal to death. U.S. federal courts: Under the War Crimes Act of 1996, war crimes by or against U.S. citizens can be prosecuted in American federal courts. This option also seems unlikely, however, because many of the crimes likely to be prosecuted involve Iraqi officials assaulting their own citizens. Local Iraqi courts: These might do for small-fry Baath loyalists. After all, the United States will be trying to create a respectable criminal justice system in Iraq, and war criminals would provide useful fodder to get things rolling. But it's unlikely that any of the regime's kingpins would face a local court, since there would be too many opportunities for political skullduggery and old allegiances to taint the process. Hybrid courts: All the rage since their success in Sierra Leone, hybrid courts bring together a combination of local and international jurists. The idea is to mix the grass-roots appeal of civil courts with the respectability and fence-mending powers of international courts. This option also allows the United States to involve European jurists without having to go through the United Nations. The flexibility of a hybrid court will be attractive to post-Iraq planners not because of its appeal to international justice but because it will allow the United States to better trade amnesty for information while still satisfying world opinion. Say the United States invades Iraq and raids all the bunkers and palaces but doesn't find weapons of mass destruction or Saddam Hussein. In that case, the post-war administration's first priority will be to pump Iraq's surviving officials for information�a process that could carry over to war crimes courts. If you're wondering what war crimes are, Explainer has covered this before. Next question? Explainer thanks Ruth Wedgwood, professor of International Law and Diplomacy at John Hopkins University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; David Phillips, deputy director of the Center for Preventative Action and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; and Reed Brody, special counsel for Human Rights Watch. of statistics and facts on topics at home and abroad. Barnes & Noble



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ----------------


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The National Airline Of Spain!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Nato Caribbean Airways!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Legal Database Defence Airways
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  �I kind of felt sorry for them,� said one U.S. military official, speaking to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity. �A lot of them looked hungry. They haven�t been fed in a while.� He spoke after U.S. Marines and their allies took control of the strategic port city of Umm Qasr and with it, Iraq�s access to the Persian Gulf. The outclassed Iraqis fought with small arms, pistols, machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades. Authorities said the nation�s southern oil fields would be secured by day�s end. At the same time, the Army�s 3rd Infantry Division surged 100 miles into Iraq. Much more was to come � an extraordinary land-based juggernaut of allied weaponry and troops was caught in an enormous traffic jam in Kuwait, ready to strike when it could cross the border. SOME RESISTANCE There were pockets of resistance, some of it stiff; a second combat death was reported Friday, a member of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force who was wounded while battling a platoon of Iraqi infantry. But often, the opponent advanced with a white flag in hand instead of a rifle. Within a few hours of crossing into southern Iraq, the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit encountered 200 or more Iraqi troops seeking to surrender. One group of 40 Iraqis marched down a two-lane road toward the Americans and gave up. Another group of Iraqi soldiers alongside a road waved a white flag and their raised hands, trying to flag down a group of journalists so they could surrender. Forty to 50 Iraqi soldiers surrendered to a Marine traffic control unit. They came down the road in the open back of a troop vehicle, their hands in the air for about a mile before they reached the Marines. Their decision to give up the fight was not unexpected, or unprompted; for months, Iraq has been bombarded with messages from the Americans, urging its soldiers to refuse to fight. � In the battle zone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � The 1991 oil fires � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq At a Pentagon news conference Friday, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld called on Iraq�s military to �do the honorable thing, stop fighting that you may live to enjoy a free Iraq, where you and your children can grow and prosper.� How many Iraqis had surrendered? No one knew for sure. Rumsfeld said he knew of a few hundred, and others who just quit fighting. �A lot of people just leave and melt into the countryside,� he said. In Baghdad, however, an Iraqi military spokesman denied there had been any large-scale surrender. �The 51st Army Division is still fighting the invading troops ferociously and courageously and inflicting upon the enemy forces the ugliest losses,� he said, reading a statement on Iraqi television Saturday. GROUND ADVANCE FASTER THAN PLANNED Rumsfeld said the allied forces were advancing and now controlled �a growing portion of the country of Iraq.� The captured territory included two airfields in western Iraq. The ground advance into Iraq appeared to be moving faster than planned. Units reached locations in Iraq 24 hours ahead of their expected arrival time, according to several reporters attached to those units. The Army�s 3rd Infantry Division was following a path through the desert west of the Euphrates River, avoiding populated areas. It appeared that strategists sought to minimize civilian and military casualties by flanking most Iraqi units and going straight for the Republican Guard around Baghdad. The bulk of the allied force hadn�t even entered Iraq yet. 'Target: Iraq' on MSNBC TV All day, all night coverage � MSNBC brings you live coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Tom Brokaw and Lester Holt anchor, with reports from Peter Arnett in Baghdad. There was a huge traffic jam at the border - thousands of vehicles parked in parallel rows, nothing but columns of trucks, Humvees, oil tankers, flatbed tucks, armored vehicles and vehicles of every stripe, from horizon to horizon. The traffic was so bad that it took 6� hours for one unit to go 51 miles, in swirling dust. Crossing the border Friday morning, the 3rd Battalion of the 7th Marine Infantry faced little resistance. Tanks attached to the battalion attacked five Iraqi tanks just north of the border, destroying them easily. TAKING SAFWAN The battalion passed the brown, stone rubble of several buildings it had shelled just minutes before � the air still held the acrid smell of explosives � and at least five enormous pictures of a smiling Saddam Hussein, some with him wearing a robe, others with him in a headscarf, that stood intact at the border post. They reached the town of Safwan, where speakers warned Iraqis to stay out of the Marines� way. A few ventured outside: A man on the side of the road bearing a white flag. Another in a long, gray robe, prostrate on the ground, apparently in prayer. �I never thought I�d see this place,� said Cpl. Matt Nale, 31, of Seattle, Wash. He stuck his head out of the top of an Amtrack armored personnel carrier, looked around, smiled and repeatedly nodded with wonder. The Marines later took control of positions mostly abandoned by Iraq�s 32nd Mechanized Infantry Brigade, blowing up a few abandoned tanks and armored personnel carriers and engaging in short firefights with a few Iraqi soldiers who had stayed back to defend their headquarters and barracks or were unable to flee in time.



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Madrid


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Cordoba

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Granada

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The National Airline Of Spain!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Legal Database Defence Airways
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        AN E-COMMERCE "TAXATION" FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC POLICY PROJECT...Teach And Learn With The Internet...A MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Close down Iraq (embassies).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Pentagon: Iraq could flood Tigris for defense Tactic was used to slow Iranian forces during Iran-Iraq War Friday, March 21, 2003 Posted: 4:24 AM EST (0924 GMT) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Story Tools --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            WASHINGTON (CNN) -- U.S. military planners are devising strategies in case the Iraqi military causes the Tigris River to flood, the Pentagon said Friday. If the Iraqi military were to release water into the Tigris from upstream reservoirs, extensive flooding could occur between Baghdad and Kut, to the south, the Pentagon said. Thousands of Iraqis could be displaced, adding to congestion on roads and requiring extensive humanitarian support. The Pentagon said Iraq used flooding to deter Iranian advances during the Iran-Iraq War.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            "Iraq's strategy could include releasing a small amount of water from major dams and canals to interrupt maneuvering units," said a U.S. statement released early Friday. "Iraq also could cause catastrophic flooding of portions of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, either by releasing large amounts of water from dams or by destroying them." Although the latter could cause "major humanitarian crises in parts of Iraq, Baghdad would experience minimal damage," the statement said. Parts of southern Iraq routinely flood in March and April because of heavy rainfall and snow melting in the north. Some areas that are already under water could be impassable for four to six weeks, even without additional flooding, the Pentagon said. "The [Saddam] Hussein regime could incorporate the flooding into defensive preparations to slow the advance of coalition forces," the Pentagon said. "This tactic could force coalition units or displaced persons through flooded areas." Primary water sources for such "strategic flooding" are the Qadisiyah Dam and its Hadiyha Reservoir, the Pentagon said. Additionally, the release of water from five reservoirs -- Saddam, Dokan, Al Azim, Darbandikhan and Diyala -- could increase the flow rate of the Tigris. The rainy season is already expected to raise water levels in these dams, the Pentagon said.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              A FEW DOZEN tents went up on Thursday morning in a camp near here, some 35 miles from the border with Iraq. Non-Iraqis fleeing from Iraq will be sheltered here, and already Thursday several dozen Sudanese workers and their families were huddling in the tents, which were being whipped by winds of 30 to 35 mph. The border area has been swept by sandstorms for the past three days. A second camp, for Iraqis, was being constructed a few miles away. Reporters visiting the border area Thursday morning found it was open, but the Jordanian military quickly ordered journalists to move away, saying a six-mile zone around the border was closed to the press. U.S. missiles hit buildings in Baghdad Iraq says civilian buildings hit, civilian killed U.S.-led forces launch ground assault Iraqi oil wells on fire White House urges Saddam to go into exile Downed U.S. helicopter returns to air U.S. sources: "Shock and awe" assault yet to come That zone includes a Jordanian military base that has been extensively renovated by the United States in recent weeks. An estimated 300 to 400 U.S. troops are at the base, officially to engage in search-and-rescue missions for downed allied pilots. � In the battle zone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � The 1991 oil fires � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq Read more dispatches from NBC News correspondents But most people here assume that the group also includes U.S. special operations forces moving into Western Iraq to search for Scud missiles, like those that were fired from this area in 1991 against Israel. ROAD FROM BAGHDAD BOMBED Some of the people who made the five-hour trip from Baghdad to Jordan Thursday said they saw evidence that the road and a fuel depot about 100 miles west of Baghdad had been bombed. Passengers on a bus said they had to drive around craters in the pavement. And several people reported seeing bodies at the fuel depot, including that of a Jordanian truck driver. Although the station is used by civilians, it could also be used by Iraqi forces moving west from Baghdad into the desert. Officials of the Red Crescent said the two refugee camps they are constructing should be adequate for 30,000 to 50,000 people, and could with difficulty handle as many as 100,000. But if the refugee population is much larger, as it was during the 1991 war, they say they would be overwhelmed.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Refugees will be given a blanket, a mattress, medicine and a box lunch, but it will be several days before a kitchen can be set up. Wells were drilled for water, but it was too salty, so desalination gear was brought in. Authorities say a ticket office will be set up for non-Iraqi refugees, so as many as possible can purchase transportation back to their home countries. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  � In the battlezone � Iraq interactive library � Targets in Iraq � Target Baghdad � Urban warfare � Allied deployments � Tools of warfare � Scuds and Arrows � World Reax � NBC: Video reports from the field � Complete coverage: Conflict with Iraq THE RESPONSE HAD a familiar ring, echoing the long debate over whether war with Iraq was justified. Leaders worried and lamented, protesters condemned and demonstrated, friends of the United States proclaimed that it was ugly but sadly necessary. There was just one key difference Thursday: This time, military action in Iraq wasn�t just a possibility. It was becoming real. Muslim leaders in Asia condemned the U.S. attack and said Americans would pay. A response from the 30-million-strong moderate Muhammadiyah Muslim group in Indonesia came within minutes of the United States and Britain launching attacks on Iraq. �This is not an attack on Islam but an attack on humanity,� said Syafii Maarif, head of the organization. Latest on the military moves Deputy Malaysian Defense Minister Shafie Apdal told Reuters in Parliament that he feared reprisals by Iraqi sympathizers in other countries. Murid Timasaen, spokesman for Thailand�s Muslims for Peace Group, said Americans would never live in peace again. �They have attracted more enemies than ever, not only from the Muslim world, but also from the Buddhist community,� he said. �Countries like Iraq don�t have the capacity to fight the Americans in a conventional war, so more terrorist means will be deployed against the Americans.� JAPAN, PHILIPPINES BACK ATTACK Two Asian countries that have been supportive of the U.S. tough position on Iraq stepped in to reiterate their support. Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo said Manila was giving political and moral support for actions to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction. �The Philippines is part of the coalition of the willing� Arroyo said in a speech to graduates of the Philippine Military Academy. �We are giving political and moral support for actions to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction.� � Complete MSNBC coverage � Latest military developments � Kurds fleeing, again � Q &A with Peter Arnett � Top defector disappears � Video coverage from NBC � Blog: Army family's journal � Encarta: Detailed Iraq map � WashPost: Special coverage Latest from Newsweek � Zakaria: Arrogant empire � Waiting with the troops Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, putting a security alliance with the United States ahead of public opinion, reiterated his moral support for Washington on Thursday after the start of a U.S.-led attack on Iraq. �At this time... I understand, and I support the start of the use of force by the United States,� Koizumi told a news conference about an hour after Bush announced the start of the attack. Japanese troops, however, will not be fighting alongside U.S. forces. Japan�s postwar, pacifist constitution renounces war as a means of settling international disputes. � Daily updates on Iraq action Thailand said it wanted no part in the war. �But we are ready to help rehabilitate (Iraq) after the fighting, up to the extent of our resources,� Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra said. �At this stage, we hope the war casualties will be confined only to military targets and not on civilians.� China said the action against Iraq was �violating the norms of international behavior.� Germany expressed �great concern and consternation� that its anti-war diplomacy with France and Russia had failed; it immediately turned attention to the aftermath � and offered help dealing with the humanitarian consequences. �Soon the United States will have to reap the fruits of what they are doing now, and the fruits won�t be sweet,� Russian legislator Vladimir Lukin, a former ambassador to Washington, told Russia�s state-controlled ORT television. � Deployments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  CONDEMNATION FROM IRAN Iran, Iraq�s neighbor and longtime enemy, issued immediate condemnation, calling the U.S. action �unjustifiable and illegitimate.� Neutral Finland weighed in, too, with President Tarja Halonen calling military force outside the U.N. Security Council �not acceptable.� �The ongoing war must not result in the marginalization of the United Nations,� she said. The United States and close ally Britain on Monday gave up trying to win the backing of the U.N. Security Council for a new resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq, arguing that they already were within their rights to launch an invasion. In November, the Security Council had voted unanimously for a tough resolution that called on Iraq to disarm or face �serious consequences.� Several months of weapons inspections, however, were inconclusive, and key members of the council stood resolutely opposed to military action.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Middle East - AP


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Bush's Deadline Passes Unheeded in Iraq 31 minutes ago By DAVID ESPO, AP Special Correspondent President Bush (news - web sites)'s deadline for Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) to surrender power passed unheeded Wednesday night, and war against Iraq (news - web sites) appeared inevitable. An American-led invasion force of 300,000 troops awaited the order to strike. AP Photo AP Photo Slideshow: Iraq and Saddam Hussein Baghdad Residents Brace for Impending War (AP Video) Latest news: � France, Others: Attack on Iraq Illegal AP - 18 minutes ago � Baghdad Streets Empty As Deadline Passes AP - 43 minutes ago � Air Force: U.S. Assault Will Stun Iraqis AP - 2 hours, 37 minutes ago Special Coverage U.S. and British forces massed in the Kuwaiti desert close to the Iraqi border, giant B-52 warplanes were loaded with bombs and Tomahawk missile-carrying ships were in position, all awaiting an attack order from Bush. The deadline came at 8 p.m. EST, which was 4 a.m. Thursday in Baghdad, its population shrunken in recent days by an exodus of thousands of fearful residents. "The disarmament of the Iraqi regime will begin at a time of the president's choosing," said his press secretary, Ari Fleischer (news - web sites), moments after 8 p.m. "The American people are ready for the disarmament of Saddam Hussein. They understand what's at stake. The military is ready, the nation is ready and the cause is just." Just after the deadline, White House chief of staff Andrew Card informed the president that intelligence officials had no information that Saddam had left Iraq. Saddam's regime gave every appearance of digging in. In the minutes after the deadline, Iraqi TV showed footage of a pro-Saddam march Tuesday in Baghdad, with members of the crowd chanting pro-Saddam slogans, some brandishing rifles and carrying pictures of Saddam. "We are dedicated to martyrdom in defense of Iraq under your leadership," a loyal Iraqi parliament assured the Iraqi dictator, and armed members of the ruling Baath party deployed behind hundreds of sandbagged defensive positions in Baghdad. Even so, 17 Iraqi soldiers surrendered to American GIs during the day, eager to give up before the shooting started. Bush met periodically throughout the day with his top aides at the White House and sent formal notice to Congress that reliance on "further diplomatic and other peaceful means alone" would not suffice to counter "the continuing threat posed by Iraq." Fleischer, said the nation "ought to be prepared for the loss" of American lives once the military effort begins to depose Saddam and recover weapons of mass destruction. Aides said the commander in chief would decide on timing based on the advice of his military commanders. More than 25 protesters were arrested outside the White House, part of a larger group of demonstrators that chanted, banged drums and carried signs that read, "Stop the War on Iraq." It seemed unlikely in the extreme. Along with the U.S.-led force approaching 300,000 troops massed in the Persian Gulf region were 1,000 combat aircraft and five aircraft carrier battle groups. The United States claims the public and private support of 45 other nations in a coalition to topple Saddam. But only Britain, with about 40,000 troops, was making a sizable contribution to the military force. In a run-up to war, U.S. aircraft also dropped nearly 2 million leaflets over southern Iraq with a variety of messages, including, for the first time, instructions to Iraqi troops on how to capitulate to avoid being killed. Hundreds of miles away, at an air base in England, crews loaded bombs aboard giant B-52 combat aircraft. Apart from the desire to capture weapons of mass destruction, Bush's submission to Congress said a military attack could lead to the discovery of information that would allow the apprehension of terrorists living in the United States. An attack, it said, "is a vital part of the international war on terrorism." Despite deep divisions at the United Nations (news - web sites), Bush also claimed "the authority � indeed, given the dangers involved, the duty � to use force against Iraq to protect the security of the American people and to compel compliance with United Nations resolutions." The diplomatic wheels turned still at the United Nations where foreign ministers were meeting in the Security Council at the request of the French and Germans, prominent critics of the American military operation. "This is a sad day for the United Nations," said the organization's secretary general, Kofi Annan (news - web sites) said. "I know that millions of people around the world share this sense of disappointment and are deeply alarmed." Bush abandoned diplomacy on Monday, and administration officials blamed French intransigence for the lack of consensus on a new Security Council resolution that would have given Saddam an ultimatum. The signs of imminent conflict were abundant. Israel ordered its citizens to start carrying their gas masks to work and to school. And hundreds of Israeli residents fled Tel Aviv, fearful that Iraq would launch missiles against their seaside city, as happened in the 1991 Persian Gulf War (news - web sites). Royal Jordanian � the only commercial airline with regularly scheduled flights to Baghdad � said it was canceling them in anticipation of war. And Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (news - web sites) offered a dual-edged analysis. He blamed Iraq for the approaching military conflict. But he also said he hoped that "different international forces will realize the dangerous repercussions of any military action on the safety and stability of the Middle East region." Another country in the region, Bahrain, publicly offered exile to Saddam "in a dignified manner that should not be seen as undermining Iraq's position and capabilities." "It's the last-hour chance and we hope that Iraq will accept this offer to avoid war," Information Minister Nabil al-Hamer told The Associated Press. Exile for the Iraqi leader "is absolutely unthinkable," said Saadoon Hammadi, speaker of Iraq's parliament. "He will be in front of everyone. He will fight and guide our country to victory." 'Defining moment' dawns on America By Rick Hampson USA TODAY On a day when Americans should have been waiting for spring, they waited for war. As President Bush's deadline for Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ticked closer, Tuesday rituals -- weekly play dates and poker games, Bible study and baseball practice -- went on. Meanwhile, a page in history was about to turn. Eddie Hannigan, 73, spent the morning attaching American flags to the white wooden fence lining his driveway off a country road in Fallbrook, Calif. His wife was out buying yellow ribbons to tie to the flagpole. ''Woke up this morning and the wife said, 'I think we should put out the flag,' '' said Hannigan, who fought in the 1950-53 Korean War. ''It's a private driveway. No one can stop me. But the neighbors all thought it was a good idea. I don't like war, but I support our troops.'' People were reminded of the lull after another presidential ultimatum on Iraq a dozen years ago. But this time they knew, through painful experience, that war isn't something that always happens somewhere else. ''This seems more real than the first Gulf War,'' said Mary Clark, 52, a New York state employee who was passing Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan. ''It was like watching a movie. It's still just as far away, but now we have threats on our own soil. It feels like part of the battlefield, for this war is going to be here at home.'' On the other side of the continent, a man fishing in the choppy Pacific off Oceanside, Calif., agreed. ''I feel absolutely certain that we will suffer destruction from terrorist attacks,'' said Les Hite, 61, an avocado grower. ''I hope we don't look back on this day and say that's when we could have done things differently.'' To many, the country seemed to have set off on a road with no turning back. Mike Lance, 24, a New York marketing assistant, called it ''a defining moment.'' Some embraced it. Parents and teachers from the Heights Christian School in Los Angeles said they gave no thought to canceling a school trip to Washington, D.C. ''It's great,'' said Carolyn Litchfield, as she toured the Capitol. ''We're here in the middle of history.'' After months of waiting, some people said battle would come as a relief. ''Let's just get this war over with already,'' Clark said. ''I'm so frustrated about how we keep hanging on edge about this.'' In Marion, Ind., Nanette Weesner tied the 32nd yellow ribbon -- one for every day her son has been stationed with the Army in the Persian Gulf -- on the staircase in her apartment. She said she hopes that whatever happens, ''it'll happen fast, and the troops come home.'' In Hinesville, Ga., location of Fort Stewart, one resident said the civilians in town are almost eager for war. ''They want to get it on and get it over with,'' said Marion Adams, 56, ''because it's messing up their business.'' Bob Dickinson, president of Carnival Cruise Lines, said Bush's speech actually helped travelers make plans. ''It's been a kind of limbo we've been in the last couple months. Now people who have delayed making travel plans can get back to normal,'' Dickinson said. Meanwhile, Americans stocked up on emergency supplies, lit votive candles and gave blood. A few took to the streets on Tuesday in protest and in support of attacking Iraq -- mothers of soldiers wearing yellow ribbons and mothers against war wearing pink ones. To some, it felt like a rerun of 1991: the international antagonists, the internal divisions, the economic worries, the concern about terrorism, the signs saying ''No Blood for Oil.'' But there were differences. This time, fast-food deliveries already have been banned at the New York Stock Exchange. The airport metal detectors already have been fine-tuned. Office workers already are wearing their ID badges. This time, Mr. Rogers will not be around to record messages to reassure children. Some voices from around the nation: * A truck stop in Racine, Wis. Rich Reis, 44, a trucker from Hanover Park, Ill., said he has had doubts for weeks about the war. He's a Navy veteran with two sons who also served in the military. Reis' son-in-law is on a Navy vessel with 600 Marines in the Gulf. He has been there for months and has never seen his second son, who was born in December. Reis still isn't sure Iraq poses any serious threat beyond the missiles it has destroyed. He hasn't seen what he calls ''hard-core'' proof. ''Give me something to grab a hold of if you are going to put my sons' lives on the line,'' he said. But Reis also thinks it's too late too argue: ''We can't wait any more. My feeling, if we go to war -- when we go to war --is win it. Win. Don't play. Win.'' * A coffee house in Denver A storm that dumped about 3 feet of snow made the war the No. 2 news story on Denver TV. ''It's all about the snow,'' said Reb Ryan, manager and co-owner of Buzz Fill 'Er Up Cafe. ''People here right now are focused on getting through this storm.'' She closed her business at mid-morning for lack of business. Those who did drop in talked about war. ''Sixty percent are saying, 'This is crazy. I can't believe we're doing this,' '' Ryan said. ''But I have quite a few cops who come through, and they're all gung-ho for it.'' In the days before the storm, she noticed a drop-off in sales of lattes, cappuccinos and espressos. ''I think people are not looking for luxuries,'' she said. By the time the president went on TV, ''people were all on edge. They didn't want to hang out here. They wanted to go somewhere so they could watch the news.'' * A terminal at LAX The tension was palpable in the Delta Air Lines baggage claim area at Los Angeles International Airport. ''Now that it's here, I fear that the end of the world is here,'' said Joanne Drake, 68, who was arriving home from a trip to Orlando with her daughter and grandchildren. ''We're all going to be in danger from biological and chemical weapons. I'm very fearful, but I don't think we have any other choice. We can't let Saddam keep going and going.'' ''I'm afraid of everything,'' said Mandy Park, 30, a health care worker visiting from Canada with her gray tomcat. But if Saddam is ''feeding into terrorism,'' she said, ''he has to be taken care of.'' * An anti-war group in St. Louis For Woody Powell, 70, it was a day to mourn for peace and prepare for war. The executive director of Veterans for Peace fielded phone calls and e-mails while helping to organize a demonstration in Washington on Saturday. When the war begins, he said, he'll head to a military recruiting station in St. Louis to try to talk young people out of signing up. Powell said he had enlisted in the Air Force during the Korean War, ''full of patriotic fervor and the urge to prove myself as a man, and full of all the fears of inadequacy.'' ''The experience of war is not a natural one for human beings, and it does unnatural things to their psyches,'' he said. ''There are other ways to prove yourself as a human being.''

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    * A sidewalk near Ground Zero There was optimism. ''It will not be bloody,'' predicted Stephanie Baker, 36, a customer service manager from Boston. And there was pessimism. ''Gas prices will go up. Stock prices will go down,'' said Allison Vanderbrul, 21, an undergraduate at the State University of New York-New Paltz. ''People will be afraid to invest. International relations with the U.S. will get worse. International investors won't invest. It's not going to bounce back quickly.'' Alex Woods, 21, a University of Arizona undergraduate from Tucson, said it was all beyond him. ''Basically, I don't really know what's going on,'' he said. ''I hope our leaders know more than we do. I'm hoping they are making the right decisions.''





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The Use of Anti-Terrorism Software For All Types Of Sabotage Around The World!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -------------------------------------- 22 hours 23 hours 24 hours 25 hours 26 hours 27 hours 28 hours 29 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ------------------------------------------ Trinidad To Jerez Trinidad To Sanlucar de Barrameda Trinidad To Madrid Trinidad To Cordoba Trinidad To Malaga Trinidad To Torremolinos Trinidad To Granada Trinidad To Barcelona Trinidad To Almeria Trinidad To Sevilla Trinidad To Morocco Trinidad To The Straight Of Gibralter TRINIDAD TO ROTA TRINIDAD TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (1)-Jessie And "John-Pedro" TwinFalling Airlines!$3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (2)-Bail-Out The Airline Company AirWays $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (3)-Anti-Terrorism Dutch Airways! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (4)-American Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (5)-The National Airline Of Spain! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (6)-United French Airlines! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Rockets
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Iraqi missile range: Under UN rules, Iraq is banned from having any missiles with a range greater than 93 miles (150 km). Controversy has arisen over the al-Samoud Two missile, which has travelled up to 112 miles (180 km) in tests. In response to requests by UN inspectors, Iraq has begun destroying some of its stock of 120 of these. Analysts also believe Iraq may have some banned missiles, although inspectors have not found any. These are believed to include a small number of 400-mile (644 km) range al-Hussein missiles, which would be capable of striking Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran and Kuwait. Iraq is also thought by some analysts to have 15 to 80 Scud B missiles with a range of 185 miles. Neither of these is very effective at dispersing chemical or biological weapons, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies. The 560-mile (902 km) range al-Abbas missile was developed more than 10 years ago from earlier Scud types, but it is not clear whether it reached operational status. Iraq does not have the facilities to build long-range missiles and would require several years and foreign assistance to do this.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    My teacher is called Jessie...she displayed herself for Carnival!...Look at Mas! Top Stories - Reuters U.S. Bombards Iraqi Units with Calls to Surrender Tue Mar 18,12:03 PM ET Add Top Stories - Reuters to My Yahoo! By Charles Aldinger WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. military is bombarding military units in the south of Iraq (news - web sites) with leaflets, broadcasts and e-mails urging them to surrender rather than oppose a looming invasion, U.S. officials said on Tuesday. Reuters Photo AP Photo Slideshow: U.S. Military Build-Up U.S. Infantry Shows Off Powerful Tanks in Kuwait (AP Video) U.S. Military Hardware Unloads in Turkey (AP Video) Latest news: � U.S. Commanders Rechecking War Plans AP - 16 minutes ago � U.S. Faces Unknowns if It Heads to War AP - 1 hour, 32 minutes ago � Relations Among U.S. Religions at a Low AP - 1 hour, 51 minutes ago Special Coverage Speaking after President Bush (news - web sites) gave Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) a 48-hour deadline to leave or face war, the officials told Reuters there had been "scattered" signs of some success in the surrender initiative, but declined to give specifics. The U.S. Central Command said from its Gulf military headquarters in Qatar that 1.4 million leaflets were dumped on Iraq on Monday in the biggest drop to date in a months-long psychological warfare campaign of broadcasts and air drops. The intention, officials in Washington said, was in large measure to persuade Iraqi forces in the south to stand aside when U.S.-led forces sweep north from Kuwait toward the oil fields around the southern oil center of Basra en route to the capital of Baghdad. "Indications are very scattered, but I would say positive," said one official who asked not to be identified. Defense officials have said instructions being given to Iraqi forces were very specific, including telling them to leave their tanks with their turrets reversed and to abandon vehicles in the open while returning to barracks. The officials refused to detail the Iraqi responses but noted cautiously that Saddam's elite and hard-line Republican Guards units were stationed further north near Baghdad. AWAITING INVASION ORDER Of the 280,000 U.S. and British troops arrayed in the Gulf against Iraq, 175,000 are in Kuwait awaiting orders from Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair (news - web sites) to launch a massive air and ground invasion to remove Saddam and destroy alleged stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons. U.S. defense officials and private analysts say one of the first objectives of an invasion would be to overwhelm regular army units and take Basra only about 40 miles from the Kuwait border as tens of thousands of U.S. and British forces sweep northward. Basra is 340 miles southeast of Baghdad. At Camp As Sayliyah in Qatar, battle headquarters of the Central Command, a crewman from a U.S. C-130 Special Operations aircraft broadcasting messages into Iraq said the programs use music to capture attention of Iraqi listeners, then follow with information slamming Saddam and touting the nobility of the Western cause, all leading to a main point -- do not fight the invaders. "We call ourselves the weapons of mass persuasion," the crewman, identified only as Lt. Col. Mike, told reporters.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    But in Washington, U.S. defense officials also told Reuters there had been growing signs that Iraq was preparing to use chemical and biological weapons against invading troops and to destroy its own oil fields. "Some trenches dug in the south could be quickly filled with oil and set afire to delay any advance," said one U.S. official. "They might just blast rigs and blame it on us." At the Pentagon (news - web sites), one official confirmed a Washington Post report from Kuwait that the U.S. military was trying to negotiate "capitulation agreements" with Iraqi commanders under which enemy troops would turn over most of their weapons and return to their barracks rather than be taken prisoners of war. The advantage of such a move, which would allow Iraqi commanders to keep their sidearms, would be to alleviate the advancing American and British forces or the burden of keeping tens of thousands of prisoners while speeding northward.



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ------------------------------------------ New York To Jerez New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda New York To Madrid New York To Cordoba New York To Malaga New York To Torremolinos New York To Granada New York To Barcelona New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-CareAirlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (7)Skylab 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (8)Rockets -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The Use of Anti-Terrorism Software For All Types Of Sabotage Around The World!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    -------------------------------------- 22 hours 23 hours 24 hours 25 hours 26 hours 27 hours 28 hours 29 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ------------------------------------------ Trinidad To Jerez Trinidad To Sanlucar de Barrameda Trinidad To Madrid Trinidad To Cordoba Trinidad To Malaga Trinidad To Torremolinos Trinidad To Granada Trinidad To Barcelona Trinidad To Almeria Trinidad To Sevilla Trinidad To Morocco Trinidad To The Straight Of Gibralter TRINIDAD TO ROTA TRINIDAD TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (1)-Jessie And "John-Pedro" TwinFalling Airlines!$3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (2)-Bail-Out The Airline Company AirWays $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (3)-Anti-Terrorism Dutch Airways! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (4)-American Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (5)-The National Airline Of Spain! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (6)-United French Airlines! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    UFO's 12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (8)
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Eighteen Iraqi border guards surrender to US army in Kuwait: military source Wed Mar 19, 2:24 PM ET IN THE NORTHERN KUWAITI DESERT (AFP) - Eighteen Iraqi border guards crossed the border into Kuwait and surrendered to US troops, a military source in the emirate told AFP. AFP Photo A US officer here had earlier said 15 Iraqi soldiers had surrendered, while the state KUNA news agency, quoting a Kuwaiti military source, put the number at 16. The military source who spoke to AFP on condition of anonymity said the 18 had crossed the border in two batches -- the first comprising two border guards and the second 16.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The US officer earlier said the 15 Iraqis who turned themselves in to US troops had been handed over to Kuwaiti police. They were handed over after laying down their arms and giving up, said Captain Darrin Theriault, headquarters company commander of the First Brigade of the US Army's Third Infantry Division. The surrenders, at about 1500 GMT, came as a 48-hour ultimatum given by President George W. Bush (news - web sites) to Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) to leave his country by early Thursday or face a massive attack was running out. "We anticipate more (surrenders) as this continues to develop," Theriault told AFP. He stressed that the Kuwaiti police had custody of the Iraqi soldiers and "no enemy prisoners of war are under US control." The United States and Britain have some 280,000 troops mustered in the region readying an invasion of Iraq (news - web sites) after Saddam rejected Bush's warning to quit the country. About 174,000 are in Kuwait.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          US warplanes launch strikes at seven locations in southern Iraq Wed Mar 19, 5:29 PM ET WASHINGTON (AFP) - The United States and Britain conducted wide-ranging air strikes in southern and western Iraq (news - web sites), bombing long-range artillery and a surface-to-surface missile system that threatened coalition forces poised to invade the country from Kuwait, officials said. AFP Photo The warplanes struck at least seven locations over a 10 hour period as the clock ran on a US deadline for Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) and his two sons to leave the country or face war. US and British officials said the strikes were within the scope of normal enforcement of a no-fly zone over southern Iraq, and the US Central Command said they were launched in response to Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire. But the strikes targeted 10 artillery systems that had been moved last week into range of US and British forces massing in Kuwait for a ground offensive as well as a surface-to-surface missile system, a US defense official said. The Central Command said long range artillery were struck at Az Zubayr and in the Al Faw peninsula, and a surface-to surface missile system near Basra. Warplanes also bombed a traffic control radar near Basra and communications sites near Ash Shuaybah, Mydaysis and Ruwayshid in southern Iraq. "The artillery was struck because they were a danger to coalition ground troops in Kuwait," the command said. "The air traffic control radar was used to direct Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire at coalition aircraft." In western Iraq, they targeted a radar and an air defense command center near the H-3 airfield that defends the approaches to Baghdad from Jordan, the command said. "The coalition executed today's strikes after Iraqi forces fired anti-aircraft artillery at coalition aircraft patrolling the southern no-fly zone south of the 33rd parallel in Iraq," the command said. In London, a spokeswoman for the British Defence Ministry said, "We are flying over southern Iraq. This evening we are targeting systems which are a threat to our forces." "We have been doing this for the last 10 years. It's the same as we've been doing, but obviously the time is perhaps more relevant," the official said.



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Trinidad


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ----------------


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Though they talk by phone every day, Blair said he wanted face time with Bush to discuss how to rebuild a post-Saddam Iraq, and to explore ways of rebuilding US-Europe relations left in tatters in the run-up to war. "I am clear that the United Nations (news - web sites) must be centrally involved" not just in humanitarian relief as the war rages, but in rebuilding Iraq after the guns fall silent, he told a Downing Street press conference. Blair said he leave Wednesday after his mid-day question period in the House of Commons for Washington, from where he would immediately go to Bush's retreat at Camp David, Maryland for talks Wednesday night and Thursday. Later Thursday, he said, he would go to New York to see Annan, before flying back to London. "I will see president Bush at Camp David to discuss not just the military campaign but also the diplomatic implications of recent events for the future -- in particular how we get America and Europe working again together as partners and not as rivals," Blair said. The snap war summit would also "assess the best way of dealing with the humanitarian crisis in Iraq... how we rebuild Iraq post-Saddam, and also, of course, our approach to the Middle East peace process." Blair has been Bush's staunchest ally in the showdown with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) over weapons of mass destruction, sending 45,000 soldiers, sailors and airmen, 120 tanks, a naval task force and 100-plus warplanes to join the US-led war. Opposition among Britons to war clearly appeared to be waning on day six of the fighting, with a poll in the Guardian newspaper Tuesday suggesting that 54 percent approved of a military attack to oust Saddam. On February 14, the figure had been 52 percent against. Britain suffered its second known combat fatality Monday when a member of Scotland's famed Black Watch regiment was killed in fighting near al-Zubayr, southwest of Basra. The first British soldier to die, a member of the Royal Tank Regiment, was killed in the same area Sunday, and two remain listed as missing. Fourteen other Britons died in two helicopter accidents, and two airmen perished when their Tornado bomber was hit by a US missile. Coalition commanders say Iraqi "irregulars" loyal to Saddam have been resisting British forces around Basra, but Blair insisted Tuesday that, overall, the invasion is going to plan. "It's precisely what you'd expect... These people are going to fight," he said, adding: "We have the forces that we need to do the job." In his first press conference since Bush launched the war Thursday with a volley of air strikes, Blair pledged that, unlike in the 1991 war to free Kuwait, the US-led coalition would not let the Iraqi people down. "My message to them is that this time we will not let you down. Saddam and his regime will be removed. Iraq will have a better future," the prime minsiter said. Warning the British people that the war is far from over, Blair said US, British and other forces would face "resistance all the way to the end of this campaign." "It will take time and perseverance and the continuing skill and dedication and professionalism of our armed forces to break it down," he said. Last Updated: Tuesday, 25 March, 2003, 17:54 GMT Email this to a friend Printable version Blair promises to back Iraqi people Tony Blair to meet George Bush Tony Blair has promised the Iraqi people that US-led coalition forces "will not let you down" as UK troops began firing in support of an apparent uprising in Basra. At his monthly news conference ahead of the assault on troop positions in the southern Iraqi city, Mr Blair said the military campaign had already achieved a "huge amount". He pledged: "Saddam Hussein and his regime will be removed. Iraq will have a better future ahead of it." Mr Blair said the Iraqi people were wary of rising up against Saddam Hussein's regime after the failure to remove the dictator following the Gulf War in 1991. He was speaking after fierce resistance from paramilitaries in Basra claimed a second British soldier's life. And coalition forces continued to advance on Baghdad - although delayed by fierce sandstorms - where they were expecting to meet extremely strong military opposition. Mr Blair also confirmed that he will fly to meet US President George Bush on Wednesday. The prime minister's spokesman said the discussions would centre on Iraq post-Saddam rather than on military strategy which had already been decided. Mr Blair is also due to hold talks with UN Secretary General Kofi Annan on Thursday. Early reports indicated that Iraqi forces had destroyed some pieces of U.S. ground equipment, but there were no immediate reports of any U.S. casualties. Pentagon officials said, however, that early indications suggested U.S. forces had killed 300 to 500 Iraqis in the battle. Further details were not available. Coalition forces had been in a holding pattern near Baghdad as a fierce, blinding sandstorm whipped the nation. U.S. military officials said earlier in the day they expected major confrontations in the days to come, when coalition troops encounter Iraq's elite Republican Guard Divisions guarding the Iraqi capital. "We think the toughest fighting is ahead of us," said Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Richard Myers on ABCNEWS' Good Morning America today. "And we have known that all along and are we are preparing for that." A Pentagon spokeswoman said U.S. forces were within 50 miles of Baghdad. In all, more than 180,000 U.S. troops are now inside Iraq and pushing toward the Iraqi capital, ABCNEWS' John McWethy said. Before the sandstorms began rolling in late Monday, the United States had intensified air attacks on what officials say could be as many as 70,000 Iraqi troops spread across a 100-mile front south of Baghdad. Ninety percent of the allied air missions between Sunday and Monday had concentrated on these troops, their armored personnel carriers and their tanks, sources told McWethy. Sandstorm Causes Trouble Throughout the day, the monster sandstorm slowed coalition forces, but U.S. Air Force Maj. Gen. Victor Renuart earlier in the day maintained that military operations were proceeding apace. "It's a little bit ugly out there today," he told reporters at Central Command Headquarters in Qatar. But while the weather had affected battlefield operations, Renuart said coalition forces were expected to make a total of 1,400 air sorties targeting Republican Guard positions in and around Baghdad today. "The bottom line is that we are on track," he said. Renuart said U.S. airstrikes had destroyed six Iraqi jamming systems designed to interfere with global positioning system signals to guided munitions, which Iraq had "procured from another nation." The jamming systems have been a major pressure point between Washington and Moscow in recent days, when the Bush administration announced that it had "credible evidence" that Russian companies had sold military equipment such as the jamming devices, anti-tank missiles and night-vision goggles to Iraq. Russian President Vladimir Putin, however, has strongly denied the claims that Russian firms have sold military equipment to Iraq. But while the alleged arms sale threatens to turn into a major diplomatic row, Renuart said the jamming devices posed no threat to the coalition assault on Iraq. "I'm happy to report that we have destroyed all six of those jammers in the last two nights' airstrikes," said Renuart. "I am also pleased to say they had no effect on us." News of the destruction of the jamming devices came as President Bush today urged Congress to approve his request for $74.7 billion to fund the war. Bush's request � which was made in a speech to top officers at the Pentagon � followed a briefing from Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. Awaiting Aid � And an Uprising � in Basra There were conflicting reports of a popular uprising against Saddam's forces in the predominantly Shiite southern Iraqi city of Basra today. Coalition ground forces are about 50 miles outside Baghdad. (Maps.com/ABCNEWS.com) Western reporters based near Iraq's second largest city described scenes of residents taking to the streets and rampaging through areas believed to be populated by Saddam's Baath Party loyalists. Reporting from Basra, BBC pool reporter Ben Brown said British troops in the area had been banking on an uprising in the strategic southern city as aid workers have been warning about an impending humanitarian aid crisis in the area. Aid agencies say food, water and emergency supplies are low in Basra, but continued fighting around the city and in southern Iraq has prevented relief from arriving via the Persian Gulf. British troops have taken over responsibility for southern Iraq as U.S. forces continued to advance toward Baghdad. British military officials however have been unable to confirm reports of any popular uprising in Basra. Iraq's Information Minister Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf told the al Jazeera television network the reports were incorrect. At a news briefing in Kuwait today, British military spokesman Chris Vernon said British troops would "help [an uprising] every which way we can." According to ABCNEWS military analyst Tony Cordesman, a popular Iraqi uprising against Saddam's regime would add immense symbolic value to the military campaign in Iraq, especially in the Arab world, where the war is viewed as a western occupation. But Cordesman also cautioned that if a southern Iraqi uprising failed, British troops would have to enter Basra, thereby increasing the chances of coalition forces being drawn into intensive urban warfare. According to U.S. military sources, counterinsurgency fighters from the Fedayeen Saddam, an Iraqi paramilitary group, has been intimidating the local population in Basra and preventing them from revolting against the regime. Military officials say U.S. ground troops are in a fierce battle with Iraqi forces near Najaf. Early reports say hundreds of Iraqis killed. There are reports of an uprising against Saddam Hussein in the southern Iraqi city of Basra. Iraq's information minister denies the reports. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld says 3,500 Iraqi soldiers have been taken prisoner and thousands more have deserted. President Bush asks Congress for $74.7 billion to pay for six months of combat and vows victory for the United States. A fierce sandstorm slows U.S. troops' march to Baghdad. An Iraqi Defense Ministry spokesman says his troops have destroyed several enemy tanks around Iraq, including one U.S. tank and its crew . Reporting from Baghdad today, ABCNEWS' Richard Engel said visibility in the city was low due to the severity of the sandstorms and the fact that the Iraqis had relit defensive fires around the city. U.S. military forces believe the Iraqis have been setting fire to trenches around Baghdad filled with oil in an effort to hamper coalition airstrikes. But the mood in the capital city was oddly calm, said Engel, as stores opened in the main shopping areas. When weather permitted, the air attacks on Republican Guard lines continued, ABCNEWS' Tim Scheld in Qatar reported. Explosions could be heard around Baghdad today, as well as the northern cities of Mosul and Kirkuk. Officials said cruise missiles launched from warships are not affected by the weather. Casualties on Both Sides Mount Six days into the ground offensive in Iraq, U.S. military officials say the overall campaign has been going well despite coalition encounters with pockets of Iraqi resistance. But the casualties on both sides have been mounting. As many as 27 Americans have died since hostilities broke out � including 10 non-combat deaths � with 18 deaths confirmed by the Pentagon. Two British soldiers were killed in a friendly fire incident Monday night outside Basra, a British military spokesman said today. Iraqi officials today said 16 civilians were killed and 95 others were wounded in the past 24 hours. But there were no overall Iraqi casualty figures available. A U.S. commander with the 3rd Infantry Division today estimated that about 500 Iraqis have been killed in the last two days by the 3rd Infantry Division's tanks and mechanized units as they swept through southern Iraq. Speaking at a news briefing in Baghdad today, Iraqi Information Minister Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf said Iraq had killed eight "invaders," destroyed three armored personnel carriers and downed three U.S. helicopters. It was unclear if this included previously reported actions. But a Central Command spokesman today said he could only confirm reports of one downed helicopter � a U.S. Apache helicopter that went down south of Baghdad on Monday. He added that there were no reports of any downed coalition helicopters today. The Pentagon could not confirm Iraqi claims that eight coalition troops were killed. Targeting Iraq's Medina Division As the coalition ground forces edged closer to Baghdad in recent days, attention has been focused on the Medina Division of the elite Republican Guard defending the route to Baghdad. Braving the fierce sandstorms with the 3rd Infantry Division near Karbala, about 60 miles south of Baghdad today, ABCNEWS' Ted Koppel said senior officers in the division were on a mission to destroy the Medina Division and were hoping it would create "a crack" in the Baath Party foundation. It would be the first test, Koppel said, of how they do against some of Saddam's better-equipped and better-trained forces. In recent days, the Medina Division has been the target of coalition airstrikes ahead of a ground advance into Baghdad, Myers told Good Morning America today. "You saw some of that the other night with the Apaches as they were working on the Medina Division south of Baghdad," he said. "You'll continue to see that with air, helicopters, artillery and we'll proceed on." Near the southern Iraqi city of Nasiriya � the site of some major Iraqi resistance in recent days � ABCNEWS' John Berman, embedded with the First Expeditionary Force, said fighting was severe as coalition troops encountered Iraqi paramilitary groups armed with light weapons and grenades. Farther south, British troops today halted the advance of the Iraqi tanks seeking to press southward from the edge of Basra, a British naval commander told Reuters today. British troops have taken over responsibility for southern Iraq as U.S. forces have been advancing toward Baghdad. U.S. military sources said they have been anticipating major battles near Karbala, a Shiite holy city, and the city of Al Kut. And U.S. special forces have been flown into northern Iraq in recent days and have been fighting militants from the Ansar al-Islam, which Washington says has al Qaeda links. There also were reports that counterinsurgency fighters, the Fedayeen, were preventing some Iraqi troops from surrendering and intimidating Iraqis into fighting for Saddam. And multiple intelligence reports show that some Fedayeen members have been wearing U.S.-type army fatigues, coming into villages and executing locals who refuse to join them in guerrilla fighting, a senior administration official told McWethy. Tough Tests Ahead Military analysts say the toughest tests for U.S.-led forces may be in front of them. "Iraq has 26 divisions," ABCNEWS military analyst Tony Cordesman said. "We have encountered two, one of which virtually surrendered, and elements of another. And we're entering a whole different world as we advance north of Karbala and into Al Kut. "There are many small towns that Iraqi troops can hide in," Cordesman added. "We tend to forget that while we can often spot tanks or major armored vehicles, towed artillery is much harder to find. Infantry can be moved by ordinary vehicles. It can infiltrate into these areas. The Republican Guard are certainly a problem. So is regular infantry." On top of that, Mother Nature may get in the way over the next several days in the form of sandstorms. A Pentagon spokeswoman said sandstorms impact the military's ability to provide close air support for ground troops and targeting by air. And Cordesman said sandstorms and rain can be a problem for high-tech U.S. gear. "When you are dealing with these kinds of winds, with debris, with all the problems of rain � which oddly enough can be a problem here � it's a problem for night vision devices," Cordesman said. "It's a problem for lights or illuminators. It's a problem for forces that have to pause and regroup." Early reports indicated that Iraqi forces had destroyed some pieces of U.S. ground equipment, but there were no immediate reports of any U.S. casualties. Pentagon officials said, however, that early indications suggested U.S. forces had killed 300 to 500 Iraqis in the battle. Further details were not available. Coalition forces had been in a holding pattern near Baghdad as a fierce, blinding sandstorm whipped the nation. U.S. military officials said earlier in the day they expected major confrontations in the days to come, when coalition troops encounter Iraq's elite Republican Guard Divisions guarding the Iraqi capital. "We think the toughest fighting is ahead of us," said Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Richard Myers on ABCNEWS' Good Morning America today. "And we have known that all along and are we are preparing for that." A Pentagon spokeswoman said U.S. forces were within 50 miles of Baghdad. In all, more than 180,000 U.S. troops are now inside Iraq and pushing toward the Iraqi capital, ABCNEWS' John McWethy said. Before the sandstorms began rolling in late Monday, the United States had intensified air attacks on what officials say could be as many as 70,000 Iraqi troops spread across a 100-mile front south of Baghdad. Ninety percent of the allied air missions between Sunday and Monday had concentrated on these troops, their armored personnel carriers and their tanks, sources told McWethy. Sandstorm Causes Trouble Throughout the day, the monster sandstorm slowed coalition forces, but U.S. Air Force Maj. Gen. Victor Renuart earlier in the day maintained that military operations were proceeding apace. "It's a little bit ugly out there today," he told reporters at Central Command Headquarters in Qatar. But while the weather had affected battlefield operations, Renuart said coalition forces were expected to make a total of 1,400 air sorties targeting Republican Guard positions in and around Baghdad today. "The bottom line is that we are on track," he said. Renuart said U.S. airstrikes had destroyed six Iraqi jamming systems designed to interfere with global positioning system signals to guided munitions, which Iraq had "procured from another nation." The jamming systems have been a major pressure point between Washington and Moscow in recent days, when the Bush administration announced that it had "credible evidence" that Russian companies had sold military equipment such as the jamming devices, anti-tank missiles and night-vision goggles to Iraq. Russian President Vladimir Putin, however, has strongly denied the claims that Russian firms have sold military equipment to Iraq. But while the alleged arms sale threatens to turn into a major diplomatic row, Renuart said the jamming devices posed no threat to the coalition assault on Iraq. "I'm happy to report that we have destroyed all six of those jammers in the last two nights' airstrikes," said Renuart. "I am also pleased to say they had no effect on us." News of the destruction of the jamming devices came as President Bush today urged Congress to approve his request for $74.7 billion to fund the war. Bush's request � which was made in a speech to top officers at the Pentagon � followed a briefing from Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. Awaiting Aid � And an Uprising � in Basra There were conflicting reports of a popular uprising against Saddam's forces in the predominantly Shiite southern Iraqi city of Basra today. Coalition ground forces are about 50 miles outside Baghdad. (Maps.com/ABCNEWS.com) Western reporters based near Iraq's second largest city described scenes of residents taking to the streets and rampaging through areas believed to be populated by Saddam's Baath Party loyalists. Reporting from Basra, BBC pool reporter Ben Brown said British troops in the area had been banking on an uprising in the strategic southern city as aid workers have been warning about an impending humanitarian aid crisis in the area. Aid agencies say food, water and emergency supplies are low in Basra, but continued fighting around the city and in southern Iraq has prevented relief from arriving via the Persian Gulf. British troops have taken over responsibility for southern Iraq as U.S. forces continued to advance toward Baghdad. British military officials however have been unable to confirm reports of any popular uprising in Basra. Iraq's Information Minister Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf told the al Jazeera television network the reports were incorrect. At a news briefing in Kuwait today, British military spokesman Chris Vernon said British troops would "help [an uprising] every which way we can." According to ABCNEWS military analyst Tony Cordesman, a popular Iraqi uprising against Saddam's regime would add immense symbolic value to the military campaign in Iraq, especially in the Arab world, where the war is viewed as a western occupation. But Cordesman also cautioned that if a southern Iraqi uprising failed, British troops would have to enter Basra, thereby increasing the chances of coalition forces being drawn into intensive urban warfare. According to U.S. military sources, counterinsurgency fighters from the Fedayeen Saddam, an Iraqi paramilitary group, has been intimidating the local population in Basra and preventing them from revolting against the regime. Military officials say U.S. ground troops are in a fierce battle with Iraqi forces near Najaf. Early reports say hundreds of Iraqis killed. There are reports of an uprising against Saddam Hussein in the southern Iraqi city of Basra. Iraq's information minister denies the reports. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld says 3,500 Iraqi soldiers have been taken prisoner and thousands more have deserted. President Bush asks Congress for $74.7 billion to pay for six months of combat and vows victory for the United States. A fierce sandstorm slows U.S. troops' march to Baghdad. An Iraqi Defense Ministry spokesman says his troops have destroyed several enemy tanks around Iraq, including one U.S. tank and its crew . Reporting from Baghdad today, ABCNEWS' Richard Engel said visibility in the city was low due to the severity of the sandstorms and the fact that the Iraqis had relit defensive fires around the city. U.S. military forces believe the Iraqis have been setting fire to trenches around Baghdad filled with oil in an effort to hamper coalition airstrikes. But the mood in the capital city was oddly calm, said Engel, as stores opened in the main shopping areas. When weather permitted, the air attacks on Republican Guard lines continued, ABCNEWS' Tim Scheld in Qatar reported. Explosions could be heard around Baghdad today, as well as the northern cities of Mosul and Kirkuk. Officials said cruise missiles launched from warships are not affected by the weather. Casualties on Both Sides Mount Six days into the ground offensive in Iraq, U.S. military officials say the overall campaign has been going well despite coalition encounters with pockets of Iraqi resistance. But the casualties on both sides have been mounting. As many as 27 Americans have died since hostilities broke out � including 10 non-combat deaths � with 18 deaths confirmed by the Pentagon. Two British soldiers were killed in a friendly fire incident Monday night outside Basra, a British military spokesman said today. Iraqi officials today said 16 civilians were killed and 95 others were wounded in the past 24 hours. But there were no overall Iraqi casualty figures available. A U.S. commander with the 3rd Infantry Division today estimated that about 500 Iraqis have been killed in the last two days by the 3rd Infantry Division's tanks and mechanized units as they swept through southern Iraq. Speaking at a news briefing in Baghdad today, Iraqi Information Minister Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf said Iraq had killed eight "invaders," destroyed three armored personnel carriers and downed three U.S. helicopters. It was unclear if this included previously reported actions. But a Central Command spokesman today said he could only confirm reports of one downed helicopter � a U.S. Apache helicopter that went down south of Baghdad on Monday. He added that there were no reports of any downed coalition helicopters today. The Pentagon could not confirm Iraqi claims that eight coalition troops were killed. Targeting Iraq's Medina Division As the coalition ground forces edged closer to Baghdad in recent days, attention has been focused on the Medina Division of the elite Republican Guard defending the route to Baghdad. Braving the fierce sandstorms with the 3rd Infantry Division near Karbala, about 60 miles south of Baghdad today, ABCNEWS' Ted Koppel said senior officers in the division were on a mission to destroy the Medina Division and were hoping it would create "a crack" in the Baath Party foundation. It would be the first test, Koppel said, of how they do against some of Saddam's better-equipped and better-trained forces. In recent days, the Medina Division has been the target of coalition airstrikes ahead of a ground advance into Baghdad, Myers told Good Morning America today. "You saw some of that the other night with the Apaches as they were working on the Medina Division south of Baghdad," he said. "You'll continue to see that with air, helicopters, artillery and we'll proceed on." Near the southern Iraqi city of Nasiriya � the site of some major Iraqi resistance in recent days � ABCNEWS' John Berman, embedded with the First Expeditionary Force, said fighting was severe as coalition troops encountered Iraqi paramilitary groups armed with light weapons and grenades. Farther south, British troops today halted the advance of the Iraqi tanks seeking to press southward from the edge of Basra, a British naval commander told Reuters today. British troops have taken over responsibility for southern Iraq as U.S. forces have been advancing toward Baghdad. U.S. military sources said they have been anticipating major battles near Karbala, a Shiite holy city, and the city of Al Kut. And U.S. special forces have been flown into northern Iraq in recent days and have been fighting militants from the Ansar al-Islam, which Washington says has al Qaeda links. There also were reports that counterinsurgency fighters, the Fedayeen, were preventing some Iraqi troops from surrendering and intimidating Iraqis into fighting for Saddam. And multiple intelligence reports show that some Fedayeen members have been wearing U.S.-type army fatigues, coming into villages and executing locals who refuse to join them in guerrilla fighting, a senior administration official told McWethy. Tough Tests Ahead Military analysts say the toughest tests for U.S.-led forces may be in front of them. "Iraq has 26 divisions," ABCNEWS military analyst Tony Cordesman said. "We have encountered two, one of which virtually surrendered, and elements of another. And we're entering a whole different world as we advance north of Karbala and into Al Kut. "There are many small towns that Iraqi troops can hide in," Cordesman added. "We tend to forget that while we can often spot tanks or major armored vehicles, towed artillery is much harder to find. Infantry can be moved by ordinary vehicles. It can infiltrate into these areas. The Republican Guard are certainly a problem. So is regular infantry." On top of that, Mother Nature may get in the way over the next several days in the form of sandstorms. A Pentagon spokeswoman said sandstorms impact the military's ability to provide close air support for ground troops and targeting by air. And Cordesman said sandstorms and rain can be a problem for high-tech U.S. gear. "When you are dealing with these kinds of winds, with debris, with all the problems of rain � which oddly enough can be a problem here � it's a problem for night vision devices," Cordesman said. "It's a problem for lights or illuminators. It's a problem for forces that have to pause and regroup."
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      US warplanes launch strikes at seven locations in southern Iraq Wed Mar 19, 5:29 PM ET WASHINGTON (AFP) - The United States and Britain conducted wide-ranging air strikes in southern and western Iraq (news - web sites), bombing long-range artillery and a surface-to-surface missile system that threatened coalition forces poised to invade the country from Kuwait, officials said. AFP Photo The warplanes struck at least seven locations over a 10 hour period as the clock ran on a US deadline for Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (news - web sites) and his two sons to leave the country or face war. US and British officials said the strikes were within the scope of normal enforcement of a no-fly zone over southern Iraq, and the US Central Command said they were launched in response to Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire. But the strikes targeted 10 artillery systems that had been moved last week into range of US and British forces massing in Kuwait for a ground offensive as well as a surface-to-surface missile system, a US defense official said. The Central Command said long range artillery were struck at Az Zubayr and in the Al Faw peninsula, and a surface-to surface missile system near Basra. Warplanes also bombed a traffic control radar near Basra and communications sites near Ash Shuaybah, Mydaysis and Ruwayshid in southern Iraq. "The artillery was struck because they were a danger to coalition ground troops in Kuwait," the command said. "The air traffic control radar was used to direct Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire at coalition aircraft." In western Iraq, they targeted a radar and an air defense command center near the H-3 airfield that defends the approaches to Baghdad from Jordan, the command said. "The coalition executed today's strikes after Iraqi forces fired anti-aircraft artillery at coalition aircraft patrolling the southern no-fly zone south of the 33rd parallel in Iraq," the command said. In London, a spokeswoman for the British Defence Ministry said, "We are flying over southern Iraq. This evening we are targeting systems which are a threat to our forces." "We have been doing this for the last 10 years. It's the same as we've been doing, but obviously the time is perhaps more relevant," the official said. Currid, Cheryl.(1997). "Presentations with punch use computer movie clips." Houston Chronicle. April 27., E, 7:1

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <CENTER>AN E-LIBRARY OR LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER</CENTER> Currid, Cheryl.(1997). "Presentations with punch use computer movie clips." Houston Chronicle. April 27., E, 7:1



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      You can now put short clips of video into presentations almost as easily as clip art. And video is a great way to drive home a point and let your audience see your message as they hear it. A new video-enabled copy of Microsoft's PowerPoint arrived. The technology is ready. To deliver the presentation, minted notebook computers and portable storage devices handle large video files well.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Crowl, Thomas. (1996). Fundamentals of Educational Research. Chapter 17. 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Describes some of the ways researchers use computers to do a search of the literature on a topic of interest. It focuses on the impact of Technology on Educational Research, and how qualitative and quantitative researches use computers to analyze data.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Davis, Yusuf. (1997). "Personal Technology Just For Fun Electronic Gadgets And Gizmos Card marries TV". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Jun. 29, P, 8:2.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The TVideo Television Interface Card is a gadget that combines two popular activities---television viewing and computer use. The easy-to-install computer card enables a personal computer to display television and video images on a high-resolution computer monitor, so users can work at a computer and view their favorite TV program or video at the same time. This card has the added versatility of playing any image from a connected television, VCR, live camcorder or laser disc cable.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Dewey, J (1916). Democracy and Education, New York: Macmillan.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Discusses the foundations and philosophy of education.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Electronic School Home Page. On Line. Internet. Available http://www.access.digex.net/~nsbamags/e-school.html



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      An excellent site for school administrators, or those interested in education reform.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Flynn, Laurie. "When, oh when, will computers behave like people? New York Times Newspaper, Jan 1, 1995, 3, 8:1.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Efforts to develop the "human-centered" computer are discussed. The Microsoft Corp. will introduce its Social Interface program known as Bob. This software is intended to create ease-of-use, and uses a selection of animated characters to act as a central resource for anything the user needs to do.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Gagne, R.M., and Briggs, L.J. (1974). Principles of Instructional Design. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      An impressive presentation of principles of educational psychology to teachers. This book is about human learning and how it applies to the design and conduct of instruction. The writer deals with conditions for learning to achieve the outcome of learning and how teachers plan and deliver instructions. Pictures are commonly used as supplements to printed texts.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Ghirardini, John. (1998). "TechReport Tech Report 'FireAnt' laptop now on the market". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Oct. 18, H, 2:1 Issue.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The LS model costing $2,499 features a 233 MHz Pentium 11, 32 megs of RAM, a DVD-ROM drive and a Microsoft Office software bundle that includes Word, Excel spreadsheet, Outlook(e-mail and information management)' PowerPoint for presentations and Access (database). The XL model sports a 300 MHz Pentium 11, a 4-gig hard drive, 64 megs of RAM and the DVD-ROM. It has the same software bundle as the LS and costs $2,999.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Gunst, Elise. "Making your online photos picture perfect with software. Houston Chronicle. Jun. 12, 1998, G, 3:1



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Do you prefer those vacation photos without your ex-wife in them? If you can get your pictures into your computer, it's easy to crop, tweak, tone and clone them with photo editing software. Adobe Photo Deluxe 2.0 automatically makes some changes for you, like choosing the optimal brightness or contrast.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Holsti, O.R., 'Content Analysis', in G.Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.). Volume 2: Research Methods (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. 1968.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Gives a detailed account of the methods and problems involved in establishing the reliability of the content analysis of written data.







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Joseph, Francis." Copyright lawbreakers could get 10 years in jail or $100,000 in fines". Trinidad Guardian Newspaper of Democracy. Oct. 9, 1997.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Dr Kamla Persad-Bissessar Minister of Legal Affairs, who is responsible for the Copyright Bill states that the whole field of information technology has thrown up new aspects which, require protection. Persons flouting the law could face up to ten years in jail provided that the infringer is aware that what he is doing is an infringement.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Kanell, Michael E. "PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY Tech. Report on Technology 150,000 images give designers wide selection."Atlanta Journal.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      You can put images you choose into your design by scanning photographs or drawings, turning the hard copy into digitized data that a computer can store and manipulate. But you can also go the far more rapid route and buy a ton of images from CD-ROMS. In addition, the disk includes 500 digitized sounds---animal, musical and mechanical. A collection called MasterClips 150,000 has many images, examples of clip art, photos, and fonts.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Kirkland, Joel. "Software Giants Seeking Way to Filter Web Smut". Chicago Tribune. Jul. 17, 1997, 1, 8:5



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ------------------------------------------ New York To Jerez New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda New York To Madrid New York To Cordoba New York To Malaga New York To Torremolinos New York To Granada New York To Barcelona New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (1)
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-CareAirlines!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The National Airline Of Spain!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (7)Skylab 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (8)Rockets -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The Use of Anti-Terrorism Software For All Types Of Sabotage Around The World!
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A B C D E F G H I J -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -------------------------------------- 22 hours 23 hours 24 hours 25 hours 26 hours 27 hours 28 hours 29 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ------------------------------------------ Trinidad To Jerez Trinidad To Sanlucar de Barrameda Trinidad To Madrid Trinidad To Cordoba Trinidad To Malaga Trinidad To Torremolinos Trinidad To Granada Trinidad To Barcelona Trinidad To Almeria Trinidad To Sevilla Trinidad To Morocco Trinidad To The Straight Of Gibralter TRINIDAD TO ROTA TRINIDAD TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (1)-Jessie And "John-Pedro" TwinFalling Airlines!$3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (2)-Bail-Out The Airline Company AirWays $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (3)-Anti-Terrorism Dutch Airways! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (4)-American Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (5)-The National Airline Of Spain! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (6)-United French Airlines! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      UFO's 12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Missiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href="http://jessie.vstorebooks.com/"><b>ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY-A LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Granada


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A TRIBUTE TO BABY JOHN-PEDRO IN SPAIN!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                THE LAUNCHING OF THE BOOK!



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                THE LAUNCHING OF THE E-BOOK!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                SHOP ON-LINE FOR ALL YOUR COMPUTER E-BOOKS!...Prevent children from accessing pornography...Use Websense Products... Anti-Pornography Software!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Block and filter web traffic, block access to web sites and log access.





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ----------------


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/TimeSpeed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      FORMULAE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)--




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Claculate The Time and Cost?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        LIST PRICE DISCOUNT PRICE RETAIL DISCOUNTED PRICE WHOLESALE DISCOUNTED PRICE SALES TAX PRICE TOTAL PRICE -------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -------------------------------------- 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours 16 hours 17 hours 18 hours 19 hours --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ------------------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          A -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          New York To Jerez

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            B-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            New York To Sanlucar de Barrameda

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              C-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              New York To Madrid


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                D-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                New York To Cordoba

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  E-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  New York To Malaga


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    F-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ----------------


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      G-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      New York To Granada

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        H-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Barcelona
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        New York To Almeria New York To Sevilla New York To Morocco New York To The Straight Of Gibralter New York TO ROTA New York TO CADIZ NewYork To Torremolinos Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Mom and Child TwinFalling Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          $3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Legal Database at Moment's Notice Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Inez Santiago and Molik Pakistanese Foster-Care Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (4)Safety First Dekalb Avenue Castro And Lugo Security Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (5)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The National Airline Of Spain!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (6)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Nato Caribbean Airways!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (7)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Legal Database Defence Airways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (8)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Saddam Iraq Panic Airlines!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A SPREADSHEET COMPUTES...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        UFO's
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        12 seconds 13 seconds 14 seconds 15 seconds 16 seconds 17 seconds 18 seconds 19 seconds 20 seconds Time is Measured In Seconds 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Skylab
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Rockets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            DISTANCE LEARNING PROJECT....SHOP ON-LINE FOR YOUR COMPUTER BOOKS!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            SCREAM!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            THE LAUNCHING OF THE SAFETY E-BOOK!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Discuss the role of Information Technology in education?

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            You may consider questions such as: What are the functions that computers offer in learning and teaching? Why should computers be used in education? What are the advantages of Information Technology in education-are there any disadvantages?




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            INTRODUCTION: The Role of Information Systems and its impact on a virtual organization- an electronic school!




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Adams, D.M.(1989). Media and Literacy- Learning in an electronic age- issues, ideas and teaching strategies. U.S.A., Thomas C. Publishers.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Experienced language teachers will readily testify that a teacher's attitude toward materials steers the course of an activity and determines whether a session is successful, mediocre or a total flop.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Anderson, Heidi. (1987) "Gathering Information-Techniques For Learning More



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            About Who's Viewing A Web Site". PCTODAY-A Guide To Better Buying. November Issue. pp. 88-91.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Gathering information from your web visitors can be as simple as viewing log files or as complex as analyzing results from detailed online surveys. You can program a Web site so that a cookie is stored in the browser; each time the browser requests a page, alerts are sent back to the server. Block and filter web traffic, block access to web sites and log access. Prevent children from accessing pornography.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Angell, Dwight. (1993). "Hard facts on software for parents who need a lifeline amid the flood of new products."Dec. 21st , D, 5:2. Issue.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Resources that can help parents wade through the vast selection of educational software for children are recommnded.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Anti-Virus Software On Line Home Page. Internet. Available. http://www.antivirus.com



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Anti-virus software that offers centralized control and intelligent scanning. Offers comprehensive information on Web viruses such as the Chernobyl Virus. It discusses the article, " PE_CIH Virus: Are You at Risk?" This virus, which attempts to delete the first megabyte of data on all hard drives and overwrite flash BIOS memory on the 26th of the month, has caused a lot of concern, particularly in the wake of the trouble caused by W7M_MELISSA. If PE_CIH successfully executes its payload, it will leave the computer unbootable, and the user will have to purchase a new BIOS chip or have the data restored to it. There are several variants of this virus. The variants are very similar and differ primarily in their trigger dates - April 26th, June 26th, or the 26th of any month. With April 26th fast approaching, two variants of this virus are due to try to activate their payload. The question on everyone's mind, "Am I in danger?" Customers who use an updated anti-virus scanner religiously should be protected from this virus. Who is at risk? This virus infects executable files under Windows 95, 98, and NT, but the payload cannot trigger under NT. The BIOS (Basic Input-Output System) is a special program that is loaded first when you start your computer. It gets the computer up-and-running. It manages the flow of data between the computer's operating system and attached hardware devices like keyboard, mouse, and hard disk. If the BIOS program is overwritten, the computer cannot start up correctly.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Babbie, E.W. (1973). Survey Research Methods. Belmont, California: Wadsworth.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Synthesizes problem-solving methods, measurement and evaluation techniques, and surveys data analysis methods and questionnaire construction.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Borg, W.R. Applying Educational Research: A Practical Guide for Teachers. (Longman, New York, 1981). Pp.218-219.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A greater development and understanding of education must needs resort to the methods of science. It covers various aspects of teaching and learning and the foundations of education.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Bloom, B. (1956): Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Affective Domain, New York: David McKay.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Describes affective and symbolic outcomes of learning and relates them to cognitive outcomes.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Bloom, Benjamin. (1956): Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain, New York: Longman, New York and London.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Describes cognitive outcomes of learning and relates them to affective outcomes.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Brockett, Ralph G. "TECHNIQUES- Tips for the Practitioner on Writing Book Reviews. Lifelong Learning, a publication of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (A.A.A.C.E).



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Carey, Theresa. (1998). "Putting the brains in your PC". Barron's Journal. Dec. 7, 1998, H16: 1



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Once you have got the hardware set up and working properly, you are ready to install the brains of the operation: software to keep tabs on the whereabouts of their wealth, using tools for portfolio analysis and stock selection. Some software can compare investments and translate the performance of diverse holdings into a true rate of return.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cashman, Shelly. (1997): Microsoft Office for Windows 3.1-Enhanced Edition. One Course: Word 6, Excel 5, Access 2, and PowerPoint 4.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PowerPoint is a complete presentation graphics program that allows you to produce professional-looking presentations. It describes how to build a slide presentation, edit the presentation and change slide order in Outline View or Slide Sorter View.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cohen, Louis and Lawrence Manion. Research Methods in Education, fourth Edition. Routledge. London (1994).



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Describes types of educational designs in education and introduces the concept of action research. Teachers and researchers can come to a deeper understanding of the process of learning. Describes the methods educators can use to acquire knowledge and solve problems and informs us about designing questionnaires and surveys. Mention is made of the ethics of educational and social research.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Collins, Scott. "Computer databases give resumes more than a scan". Los Angeles Times. Feb. 26, 1996, SS, 8:4



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Spurred by growing numbers of candidates and shrinking personnel budgets, companies are using special software for job-placement, enabling human workers to sift and cross-reference enormous databases.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Communications Workers of America AFL-CIO, District 1. 80 Pine Street. "Handbook on "Hazards Associated with Computer Use".



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Describes symptoms of computer hazards such as repetitive motion disorders and the medical treatment. It describes the proper posture for sitting at a video display terminal and the training that is necessary. Persons using the computer should stay 75 cm from the front and 90 cm. from the sides and back. A discussion of proper vision requirements and lighting, as well as adjustable furniture and equipment is presented. Breaks are important to relieve stress on the muscles, before they become too tired and to prevent headaches from "technostress". Quick Fixes or solutions to minor repetitive strain injuries or problems are mentioned.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Computer Ethics Resources Home Page on WWW. "COMPUTER ETHICS HOME PAGE ". On Line. Internet. Available. http://www.ethics.ubc.ca/resources/computer/inst.html



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Computer & Information Ethics Resources on WWW dedicated to the promotion and defense of international free thought, free speech, and privacy rights.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cooper, J. (ed.) (1986). Classroom Teaching Skills. (3rd ed.). Toronto: D.C.Health and Co.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Speed and accuracy are two of the main benefits of the computer used for individual instruction.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Corcoran, Elizabeth. "Software Leaders Taking Ratings Plans to Clinton". Washington Post, Jul. 16, 1997, C, 11: 5.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A group of high-technology executives is heading to the White House today to tell President Clinton that just as software programs help people browse the Internet, they can help filter and block material that parents don't want their children to see. The meeting, convened by the White House, occurs after last month'' Supreme Court decision to knock down the 1996 Communications Decency Act. The Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) is a software woven into the Web Surfing Software built by Microsoft Corp.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cotton Giuffre, Eileen.(1997). The Online Classroom-Teaching and Learning with the Internet. Classroom Connect. U.S.A.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            How is the Internet being used in the classroom or for living? People are making new friends and studying cultures around the world through e-mail messages and collaborative learning projects. Cu-See-Me software allows students to participate in global and local video conferencing; electronic field trips which provide dozens of exciting opportunities to "visit" zoos, museums, and underwater explorations in over eleven countries.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Currid, Cheryl.(1997). "Presentations with punch use computer movie clips." Houston Chronicle. April 27., E, 7:1



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            You can now put short clips of video into presentations almost as easily as clip art. And video is a great way to drive home a point and let your audience see your message as they hear it. A new video-enabled copy of Microsoft's PowerPoint arrived. The technology is ready. To deliver the presentation, minted notebook computers and portable storage devices handle large video files well.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Crowl, Thomas. (1996). Fundamentals of Educational Research. Chapter 17. 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Describes some of the ways researchers use computers to do a search of the literature on a topic of interest. It focuses on the impact of Technology on Educational Research, and how qualitative and quantitative researches use computers to analyze data.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Davis, Yusuf. (1997). "Personal Technology Just For Fun Electronic Gadgets And Gizmos Card marries TV". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Jun. 29, P, 8:2.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The TVideo Television Interface Card is a gadget that combines two popular activities---television viewing and computer use. The easy-to-install computer card enables a personal computer to display television and video images on a high-resolution computer monitor, so users can work at a computer and view their favorite TV program or video at the same time. This card has the added versatility of playing any image from a connected television, VCR, live camcorder or laser disc cable.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Dewey, J (1916). Democracy and Education, New York: Macmillan.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Discusses the foundations and philosophy of education.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Electronic School Home Page. On Line. Internet. Available http://www.access.digex.net/~nsbamags/e-school.html



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            An excellent site for school administrators, or those interested in education reform.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Flynn, Laurie. "When, oh when, will computers behave like people? New York Times Newspaper, Jan 1, 1995, 3, 8:1.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Efforts to develop the "human-centered" computer are discussed. The Microsoft Corp. will introduce its Social Interface program known as Bob. This software is intended to create ease-of-use, and uses a selection of animated characters to act as a central resource for anything the user needs to do.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Gagne, R.M., and Briggs, L.J. (1974). Principles of Instructional Design. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            An impressive presentation of principles of educational psychology to teachers. This book is about human learning and how it applies to the design and conduct of instruction. The writer deals with conditions for learning to achieve the outcome of learning and how teachers plan and deliver instructions. Pictures are commonly used as supplements to printed texts.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Ghirardini, John. (1998). "TechReport Tech Report 'FireAnt' laptop now on the market". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Oct. 18, H, 2:1 Issue.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The LS model costing $2,499 features a 233 MHz Pentium 11, 32 megs of RAM, a DVD-ROM drive and a Microsoft Office software bundle that includes Word, Excel spreadsheet, Outlook(e-mail and information management)' PowerPoint for presentations and Access (database). The XL model sports a 300 MHz Pentium 11, a 4-gig hard drive, 64 megs of RAM and the DVD-ROM. It has the same software bundle as the LS and costs $2,999.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Gunst, Elise. "Making your online photos picture perfect with software. Houston Chronicle. Jun. 12, 1998, G, 3:1



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Do you prefer those vacation photos without your ex-wife in them? If you can get your pictures into your computer, it's easy to crop, tweak, tone and clone them with photo editing software. Adobe Photo Deluxe 2.0 automatically makes some changes for you, like choosing the optimal brightness or contrast.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Holsti, O.R., 'Content Analysis', in G.Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.). Volume 2: Research Methods (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. 1968.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Gives a detailed account of the methods and problems involved in establishing the reliability of the content analysis of written data.







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Joseph, Francis." Copyright lawbreakers could get 10 years in jail or $100,000 in fines". Trinidad Guardian Newspaper of Democracy. Oct. 9, 1997.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Dr Kamla Persad-Bissessar Minister of Legal Affairs, who is responsible for the Copyright Bill states that the whole field of information technology has thrown up new aspects which, require protection. Persons flouting the law could face up to ten years in jail provided that the infringer is aware that what he is doing is an infringement.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Kanell, Michael E. "PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY Tech. Report on Technology 150,000 images give designers wide selection."Atlanta Journal.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            You can put images you choose into your design by scanning photographs or drawings, turning the hard copy into digitized data that a computer can store and manipulate. But you can also go the far more rapid route and buy a ton of images from CD-ROMS. In addition, the disk includes 500 digitized sounds---animal, musical and mechanical. A collection called MasterClips 150,000 has many images, examples of clip art, photos, and fonts.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Kirkland, Joel. "Software Giants Seeking Way to Filter Web Smut". Chicago Tribune. Jul. 17, 1997, 1, 8:5



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The largest Internet software companies agreed to cooperatively develop and market a system that parents could use to block children's access to offensive or indecent material.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Office of Management and Budget. "A Citizen's Guide to the Federal Budget Fiscal Year 2000 ". On Line. Internet. http://www.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/fy2000/guide05.html



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The President's efforts have also enhanced access to, and the quality of, education and training. The budget takes the next steps by continuing to help States and school districts reduce class size by recruiting and preparing thousands more teachers and building thousands more new classrooms. The President's budget proposes improving school accountability by funding monetary awards to the highest performing schools that serve low-income students, providing resources to States to help them identify and change the least successful schools, and ending social promotion by funding additional education hours through programs like the 21st Century Community Learning Centers.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            MacDonald, Chris. "Computer and Information Ethics Resources on WWW-Organizations of Interest". Center for Applied Ethics (C.A.E). On Line. Internet. Available. http://www.ethics.ubc.ca/resources/computer/inst.html



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Maran, Ruth (1996). Computers Simplified-The 3-D Visual Approach to Learning About Computers. 3rd Edition. IDG Books Worldwide.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Concepts and techniques are illustrated with the use of graphics. A 3-D presentation enhances the understanding of basic computer hardware and software. Different fonts are used to make the content more attractive and interesting. Animated characters used in illustrations make the reading enjoyable.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Miller, Jonathan. (1986). "Images and Understanding". Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            This article deals with the perception of images in the visual system of the eye, and the way in which moving pictures are experienced and understood.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Mossberg, Walter. "Personal Technology". Wall Street Journal. Dec 5, 1991, B, 1:1



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A review of a selection of educational software aimed at children that combines fun with some degree of skill building and learning. Programs include Kid Pix, Carmen Sandiego and the Playroom, all from Broderbund Software Inc, Super Solvers from Learning Co, Mickey's ABC's from Walt Disney and McGee Series from Lawrence Productions.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            "NEW YORK State Education Department Web Site. On Line. Internet. Available. http://www.nysed.gov



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The mission is to raise the knowledge, skill, and opportunity of all the people in New York.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Nyns, R. (1989). Is Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning Possible? System, Vol. 17(1), pp.35-47.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            By providing immediate feedback based on students' responses, 'computers might take over a part of the teaching process which has so far been reserved for human teachers�."Unless they have caught the microcomputer bug themselves, language teachers tend to react with a mixture of cynicism and anxiety to the new technology that is, says enthusiasts, poised to transform their profession. It is often seen as an expensive and only marginally relevant extra, or as a threateningly inhuman rival, casting doubt on the continuing need for human teachers".



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Page Authors Benefit against Censorship Web Page. "FAIC Family Statement of the Week " On Line. Internet. http://home.rmi.net/~fagin/faic



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            "I oppose censorship in all forms, but beyond this, attempting to censor the internet is an impossible situation. The contributors to the collective wisdom on the net are international. Having parents believe that the government is protecting their children will provide a false sense of security. The effort should be on educating parents on what the risks (and rewards) of the net are, rather than censorship."



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Raschio, R (1991). Technologically-Assisted Language Learning Courseware. for developing Reading Skills in a Second Language. Hispana, Vol. 74(4), pp. 1139-1143.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Computer-assisted instruction, otherwise referred to as CAI, is by no means a new concept and literacy is enhanced using this method.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Reno, Janet. (May 1999). Infobeat Stories Saved as E-Mail Message. Off Line. Internet. "Reno looks to curb Internet crime".



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A new public-private alliance to curb Internet crime will help teach children "that hacking is the same as breaking and entering," Attorney General Janet Reno said Monday. Educating children about acceptable online behavior is among three initiatives under the Cybercitizen Partnership, an initiative of government and the high-tech industry to promote cyberspace ethics and help law enforcers track down online criminals. The Cybercitizen Partnership also will feature a "personnel exchange program" between private business and federal agencies in which both will learn how the other responds to threats and crimes over the Internet.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            http://www.infobeat.com/stories/cgi/story.cgi?id=2558817153-1ca Infobeat Stories Saved as E-Mail Message. Off Line. Internet. "Y2K fix may only last a generation."



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The most common technique used to fix computers vulnerable to Year 2000 failures is only a short-term remedy, and even advocates of the method acknowledge it will require other expensive repairs or replacements within a generation. The temporary fix, using a sophisticated twist of logic to fool computers, is highly controversial among insiders because it's intended to work for only a few decades - typically 30 years. One expert describes computers already fixed with the technique as "little ticking time bombs waiting to go off." The Clinton administration and industry analysts estimate the method is being used to patch 80% of computers in the worldwide repair effort expected to cost $300 billion.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Schubert, W. (1986): Curriculum Perspective, Paradigm and Possibility, New York: Macmillan.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            In the context of a school system, the curriculum is a combination of document and practical action and reflects the school's systems policy about the knowledge and experiences that students should have.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Trend Micro, Anti-Virus, Home Page "Anti-viral software". On Line. Internet. Available. http://www.antivirus.com/




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Trend Micro, Inc. develops server-based anti-virus software for the enterprise that offers centralized control and intelligent scanning. Our site also offers some of the most comprehensive information about viruses on the Web.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Tyler R (1949): Basic Principles of Curriculum Development and Instruction, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Curriculum development is the key to educational success.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Vaishnav, Anand. (1998). "Algebra Going High-Tech in Jeff." Times-Picayune News. Jun. 27, B, 1:5.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Some say it is the classroom of the future: a desk folds out into a computer workstation, CD- ROMs supplement textbooks and a "facilitator" moves from student to student supervising their work. This project, introduced in some New Orleans and St. Tammy Parish public schools three years ago, is called the "Intractive Computer Aided Natural Learning Educational System," or I CAN Learn.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Westminster School Information Technology Home Page. Infobeat Stories. On Line. Internet. Available. http://www.schools.ash.org.au/schools/westminster/lkssubit.h



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Issues in the Use of Computers General Social Issues in Computing Includes - World of Work, Privacy, Health and Safety, Ethics Social, Legal, Economic and Ethical Issues Includes Privacy, Software Liability, Computer Crime, Health related issues and Software Protection Ethics.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            White, C. S and Hubbard, G. (1998). Computers and Education. N.Y.: MacMillan.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Computers can be extended into the various disciplines in a meaningful way. Features such as graphics, sound, color can be useful in motivating the otherwise bored and frustrated student.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            White, Ron. (1993). How Software Works. Ziff-Davis Press, Emeryville, California. Word-Processing software has the ability to make text changes easily and print a new copy of a document without rekeying every word. This text formatting ability is also useful in making words for PowerPoint slides.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PROJECT ABSTRACT.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Parents and teachers must not be afraid to use the vast potential of the Internet. They must be educated about the risks and benefits of "surfing" the Net and participating in on-line courses that perform the same function as traditional schools. Some kids become endangered on-line if they are not taught the rules of "driving" on the "Superhighway". It is necessary to teach adults and students computer ethics and to upgrade your computer networking software, hardware, and computer environment in order to minimize hazards and to meet legal and ethical standards. The images in PowerPoint slides used as visuals enhance interest and learning about the content of this thematic unit. The two students used in this project are neither parents nor teachers, but they are adult students. This target group of adults who are computer-savvy and proficient in the use of the software PowerPoint, e-mail, the Internet, word processing and creative writing will be used for this project.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The objectives of the unit are to enhance interest in the unit with the use of images. At the end of this curriculum unit the student will: (1) Write texts based on graphics. (2) Appreciate the use of audio-visuals and PowerPoint slides in enhancing interest. (3) Verbalize their understanding of the curriculum content to be mastered with the use of this technology.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            These adult students who are already proficient in using the software PowerPoint and who are experienced computer users will work on-line and participate in developing the "Notes-page" portion of a PowerPoint presentation prepared by the teacher. A unit of study designed by the teacher on computer ethics,security and privacy issues in information systems will be the focus. The theme "Upgrading your computer: information systems networking hardware, software and networked peripherals, the learning environment" will be used for this project as a demonstration PowerPoint presentation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The unit will consist of eight lessons. Completion of the project is adequate after interpreting three slides.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A diskette with the content material of the unit and the PowerPoint slides will also be mailed to each student by U.P.S, as well as by e-mail.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            This is an integrated customized unit with ideas based on information system networking hardware, software, information system, and telecommunications: networks and applications, security, privacy, and ethical issues in information systems.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            In the USA, "individualized" or learner-centered instruction should be promoted and instruction presented in a form and manner the learners can understand. Competition should be promoted.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The design of the assessment method is based on a "pretest-post-test" questionnaire. A change in interest will be observed and recorded. This questionnaire will be done before the start of the unit and at the end of eight weeks when the unit is completed. Questionnaires will be analyzed and a plan to execute more effective learning in the implementation phase will be executed. No statistical methods will be applied in the analysis of the results. A certificate of participation will be awarded at the start of the project to motivate students to remain interested in the project. Ongoing behavior reinforcement throughout the project will be implemented for positive attitudes that enhance learning.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Students' interest will increase with the use of these PowerPoint slides and images, which are visuals; memory will be enhanced and teaching becomes effective. The teacher functions as a facilitator responding to questions by e-mail. Each week lecture, assignments, readings, and links to related World Wide Web sites will be posted. Students can access course-work materials at any time, 24 hours per day. Technical assistance will be available via the telephone. This is an on-line course offered as a project via e-mail and the Internet. This method of distance learning allows students to communicate with the teacher from anywhere they happen to be, home, office or while travelling. "The delivery of subject then becomes more interesting, more motivational, and more successful for students entering the 21st century."







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Discuss the role of Information Technology in education?

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            You may consider questions such as: What are the functions that computers offer in learning and teaching? Why should computers be used in education? What are the advantages of Information Technology in education-are there any disadvantages?



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The design of the study is an individualized CAL approach and a change in interest will be observed and recorded with the use of a "pretest-post-test" questionnaire.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Prevent children from accessing pornography!...Take Your Notes!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A TRIBUTE TO BABY JOHN-PEDRO IN SPAIN!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            AN E-LIBRARY OR LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A TRIBUTE TO BABY JOHN-PEDRO IN SPAIN!Prevent children from accessing pornography!





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            China Discovers the Couch

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Fri Sep 17, 7:55 AM ET Add Top Stories - Los Angeles Times to My Yahoo!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            By Ralph Frammolino Times Staff Writer

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            BEIJING � Step back, Confucius. Move over, Mao. Dr. Freud is making the rounds.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Once vilified by the Communists as a remnant of bourgeois imperialism, the practice of psychology � and especially the Western ritual of going to a therapist � is gaining popularity in this land of budding capitalists. China's newfound fascination with the subconscious comes amid wrenching social changes that are reshaping a nation steeped in values of self-reliance and self-discipline. As this country accelerates from a planned economy to a free-market system, people are feeling the shock of increased competitiveness, elevated stress levels and the dawning recognition that an awful lot of folks just aren't happy. "Everything's changing, including people's behavior, customs and beliefs," said Zhang Kan, president of the Chinese Psychological Society. "Some people want to keep the traditions, but it is not possible. Maybe you can keep what's essential, but you have to change to fit in the world." Now, it seems, China is shrinking to fit. Those within psychology circles say a growing number of the burgeoning middle class, armed with Internet access and images of therapy from movies such as the Hong Kong blockbuster "Infernal Affairs," are seeking professional help to soothe their angst. The sales of Prozac in China have nearly doubled in four years, said an Eli Lilly & Co. spokesman. One-third of those polled in a recent nationwide survey said they felt frustrated, angry or listless. Suicide is now the leading cause of death among young adults. Divorce, while still a modest 16% by some figures, is rising. The demand for help has government officials scrambling to seize control of a therapy industry that has sprung up virtually overnight and includes many self-styled counselors trying to make a quick buck. Meanwhile, universities are adding psychology departments, hoping to keep pace with a surge of students who now see the human mind as a career gold mine. The number of university psychology departments and the figure for grad students have doubled over the last five years � to 40 and 4,000, respectively, according to professional sources. They're entering a growth market. Zhang, a 33-year-old radio station employee who gave only his family name, said he had "no concept" of what therapy was all about when he contacted a Beijing therapist via the Internet a year ago. Now, after intense counseling, his troubled marriage is healing and he describes the talking cure like a pro. "It is a process during which a therapist and client communicate with each other, and through that communication they can discover problems under the surface," said Zhang, who is not related to the psychological society president. The vast majority of Chinese, however, are not so ready to swap Confucius for the couch. In a land where 70% of the people are peasants, most are too busy eking out a living to worry about emotional fulfillment. And if they did, what with an average per capita annual income of $1,000, many couldn't afford the $20 to $100 an hour therapists here charge. Even those who can afford it are put off by the fact that the Chinese word for psychologist means "heart-reason consultant," implying that a client who comes to see one has something wrong with his or her mind. And if Chinese get past that, they are uncomfortable with an approach that often calls for exploring family skeletons or divulging secrets to a stranger. That's far removed from the Confucian tradition of venerating ancestors and, above all, saving face. "Chinese people are taught this way," a local businessman, who declined to give his name, said as he relaxed recently in Beijing's popular Lotus Lane bar district. "If you have any problems, you go to your parents. And if your parents can't help you, you bear them yourself." During Mao Tse-tung's 1966-76 Cultural Revolution, political ideologues attacked psychology as a "pseudoscience" of capitalist expansionists. Hard-liners shut down human behavior research, destroyed psychology libraries and forced human behavior researchers to perform manual labor, such as raising pigs. Yet the post-Mao economic reforms initiated 25 years ago unleashed social forces that have splintered China into a class-based society, and left both the haves and have-nots struggling with immense change. Layoffs. More demands at work. Less time for friends or family. Pressure to keep up with the Fangs. "If the rich are getting richer and the poor getting poorer and you tell people, 'Don't envy rich people,' it won't work," said Wang Kegiang, a therapist in Dalian, a coastal city 290 miles southeast of Beijing. "People still feel unbalanced. "Besides that are all the problems of corruption and the pressure of educating children and unemployment," he said. "All of these problems are causing instability in China, in the society." For many Chinese, the most troubling sign of increasing instability has been a parade of news stories unheard of in years past. Overwrought college students pour acid on zoo animals, kill roommates with a hammer and step in front of trains. The Education Ministry has responded by working on a psychological screening test for incoming university freshmen, and in April 2003, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (news - web sites) issued the country's first professional standards for therapists. Within eight months, it licensed 2,600 psychologists, according to a statement issued by the ministry. "Psychological problems have become a major challenge to people's mental health and an important reason for social instability," the statement said. "And psychotherapy can help people solve their psychological problems using scientific ways and methods." Training in those methods and ways still lags far behind the West, though. Prospective therapists can sit for the licensing exam after 720 hours of study and practice, say those in the field. That compares with a minimum of a master's degree in psychology and 3,000 hours of supervised experience to practice in California. But it's a start, many say, and the regulations will be tightened as the government continues to weed out self-styled shrinks who "rip people off," one government official said. "Many people are doing this because it is a moneymaking market," said Li Yanyan, who works at the government's Research Institute of China Standardization, which is reviewing the therapist regulations for final approval. Legitimate therapists such as Wang, in Dalian, attest to the growing demand. An educator for 30 years, Wang is typical of China's first wave of therapists, many of whom are doctors or teachers and work in the field part time. Wang said he sees clients for 25 hours a week and has tracked demand for his services by the prices they are willing to pay. He doubled his fee to $73 an hour, and "still people have to make appointments and can't get the time" from me. Some parents, he added, willingly pay up to $240 an hour to send their child for help with anxiety before a crucial school exam � a kind of therapeutic doting that he and others said stems from the government's one-child family policy. Enacted in the 1970s, the policy has spawned a wave of youngsters and young adults who have become a core constituency for therapy. Referred to as "little emperors and empresses," many lack the social skills to cope in an increasingly competitive world as they enter college or the workplace.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            "Most of my clients are well-educated. They have money. They need attention. They need people to hear, to listen," said Bi Jinyi, a Beijing therapist with a popular website. "They have to be strong in front of the people they know, but they are weak inside," Bi said. "Most of them need to be told: 'You have no problems! Cut it out! Get to work!' " Bi � who specializes in "love, marriage, divorce and sex" issues � has a master's degree in psychology and tends to clients during evenings and on weekends, after hours from her regular job as a senior non-weaponry purchasing agent for the military. One-third of her clients, she said, need about four sessions to solve their problems. The rest take longer to deal with meatier issues, such as domestic abuse, or attend group counseling sessions, including a relatively new one on road rage. Because there's no Chinese phrase for the condition, Bi calls her gathering the "I-am-so-angry-with-somebody-in-my-way" group. She teaches group members how to control their anger through breathing and visualization. Membership, she said, has swelled each time she has held the five-week session, and at last count was 19. "It's quite popular, you know," she said. Psychologists in general have become more popular in China in part because of the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. To help calm a worried public, they left their offices and took to the airwaves, ran hotlines and visited patients, families and medical personnel in hospitals. Even as their prominence grows, however, Chinese psychologists find they aren't completely content themselves. They want more than a warmed-over version of Freud or other Western therapies to use in a culture with an Eastern take on life. As a result, the government-funded Institute of Psychology, part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is conducting research to come up with guidelines showing what constitutes good mental health in this country. Researchers have also given an Asian twist to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, a widely used psychological assessment test. Psychologists such as Wang Dengfeng say the bigger challenge is to create a new brand of therapy that suits Chinese sensibilities and culture. "Personality is the basis for psychotherapy," said Wang, a Peking University psychology professor. "But the Western personality theory cannot fit the Chinese people and the Chinese culture. People in different cultures think and act differently." Wang, who has studied Chinese personality for 20 years, cited as an example a person who takes risks. In Western personality theory, he would be considered an extrovert, which is a positive thing. But the Chinese would see that person as driven by intense emotion, not a good thing. "The Chinese think: This is not a careful man," he said. Despite such cultural differences, the kind of talk therapy pioneered by Sigmund Freud more than 100 years ago seems to be a good enough fit for some in this post-Mao society. Case in point: Zhang, the radio station employee. Zhang said he decided to look into therapy when he began suffering from a mysterious illness that medical doctors couldn't diagnose. He made contact with Bi, the Beijing therapist, and the two began weekly chats.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Eventually, Bi said, she discovered the cause of his ailment: unresolved guilt from an extramarital affair. Zhang had taken up with another woman because he was angry that his wife's personality soured after marriage. "He wanted the affair to show, hey, you've got to respect me," Bi said. "But after the affair, he was guilty because his wife loved him deeply. So in his subconscious, he persuaded himself that there was something wrong with him. The punishment was feeling sick." Now, after a year of therapy, Zhang has ended his affair, made amends with his wife, and the couple have a 2-month-old daughter.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Zhang said he never gave a second thought to talking to a therapist. "I think the most important thing is that you find a correct way to solve your problems," he said, shrugging off any Confucian reluctance. "I believe that telling the truth is much better than covering


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ WORLD TRENDS, DANGERS & POLICY ISSUES SOME KEY DEFINITIONS Welfarism Welfarism refers to the fact that one situation is preferred over another when the winners can benefit the losers. Multilateralism. Multilateralism is an international cooperative arrangement defined as an "institutional form that coordinates relations among three or more states on the basis of generalized principles of conduct" (Ruggie, 1993:11). Multilateralism may occur in a variety of institutional settings including international organizations, international regimes, and international orders, such as the open trading system of the late nineteenth century or in the era of the global economy of the late twentieth century. Deeper integration Deeper integration occurs when the harmonization of policies moves beyond the removal of border barriers. It is in contrast with shallow integration that is removing border barriers and providing for national treatment (Lawrence, 1997: 59) Internationalization The term internationalization refers to increasing geographical dispersal of the economic activity, whereas globalization implies a degree of 'functional integration' between these dispersed activities (Dicken, 1992)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Globalization The term globalization is normally used to describe the state of multilateral economic relations in the world today. Globalization is generally understood in terms of multilateral trade and reduction of barriers to trade and the flow of goods and services, capital and finance across nations. Globalization can be defined as 'the increasing internationalization of the production, distribution and marketing of goods and services' (Harris 1993). This trend is largely the result of the globalization of financial and capital markets, increased flows of foreign direct investment, the rapid diffusion of new communications technologies and the adoption by multinational enterprises of new organizational forms of production. At the microeconomic level, globalization is defined in terms of ...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            porate strategies of the multinational enterprises, 'strategic alliances' between firms as well as firm competition, and the evolution of global firms and industries (Porter, 1986). Trade creation Trade creation is the effect of a customs union which increases the volume of trade through the elimination of previous trade barriers between members. Trade creation occurs when the joining of a customs union or a free trade area leads to replacement of high-cost domestic production by imports from other members of the agreement. When trade creation occurs, the effect of the economic arrangement on economic welfare is positive. (Lawrence, 1995) Trade diversion Trade diversion is the effect of a customs union in changing the flows of goods and services between countries with increasing volumes going to other members of the union. Trade diversion occurs when joining of an integration arrangement leads to the replacement of low-cost imports from outside the zone with higher-cost goods from member nations. In this case, the effect of the economic arrangement on economic welfare is negative. (Lawrence, 1995) Optimal Tariff Optimal tariff is one that increases a country's welfare by maximizing the return. The tariff that maximizes the difference between the reduction of welfare caused by the distortion of production and consumption and the increase in welfare that results from the improvement in the terms of trade. (Johnson, 1987) Dumping Dumping occurs when a firm or government sell goods at a price below their cost of production with the aim of increasing a market share or avoiding the costs of storage of unsold goods. GATT has an International Antidumping Code, although in some cases, dumping can only be prevented by retaliatory measures such as the imposition of duties or the severing of trading relationships. (Jackson and Vermulst, 1990) Static Effects Static effects are those that arise out of the change in tariffs and the creation of trade preferences, which change relative prices and patterns of production and consumption. The two main static effects are trade creation and trade diversion. Dynamic Effects Dynamic effects are those that arise from increased competition, increasing economies of scale, a stimulus to investment and more efficient use of productive resources. BIBLIOGRAPHY(top) Dicken, P. (1992) Global Shift-The Internationalization of Economic Activity, Second Edition, New York, Guilford Press. Harris, R. G. (1993) 'Globalization, Trade and Income', Canadian Journal of Economics (November). Jackson, J. H. and Vermulst, E. A (eds) (1990) Antidumping Law and Practice. A Comparative Study, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Johnson, Harry G. 1987, 'Optimal Trade Intervention in the Presence of Domestic Distortions.' In International Trade: Selected Readings, edited by Jagdish N. Bhagwati, 235-63, MIT Press. Lawrence, R., (1995) Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration. Integrating National Economies series. Washington: Brookings Institution. Porter, Michael E. (ed.) (1986) Competition in Global Industries, Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Ruggie, J., "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," in John Gerard Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993) SOME KEY DEFINITIONS Welfarism Welfarism refers to the fact that one situation is preferred over another when the winners can benefit the losers. Multilateralism. Multilateralism is an international cooperative arrangement defined as an "institutional form that coordinates relations among three or more states on the basis of generalized principles of conduct" (Ruggie, 1993:11). Multilateralism may occur in a variety of institutional settings including international organizations, international regimes, and international orders, such as the open trading system of the late nineteenth century or in the era of the global economy of the late twentieth century. Deeper integration Deeper integration occurs when the harmonization of policies moves beyond the removal of border barriers. It is in contrast with shallow integration that is removing border barriers and providing for national treatment (Lawrence, 1997: 59) Internationalization The term internationalization refers to increasing geographical dispersal of the economic activity, whereas globalization implies a degree of 'functional integration' between these dispersed activities (Dicken, 1992) Globalization The term globalization is normally used to describe the state of multilateral economic relations in the world today. Globalization is generally understood in terms of multilateral trade and reduction of barriers to trade and the flow of goods and services, capital and finance across nations. Globalization can be defined as 'the increasing internationalization of the production, distribution and marketing of goods and services' (Harris 1993). This trend is largely the result of the globalization of financial and capital markets, increased flows of foreign direct investment, the rapid diffusion of new communications technologies and the adoption by multinational enterprises of new organizational forms of production. At the microeconomic level, globalization is defined in terms of corporate strategies of the multinational enterprises, 'strategic alliances' between firms as well as firm competition, and the evolution of global firms and industries (Porter, 1986). Trade creation Trade creation is the effect of a customs union which increases the volume of trade through the elimination of previous trade barriers between members. Trade creation occurs when the joining of a customs union or a free trade area leads to replacement of high-cost domestic production by imports from other members of the agreement. When trade creation occurs, the effect of the economic arrangement on economic welfare is positive. (Lawrence, 1995) Trade diversion Trade diversion is the effect of a customs union in changing the flows of goods and services between countries with increasing volumes going to other members of the union. Trade diversion occurs when joining of an integration arrangement leads to the replacement of low-cost imports from outside the zone with higher-cost goods from member nations. In this case, the effect of the economic arrangement on economic welfare is negative. (Lawrence, 1995) Optimal Tariff Optimal tariff is one that increases a country's welfare by maximizing the return. The tariff that maximizes the difference between the reduction of welfare caused by the distortion of production and consumption and the increase in welfare that results from the improvement in the terms of trade. (Johnson, 1987) Dumping Dumping occurs when a firm or government sell goods at a price below their cost of production with the aim of increasing a market share or avoiding the costs of storage of unsold goods. GATT has an International Antidumping Code, although in some cases, dumping can only be prevented by retaliatory measures such as the imposition of duties or the severing of trading relationships. (Jackson and Vermulst, 1990) Static Effects Static effects are those that arise out of the change in tariffs and the creation of trade preferences, which change relative prices and patterns of production and consumption. The two main static effects are trade creation and trade diversion. Dynamic Effects Dynamic effects are those that arise from increased competition, increasing economies of scale, a stimulus to investment and more efficient use of productive resources. BIBLIOGRAPHY(top) Dicken, P. (1992) Global Shift-The Internationalization of Economic Activity, Second Edition, New York, Guilford Press. Harris, R. G. (1993) 'Globalization, Trade and Income', Canadian Journal of Economics (November). Jackson, J. H. and Vermulst, E. A (eds) (1990) Antidumping Law and Practice. A Comparative Study, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Johnson, Harry G. 1987, 'Optimal Trade Intervention in the Presence of Domestic Distortions.' In International Trade: Selected Readings, edited by Jagdish N. Bhagwati, 235-63, MIT Press. Lawrence, R., (1995) Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration. Integrating National Economies series. Washington: Brookings Institution. Porter, Michael E. (ed.) (1986) Competition in Global Industries, Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Ruggie, J., "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," in John Gerard Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993) WORLD TRENDS (top) THE REGIONAL ARENA Over the last 10 years there has been a surge in regional trading agreements. Most of the countries in the world have attempted to integrate with other ones. THE GLOBAL ARENA In the Uruguay Round, negotiated between 1986 and 1993, more than one hundred governments agreed to new rules for more open trade in goods and services. They also established the World Trade Organization (WTO) with enhanced enforcement power. THE GLOBAL AND THE REGIONAL ARENAS A majority of countries involved in regional agreements are simultaneously involved in global liberalization arrangements About 90 percent of all the contracting parties in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are signatories to such arrangements (OECD, 1996). Moreover, the founders of GATT recognized the importance of economic integration between countries. Thus, over the past decade, international economic liberalization has been pursued through both multilateral and regional agreements. REGIONAL SCHEMES DOMINATE As the impetus towards competitive liberalization accelerated over the last decade or so, however, the regional approach has increasingly come to dominate the process: The regional option is less time consuming It is less complicated to work out agreeable arrangements with a few neighbors than with over 100 countries in the WTO. Regional groups are willing to liberalize further than global agreements since they are often motivated by priority national security concerns. DANGERS (top) POTENTIAL FOR TRADE CONFLICTS In spite of the fact that regionalism and global liberalization can mutually reinforce each other, the emergence of regional blocs can also conflict with multilateralism. Rivalry among the three major trading blocs of the EU, NAFTA and APEC raises the potential for trade conflicts rather than facilitating global trade negotiations. These powerful trading blocs have big and growing markets that do not make them obliged to respect rules of multilateralism or facilitate their enforcement. As Krueger points out, those who benefit from trade diversion may be inclined to oppose an open multilateral system (Krueger, 1993). PROTECTIONISM HAS INCREASED IN THE THREE MAIN BLOCS The EU is the bloc most likely to withdraw support for multilateralism since its membership is expanding rapidly and intraregional trade is growing more than trade with countries outside the arrangement. The principle of non-discrimination and open competition under GATT is being undermined with the multitude of preferential arrangements that the EU has with other regions (Bhalla, 1997) The Asian bloc could give Japan control over the region's markets. Japan could manage regional specialization in such a way as to inhibit free entry of firms and products from outside. The US activities in the Western Hemisphere also raise concerns for protectionism. There is growing concern that the major pro-free trade nation is moving away from multilateralism and this may have a domino effect. Trade and budget deficits in the US have forced the US to yield to domestic pressures to protect certain sectors from external competition. Threats of trade wars between US-Japan and US-China have been common and barely averted. These potential conflicts represent a threat to multilateralism. POLICY ISSUES (top) Whether regional blocs and multilateral liberalization are conflicting or complementary processes will depend on the policy responses of the European Union, the United States and Japan to the constantly evolving trade and investment environment as well as to domestic constrains. A challenge for policy makers remains to ensure this complementarity. POLICY CHOICES Policy-makers need to ensure that regional trading arrangements remain supportive of the multilateral trading system. The policy choices that ensure that both systems are complementary are those that encourage regional agreements when: They create new trading opportunities They provide momentum for non-discriminatory trade liberalization efforts, especially by not creating special interest groups that would block this momentum They are willing to accept new members BIBLIOGRAPHY (top) Bhalla A., and Bhalla (1997) P., Regional Trading Blocs Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks?, St. Martin's Press, London and New York Krueger, A. O. (1993) 'The Effects of Regional Trading Blocs on World Trade', in Sidney Weintraub et al. (eds), The Challenge of NAFTA: North America, Austria, New Zealand and the World Trade Regime, Austin, University of Texas Krugman, Paul (1991) 'The Move Towards Free Zones' in Policy Implications of Trade and Currency Zones, a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, Wyoming (August) Summers, L. (1991) 'Regionalism and the World Trading System' in Policy Implications of Trade and Currency Zones, a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, Wyoming (August) CASE STUDIES There is no agreement at the moment on whether regionalism and globalization are complementary or competitive. There are those who believe that regional blocs are stepping stones towards a global trading system (Anderson and Blackhurst, 1993; Summers, 1991). Others (Bhagwati, 1993) believe that multilateral trade would have grown faster in the absence of various regional integration agreements. EXPERIENCE COMPLEMENTS THEORY Traditional trade theory offers interesting insides into the benefits and costs of regional arrangements and their dynamics. However, the deeper aspects of these arrangements mean that theory is not enough to understand them. Historical experience thus offers a useful way to complement theory. The EU, NAFTA and APEC will be examined to see whether they provide insides into the question of whether economic arrangements and multilateral ones are conflicting or complementing events. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS UNDERMINE LIBERALIZATION WHEN: They create incentives to protect industries They manipulate the process through special interests, use of scarce negotiator resources, and creation of a political dead end. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS SUPPORT LIBERALIZATION WHEN: They lock in unilateral liberalization. They create larger units that can negotiate more efficiently. They are able to mobilize regional solidarity. They build export constituencies to create domestic political momentum. They encourage competitive liberalization. THE EUROPEAN UNION (Top) Membership (15): Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom. Population (1994): 275 million Output (1994): $7,132 billion at market exchange rates, $6,728 billion at PPP rates. Foreign trade (exports plus imports in 1994): $3,421.1 billion, of which 64 percent was intrabloc. THE EU'S EFFECT ON OUTSIDERS Europe's industrial trading relationships with the rest of the world have grown at the same time that its internal trade has flourished. Thus, the formation of the European Community and its deepening process have resulted in considerable pressures on other members to join the Community. Ireland and Denmark joined because they feared the trade diversion of their agricultural exports after the UK joined in 1973. In 1995, Sweden, Finland and Austria joined the Union because of their dependency on the Community's market, they could not afford to remain out when the market was strengthened. Other countries, such as Greece, Spain and Portugal sought mainly political and economic benefits in joining the Union. Apart from seeking inclusion in the European market and fiscal transfers to the agricultural sector, the three Mediterranean countries joined to secure democracy and stability. (Winters 1992) EU AND LIBERALIZATION The EU case provides some evidence that regionalism can help reinforce multilateral liberalization. First, the EU helped convene the GATT multilateral trade negotiations and then the Kennedy Round (Hufbauer, 1990). The fact that the EU lowered its tariffs after taking part in the GATT negotiations is not consistent with the optimal tariff notion of economic theory, which suggests that a larger body would become protectionist raising barriers to the outside world. EU AND PROTECTIONISM The EC has pursued protectionist policies in certain sectors such as textile, steel and especially agriculture. The EC policy in agriculture provides a clear example that the harmonization of non-market policies can result in a highly protectionist regime. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has generated excessive world market prices as well as huge stocks. There is also some controversy as to whether Europe as a whole has followed more protectionist export policies as a bloc than if each country would have acted independently (Winters, 1992). EU ASSESSMENT The EU is intensively involved in association agreements with countries and blocs outside the Union as well as with members of the multilateral trading system. The impact of Europe's deeper integration has depended on the nature of the policies that have been implemented. When the EU has adopted highly interventionist policies (CAP), it has undermined progress towards a more liberalized agricultural trade system. Similarly, the adoption of protectionist non-tariff barriers has restrained global trade. While tariffs have declined considerably, non-tariff barriers have increased. On the other hand, when the EU has used market-oriented measures (harmonization and mutual recognition of standards) it has resulted in a more open EC market. LINKS Europa: http://europa.eu.int/index.htm European Information Association: http://www.hull.ac.uk:80/php/lbsebd/eia_html/access1.htm World Trade Organization: http://www.wto.org/ World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/ NAFTA (Top) Membership: Canada, Mexico, and the US\ Population (1994): 382 million Output (1994): $7,665 billion at market exchange rates, $8,006 billion at PPP rates Foreign trade (exports plus imports in 1994): $1,720.9 billion, of which 43 percent was intrabloc. SHALLOW INTEGRATION The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), unlike the EU did not reflect the intention of its members to eventually move to a political union. Nor did its member countries seek to form a common market with a single external trade policy and full mobility of labor. NAFTA does not provide for harmonization of competition policies or in including common rules for dumping or subsides or for changing labor and environmental agreements in each country. The agreement does not provide for international oversight of enforcement. In this respect, NAFTA is a much shallower arrangement than the EU. NAFTA AND LIBERALIZATION NAFTA aims at removing all border barriers to trade as well as liberalizing foreign investment and trade in services. The agreement allows for accession by other countries provided that current members approve. The NAFTA agreement provides for no sectoral exceptions for trade goods-except Canadian agriculture-, broad treatment of services, extensive liberalization of investment and obligations on intellectual property rights that passes the WTO. NAFTA is a unique achievement because it implements almost complete free trade between two highly developed economies and a developing country. NAFTA AND PROTECTIONISM Some suggest that those who join NAFTA will experience more trade diversion than trade creation. The most important negative effects of this agreement can arise from the lack of agreements on competition policies and subsidies as well as from the lack of rules of origin. The first would not allow elimination of administered protection through antidumping provisions. The second discriminates against outsiders and thus inhibits the flow of all trade across North American borders. NAFTA's rules of origin are seen as problems because they are likely to increase trade diversion, make further accession into the agreement harder since they are designed with certain trading partners in mind, and are likely to lead to extensive and expensive customs procedures (Krueger 1993a; Vernon, 1994) ASSESSMENT NAFTA's accomplishment in bringing about free trade between a developing country and two highly developed economies is considerable. It has also set in motion a process that is expanding with considerable gravitation force in the Western Hemisphere. Other Latin American countries could join NAFTA. Like in the case of the EU, whether the arrangement has led to more or less global liberalization depends on the policies that have been implemented. Protectionist tendencies have been increasing. However, the empirical evidence suggests that the in the case of NAFTA the scope for trade diversion remains limited since NAFTA members are natural trading partners with current low tariff barriers. The scope for investment diversion can, however, be more than real. Asian Tigers fear that a major amount of US investment might be diverted to Latin America. When NAFTA has practiced liberalization and deregulation it has meant a more open economy for competitors from outside the arrangement. On the contrary, when NAFTA has engaged in protectionist practices, there has been a negative effect on outsiders. LINKS The NAFTA home page: http://iepnt1.itaiep.doc.gov/nafta/nafta2.htm Economic Policy Institute: http://tap.epn.org/epi/nafta_es.html NAFTA net: http://www.nafta.net/naftagre.htm North American Development Bank: http://www.nadbank.org/ APEC (Top) Membership (18): Austria, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States. Population (1994): 2,146 million Output (1994): $14,469 billion at market exchange rates, $16,578 billion at PPP rates. Foreign Trade (exports plus imports in 1994): $3,959.4 billion, of which 74 percent was intrabloc. AN ALTERNATIVE TRADE ARRANGEMENT The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation- APEC- provides a useful alternative to the EU as a way to pursue regional economic integration. APEC represents an interesting case since is not a formal trade agreement but a "community" formed by a diverse group of nations from three continents with the common interest of promoting trade and investment. The Asian countries have been distrustful of regional arrangements as a means to promote regionalism. Since liberalization in Asia has been successful without the need to change their economic institutions, there is no incentive for modeling institutions of countries that have been less successful. The small countries in the area see regional agreements as increasing the possibility of domination by a single power. Whereas, the fear of exclusion of strong powers in the region prevents the small countries from forming their own arrangements. Contrary to other regions, the cost of exclusion from regional agreements has not proven a powerful incentive for the establishment of formal schemes in the region. Since the small economies in the region are rather independent of the relatively open Japanese economy, neither access to the Japanese market nor Japanese protection creates an incentive for the formation of a regional agreement. Since most of the Asian economies still enjoy considerable protection, the adjustment cost and policy changes needed for the creation of a formal regional agreement would be more harmful than beneficial. Trade diversion, in particular would be more prominent than at the moment. APEC AND LIBERALIZATION Since its creation in 1989, APEC has emphasized its member's commitment to "free and open trade and investment in the region". APEC was created under the framework of 'open regionalism', a term in sharp contrast with the inward-looking regionalism that many fear might prevail in the majority of trading blocks-such as the EU and NAFTA. APEC's members are committed to continue reducing barriers to nonmember countries as they move towards free trade in the region. Some of its members have proposed to extend their APEC liberalization to nonmembers unconditionally, since APEC has no intention to become a customs union with a common external trade policy. Trade regionalization and the simultaneous adoption of export-oriented strategies has resulted in positive spillovers in the region since exporters provide markets for neighboring suppliers of inputs. The production process also denotes a high degree of internationalization. Japan provides essential capital goods, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore finance, design, and marketing, Thailand, China, and Indonesia labor-intensive operations. This complementarity has been increased by the trade and investment links existing between various neighboring provinces (Chia and Lee, 1993). Curiously, Asian regional arrangements have being successful in spite of government intervention. For some, significant government involvement and trade restrictions have helped more than hindered the success of these countries regarding trade creation. The Asian economies share their support of the GATT agreement. In fact, GATT has brought many benefits to the Asian countries: The dismantlement of all the border barriers that prevented access of Asian products to the first world, and possibly the liberalization of agriculture. The preferential treatment granted to developing countries has been extended to most Asian countries, what has contributed to the maintenance of considerable domestic policy autonomy regarding import barriers, foreign investment. The abolition by GATT of restrictions used against successful new exporters such as managed trade, especially the use of quota protection-benefited the Asian countries considerably. Given the importance the Asiatic countries give to the separation of trade and politics, the protection from political pressures of stronger trading partners offered by GATT to small countries, proved a useful way to restrain the demands of the US. ASSESMENT Regional trade arrangements in the APEC context lead to more global liberalization through increasing trade liberalization and its antipathy to become an exclusionary bloc. APEC could counteract protectionist tendencies by the other two blocs, the EU and NAFTA and be the main leader in global trade liberalization. Most countries in the region actively support a multilateral trading system. Despite their diversity, and the different degree of intervention and protection, the Asian economies share the support for the multilateral trading system that begun with GATT. LINKS Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: United States APEC Index: http://www.apec.org/ Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Project Opportunities System: http://cher.eda.doc.gov/apec.html APEC Government Procurement: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/govtproc/gphome.html APEC Tariff Database: http://www.apectariff.org/ BIBLIOGRAPHY (Top) Chia, S., and Yuan Lee, T., "Subregional Economic Zones: A New Motive Force in Asia-Pacific Development." In Pacific Dynamism and the International Economic System, edited by C. Fred Bergsten and Marcus Noland, 225-72. Washington: Institute for International Economics. Frankel, J., (1997) Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System, Institute for International Economics, Washington. Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, ed. (1990). Europe 1992: An American Perspective. Brookings. Jovanovic, M., (1998) International Economic Integration, Routledge, London and New York. Lawrence, R., (1995) Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration. Integrating National Economies series. Washington: Brookings Institution. OECD Documents (1996) Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, Paris. Smith, M. (1993)'The North American Free Trade Agreement: Global Impacts', in Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, Anderson and Blackhurst (eds), St. Martin's Press. Winters, A., (1992). "The European Community: A Case of Successful Regional Integration?" World Bank and CEPR Conference on New Dimensions in Regional Integration. Washington: World Bank. Young S. 'East Asia as a Regional Force for Globalism", in Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, Anderson and Blackhurst (eds), St. Martin's Press. *************************************************************** RESEARCH RESULTS: WHAT DO WE KNOW? In seeking liberalization, countries can turn either to their respective geographic region or the global system as a whole. TRADE LIBERALIZATION CAN OCCUR WITHOUT TRADING BLOCKS Trade expansion can occur when countries join a bloc or equally without any such regional integration such as was the case of East Asia where the rapid growth of trade among the countries in the region has grown without government-induced membership of any regional bloc. THE GLOBAL APPROACH TO LIBERALIZATION IS SUPERIOR BUT LESS LIKELY In trade theory it is assumed that the expansion of markets and economies of scale resulting from trade blocs result in an environment for trade expansion that increases welfare for all the member countries. The global approach is superior to the regional one because it maximizes the number of foreign markets involved and avoids the concept of economic distortions of discrimination among trading partners (Bhagwati, 1992) However, the achievement of multilateral liberalization in large negotiations that extend benefits unconditionally to all participating nations may be difficult. Some countries may free ride whereas others will have to carry the cost of liberalization. Obtaining an international consensus on the rules of the game is not likely. THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO LIBERALIZATION IS INFERIOR BUT MORE LIKELY Regional agreements pose fewer obstacles to the achievement of liberalization and thus constitute the second best choice for liberalization. REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS MAY OR MAY NOT BE WELFARE ENHANCING On the one hand, by eliminating barriers among its members, integration schemes can create trade and improve efficiency by shifting production from a high-cost domestic producer to a lower-cost trading partner. On the other hand, regional agreements give members market access on preferential terms and thus can lead to trade diversion, by expanding the production of less efficient members and reducing the production of more efficient outsiders REGIONALISM MAY OR MAY NOT CONFLICT WITH MULTILATERALISM. TRADING BLOCS CAN COMPLEMENT MULTILATERALISM Trade blocs can lead to global free trade faster, more fully and with easier adjustment than the multilateral process (Anderson, K., and Blackhurst, R., 1993) Trade diversion by itself does not necessarily mean that regionalism will conflict with multilateralism. Trade diversion and trade creation can occur at the same time and the former may more than compensate to create a net positive effect on the growth of global trade. TRADING BLOCS CAN CONFLICT WITH MULTILATERALISM There is a risk that integration schemes may turn inward, either for political or short-term economic needs, and thus may restrict the trade of third countries (Krueger, 1993) Trade diversion may lead to the creation of interest groups that would tend to oppose a move towards an open trading system (Krueger, 1995) TRADING BLOCS CAN COMPLEMENT GLOBAL LIBERALIZATION Regional agreements and the multilateral trading system can be complementary as a result of deliberate policy choices. Policy makers are thus responsible for ensuring the complementarity of these two simultaneous events. The policies that ensure the complementarity of the two phenomena are: Trading blocs create new opportunities for trade Trading blocs lead to more trade creation than trade diversion Trading blocs provide momentum for non-discriminatory trade liberalization efforts Trading blocs are open to new members Multilateral trading arrangements are capable of accommodating and disciplining regional trade agreements BIBLIOGRAPHY (top) Anderson, K., and Blackhurst , R., (eds) (1993) Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf. Bhagwati, . J. (1992) 'Threats to the World Trading System', World Economy (July) Krueger, A. O. (1993) 'The Effects of Regional Trading Blocs on World Trade', in Sidney Weintraub et al. (eds), The Challenge of NAFTA: North America, Austria, New Zealand and the World Trade Regime, Austin, University of Texas. Krueger, A. O. (1995) 'NAFTA: Strengthening or Weakening the International Trading System?, in J. Bhagwati and A. O. Krueger, The Dangerous Drift to Preferential Trade Agreements, Washington DC, The American Enterprise Institute. ***************************************************************** BIBLIOGRAPHY MAJOR THEORIES ABOUT THE CONCEPT INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY COMPLETE FREE TRADE COMPLETE FREE TRADE MAXIMIZES WELFARE International trade theory states that in a competitive global economy, complete free trade will maximize global welfare. In trade theory it is assumed that the expansion of markets and economies of scale resulting from trade blocs create an environment for trade expansion which increases the welfare for all member countries. PARTIAL FREE TRADE MAY OR MAY NOT MAXIMIZE WELFARE The effect on welfare of preferential trade agreements that remove the barriers between only a few countries is more ambiguous. In theory, it seems logical to think that regional integration agreements, by removing trade barriers within a group of countries, without raising them to other partners outside the arrangement, seem a right step towards welfare maximization. However, theory has demonstrated that such measures do not necessarily make the world better off neither do they make better off those in the arrangement. THEORY OF THE SECOND BEST Since trade barriers are not the only market imperfection, then we cannot conclude that removing some will be welfare improving. Richard G. Lipsey and Kevin Lancaster proposed the 'general theory of the second best', which considers that reducing some distortions while leaving others does not necessarily increase welfare. If it is impossible to satisfy all the optimum conditions for global free trade, then a change that brings about the satisfaction of some of the optimum conditions-regional agreement- may make things better or worse TRADE CREATION Eliminating internal barriers in a customs union will lead to more trade among partners, and this trade creation adds to welfare (Viner, 1950). TRADE DIVERSION But a customs union could also reduce trade between the members and the rest of the world and this trade diversion could misallocate global resources. WELFARE MAY OR MAY NOT INCREASE WITH TRADE AGREEMENTS Thus, the theory of the second best implies that the rapid growth in the internal trade between members of a customs union does not necessarily mean the union's welfare is being improved. BIBLIOGRAPHY (top) Lipsey, Richard G., and Kevin Lancaster (1956) The General Theory of Second Best'. Review of Economic Studies 24:11-32 Viner, Jacob (1950) The Customs Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (top) From the previous definitions we can extract the basic characteristics of economic integration Economic integration can be described as a process and a means by which a group of countries strive to increase their level of welfare. Integration involves the recognition that partnership between countries can achieve this goal in a more efficient way than by unilateral or independent pursuance of policy in each country. Integration requires at least some division of labor and freedom of movement for goods and services within the group. Higher types of integration arrangements also require free movement of factors of production within the integrated area, as well as certain restrictions on these movements between the integrated area and those outside it. The success and durability of integration requires at least some consultation, if not coordination, of competition, monetary, fiscal and regional development policies. The process of integration may be practically unlimited. Economic integration is an evolving and continuing process more than a limited one. Economic integration is a process by which the economies of separate states merge together in larger entities LEVELS OF INTEGRATION (top) Regional integration arrangements may take different forms depending on the degree of integration between countries. The five main types of regional arrangements are: Free trade area, when two or more states eliminate internal barriers to trade-such as tariffs and border restrictions-while keeping their own external tariffs against non-member states. Customs union, when the member states agree to a common external tariff. The rational for the creation of a customs union is to prevent that all of the goods coming from abroad to the free trade area come through the country with the lowest tariffs. Common market, when countries agree to remove the barriers to the movement of capital and labor. The removal of internal trading barriers would expand the size of the market available to agriculture, industry, and services; thus these sectors would want to expand their operations to other members of the customs union. These would increase investment in those countries as well as the demand for the removal of barriers to the movement of capital and labor. Economic union occurs when countries agree to coordinate their economic policies such as interest rates, stable exchange rates, common policies on inflation, and ultimately a single currency. When citizens move freely among other member states of the common market, the pressure growths for coordinated policies on education, retraining, unemployment benefits pensions, health care, and other services. This in turn would increase the demand for coordinated economic policies and thus the creation of an economic union. Political union occurs when countries agree to common policies in almost every sector, including foreign and defense policy. The demands for economic integration might lead to growing political integration as the governments of the member states worked together more closely. Pressure then would grow to create a political union. BIBLIOGRAPHY (top) Balassa, B. (1973). The Theory of Economic Integration. London: George Allen & Unwin. Jovanovic, M. International Economic Integration Limits and Prospects, Routledge, London & New York, 1998. Holzman, F. (1976) International Trade under Communism. New York: Basic Books. Kahnert, F., Richards, E, Stoutjesdijk and Thomopoulos, P (1969) Economic Integration among Developing Countries. Paris: OECD. Mennis, B. and K. Sauvant (1976) Emerging Forms of Transnational Community. Lexington: Lexington Books. Molle, W (1991) The Economics of European Integration. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Maksimova, M. (1976) 'Comments on paper types of economic integration by B. Balassa' in Economic Integration Worlwide, Regional Sectoral (ed. F. Machlup). London: Macmillan, pp. 32-36. Pinder, J. (1969) 'Problems of European Integration', in Economic Integration in Europe (ed. G. Denton) London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Robson, P. (1987) The Economics of International Integration. London: George Allen and Unwin. Swann, D (1996) European Economic Integration: The Common Market, European Union and beyond. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Establishing and acquiring corporations

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            An agency may establish or acquire a corporation to act as an agency only by or under a law of the United States specifically authorizing the action. Budgets of wholly owned government corporations (a) Each wholly owned government corporation shall prepare and submit each year to the President a business-type budget in a way, and before a date, the President prescribes by regulation for the budget program. (b) The budget program for each wholly owned government corporation shall: (1) contain estimates of the financial condition and operations of the corporation for the current and following fiscal years and the condition and results of operations in the last fiscal year; (2) contain statements of financial condition, income and expense, and sources and use of money, an analysis of surplus or deficit, and additional statements and information to make known the financial condition and operations of the corporation, including estimates of operations by major activities, administrative expenses, borrowings, the amount of United States government capital that will be returned to the Treasury during the fiscal year, and appropriations needed to restore capital impairments; and (3) provide for emergencies and contingencies and otherwise be flexible so that the corporation may carry out its activities. (c) The President shall submit the budget programs submitted by wholly owned Government corporations (as changed by the President) as part of the budget submitted to Congress. The President thereafter may submit changes in a budget program of a corporation at any time. Sec. 9104. Congressional action on budgets of wholly owned Government corporations � (a) Congress shall - � (1) consider budget programs for wholly owned Government corporations the President submits; � (2) make necessary appropriations authorized by law; � (3) make corporate financial resources available for operating and administrative expenses; and � (4) provide for repaying capital and the payment of dividends. � (b) This section does not - � (1) prevent a wholly owned Government corporation from carrying out or financing its activities as authorized under another law; � (2) affect section 26 of the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 (16 U.S.C. 831y); or � (3) affect the authority of a wholly owned Government corporation to make a commitment without fiscal year limitation. Sec. 9105. Audits � (a) � (1) The financial statements of Government corporations shall be audited by the Inspector General of the corporation appointed under the Inspector General Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.), or under other Federal law, or by an independent external auditor, as determined by the Inspector General or, if there is no Inspector General, by the head of the corporation. � (2) Audits under this section shall be conducted in accordance with applicable generally accepted government auditing standards. � (3) Upon completion of the audit required by this subsection, the person who audits the statement shall submit a report on the audit to the head of the Government corporation, to the Chairman of the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives, and to the Chairman of the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate. � (4) The Comptroller General of the United States - � (A) may review any audit of a financial statement conducted under this subsection by an Inspector General or an external auditor; � (B) shall report to the Congress, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the head of the Government corporation which prepared the statement, regarding the results of the review and make any recommendation the Comptroller General of the United States considers appropriate; and � (C) may audit a financial statement of a Government corporation at the discretion of the Comptroller General or at the request of a committee of the Congress. An audit the Comptroller General performs under this paragraph shall be in lieu of the audit otherwise required by paragraph (1) of this subsection. Prior to performing such audit, the Comptroller General shall consult with the Inspector General of the agency which prepared the statement. � (5) A Government corporation shall reimburse the Comptroller General of the United States for the full cost of any audit conducted by the Comptroller General under this subsection, as determined by the Comptroller General. All reimbursements received under this paragraph by the Comptroller General of the United States shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. � (b) Upon request of the Comptroller General of the United States, a Government corporation shall provide to the Comptroller General of the United States all books, accounts, financial records, reports, files, workpapers, and property belonging to or in use by the Government corporation and its auditor that the Comptroller General of the United States considers necessary to the performance of any audit or review under this section. � (c) Activities of the Comptroller General of the United States under this section are in lieu of any audit of the financial transactions of a Government corporation that the Comptroller General is required to make under any other law. Sec. 9107. Accounts � (a) With the approval of the Comptroller General, a Government corporation may consolidate its cash into an account if the cash will be expended as provided by law. � (b) The Secretary of the Treasury shall keep the accounts of a Government corporation. If the Secretary approves, a Federal reserve bank or a bank designated as a depositary or fiscal agent of the United States Government may keep the accounts. The Secretary may waive the requirements of this subsection. � (c) � (1) Subsection (b) of this section does not apply to maintaining a temporary account of not more than $50,000 in one bank. � (2) Subsection (b) of this section does not apply to a mixed-ownership Government corporation when the corporation has no capital of the Government. � (3) Subsection (b) of this section does not apply to the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Central Bank for Cooperatives, the Regional Banks for Cooperatives, or the Federal Land Banks. However, the head of each of those banks shall report each year to the Secretary the names of depositaries where accounts are kept. If the Secretary considers it advisable when an annual report is received, the Secretary may make a written report to the corporation, the President, and Congress. Sec. 9108. Obligations � (a) Before a Government corporation issues obligations and offers obligations to the public, the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe - � (1) the form, denomination, maturity, interest rate, and conditions to which the obligations will be subject; � (2) the way and time the obligations are issued; and � (3) the price for which the obligations will be sold. � (b) A Government corporation may buy or sell a direct obligation of the United States Government, or an obligation on which the principal, interest, or both, is guaranteed, of more than $100,000 only when the Secretary approves the purchase or sale. The Secretary may waive the requirement of this subsection under conditions the Secretary may decide. � (c) The Secretary may designate an officer or employee of an agency to carry out this section if the head of the agency agrees. � (d) � (1) This section does not apply to a mixed-ownership Government corporation when the corporation has no capital of the Government. � (2) Subsections (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the Rural Telephone Bank (when the ownership, control, and operation of the Bank are converted under section 410(a) of the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 950(a))), the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Central Bank for Cooperatives, the Regional Banks for Cooperatives, and the Federal Land Banks. However, the head of each of those banks shall consult with the Secretary before taking action of the kind described in subsection (a) or (b). If agreement is not reached, the Secretary may make a written report to the corporation, the President, and Congress on the reasons for the Secretary's disagreement. Sec. 9108. Obligations � (a) Before a Government corporation issues obligations and offers obligations to the public, the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe - � (1) the form, denomination, maturity, interest rate, and conditions to which the obligations will be subject; � (2) the way and time the obligations are issued; and � (3) the price for which the obligations will be sold. � (b) A Government corporation may buy or sell a direct obligation of the United States Government, or an obligation on which the principal, interest, or both, is guaranteed, of more than $100,000 only when the Secretary approves the purchase or sale. The Secretary may waive the requirement of this subsection under conditions the Secretary may decide. � (c) The Secretary may designate an officer or employee of an agency to carry out this section if the head of the agency agrees. � (d) � (1) This section does not apply to a mixed-ownership Government corporation when the corporation has no capital of the Government. � (2) Subsections (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the Rural Telephone Bank (when the ownership, control, and operation of the Bank are converted under section 410(a) of the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 950(a))), the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Central Bank for Cooperatives, the Regional Banks for Cooperatives, and the Federal Land Banks. However, the head of each of those banks shall consult with the Secretary before taking action of the kind described in subsection (a) or (b). If agreement is not reached, the Secretary may make a written report to the corporation, the President, and Congress on the reasons for the Secretary's disagreement. Sec. 9110. Standards for depository institutions holding securities of a Government-sponsored corporation for customers � (a) The Secretary shall prescribe by regulation standards for the safeguarding and use of obligations that are government securities described in subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 3(a)(42) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such regulations shall apply only to a depository institution that is not a government securities broker or a government securities dealer and that holds such obligations as fiduciary, custodian, or otherwise for the account of a customer and not for its own account. Such regulations shall provide for the adequate segregation of obligations so held, including obligations which are purchased or sold subject to resale or repurchase. � (b) Violation of a regulation prescribed under subsection (a) shall constitute adequate basis for the issuance of an order.


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The ATM swallows your bank card. Widespread power outages darken your state. Nuclear reactors go haywire, air traffic control systems fail, satellites tumble to earth, and worst of all, you can�t watch Seinfeld reruns. ����Those are just some of the calamities predicted for Jan. 1, 2000. ����According to the Congressional General Accounting Office, many of the federal government�s most critical systems will not be fixed in time. ����And when they are, the costs will be astronomical. Estimates range as high as $600 billion worldwide � which ranks the millennium bug among the most expensive disasters in modern history. ���� What exactly is the Y2K bug? Well, back in the 1960s and 1970s, the people who built and programmed computers � huge mainframes back then � didn�t have a lot of computer memory to work with. ����In order to save space, programmers decided to abbreviate the date. Thus, June 12, 1972 became 61272. ����The problem with this solution is that computers can�t distinguish 1900 from 2000. So when Dec. 31, 1999 segues into Jan. 1, 2000, some computers will misread the date as 1900 and either malfunction or shut down entirely. ����Y2K fixes are fairly simple. Making sure that every computer system in the world gets fixed is not. ���� Don�t panic. There�s no need to purchase firearms, stockpile food or convert your cash to gold bullion. But there are certain precautions you should take. ���� Being informed is the best pesticide for the millennium bug. So, ask your bank, your doctor, your credit card company, local utility, government officials, etc. if they�re Y2K-compliant and, if not, what you can do to protect yourself. ����Make hard copies of all important documents such as bank statements and medical records, and download testing software for your own personal computer. ���� And remember, there�s no one answer; each state, city, bank, PC, credit card provider, etc. requires an individual solution. That�s why informing yourself is critical; and this guide is here to help. ���� You'll find Y2K status reports on major institutions in this country and around the world, a compendium of Y2K Web links, live chats with Y2K answer man Mitch Ratcliffe, and much more. ����If you act now, the only thing you'll have to worry about on Jan. 1, 2000 is your hangover. Calamities and Costs EVENT ESTIMATED COST World War II $4.2 trillion Millennium Bug $600 billion Vietnam War $500 billion Kobe Earthquake, 1995$100 billion Los Angeles Earthquake, 1994$60 billion Sources: Gartner Group and Congressional Research Service Regulators Issue Guidelines for New Millennium The customer is clearly distraught as he approaches the teller�s window. �What happens if the bank�s computers go haywire on New Year�s Eve?� he wails. �Will I lose all my money?� ���� Such scenarios are being played out in banks and thrifts across the country � on videotape. Bank managers are using role playing and other training techniques to prepare tellers and other employees for the onslaught of customers� nervous questions on the Year 2000 computer problem. ���� Bankers have been telling people not to panic, trying to counteract doomsday scenarios of millions of Americans draining their bank accounts this year. ATM machines, credit cards, checks and banking services will be functioning normally, industry officials have promised. ���� A group of federal bank regulatory agencies issued guidelines Wednesday to help banks and other financial institutions get that message to their customers. ���� The institutions �can address customer expectations by underscoring that maintaining customer confidence in the financial services system � now and after the Year 2000 � is a top priority of the institution and its senior management,� said the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. Getting the Message Out Banks, S&Ls and credit unions need to make clear to customers what they are doing to ensure that people have access to their money and continue to receive accurate information on their accounts, the government group said. ���� It said the effort could include training of tellers and other employees to answer customers� questions, brochures on Year 2000 issues, toll-free �hot lines� that customers can call, and Year 2000 seminars and Web sites. ���� The group also suggested that financial institutions point out to customers that the Year 2000 date change will not affect their $100,000 federal deposit insurance coverage on each account. ���� �Banks are doing this already and are certainly concerned about getting their message out,� said John Hall, a spokesman for the American Bankers Association, the industry�s biggest trade group. ���� Now that the bulk of technical Year 2000 problems have been solved, Hall said, �We recognize it�s a communication problem.� $50 Billion Into Circulation The Year 2000 problem reflects programming in many older computers that recognizes just the last two digits of a year in reading a date. Machines that haven�t been upgraded are likely to interpret Jan. 1, 2000, as Jan. 1, 1900. ���� The banking industry is spending more than $8 billion to retool its computer systems, which are being tested this year. ���� Industry officials also have warned that withdrawing massive amounts of cash from their accounts could make consumers vulnerable to being robbed. ���� The Federal Reserve has ordered an additional $50 billion of new currency to be put into circulation in the event people make a run on banks and automated teller machines late in the year. Fed governors have assured Congress there will be sufficient cash available to the system to cover a wave of bank withdrawals. ���� By year�s end, $200 billion in currency will be stored in government vaults, up from the $150 billion normally held in reserve. That�s in addition to the $460 billion in notes circulating in the United States and abroad. ���� Sen. Robert Bennett, R-Utah, chairman of a Senate committee on Year 2000 problems, has said the financial services sector � including the banking and securities industries � appears to be �in the best shape� of all the seven priority areas he has identified. ���� The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council is comprised of the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., the National Credit Union Administration, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Office of Thrift Supervision. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@2 Tuesday, March 14, 2000 THE GUARDIAN OF DEMOCRACY Issue No. 1337 His Grace Archbishop Anthony Pantin Pictorial SUCCESSOR: Archbishop Anthony Pantin celebrates High Mass in January 1989 with Bishop John Mendes, right, the man who must now run the Catholic diocese in Trinidad and Tobago following Pantin's death. Share your favorite stories, one-liners and comments on Archbishop Anthony Pantin with The Guardian readers, send them to [email protected] Mendes holds on Selection of a new Archbishop could take up to one year BISHOP John Mendes now shoulders the responsibility of running the Catholic diocese in Trinidad and Tobago.... (Click headline for story) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trains a go-go LNG deal signed at last AFTER months of delay and uncertainty, the government yesterday signed agreements to facilitate the expansion of the US $1.1 billion liquefied natural gas plant at Point Fortin.... (Click headline for story) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pantin to get official funeral LATE Roman Catholic Archbishop Anthony Pantin will be given a three-day official funeral, to start on Thursday.... (Click headline for story) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LORD KITCHENER'S LAST DAYS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Mendes holds on Selection of a new Archbishop could take up to one year By RORY ROSTANT BISHOP John Mendes now shoulders the responsibility of running the Catholic diocese in Trinidad and Tobago. Following the death of Archbishop Anthony Pantin on Sunday, Mendes will assume the governance of the diocese in accordance with Canon 419 of the Code of Canon Law, the Church said in a news release yesterday. The statement said, however, that the appointment was only temporary until a new Bishop is appointed. Senior priest and editor of the Catholic News, Fr Michel de Verteuil, said the College Of Consultors, made up of senior clergy and religious superiors, is expected to meet from today to appoint an administrator of the diocese. The College has eight days to make the appointment. After such an administrator is appointed, only then can the Church proceed with the business of appointing an Archbishop, de Verteuil said. One official said the College could not meet yesterday because a senior priest was out of the country. Fr Angelo Accattino, secretary at the Apostolic Nunciature in Port-of-Spain (the Embassy of the Vatican), said the appointment of a successor could take several months, and perhaps as long as one year, as happened in Barbados, Dominica and French Guiana. Accattino said the Pope knew by 9 am on Sunday of Pantin's death, having been informed by telegram. The Pope was in a spiritual retreat in the Vatican at the time, Accattino said. Asked what was the Pope's response to Pantin's death, Accattino said the Pope does not normally comment, unless it's under extraordinary circumstances. The Nunciature, Accattino said, can only advise on such an appointment, but the final say rests with the Pope. The whole process of selecting an Archbishop is a "very delicate one," Accattino said, noting that the Nunciature can consult with anybody on the selection of its candidates. Likewise, anybody can send the names of candidates to the Nunciature - but in the end it is the Holy Father who has the final word on the selection of a Bishop, he added. Accattino pointed out that this process of consultation will begin in the next few weeks. Asked about the priests whose names have cropped up in the wake of Pantin's death - Fr Garfield Rochard, Fr Christian Pereira, Fr Clyde Harvey and Fr Michel de Verteuil - Accattino said, "It could be one of these, or it could be anybody." He noted, too, that the successor to Pantin could be either a priest or a Bishop. An appointment, he said, can even come from outside the country. The Bishop of Nassau, Bahamas, Lawrence Burke, is from Jamaica; Bishop of Barbados, Malcolm Galt, is from Trinidad and Bishop of Dominica, Edward Gilbert, is an American. "We can't rush things like these," Accattino said. "The Bishop is the engine of the Catholic community and the person who best fits that niche will be the one chosen," he added. Describing Pantin as a "great and holy man," Accattino said he was one of the men who brought Catholics and non-Catholics together. "He was a gift to the Catholic community," he added. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ THE UNIT-A SUMMARY OF CONTENT


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Upgrade your networking software, hardware, and computer environment in order to minimize hazards and to meet legal and ethical standards.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PowerPoint slides and images used as visuals enhance interest and learning about the content of this multi-faceted thematic unit. In this project you will be given several Powerpoint slides and asked to use the "Notes Page" View of each slide and design and type a summary page based on several slides of a presentation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            LESSON CONTENT MATERIAL.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            SECURITY

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Allowing for access to shared data raises the problem of security. Before putting information on a network, decisions must be made as to who will have access to what data and the level of security required. Adequate security controls must be implemented in the network software. If the network is accesible through a dial-up connection or the Internet, security concerns are multiplied. Security "firewalls" can be set up in which a single computer is directly connected to the Internet. Files are transferred between the Internet computer and network under tight security control. Not all threats to network security come from outside the organization. Procedures must be in place to protect data from theft or damage by disgruntled or terminated employees. Employees may bring in illegal copies of software and install them on their workstations, possibly making them available for others to copy. A company may then be held liable for software piracy.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Y2K is COMING!...Let's COUNT...THE NEW MILLENIUM!!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Back to News headlines >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            READ THE GUARDIAN NEWS !!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            INFOGRAPHICS-AN EXPLOSIVE PRESENTATION!...Click HERE TO VIEW MORE IMAGES.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            HOME-LESSON.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT AND THINK ABOUT A GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            THIS IS THE END OF THE LESSONS.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            GOOD-BYE UNTIL WE TALK ON-LINE AGAIN.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Study the paragraph below and think of different images that can be used to make Powerpoint slides for a presentation on the content material.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sample Readings

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A Critique of Cooperative Learning Methods.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            An eclectic approach to teaching!...Say this in images!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Confucius, a Chinese philosopher taught that teachers should use different teaching methods to match the learning styles of students. In China, teacher presentation is the primary teaching method used today.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cooperative learning as a teaching method has a special meaning for today's Chinese teenagers and children. In 1975 China adopted a one-child per family policy as a birth control measure in order to check on the fast growing population.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            As Yang (1994) stated " the only child has strong intention of egoism. Such an "only-child" may not know how to cooperate with their peers at school. Cooperative learning should be encouraged in China in order to prepare them for a successful life in the future. For Mao Tse-tung, education was a comprehensive process that was ideologically connected to the political and economic goals of the society he envisioned. The school system that Mao Tse-tung helped to create in the People's Republic of China emphasized the relationship between politics and education. School is indeed a miniature society.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            BOYS AND GIRLS COOPERATE TO LEARN AND LEARN TO COOPERATE!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Ask the students whether they understand the instructions. The teacher says"Are you all getting excited?"

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            You can explore and review your previous lessons on Powerpoint for home-lessons. OK.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            THANK YOU VERY MUCH.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            HOUSE POLICY!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CLICK Back To The Top Of Document!




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            GRADE 1



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            SAFETY RULES ON-LINE/STANDARD/DIAL EMERGENCY!







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CLICKEAR THIS HYPERTEXT LINK NOW!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            THANK YOU!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CLICK BACK ON THE BROWSER,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            FORWARD TO GO FASTER!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            "STOP" TO THINK AGAIN.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            DON'T HIT ENTER!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            NEVER CLICK "HOME" NOR SHELTER!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CLICK BACK TO THE TOP OF DOCUMENT!





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            BIBLE!...STANDARDS IN EDUCATION.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            THE LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER FOR KIDS! HOME LESSON

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            HOME LESSON----


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            SELECT YOUR IMAGE HERE!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            BOYS AND GIRLS COOPERATE TO LEARN AND LEARN TO COOPERATE!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            UPDATES!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            THIS LITTLE SEED


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            How does it know....?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            This little seed,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            if it is to grow.....?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            To a tree with long deep roots...?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Where do you suppose it stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            up all the things it knows?


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            BOYS AND GIRLS COOPERATE TO LEARN AND LEARN TO COOPERATE!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            MATH WORD PROBLEM

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            John+Pedro have 4 maternal uncles and 8 paternal uncles!!!!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CLICK THERE!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            JOHN+PEDRO only have 1 favorite maternal uncle.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            HOW MANY UNCLES REMAINING ARE NOT FAVORITE?

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ANSWER:-----------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CLICK HERE FOR THE ANSWER!......SEARCH THE DATABASE!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CLICK Back To The Top Of Document!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            HOME LESSON




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            STORY HOUR FOR KIDS!.....COMING SOON!






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            INTERDISCIPLINARY LESSONS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            *****************************************************************


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            DON'T USE BIG WORDS!.....


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            When you are asked to make an oration in an auditorium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            DON'T USE BIG WORDS!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            LET THE SIMPLICITY OF YOUR VOCABULARY BE PROMINENTLY EMINENT.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            DO NOT VOCIFERATE!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            DO NOT PROPOUND PARADOXICAL PROPOSITIONS!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            REMEMBER THAT THE OBJECT OF YOUR ORATION IS FOR THE EDIFICATION OF YOUR AUDIENCE.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            REMEMBER TOO, THAT THEY ARE NOT A CONGLUMERATION OF LEXICOGRAPHERS, DICTIONARIANS, NOR PREAMBULATING ENCYCLOPEDIAS!....


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            DESIGNER IS FROM TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BUT I HAVE LINKS TO THE WHOLE WORLD!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            *****************************************************************
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sound in the form of music allows some communication with individuals.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            One can synchronise a movie so that the music plays until the end of the video clip.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            AUTHORING SYSTEMS allow you to integrate graphics,text,video, and audio into one presentation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A THOUGHT ABOUT ANIMATION!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Breathing life into characters can be pretty tricky!



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            TECHNOLOGY HAS PROVIDED THE TOOLS TO EXPAND THE POTENTIAL FOR ANIMATION TO A VAST MARKET SINCE SUSPENSE AND ACTION CAN BE INCLUDED FOR REAL CHARACTERS!



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CLICK Back To The Top Of Document!




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            I am from TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO...EXPLORE!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (HOME-LESSON/JAN. 1998)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            *****************************************************************


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            MATHEMATICS!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2+2=4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            6-1=5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            8-3=5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1+1=2



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            LANGUAGE ARTS! DR MARTIN LUTHER KING,Jr.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            When he was a child he was a good reader.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            When he was an adult he became a good leader.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            When he was a child, he listened to the teacher.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            When he was an adult he became a preacher.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Remember that there are two distinct functions involving words in desktop publishing:writing, or composing the words themselves, and layout, or arranging the words on the page.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            With some desktop publishing programs one can type text in a Text Block and then select and rotate the entire Block to a specified degree. Another option is to create the rotated text in a graphics program and then import it as a graphic.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CONTORED TEXT.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Placing text in some overall shape is a much more limited special effect than a rotated text. In some situations, the impact of contored text can be very dramatic!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            HOW CAN HYPERTEXT MAKE A PRODUCT MORE INTERACTIVE?

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hypertext or underlined words are those you can click on to move to another screen or see another option.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR JUAN CARRETERO.....AND HIS LOVE FOR TEACHING USING INTERNET LESSONS!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            IMAGINE A SCHOOL WHERE..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Students have access to infinite knowledge.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Parents can communicate with teachers during the day.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            School is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Classrooms have no walls.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            School to work transition can occur without the student leaving the school.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Money and resources is no problem

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A GUESS....THE INTERNET!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Below is a computer program called FAMILY


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            /* family.ari family relations Bratko pg4 */ parent(pam,bob). parent(tom,bob). parent(tom,liz). parent(bob,ann). parent(bob,pat). parent(pat,jim). female(pam). male(tom). male(bob). female(liz). female(pat). female(ann). male(jim). mother(X,Y) :- parent(X,Y) , female(X). grandparent(X,Z) :- parent(X,Y), parent(Y,Z). sister(X,Y) :- parent(Z,X) , parent(Z,Y) , female(X), X\=Y. /* queries: parent(bob,pat) parent(liz,pat) parent(tom,ben). parent(X,liz). parent(bob,X). parent(X,Y) find X such that X is a parent of Y parent(Y,jim) , parent(X,Y). parent(X,ann) , parent(X,pat). mother(X,bob). mother(X,liz). sister(ann,pat). sister(X,pat). What's problem with this????? */
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hassles Scale. > > I just did this in my psychology class which is > compulsory for all Doctoral candidates. > > Please think about how much of a hassle each item > was for you yesterday by circling the appropriate > number by each item. > > > How much of a hassle was this item for you > yesterday? > > 0=none or not applicable > 1=somewhat > 2=quite a bit > 3=a great deal > > > 0 1 2 3 A. Your children. > > > 0 1 2 3 B. Your parents or parents-in-law > > > 0 1 2 3 C. Other relative(s) > > > 0 1 2 3 D. Your spouse. > > > 0 1 2 3 E. Time spent with your family. > > > 0 1 2 3 F.Health or well-being of a family > member. > > > 0 1 2 3 G. Sex. > > > 0 1 2 3 H. Intimacy. > > > 0 1 2 3 I. Family-related obligation(s) > > > 0 1 2 3 J. Your friend(s) > > > 0 1 2 3 K. Fellow workers > > > 0 1 2 3 L. Clients, supervisors, patients, > etc. > > > 0 1 2 3 M. Your supervisor or employer. > > > 0 1 2 3 N. The nature of your work. > > > 0 1 2 3 O. Your work load. > > > 0 1 2 3 P. Your job security. > > > 0 1 2 3 Q.Meeting deadlines or goals on the > job. > > > 0 1 2 3 R. Enough money for basics-food,house > > > > 0 1 2 3 S. Enough money for education. > > > 0 1 2 3 T. Enough money for emergencies. > > > 0 1 2 3 U. Financial care for someone who > does > > - - - - not live with you. > > > 0 1 2 3 V. Investments > > > 0 1 2 3 W. Your physical appearance. > > > 0 1 2 3 X. Your environment. > > > 0 1 2 3 Y. Your neighbourhood. > > > 0 1 2 3 Z. Home Repairs. > > > 0 1 2 3 A2. Housework > > > 0 1 2 3 A3 Home repairs. > > > 0 1 2 3 A4. Car maintenance. > > > 0 1 2 3 A5. Paying Bills. > > > 0 1 2 3 A6. Home entertainment. > > > 0 1 2 3 A7. Amount of free time. > > > 0 1 2 3 A8. Recreation. > > > 0 1 2 3 A9. Eating (at home) > > > 0 1 2 3 A10. Church or community > _ _ _ _ organizations > > > >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0 1 2 3 A. Legal Matters

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0 1 2 3 A. Being organized

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0 1 2 3 A. Social commitments.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The Online Classroom Project. URL Address is below: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/2086/geobook.html

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Additional Comments.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Is there anything you would like added to or deleted from this course?


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            My personal objectives for attending this on-line course were met.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ________________________________________________________
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            _______________________________________________________________

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            How many hours per day or per week do you spend on the computer? _________________________________________________________________



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            METHODOLOGY.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The researcher will combine an individualized CAI approach using the software PowerPoint, questionnaires, interviews, appropriate to this study.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            This Powerpoint slide presentation is a visual way of presenting ideas and concepts on a computer screen. This is a contrast to the text mode without graphics.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            LESSON PLANS/TEACHER EXCHANGE PROGRAM!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            TIMELINE FOR LESSONS-AN OUTLINE OF WEEK 1.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            September 8th, 1999-September 15th, 1999-Confirmation of Proficiency in using Powerpoint.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Complete the skills checklist on Powerpoint and send it back to me by e-mail.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CONCEPT TAUGHT- Images used in teaching this content area enhances interest. This technology also enhances visual literacy.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            VIEW AN IMAGE OF A FLYER!


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Language Arts.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Mathematics.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Write a poem about images you would use in Networking and send it to me by e-mail.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PROCEDURE.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            SET INDUCTION.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Ask students to view one graphical image linked from the first Powerpoint slide given which is linked to the Internet or by clicking on the hypertext below.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            I CAN LEARN ABOUT INFOGRAPHICS...CLICK HERE.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Discuss the responses to the questions at the end of the lesson.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            SAMPLE LESSON PLAN.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            LESSON 1


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            E-MAIL Me [email protected]

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PSYCHO WARD::

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hi. Just a few beginning notes. This is my first creation. You can call it "Psycho Ward 1.0" if you want. This website is DEFINITELY best viewed using an 800*600 screen resolution. Secondly, it was made using Microsoft Frontpage 2000 & 2002 so it was made for the IE5.0+ group. Yes, I admit to stealing some graphics, for those of you who noticed. I must also apologise for it's drabness, which is as a result of my lack of a single creative bone in my body. Also forgive the pop-ups. I do not possess my own computer so I must work with the free shit. And yuh know how trini like free ting. Hopefully as my knowledge grows, so will my talents. See yuh on the inside.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Blue-eyed boy meets a brown-eyed girl.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (Oh, the sweetest thing.)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            You can sew it up, but you still see the tear.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (Oh, the sweetest thing.)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Baby's got blue skies up ahead
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            But in this, I'm a rain-cloud,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Ours is a stormy kind of love.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (Oh, the sweetest thing.)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Shopping: Products for Cats on Yahoo! Shopping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Pictures: find Cats Pictures on Yahoo! Picture Gallery




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mammals > Cats • Shopping > Animals > Cats • Mammals > Wild Cats • List "cat" results by location


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Web Site Matches 1 - 20 of 3028 | Next 20

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cat Fanciers - information about caring for cats, breeds, shows, genetics, breed rescue, catteries, and other topics. http://www.fanciers.com/ More sites about: Mammals > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sagwa, The Chinese Siamese Cat - animated adventures from afar brought by PBS. http://pbskids.org/sagwa/ More sites about: Children's TV Shows

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Feral Cat Coalition - information related to spay, neuter, release programs for feral cats. Also general info of interest to those dealing with cats. http://www.feralcat.com/ More sites about: California > San Diego > Humane and Rescue Societies

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Hobie Cat - manufacturers of small and mid size catamarans for racing and cruising. http://www.hobiecat.com More sites about: Sailing > Hobie Cat Makers

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Dharma The Cat - philosophical cartoon site that also has an Inter-Faith Forum, Humor and an introduction to Buddhism. http://www.DharmaTheCat.com More sites about: Religion Humor > Buddhist Humor


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cat Stuff - with graphics, humor, and stories. http://www.xmission.com/~emailbox/catstuff.htm More sites about: Mammals > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cat Fanciers' Association http://www.cfainc.org/
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            More sites about: Cat Fanciers' Association

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cat Gift Store - offers gifts for cat lovers. http://www.catgiftstore.com/ More sites about: Gifts > Thematic > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Alley Cat Allies - promotes compassion and humane care for America's feral cat population and advocates a trap-neuter-release program. http://www.alleycat.org More sites about: Feral Cat Humane and Rescue Societies

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            NetVet - Cat http://netvet.wustl.edu/cats.htm More sites about: Cats > Web Directories

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Black Cat Systems - currently offering a nutritional program, as well as science and ham radio related programs. http://www.blackcatsystems.com/ More sites about: B2B > Operating Systems > Macintosh


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Action Cat - free animated, original, and colorful postcards, featuring animals and seasonal themes. http://www.actioncat.com/ More sites about: Virtual Cards > Cats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sierra Endangered Cat Haven - an innovative park dedicated to the preservation of wild cats, specializing in education and promoting both captive and range country conservation. http://www.cathaven.com More sites about: California > Sierra Nevada > Wildlife

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cat Boxing - round after round of feline fighting! http://www.catboxing.com/ More sites about: Humor > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Cat Scan Contest - displays entries and winners in a contest of images of digitally scanned cats. http://www.cat-scan.com/ More sites about: Humor > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The International Cat Association (TICA) http://www.tica.org/ More sites about: The International Cat Association

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PetStation's Cat Cabana - articles, photos and much more about all types of cats. http://petstation.com/cats.html More sites about: Mammals > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Care for My Cat - offers information about cat health, care, behavior, and more. http://www.care-for-my-cat.com/ More sites about: Pet Health > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Blue Cat Design - new media design, Web marketing, Web site revision, multimedia. http://www.bluecatdesign.com/ More sites about: Canada > Ontario > Toronto > B2B > Internet and World Wide Web

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1 - 20 of 3028 | Next 20



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            WORLD TRENDS, DANGERS & POLICY ISSUES SOME KEY DEFINITIONS Welfarism Welfarism refers to the fact that one situation is preferred over another when the winners can benefit the losers. Multilateralism. Multilateralism is an international cooperative arrangement defined as an "institutional form that coordinates relations among three or more states on the basis of generalized principles of conduct" (Ruggie, 1993:11). Multilateralism may occur in a variety of institutional settings including international organizations, international regimes, and international orders, such as the open trading system of the late nineteenth century or in the era of the global economy of the late twentieth century. Deeper integration Deeper integration occurs when the harmonization of policies moves beyond the removal of border barriers. It is in contrast with shallow integration that is removing border barriers and providing for national treatment (Lawrence, 1997: 59) Internationalization The term internationalization refers to increasing geographical dispersal of the economic activity, whereas globalization implies a degree of 'functional integration' between these dispersed activities (Dicken, 1992) Globalization The term globalization is normally used to describe the state of multilateral economic relations in the world today. Globalization is generally understood in terms of multilateral trade and reduction of barriers to trade and the flow of goods and services, capital and finance across nations. Globalization can be defined as 'the increasing internationalization of the production, distribution and marketing of goods and services' (Harris 1993). This trend is largely the result of the globalization of financial and capital markets, increased flows of foreign direct investment, the rapid diffusion of new communications technologies and the adoption by multinational enterprises of new organizational forms of production. At the microeconomic level, globalization is defined in terms of corporate strategies of the multinational enterprises, 'strategic alliances' between firms as well as firm competition, and the evolution of global firms and industries (Porter, 1986). Trade creation Trade creation is the effect of a customs union which increases the volume of trade through the elimination of previous trade barriers between members. Trade creation occurs when the joining of a customs union or a free trade area leads to replacement of high-cost domestic production by imports from other members of the agreement. When trade creation occurs, the effect of the economic arrangement on economic welfare is positive. (Lawrence, 1995) Trade diversion Trade diversion is the effect of a customs union in changing the flows of goods and services between countries with increasing volumes going to other members of the union. Trade diversion occurs when joining of an integration arrangement leads to the replacement of low-cost imports from outside the zone with higher-cost goods from member nations. In this case, the effect of the economic arrangement on economic welfare is negative. (Lawrence, 1995) Optimal Tariff Optimal tariff is one that increases a country's welfare by maximizing the return. The tariff that maximizes the difference between the reduction of welfare caused by the distortion of production and consumption and the increase in welfare that results from the improvement in the terms of trade. (Johnson, 1987) Dumping Dumping occurs when a firm or government sell goods at a price below their cost of production with the aim of increasing a market share or avoiding the costs of storage of unsold goods. GATT has an International Antidumping Code, although in some cases, dumping can only be prevented by retaliatory measures such as the imposition of duties or the severing of trading relationships. (Jackson and Vermulst, 1990) Static Effects Static effects are those that arise out of the change in tariffs and the creation of trade preferences, which change relative prices and patterns of production and consumption. The two main static effects are trade creation and trade diversion. Dynamic Effects Dynamic effects are those that arise from increased competition, increasing economies of scale, a stimulus to investment and more efficient use of productive resources. BIBLIOGRAPHY(top) Dicken, P. (1992) Global Shift-The Internationalization of Economic Activity, Second Edition, New York, Guilford Press. Harris, R. G. (1993) 'Globalization, Trade and Income', Canadian Journal of Economics (November). Jackson, J. H. and Vermulst, E. A (eds) (1990) Antidumping Law and Practice. A Comparative Study, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Johnson, Harry G. 1987, 'Optimal Trade Intervention in the Presence of Domestic Distortions.' In International Trade: Selected Readings, edited by Jagdish N. Bhagwati, 235-63, MIT Press. Lawrence, R., (1995) Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration. Integrating National Economies series. Washington: Brookings Institution. Porter, Michael E. (ed.) (1986) Competition in Global Industries, Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Ruggie, J., "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," in John Gerard Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993) SOME KEY DEFINITIONS Welfarism Welfarism refers to the fact that one situation is preferred over another when the winners can benefit the losers. Multilateralism. Multilateralism is an international cooperative arrangement defined as an "institutional form that coordinates relations among three or more states on the basis of generalized principles of conduct" (Ruggie, 1993:11). Multilateralism may occur in a variety of institutional settings including international organizations, international regimes, and international orders, such as the open trading system of the late nineteenth century or in the era of the global economy of the late twentieth century. Deeper integration Deeper integration occurs when the harmonization of policies moves beyond the removal of border barriers. It is in contrast with shallow integration that is removing border barriers and providing for national treatment (Lawrence, 1997: 59) Internationalization The term internationalization refers to increasing geographical dispersal of the economic activity, whereas globalization implies a degree of 'functional integration' between these dispersed activities (Dicken, 1992) Globalization The term globalization is normally used to describe the state of multilateral economic relations in the world today. Globalization is generally understood in terms of multilateral trade and reduction of barriers to trade and the flow of goods and services, capital and finance across nations. Globalization can be defined as 'the increasing internationalization of the production, distribution and marketing of goods and services' (Harris 1993). This trend is largely the result of the globalization of financial and capital markets, increased flows of foreign direct investment, the rapid diffusion of new communications technologies and the adoption by multinational enterprises of new organizational forms of production. At the microeconomic level, globalization is defined in terms of corporate strategies of the multinational enterprises, 'strategic alliances' between firms as well as firm competition, and the evolution of global firms and industries (Porter, 1986). Trade creation Trade creation is the effect of a customs union which increases the volume of trade through the elimination of previous trade barriers between members. Trade creation occurs when the joining of a customs union or a free trade area leads to replacement of high-cost domestic production by imports from other members of the agreement. When trade creation occurs, the effect of the economic arrangement on economic welfare is positive. (Lawrence, 1995) Trade diversion Trade diversion is the effect of a customs union in changing the flows of goods and services between countries with increasing volumes going to other members of the union. Trade diversion occurs when joining of an integration arrangement leads to the replacement of low-cost imports from outside the zone with higher-cost goods from member nations. In this case, the effect of the economic arrangement on economic welfare is negative. (Lawrence, 1995) Optimal Tariff Optimal tariff is one that increases a country's welfare by maximizing the return. The tariff that maximizes the difference between the reduction of welfare caused by the distortion of production and consumption and the increase in welfare that results from the improvement in the terms of trade. (Johnson, 1987) Dumping Dumping occurs when a firm or government sell goods at a price below their cost of production with the aim of increasing a market share or avoiding the costs of storage of unsold goods. GATT has an International Antidumping Code, although in some cases, dumping can only be prevented by retaliatory measures such as the imposition of duties or the severing of trading relationships. (Jackson and Vermulst, 1990) Static Effects Static effects are those that arise out of the change in tariffs and the creation of trade preferences, which change relative prices and patterns of production and consumption. The two main static effects are trade creation and trade diversion. Dynamic Effects Dynamic effects are those that arise from increased competition, increasing economies of scale, a stimulus to investment and more efficient use of productive resources. BIBLIOGRAPHY(top) Dicken, P. (1992) Global Shift-The Internationalization of Economic Activity, Second Edition, New York, Guilford Press. Harris, R. G. (1993) 'Globalization, Trade and Income', Canadian Journal of Economics (November). Jackson, J. H. and Vermulst, E. A (eds) (1990) Antidumping Law and Practice. A Comparative Study, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Johnson, Harry G. 1987, 'Optimal Trade Intervention in the Presence of Domestic Distortions.' In International Trade: Selected Readings, edited by Jagdish N. Bhagwati, 235-63, MIT Press. Lawrence, R., (1995) Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration. Integrating National Economies series. Washington: Brookings Institution. Porter, Michael E. (ed.) (1986) Competition in Global Industries, Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Ruggie, J., "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," in John Gerard Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993) WORLD TRENDS (top) THE REGIONAL ARENA Over the last 10 years there has been a surge in regional trading agreements. Most of the countries in the world have attempted to integrate with other ones. THE GLOBAL ARENA In the Uruguay Round, negotiated between 1986 and 1993, more than one hundred governments agreed to new rules for more open trade in goods and services. They also established the World Trade Organization (WTO) with enhanced enforcement power. THE GLOBAL AND THE REGIONAL ARENAS A majority of countries involved in regional agreements are simultaneously involved in global liberalization arrangements About 90 percent of all the contracting parties in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are signatories to such arrangements (OECD, 1996). Moreover, the founders of GATT recognized the importance of economic integration between countries. Thus, over the past decade, international economic liberalization has been pursued through both multilateral and regional agreements. REGIONAL SCHEMES DOMINATE As the impetus towards competitive liberalization accelerated over the last decade or so, however, the regional approach has increasingly come to dominate the process: The regional option is less time consuming It is less complicated to work out agreeable arrangements with a few neighbors than with over 100 countries in the WTO. Regional groups are willing to liberalize further than global agreements since they are often motivated by priority national security concerns. DANGERS (top) POTENTIAL FOR TRADE CONFLICTS In spite of the fact that regionalism and global liberalization can mutually reinforce each other, the emergence of regional blocs can also conflict with multilateralism. Rivalry among the three major trading blocs of the EU, NAFTA and APEC raises the potential for trade conflicts rather than facilitating global trade negotiations. These powerful trading blocs have big and growing markets that do not make them obliged to respect rules of multilateralism or facilitate their enforcement. As Krueger points out, those who benefit from trade diversion may be inclined to oppose an open multilateral system (Krueger, 1993). PROTECTIONISM HAS INCREASED IN THE THREE MAIN BLOCS The EU is the bloc most likely to withdraw support for multilateralism since its membership is expanding rapidly and intraregional trade is growing more than trade with countries outside the arrangement. The principle of non-discrimination and open competition under GATT is being undermined with the multitude of preferential arrangements that the EU has with other regions (Bhalla, 1997) The Asian bloc could give Japan control over the region's markets. Japan could manage regional specialization in such a way as to inhibit free entry of firms and products from outside. The US activities in the Western Hemisphere also raise concerns for protectionism. There is growing concern that the major pro-free trade nation is moving away from multilateralism and this may have a domino effect. Trade and budget deficits in the US have forced the US to yield to domestic pressures to protect certain sectors from external competition. Threats of trade wars between US-Japan and US-China have been common and barely averted. These potential conflicts represent a threat to multilateralism. POLICY ISSUES (top) Whether regional blocs and multilateral liberalization are conflicting or complementary processes will depend on the policy responses of the European Union, the United States and Japan to the constantly evolving trade and investment environment as well as to domestic constrains. A challenge for policy makers remains to ensure this complementarity. POLICY CHOICES Policy-makers need to ensure that regional trading arrangements remain supportive of the multilateral trading system. The policy choices that ensure that both systems are complementary are those that encourage regional agreements when: They create new trading opportunities They provide momentum for non-discriminatory trade liberalization efforts, especially by not creating special interest groups that would block this momentum They are willing to accept new members BIBLIOGRAPHY (top) Bhalla A., and Bhalla (1997) P., Regional Trading Blocs Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks?, St. Martin's Press, London and New York Krueger, A. O. (1993) 'The Effects of Regional Trading Blocs on World Trade', in Sidney Weintraub et al. (eds), The Challenge of NAFTA: North America, Austria, New Zealand and the World Trade Regime, Austin, University of Texas Krugman, Paul (1991) 'The Move Towards Free Zones' in Policy Implications of Trade and Currency Zones, a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, Wyoming (August) Summers, L. (1991) 'Regionalism and the World Trading System' in Policy Implications of Trade and Currency Zones, a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, Wyoming (August) CASE STUDIES There is no agreement at the moment on whether regionalism and globalization are complementary or competitive. There are those who believe that regional blocs are stepping stones towards a global trading system (Anderson and Blackhurst, 1993; Summers, 1991). Others (Bhagwati, 1993) believe that multilateral trade would have grown faster in the absence of various regional integration agreements. EXPERIENCE COMPLEMENTS THEORY Traditional trade theory offers interesting insides into the benefits and costs of regional arrangements and their dynamics. However, the deeper aspects of these arrangements mean that theory is not enough to understand them. Historical experience thus offers a useful way to complement theory. The EU, NAFTA and APEC will be examined to see whether they provide insides into the question of whether economic arrangements and multilateral ones are conflicting or complementing events. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS UNDERMINE LIBERALIZATION WHEN: They create incentives to protect industries They manipulate the process through special interests, use of scarce negotiator resources, and creation of a political dead end. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS SUPPORT LIBERALIZATION WHEN: They lock in unilateral liberalization. They create larger units that can negotiate more efficiently. They are able to mobilize regional solidarity. They build export constituencies to create domestic political momentum. They encourage competitive liberalization. THE EUROPEAN UNION (Top) Membership (15): Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom. Population (1994): 275 million Output (1994): $7,132 billion at market exchange rates, $6,728 billion at PPP rates. Foreign trade (exports plus imports in 1994): $3,421.1 billion, of which 64 percent was intrabloc. THE EU'S EFFECT ON OUTSIDERS Europe's industrial trading relationships with the rest of the world have grown at the same time that its internal trade has flourished. Thus, the formation of the European Community and its deepening process have resulted in considerable pressures on other members to join the Community. Ireland and Denmark joined because they feared the trade diversion of their agricultural exports after the UK joined in 1973. In 1995, Sweden, Finland and Austria joined the Union because of their dependency on the Community's market, they could not afford to remain out when the market was strengthened. Other countries, such as Greece, Spain and Portugal sought mainly political and economic benefits in joining the Union. Apart from seeking inclusion in the European market and fiscal transfers to the agricultural sector, the three Mediterranean countries joined to secure democracy and stability. (Winters 1992) EU AND LIBERALIZATION The EU case provides some evidence that regionalism can help reinforce multilateral liberalization. First, the EU helped convene the GATT multilateral trade negotiations and then the Kennedy Round (Hufbauer, 1990). The fact that the EU lowered its tariffs after taking part in the GATT negotiations is not consistent with the optimal tariff notion of economic theory, which suggests that a larger body would become protectionist raising barriers to the outside world. EU AND PROTECTIONISM The EC has pursued protectionist policies in certain sectors such as textile, steel and especially agriculture. The EC policy in agriculture provides a clear example that the harmonization of non-market policies can result in a highly protectionist regime. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has generated excessive world market prices as well as huge stocks. There is also some controversy as to whether Europe as a whole has followed more protectionist export policies as a bloc than if each country would have acted independently (Winters, 1992). EU ASSESSMENT The EU is intensively involved in association agreements with countries and blocs outside the Union as well as with members of the multilateral trading system. The impact of Europe's deeper integration has depended on the nature of the policies that have been implemented. When the EU has adopted highly interventionist policies (CAP), it has undermined progress towards a more liberalized agricultural trade system. Similarly, the adoption of protectionist non-tariff barriers has restrained global trade. While tariffs have declined considerably, non-tariff barriers have increased. On the other hand, when the EU has used market-oriented measures (harmonization and mutual recognition of standards) it has resulted in a more open EC market. LINKS Europa: http://europa.eu.int/index.htm European Information Association: http://www.hull.ac.uk:80/php/lbsebd/eia_html/access1.htm World Trade Organization: http://www.wto.org/ World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/ NAFTA (Top) Membership: Canada, Mexico, and the US\ Population (1994): 382 million Output (1994): $7,665 billion at market exchange rates, $8,006 billion at PPP rates Foreign trade (exports plus imports in 1994): $1,720.9 billion, of which 43 percent was intrabloc. SHALLOW INTEGRATION The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), unlike the EU did not reflect the intention of its members to eventually move to a political union. Nor did its member countries seek to form a common market with a single external trade policy and full mobility of labor. NAFTA does not provide for harmonization of competition policies or in including common rules for dumping or subsides or for changing labor and environmental agreements in each country. The agreement does not provide for international oversight of enforcement. In this respect, NAFTA is a much shallower arrangement than the EU. NAFTA AND LIBERALIZATION NAFTA aims at removing all border barriers to trade as well as liberalizing foreign investment and trade in services. The agreement allows for accession by other countries provided that current members approve. The NAFTA agreement provides for no sectoral exceptions for trade goods-except Canadian agriculture-, broad treatment of services, extensive liberalization of investment and obligations on intellectual property rights that passes the WTO. NAFTA is a unique achievement because it implements almost complete free trade between two highly developed economies and a developing country. NAFTA AND PROTECTIONISM Some suggest that those who join NAFTA will experience more trade diversion than trade creation. The most important negative effects of this agreement can arise from the lack of agreements on competition policies and subsidies as well as from the lack of rules of origin. The first would not allow elimination of administered protection through antidumping provisions. The second discriminates against outsiders and thus inhibits the flow of all trade across North American borders. NAFTA's rules of origin are seen as problems because they are likely to increase trade diversion, make further accession into the agreement harder since they are designed with certain trading partners in mind, and are likely to lead to extensive and expensive customs procedures (Krueger 1993a; Vernon, 1994) ASSESSMENT NAFTA's accomplishment in bringing about free trade between a developing country and two highly developed economies is considerable. It has also set in motion a process that is expanding with considerable gravitation force in the Western Hemisphere. Other Latin American countries could join NAFTA. Like in the case of the EU, whether the arrangement has led to more or less global liberalization depends on the policies that have been implemented. Protectionist tendencies have been increasing. However, the empirical evidence suggests that the in the case of NAFTA the scope for trade diversion remains limited since NAFTA members are natural trading partners with current low tariff barriers. The scope for investment diversion can, however, be more than real. Asian Tigers fear that a major amount of US investment might be diverted to Latin America. When NAFTA has practiced liberalization and deregulation it has meant a more open economy for competitors from outside the arrangement. On the contrary, when NAFTA has engaged in protectionist practices, there has been a negative effect on outsiders. LINKS The NAFTA home page: http://iepnt1.itaiep.doc.gov/nafta/nafta2.htm Economic Policy Institute: http://tap.epn.org/epi/nafta_es.html NAFTA net: http://www.nafta.net/naftagre.htm North American Development Bank: http://www.nadbank.org/ APEC (Top) Membership (18): Austria, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States. Population (1994): 2,146 million Output (1994): $14,469 billion at market exchange rates, $16,578 billion at PPP rates. Foreign Trade (exports plus imports in 1994): $3,959.4 billion, of which 74 percent was intrabloc. AN ALTERNATIVE TRADE ARRANGEMENT The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation- APEC- provides a useful alternative to the EU as a way to pursue regional economic integration. APEC represents an interesting case since is not a formal trade agreement but a "community" formed by a diverse group of nations from three continents with the common interest of promoting trade and investment. The Asian countries have been distrustful of regional arrangements as a means to promote regionalism. Since liberalization in Asia has been successful without the need to change their economic institutions, there is no incentive for modeling institutions of countries that have been less successful. The small countries in the area see regional agreements as increasing the possibility of domination by a single power. Whereas, the fear of exclusion of strong powers in the region prevents the small countries from forming their own arrangements. Contrary to other regions, the cost of exclusion from regional agreements has not proven a powerful incentive for the establishment of formal schemes in the region. Since the small economies in the region are rather independent of the relatively open Japanese economy, neither access to the Japanese market nor Japanese protection creates an incentive for the formation of a regional agreement. Since most of the Asian economies still enjoy considerable protection, the adjustment cost and policy changes needed for the creation of a formal regional agreement would be more harmful than beneficial. Trade diversion, in particular would be more prominent than at the moment. APEC AND LIBERALIZATION Since its creation in 1989, APEC has emphasized its member's commitment to "free and open trade and investment in the region". APEC was created under the framework of 'open regionalism', a term in sharp contrast with the inward-looking regionalism that many fear might prevail in the majority of trading blocks-such as the EU and NAFTA. APEC's members are committed to continue reducing barriers to nonmember countries as they move towards free trade in the region. Some of its members have proposed to extend their APEC liberalization to nonmembers unconditionally, since APEC has no intention to become a customs union with a common external trade policy. Trade regionalization and the simultaneous adoption of export-oriented strategies has resulted in positive spillovers in the region since exporters provide markets for neighboring suppliers of inputs. The production process also denotes a high degree of internationalization. Japan provides essential capital goods, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore finance, design, and marketing, Thailand, China, and Indonesia labor-intensive operations. This complementarity has been increased by the trade and investment links existing between various neighboring provinces (Chia and Lee, 1993). Curiously, Asian regional arrangements have being successful in spite of government intervention. For some, significant government involvement and trade restrictions have helped more than hindered the success of these countries regarding trade creation. The Asian economies share their support of the GATT agreement. In fact, GATT has brought many benefits to the Asian countries: The dismantlement of all the border barriers that prevented access of Asian products to the first world, and possibly the liberalization of agriculture. The preferential treatment granted to developing countries has been extended to most Asian countries, what has contributed to the maintenance of considerable domestic policy autonomy regarding import barriers, foreign investment. The abolition by GATT of restrictions used against successful new exporters such as managed trade, especially the use of quota protection-benefited the Asian countries considerably. Given the importance the Asiatic countries give to the separation of trade and politics, the protection from political pressures of stronger trading partners offered by GATT to small countries, proved a useful way to restrain the demands of the US. ASSESMENT Regional trade arrangements in the APEC context lead to more global liberalization through increasing trade liberalization and its antipathy to become an exclusionary bloc. APEC could counteract protectionist tendencies by the other two blocs, the EU and NAFTA and be the main leader in global trade liberalization. Most countries in the region actively support a multilateral trading system. Despite their diversity, and the different degree of intervention and protection, the Asian economies share the support for the multilateral trading system that begun with GATT. LINKS Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: United States APEC Index: http://www.apec.org/ Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Project Opportunities System: http://cher.eda.doc.gov/apec.html APEC Government Procurement: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/govtproc/gphome.html APEC Tariff Database: http://www.apectariff.org/ BIBLIOGRAPHY (Top) Chia, S., and Yuan Lee, T., "Subregional Economic Zones: A New Motive Force in Asia-Pacific Development." In Pacific Dynamism and the International Economic System, edited by C. Fred Bergsten and Marcus Noland, 225-72. Washington: Institute for International Economics. Frankel, J., (1997) Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System, Institute for International Economics, Washington. Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, ed. (1990). Europe 1992: An American Perspective. Brookings. Jovanovic, M., (1998) International Economic Integration, Routledge, London and New York. Lawrence, R., (1995) Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration. Integrating National Economies series. Washington: Brookings Institution. OECD Documents (1996) Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, Paris. Smith, M. (1993)'The North American Free Trade Agreement: Global Impacts', in Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, Anderson and Blackhurst (eds), St. Martin's Press. Winters, A., (1992). "The European Community: A Case of Successful Regional Integration?" World Bank and CEPR Conference on New Dimensions in Regional Integration. Washington: World Bank. Young S. 'East Asia as a Regional Force for Globalism", in Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, Anderson and Blackhurst (eds), St. Martin's Press. *************************************************************** RESEARCH RESULTS: WHAT DO WE KNOW? In seeking liberalization, countries can turn either to their respective geographic region or the global system as a whole. TRADE LIBERALIZATION CAN OCCUR WITHOUT TRADING BLOCKS Trade expansion can occur when countries join a bloc or equally without any such regional integration such as was the case of East Asia where the rapid growth of trade among the countries in the region has grown without government-induced membership of any regional bloc. THE GLOBAL APPROACH TO LIBERALIZATION IS SUPERIOR BUT LESS LIKELY In trade theory it is assumed that the expansion of markets and economies of scale resulting from trade blocs result in an environment for trade expansion that increases welfare for all the member countries. The global approach is superior to the regional one because it maximizes the number of foreign markets involved and avoids the concept of economic distortions of discrimination among trading partners (Bhagwati, 1992) However, the achievement of multilateral liberalization in large negotiations that extend benefits unconditionally to all participating nations may be difficult. Some countries may free ride whereas others will have to carry the cost of liberalization. Obtaining an international consensus on the rules of the game is not likely. THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO LIBERALIZATION IS INFERIOR BUT MORE LIKELY Regional agreements pose fewer obstacles to the achievement of liberalization and thus constitute the second best choice for liberalization. REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS MAY OR MAY NOT BE WELFARE ENHANCING On the one hand, by eliminating barriers among its members, integration schemes can create trade and improve efficiency by shifting production from a high-cost domestic producer to a lower-cost trading partner. On the other hand, regional agreements give members market access on preferential terms and thus can lead to trade diversion, by expanding the production of less efficient members and reducing the production of more efficient outsiders REGIONALISM MAY OR MAY NOT CONFLICT WITH MULTILATERALISM. TRADING BLOCS CAN COMPLEMENT MULTILATERALISM Trade blocs can lead to global free trade faster, more fully and with easier adjustment than the multilateral process (Anderson, K., and Blackhurst, R., 1993) Trade diversion by itself does not necessarily mean that regionalism will conflict with multilateralism. Trade diversion and trade creation can occur at the same time and the former may more than compensate to create a net positive effect on the growth of global trade. TRADING BLOCS CAN CONFLICT WITH MULTILATERALISM There is a risk that integration schemes may turn inward, either for political or short-term economic needs, and thus may restrict the trade of third countries (Krueger, 1993) Trade diversion may lead to the creation of interest groups that would tend to oppose a move towards an open trading system (Krueger, 1995) TRADING BLOCS CAN COMPLEMENT GLOBAL LIBERALIZATION Regional agreements and the multilateral trading system can be complementary as a result of deliberate policy choices. Policy makers are thus responsible for ensuring the complementarity of these two simultaneous events. The policies that ensure the complementarity of the two phenomena are: Trading blocs create new opportunities for trade Trading blocs lead to more trade creation than trade diversion Trading blocs provide momentum for non-discriminatory trade liberalization efforts Trading blocs are open to new members Multilateral trading arrangements are capable of accommodating and disciplining regional trade agreements BIBLIOGRAPHY (top) Anderson, K., and Blackhurst , R., (eds) (1993) Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf. Bhagwati, . J. (1992) 'Threats to the World Trading System', World Economy (July) Krueger, A. O. (1993) 'The Effects of Regional Trading Blocs on World Trade', in Sidney Weintraub et al. (eds), The Challenge of NAFTA: North America, Austria, New Zealand and the World Trade Regime, Austin, University of Texas. Krueger, A. O. (1995) 'NAFTA: Strengthening or Weakening the International Trading System?, in J. Bhagwati and A. O. Krueger, The Dangerous Drift to Preferential Trade Agreements, Washington DC, The American Enterprise Institute. ***************************************************************** BIBLIOGRAPHY MAJOR THEORIES ABOUT THE CONCEPT INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY COMPLETE FREE TRADE COMPLETE FREE TRADE MAXIMIZES WELFARE International trade theory states that in a competitive global economy, complete free trade will maximize global welfare. In trade theory it is assumed that the expansion of markets and economies of scale resulting from trade blocs create an environment for trade expansion which increases the welfare for all member countries. PARTIAL FREE TRADE MAY OR MAY NOT MAXIMIZE WELFARE The effect on welfare of preferential trade agreements that remove the barriers between only a few countries is more ambiguous. In theory, it seems logical to think that regional integration agreements, by removing trade barriers within a group of countries, without raising them to other partners outside the arrangement, seem a right step towards welfare maximization. However, theory has demonstrated that such measures do not necessarily make the world better off neither do they make better off those in the arrangement. THEORY OF THE SECOND BEST Since trade barriers are not the only market imperfection, then we cannot conclude that removing some will be welfare improving. Richard G. Lipsey and Kevin Lancaster proposed the 'general theory of the second best', which considers that reducing some distortions while leaving others does not necessarily increase welfare. If it is impossible to satisfy all the optimum conditions for global free trade, then a change that brings about the satisfaction of some of the optimum conditions-regional agreement- may make things better or worse TRADE CREATION Eliminating internal barriers in a customs union will lead to more trade among partners, and this trade creation adds to welfare (Viner, 1950). TRADE DIVERSION But a customs union could also reduce trade between the members and the rest of the world and this trade diversion could misallocate global resources. WELFARE MAY OR MAY NOT INCREASE WITH TRADE AGREEMENTS Thus, the theory of the second best implies that the rapid growth in the internal trade between members of a customs union does not necessarily mean the union's welfare is being improved. BIBLIOGRAPHY (top) Lipsey, Richard G., and Kevin Lancaster (1956) The General Theory of Second Best'. Review of Economic Studies 24:11-32 Viner, Jacob (1950) The Customs Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (top) From the previous definitions we can extract the basic characteristics of economic integration Economic integration can be described as a process and a means by which a group of countries strive to increase their level of welfare. Integration involves the recognition that partnership between countries can achieve this goal in a more efficient way than by unilateral or independent pursuance of policy in each country. Integration requires at least some division of labor and freedom of movement for goods and services within the group. Higher types of integration arrangements also require free movement of factors of production within the integrated area, as well as certain restrictions on these movements between the integrated area and those outside it. The success and durability of integration requires at least some consultation, if not coordination, of competition, monetary, fiscal and regional development policies. The process of integration may be practically unlimited. Economic integration is an evolving and continuing process more than a limited one. Economic integration is a process by which the economies of separate states merge together in larger entities LEVELS OF INTEGRATION (top) Regional integration arrangements may take different forms depending on the degree of integration between countries. The five main types of regional arrangements are: Free trade area, when two or more states eliminate internal barriers to trade-such as tariffs and border restrictions-while keeping their own external tariffs against non-member states. Customs union, when the member states agree to a common external tariff. The rational for the creation of a customs union is to prevent that all of the goods coming from abroad to the free trade area come through the country with the lowest tariffs. Common market, when countries agree to remove the barriers to the movement of capital and labor. The removal of internal trading barriers would expand the size of the market available to agriculture, industry, and services; thus these sectors would want to expand their operations to other members of the customs union. These would increase investment in those countries as well as the demand for the removal of barriers to the movement of capital and labor. Economic union occurs when countries agree to coordinate their economic policies such as interest rates, stable exchange rates, common policies on inflation, and ultimately a single currency. When citizens move freely among other member states of the common market, the pressure growths for coordinated policies on education, retraining, unemployment benefits pensions, health care, and other services. This in turn would increase the demand for coordinated economic policies and thus the creation of an economic union. Political union occurs when countries agree to common policies in almost every sector, including foreign and defense policy. The demands for economic integration might lead to growing political integration as the governments of the member states worked together more closely. Pressure then would grow to create a political union. BIBLIOGRAPHY (top) Balassa, B. (1973). The Theory of Economic Integration. London: George Allen & Unwin. Jovanovic, M. International Economic Integration Limits and Prospects, Routledge, London & New York, 1998. Holzman, F. (1976) International Trade under Communism. New York: Basic Books. Kahnert, F., Richards, E, Stoutjesdijk and Thomopoulos, P (1969) Economic Integration among Developing Countries. Paris: OECD. Mennis, B. and K. Sauvant (1976) Emerging Forms of Transnational Community. Lexington: Lexington Books. Molle, W (1991) The Economics of European Integration. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Maksimova, M. (1976) 'Comments on paper types of economic integration by B. Balassa' in Economic Integration Worlwide, Regional Sectoral (ed. F. Machlup). London: Macmillan, pp. 32-36. Pinder, J. (1969) 'Problems of European Integration', in Economic Integration in Europe (ed. G. Denton) London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Robson, P. (1987) The Economics of International Integration. London: George Allen and Unwin. Swann, D (1996) European Economic Integration: The Common Market, European Union and beyond. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Establishing and acquiring corporations

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            An agency may establish or acquire a corporation to act as an agency only by or under a law of the United States specifically authorizing the action. Budgets of wholly owned government corporations (a) Each wholly owned government corporation shall prepare and submit each year to the President a business-type budget in a way, and before a date, the President prescribes by regulation for the budget program. (b) The budget program for each wholly owned government corporation shall: (1) contain estimates of the financial condition and operations of the corporation for the current and following fiscal years and the condition and results of operations in the last fiscal year; (2) contain statements of financial condition, income and expense, and sources and use of money, an analysis of surplus or deficit, and additional statements and information to make known the financial condition and operations of the corporation, including estimates of operations by major activities, administrative expenses, borrowings, the amount of United States government capital that will be returned to the Treasury during the fiscal year, and appropriations needed to restore capital impairments; and (3) provide for emergencies and contingencies and otherwise be flexible so that the corporation may carry out its activities. (c) The President shall submit the budget programs submitted by wholly owned Government corporations (as changed by the President) as part of the budget submitted to Congress. The President thereafter may submit changes in a budget program of a corporation at any time. Sec. 9104. Congressional action on budgets of wholly owned Government corporations · (a) Congress shall - · (1) consider budget programs for wholly owned Government corporations the President submits; · (2) make necessary appropriations authorized by law; · (3) make corporate financial resources available for operating and administrative expenses; and · (4) provide for repaying capital and the payment of dividends. · (b) This section does not - · (1) prevent a wholly owned Government corporation from carrying out or financing its activities as authorized under another law; · (2) affect section 26 of the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 (16 U.S.C. 831y); or · (3) affect the authority of a wholly owned Government corporation to make a commitment without fiscal year limitation. Sec. 9105. Audits · (a) · (1) The financial statements of Government corporations shall be audited by the Inspector General of the corporation appointed under the Inspector General Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.), or under other Federal law, or by an independent external auditor, as determined by the Inspector General or, if there is no Inspector General, by the head of the corporation. · (2) Audits under this section shall be conducted in accordance with applicable generally accepted government auditing standards. · (3) Upon completion of the audit required by this subsection, the person who audits the statement shall submit a report on the audit to the head of the Government corporation, to the Chairman of the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives, and to the Chairman of the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate. · (4) The Comptroller General of the United States - · (A) may review any audit of a financial statement conducted under this subsection by an Inspector General or an external auditor; · (B) shall report to the Congress, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the head of the Government corporation which prepared the statement, regarding the results of the review and make any recommendation the Comptroller General of the United States considers appropriate; and · (C) may audit a financial statement of a Government corporation at the discretion of the Comptroller General or at the request of a committee of the Congress. An audit the Comptroller General performs under this paragraph shall be in lieu of the audit otherwise required by paragraph (1) of this subsection. Prior to performing such audit, the Comptroller General shall consult with the Inspector General of the agency which prepared the statement. · (5) A Government corporation shall reimburse the Comptroller General of the United States for the full cost of any audit conducted by the Comptroller General under this subsection, as determined by the Comptroller General. All reimbursements received under this paragraph by the Comptroller General of the United States shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. · (b) Upon request of the Comptroller General of the United States, a Government corporation shall provide to the Comptroller General of the United States all books, accounts, financial records, reports, files, workpapers, and property belonging to or in use by the Government corporation and its auditor that the Comptroller General of the United States considers necessary to the performance of any audit or review under this section. · (c) Activities of the Comptroller General of the United States under this section are in lieu of any audit of the financial transactions of a Government corporation that the Comptroller General is required to make under any other law. Sec. 9107. Accounts · (a) With the approval of the Comptroller General, a Government corporation may consolidate its cash into an account if the cash will be expended as provided by law. · (b) The Secretary of the Treasury shall keep the accounts of a Government corporation. If the Secretary approves, a Federal reserve bank or a bank designated as a depositary or fiscal agent of the United States Government may keep the accounts. The Secretary may waive the requirements of this subsection. · (c) · (1) Subsection (b) of this section does not apply to maintaining a temporary account of not more than $50,000 in one bank. · (2) Subsection (b) of this section does not apply to a mixed-ownership Government corporation when the corporation has no capital of the Government. · (3) Subsection (b) of this section does not apply to the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Central Bank for Cooperatives, the Regional Banks for Cooperatives, or the Federal Land Banks. However, the head of each of those banks shall report each year to the Secretary the names of depositaries where accounts are kept. If the Secretary considers it advisable when an annual report is received, the Secretary may make a written report to the corporation, the President, and Congress. Sec. 9108. Obligations · (a) Before a Government corporation issues obligations and offers obligations to the public, the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe - · (1) the form, denomination, maturity, interest rate, and conditions to which the obligations will be subject; · (2) the way and time the obligations are issued; and · (3) the price for which the obligations will be sold. · (b) A Government corporation may buy or sell a direct obligation of the United States Government, or an obligation on which the principal, interest, or both, is guaranteed, of more than $100,000 only when the Secretary approves the purchase or sale. The Secretary may waive the requirement of this subsection under conditions the Secretary may decide. · (c) The Secretary may designate an officer or employee of an agency to carry out this section if the head of the agency agrees. · (d) · (1) This section does not apply to a mixed-ownership Government corporation when the corporation has no capital of the Government. · (2) Subsections (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the Rural Telephone Bank (when the ownership, control, and operation of the Bank are converted under section 410(a) of the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 950(a))), the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Central Bank for Cooperatives, the Regional Banks for Cooperatives, and the Federal Land Banks. However, the head of each of those banks shall consult with the Secretary before taking action of the kind described in subsection (a) or (b). If agreement is not reached, the Secretary may make a written report to the corporation, the President, and Congress on the reasons for the Secretary's disagreement. Sec. 9108. Obligations · (a) Before a Government corporation issues obligations and offers obligations to the public, the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe - · (1) the form, denomination, maturity, interest rate, and conditions to which the obligations will be subject; · (2) the way and time the obligations are issued; and · (3) the price for which the obligations will be sold. · (b) A Government corporation may buy or sell a direct obligation of the United States Government, or an obligation on which the principal, interest, or both, is guaranteed, of more than $100,000 only when the Secretary approves the purchase or sale. The Secretary may waive the requirement of this subsection under conditions the Secretary may decide. · (c) The Secretary may designate an officer or employee of an agency to carry out this section if the head of the agency agrees. · (d) · (1) This section does not apply to a mixed-ownership Government corporation when the corporation has no capital of the Government. · (2) Subsections (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the Rural Telephone Bank (when the ownership, control, and operation of the Bank are converted under section 410(a) of the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 950(a))), the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Central Bank for Cooperatives, the Regional Banks for Cooperatives, and the Federal Land Banks. However, the head of each of those banks shall consult with the Secretary before taking action of the kind described in subsection (a) or (b). If agreement is not reached, the Secretary may make a written report to the corporation, the President, and Congress on the reasons for the Secretary's disagreement. Sec. 9110. Standards for depository institutions holding securities of a Government-sponsored corporation for customers · (a) The Secretary shall prescribe by regulation standards for the safeguarding and use of obligations that are government securities described in subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 3(a)(42) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such regulations shall apply only to a depository institution that is not a government securities broker or a government securities dealer and that holds such obligations as fiduciary, custodian, or otherwise for the account of a customer and not for its own account. Such regulations shall provide for the adequate segregation of obligations so held, including obligations which are purchased or sold subject to resale or repurchase. · (b) Violation of a regulation prescribed under subsection (a) shall constitute adequate basis for the issuance of an order.


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The ATM swallows your bank card. Widespread power outages darken your state. Nuclear reactors go haywire, air traffic control systems fail, satellites tumble to earth, and worst of all, you can’t watch Seinfeld reruns. Those are just some of the calamities predicted for Jan. 1, 2000. According to the Congressional General Accounting Office, many of the federal government’s most critical systems will not be fixed in time. And when they are, the costs will be astronomical. Estimates range as high as $600 billion worldwide — which ranks the millennium bug among the most expensive disasters in modern history. What exactly is the Y2K bug? Well, back in the 1960s and 1970s, the people who built and programmed computers — huge mainframes back then — didn’t have a lot of computer memory to work with. In order to save space, programmers decided to abbreviate the date. Thus, June 12, 1972 became 61272. The problem with this solution is that computers can’t distinguish 1900 from 2000. So when Dec. 31, 1999 segues into Jan. 1, 2000, some computers will misread the date as 1900 and either malfunction or shut down entirely. Y2K fixes are fairly simple. Making sure that every computer system in the world gets fixed is not. Don’t panic. There’s no need to purchase firearms, stockpile food or convert your cash to gold bullion. But there are certain precautions you should take. Being informed is the best pesticide for the millennium bug. So, ask your bank, your doctor, your credit card company, local utility, government officials, etc. if they’re Y2K-compliant and, if not, what you can do to protect yourself. Make hard copies of all important documents such as bank statements and medical records, and download testing software for your own personal computer. And remember, there’s no one answer; each state, city, bank, PC, credit card provider, etc. requires an individual solution. That’s why informing yourself is critical; and this guide is here to help. You'll find Y2K status reports on major institutions in this country and around the world, a compendium of Y2K Web links, live chats with Y2K answer man Mitch Ratcliffe, and much more. If you act now, the only thing you'll have to worry about on Jan. 1, 2000 is your hangover. Calamities and Costs EVENT ESTIMATED COST World War II $4.2 trillion Millennium Bug $600 billion Vietnam War $500 billion Kobe Earthquake, 1995$100 billion Los Angeles Earthquake, 1994$60 billion Sources: Gartner Group and Congressional Research Service Regulators Issue Guidelines for New Millennium The customer is clearly distraught as he approaches the teller’s window. “What happens if the bank’s computers go haywire on New Year’s Eve?” he wails. “Will I lose all my money?” Such scenarios are being played out in banks and thrifts across the country — on videotape. Bank managers are using role playing and other training techniques to prepare tellers and other employees for the onslaught of customers’ nervous questions on the Year 2000 computer problem. Bankers have been telling people not to panic, trying to counteract doomsday scenarios of millions of Americans draining their bank accounts this year. ATM machines, credit cards, checks and banking services will be functioning normally, industry officials have promised. A group of federal bank regulatory agencies issued guidelines Wednesday to help banks and other financial institutions get that message to their customers. The institutions “can address customer expectations by underscoring that maintaining customer confidence in the financial services system — now and after the Year 2000 — is a top priority of the institution and its senior management,” said the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. Getting the Message Out Banks, S&Ls and credit unions need to make clear to customers what they are doing to ensure that people have access to their money and continue to receive accurate information on their accounts, the government group said. It said the effort could include training of tellers and other employees to answer customers’ questions, brochures on Year 2000 issues, toll-free “hot lines” that customers can call, and Year 2000 seminars and Web sites. The group also suggested that financial institutions point out to customers that the Year 2000 date change will not affect their $100,000 federal deposit insurance coverage on each account. “Banks are doing this already and are certainly concerned about getting their message out,” said John Hall, a spokesman for the American Bankers Association, the industry’s biggest trade group. Now that the bulk of technical Year 2000 problems have been solved, Hall said, “We recognize it’s a communication problem.” $50 Billion Into Circulation The Year 2000 problem reflects programming in many older computers that recognizes just the last two digits of a year in reading a date. Machines that haven’t been upgraded are likely to interpret Jan. 1, 2000, as Jan. 1, 1900. The banking industry is spending more than $8 billion to retool its computer systems, which are being tested this year. Industry officials also have warned that withdrawing massive amounts of cash from their accounts could make consumers vulnerable to being robbed. The Federal Reserve has ordered an additional $50 billion of new currency to be put into circulation in the event people make a run on banks and automated teller machines late in the year. Fed governors have assured Congress there will be sufficient cash available to the system to cover a wave of bank withdrawals. By year’s end, $200 billion in currency will be stored in government vaults, up from the $150 billion normally held in reserve. That’s in addition to the $460 billion in notes circulating in the United States and abroad. Sen. Robert Bennett, R-Utah, chairman of a Senate committee on Year 2000 problems, has said the financial services sector — including the banking and securities industries — appears to be “in the best shape” of all the seven priority areas he has identified. The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council is comprised of the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., the National Credit Union Administration, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Office of Thrift Supervision. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@2 Tuesday, March 14, 2000 THE GUARDIAN OF DEMOCRACY Issue No. 1337 His Grace Archbishop Anthony Pantin Pictorial SUCCESSOR: Archbishop Anthony Pantin celebrates High Mass in January 1989 with Bishop John Mendes, right, the man who must now run the Catholic diocese in Trinidad and Tobago following Pantin's death. Share your favorite stories, one-liners and comments on Archbishop Anthony Pantin with The Guardian readers, send them to [email protected] Mendes holds on Selection of a new Archbishop could take up to one year BISHOP John Mendes now shoulders the responsibility of running the Catholic diocese in Trinidad and Tobago.... (Click headline for story) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trains a go-go LNG deal signed at last AFTER months of delay and uncertainty, the government yesterday signed agreements to facilitate the expansion of the US $1.1 billion liquefied natural gas plant at Point Fortin.... (Click headline for story) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pantin to get official funeral LATE Roman Catholic Archbishop Anthony Pantin will be given a three-day official funeral, to start on Thursday.... (Click headline for story) Globalization



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The term globalization is normally used to describe the state of multilateral economic relations in the world today. Globalization is generally understood in terms of multilateral trade and reduction of barriers to trade and the flow of goods and services, capital and finance across nations. Globalization can be defined as 'the increasingeting of goods and services' (Harris 1993). This trend is largely the result of the globalization of financial and capital markets, increased flows of foreign direct investment, the rapid diffusion of new communications technologies and the adoption by multinational enterprises of new organizational forms of production. At the microeconomic level, globalization is defined in terms of corporate strategies of the multinational enterprises, 'strategic alliances' between firms as well as firm competition, and the evolution of global firms and industries (Porter, 1986).


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CURBING THE BRAIN DRAIN.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Controlling or taxing the international migration of indigenously trained professionals! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LORD KITCHENER'S LAST DAYS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Mendes holds on Selection of a new Archbishop could take up to one year By RORY ROSTANT BISHOP John Mendes now shoulders the responsibility of running the Catholic diocese in Trinidad and Tobago. Following the death of Archbishop Anthony Pantin on Sunday, Mendes will assume the governance of the diocese in accordance with Canon 419 of the Code of Canon Law, the Church said in a news release yesterday. The statement said, however, that the appointment was only temporary until a new Bishop is appointed. Senior priest and editor of the Catholic News, Fr Michel de Verteuil, said the College Of Consultors, made up of senior clergy and religious superiors, is expected to meet from today to appoint an administrator of the diocese. The College has eight days to make the appointment. After such an administrator is appointed, only then can the Church proceed with the business of appointing an Archbishop, de Verteuil said. One official said the College could not meet yesterday because a senior priest was out of the country. Fr Angelo Accattino, secretary at the Apostolic Nunciature in Port-of-Spain (the Embassy of the Vatican), said the appointment of a successor could take several months, and perhaps as long as one year, as happened in Barbados, Dominica and French Guiana. Accattino said the Pope knew by 9 am on Sunday of Pantin's death, having been informed by telegram. The Pope was in a spiritual retreat in the Vatican at the time, Accattino said. Asked what was the Pope's response to Pantin's death, Accattino said the Pope does not normally comment, unless it's under extraordinary circumstances. The Nunciature, Accattino said, can only advise on such an appointment, but the final say rests with the Pope. The whole process of selecting an Archbishop is a "very delicate one," Accattino said, noting that the Nunciature can consult with anybody on the selection of its candidates. Likewise, anybody can send the names of candidates to the Nunciature - but in the end it is the Holy Father who has the final word on the selection of a Bishop, he added. Accattino pointed out that this process of consultation will begin in the next few weeks. Asked about the priests whose names have cropped up in the wake of Pantin's death - Fr Garfield Rochard, Fr Christian Pereira, Fr Clyde Harvey and Fr Michel de Verteuil - Accattino said, "It could be one of these, or it could be anybody." He noted, too, that the successor to Pantin could be either a priest or a Bishop. An appointment, he said, can even come from outside the country. The Bishop of Nassau, Bahamas, Lawrence Burke, is from Jamaica; Bishop of Barbados, Malcolm Galt, is from Trinidad and Bishop of Dominica, Edward Gilbert, is an American. "We can't rush things like these," Accattino said. "The Bishop is the engine of the Catholic community and the person who best fits that niche will be the one chosen," he added. Describing Pantin as a "great and holy man," Accattino said he was one of the men who brought Catholics and non-Catholics together. "He was a gift to the Catholic community," he added.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ------------------------------------------ Trinidad To Jerez Trinidad To Sanlucar de Barrameda Trinidad To Madrid Trinidad To Cordoba Trinidad To Malaga Trinidad To Torremolinos Trinidad To Granada Trinidad To Barcelona Trinidad To Almeria Trinidad To Sevilla Trinidad To Morocco Trinidad To The Straight Of Gibralter TRINIDAD TO ROTA TRINIDAD TO CADIZ Distance In Kilometers From Trinidad To Spain. Distance= Speed/Time Speed=DistancexTime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (1)-Jessie And "John-Pedro" TwinFalling Airlines!$3,200.00$3,000.00$5,400.00$8,000.00$3,700.00$3,005.00$3,000.00$3,000.00/TD> --
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (4)-American Airlines $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD> --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            (5)-The National Airline Of Spain! $3,200.00 $3,000.00 $5,400.00 $8,000.00 $3,700.00 $3,005.00 $3,000.00 $3,000.00/TD>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Excel Spreadsheet Calculates Values From Formulae...Calculate The Speed of Snowdrops or Firing Power=Time*Distance

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Iraqi missile range: Under UN rules, Iraq is banned from having any missiles with a range greater than 93 miles (150 km). Controversy has arisen over the al-Samoud Two missile, which has travelled up to 112 miles (180 km) in tests. In response to requests by UN inspectors, Iraq has begun destroying some of its stock of 120 of these. Analysts also believe Iraq may have some banned missiles, although inspectors have not found any. These are believed to include a small number of 400-mile (644 km) range al-Hussein missiles, which would be capable of striking Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran and Kuwait. Iraq is also thought by some analysts to have 15 to 80 Scud B missiles with a range of 185 miles. Neither of these is very effective at dispersing chemical or biological weapons, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies. The 560-mile (902 km) range al-Abbas missile was developed more than 10 years ago from earlier Scud types, but it is not clear whether it reached operational status. Iraq does not have the facilities to build long-range missiles and would require several years and foreign assistance to do this.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        My teacher is called Jessie...she displayed herself for Carnival!...Look at Mas! Top Stories - Reuters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        combat ready, sick, Pilot , Tornado, ,air-to-air combat, ground-attack , military support or humanitarian aid missions, helicopter, Pilot, search-and-rescue missions, troops , equipment, human capital, children, hospital-ship, healthcare,war-ship, passport, causation.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Genocide. Crimes Against Humanity. What's the Difference?

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A United Nations war crimes tribunal convicted former Bosnian Serb Gen. Radislav Krstic of two counts of genocide, five counts of crimes against humanity, and one count of war crimes, or "violations of the laws or customs of war." What's the legal definition of genocide? How does it differ from war crimes and crimes against humanity?



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        When the Security Council established the tribunal that tried Krstic (officially, "The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991"), it statutorily defined the crimes for which the war crimes tribunal had the power to prosecute. Genocide was defined as committing any of five acts "with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group." The five acts: 1) killing members of the group; 2) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; 3) deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the group's physical destruction; 4) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; 5) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. In addition to genocide, the tribunal is authorized to punish conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, attempted genocide, and complicity in genocide. Crimes against humanity were defined as any of nine crimes directed against civilians during armed conflict: 1) murder; 2) extermination; 3) enslavement; 4) deportation; 5) imprisonment; 6) torture; 7) rape; 8) persecutions on political, racial, and religious grounds; 9) "other inhumane acts." War crimes, or "violations of the laws or customs of war," include but aren't limited to: 1) using poisonous weapons or weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering; 2) wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity; 3) attack or bombardment of undefended towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings; 4) seizing, destroying, or willfully damaging historic monuments, works of art and science, or institutions dedicated to religion, charity, education, or the arts and sciences; 5) plunder of public or private property.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        THE LAUNCHING OF THE BOOK!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Day three of war Saturday March 22, 2003 0000 GMT Turkish military says that 1500 Turkish troops have crossed the border into northern Iraq. 0024 GMT Iraq denies torching oil wells, claiming that troops have been igniting defence trenches filled with oil. 0130 Two Sea King helicopters collide over international waters in the Gulf. 0236 GMT Three loud explosions heard in Baghdad as dawn breaks. 0600 GMT UK military headquarters in Qatar confirm loss of two Sea King helicopters, with all seven crew. Both were operating from HMS Ark Royal, one was taking off and the other coming in to land. 0640 GMT Iraqi information minister Mohammad al-Sahaf says 207 civilians were wounded in overnight raids on Baghdad by what he called 'the international gang of crime bastards'. 0730 GMT Reports of further sporadic fighting in southern port of Umm Qasr. 0900 GMT Reports of a fierce battle for Iraqi second city Basra as well as heavy fire from allied Cobra helicopters on pockets of resistance in Umm Qasr. 1050 GMT Defence minister Geoff Hoon says that the Turks are patrolling their border. He is unable to confirm further persistent reports that Saddam Hussein has been wounded or killed in the first air strike on Wednesday night. 1125 GMT Unverified reports of three people killed in overnight raids on Baghdad. Iraqi health minister Umeed Midhat Mubarak says Saddam Hussein is 'completely OK' .








                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Repositioning the Use of Distance Learning With United Nations Information.<br><blink><AMERICA IN "OPENING STAGES OF WAR ON IRAQ!"<br> Niños Encontrando Niños Y Padres!(VERSION 2)</black>

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A TECHNOLOGY PLAN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Last Updated March 21st, 2003!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          JESSIE MOSES BSc., Ed.Dip., MSc-Computers in Education(Author and Publisher)Copyright (c) 2002 EARLIER, BRITISH military officials scaled back their estimate of the number of oil wells burning in southern Iraq, saying that only seven wells were ablaze — not the 30 reported earlier. The report of seven wells burning matched the number being reported by the Pentagon. The update came from British Adm. Sir Michael Boyce, chief of defense staff, at a briefing in London. The reason for the rollback from the earlier estimate was not clear. The allies say that Iraqi forces set fire to the wells as the invasion began, but Iraqi state television broadcast a report early Saturday saying that troops had set oil-filled trenches — not wells — ablaze in an effort to prevent U.S. and British warplanes from finding their targets. “The leadership in Iraq and the government organizations are keen to preserve this wealth, developing and expanding its capability and not burning it,” the television station said in a statement attributed to an “authorized source.” 400 OIL WELLS IN AREA U.S. and British officials were pleased that the number of wells on fire was a small percentage of the 400 wells in the area near Basra. “Put into context, that’s perhaps not as bad as we might have feared,” British Defense Secretary Geoff Hoon said earlier Friday. The oil fields of southern Iraq pump about half of the country’s daily output of 2.5 million barrels. A British military spokesman said the fires were set by Iraq. “Several of the oil heads have been set on fire by (Iraqi President) Saddam Hussein’s forces in an attempt to deflect us from the task,” Capt. Al Lockwood told Reuters. Another British spokesman, Col. Chris Vernon, told Reuters that “U.S. Marines are moving well into the ... oil fields, and it seems like we will be able to seize much of the oil structure intact.” The picture in northern Iraq was less clear amid unconfirmed reports that U.S. special operations forces had secured the giant oil fields around Kirkuk, the biggest of Iraq’s 15 operational fields. A U.S. official said earlier this month that Iraq had placed explosives at the Kirkuk fields to prevent their being captured in the event of a U.S. invasion. An arrow points to smoke plumes seen in an image taken Thursday by a U.S. satellite. The plumes are consistent with oil fires detected from space before, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said. MARKETS HAPPY Oil markets seemed to take comfort from the speed of the U.S.-British advance and shrugged off the news of the well fires. The lack of an impact from the war on oil shipments from Kuwait also inspired confidence. Kuwait’s state-run radio said Kuwaiti ports were operating normally Friday, and an oil industry source said crude shipments from Kuwaiti oil terminals were continuing without interruption. The Pentagon has said it would try to secure Iraq’s oil fields quickly to prevent Iraqi forces from damaging the country’s 1,685 wells. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Saddam uses oil as weapon in 1991 1 / 6 Oil as a weapon Jan. 15, 1991 - In the lead up to the Gulf War, military analysts considered how Saddam Hussein might use oil to thwart coalition air strikes, clog desalination plants in the Gulf and disrupt Kuwaiti oil production for years to come.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          A trip into hell March 16, 1991 - In the Kuwaiti desert 500 oil wells burn out of control. Coping with land mines and the spectacular sights, sounds and searing heat of roaring fires, teams of well control experts struggle to control the blazes. NBC's Bill Lagatuta reports.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Gushers and blazes March 26, 1991 - The Wild Well Control team from Texas began trying to cap a gushing oil well, but not enough water and equipment had yet arrived to wrestle the blazing fires. NBC's Deborah Roberts reports. 4 / 6 Still a prisoner of Saddam March 21, 1991 - Burning petroleum containing high levels of sulphur and lead poisoned the air, while a slick larger than the world had ever seen blackened the waters; a health and environmental nightmare. NBC's Deborah Roberts reports.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          HISTORY IN THE MAKING!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          In 1991, Iraqi troops destroyed more than 700 well heads in Kuwait, turning its oil fields into a desert inferno that took seven months to extinguish. When Iraqi troops retreated from Kuwait in February 1991, they attached plastic explosives to well heads and piled sandbags against them to direct the force of the explosions for maximum effect. The result was geysers of burning crude at 603 wells, serious damage at more than 100 others and widespread environmental degradation. Teams of firefighters from the United States, Canada and eight other countries worked from April until November to put out the fires. Most of the teams used seawater pumped through Kuwait’s empty oil pipelines to battle the fires. The heat was so intense, at more than 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, that water sometimes continued boiling on the ground for two days afterward, said Mark Badick of Safety Boss, Inc. “We’ve had fire helmets melt on our heads,” said Badick, whose Calgary-based firm put out 180 of the Kuwaiti well fires. • How to douse an oil well fire Firefighters from Hungary had a different technique, using two jet engines mounted horizontally on a tank chassis — a homemade vehicle they called “Big Wind” — to blast flame-retardant foam at the fires. It took Kuwait more than two years and $50 billion to restore its oil output to prewar levels. If Iraq sabotaged its oil fields, any cleanup could take far longer and cost much more.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          12 YEARS OF SANCTIONS Iraq’s fields and pipelines are badly run down after 12 years of U.N. economic sanctions. Its fields are also much farther from the sea than those in Kuwait, meaning a ready source of water might not be so easily available.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Who'll cap the well fires? • Pollution industry on standby • Profile of Boots & Coots • Pentagon taps Halliburton Destruction could be especially bad if Iraqis set off explosives underground, deep within the well shafts themselves. If that happened, firefighters would have to drill a new “relief well” and pump a mixture of sand, gel and mud into each damaged shaft to try to plug it up and stop the blowout. “It’s a long, arduous process,” Badick said. Whereas he and his crews put out as many as five fires a day in Kuwait, cleaning up after a single underground explosion can take two months.





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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  THE GREATEST NATION ON EARTH...AMERICA AT WAR AGAINST TERROR!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Iraq reels under air assault United States and British forces have pounded Baghdad with hundreds of bombs and missiles in a major escalation of the war.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    On Saturday, new raids targeted buildings on the outskirts of the city and anti-aircraft fire lit up the sky. Earlier, huge explosions rocked the heart of the Iraqi capital, as the US unleashed what it calls its "shock and awe" strategy. In southern Iraq, an entire division of the Iraqi army surrendered to coalition forces, Pentagon officials said. Iraq's 51st Infantry Division surrendered to US marines who were advancing toward Basra, Iraq's second largest city. Officials in Washington said it was a sign that the Iraqi regime was crumbling. Map showing the advance into southern Iraq Meanwhile, in the north Turkish troops were reported to have crossed into Iraq - despite Washington's disapproval of such a move. It came soon after Turkey agreed to open its airspace to US warplanes. US Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the scale of the assault on Baghdad was intended to show the Iraqis that Saddam Hussein was finished. "The [Iraqi] regime is starting to lose control of their country," he said. A US commander said 320 Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired in the assault. Regime symbols hit The BBC's Paul Wood in Baghdad says the targets there included President Saddam Hussein's palaces. Offices of the Foreign Ministry and the Deputy Prime Minister were also ablaze. Air strikes have also hit the city of Mosul in the north. The BBC's John Simpson, reporting from the region, said the skyline was lit up many times. Several explosions have also been reported in another northern city, Kirkuk, where American forces are trying to secure control of vast oilfields. As the bombardment continued, Iraqi Defence Minister Sultan Hashim Ahmed told a news conference that "no force in the world" would conquer Iraq, the AFP news agency reports. Port 'taken' US-led ground forces have advanced about 160 kilometres (100 miles) into Iraq, the chairman of the US joint chiefs of staff, General Richard Myers, told a news conference in Washington. IRAQ CAMPAIGN Why Basra matters Coalition forces are also moving on Basra, according to the UK Ministry of Defence. The advance on the city came after US Marines reached Iraq's only deep-water port at Umm Qasr in the south-east. "Umm Qasr has been overwhelmed by the US Marines and now is in coalition hands," Admiral Sir Michael Boyce, chief of the UK General Staff, told a news conference in London. However, the BBC's Adam Mynott, who is with the troops on the ground, says that while coalition forces undoubtedly have the upper hand, they do not have total control of Umm Qasr. The port in the south-east is seen as key for the importing of aid for the Iraqi civilian population. The US 3rd Infantry Division has moved into the centre of Iraq, close to the city of Nasiriya - a key crossing point over the Euphrates river on the way to Baghdad. The BBC's Gavin Hewitt says there have been some clashes between American forces and Iraqi forces followed by quite a strong American bombardment of the area around the city, he says. In other reported advances, US defence officials said key airfields known as H2 and H3 in western Iraq were taken over by coalition forces. The BBC's defence correspondent, Jonathan Marcus, says these are possible jumping-off points for a multi-pronged assault on Baghdad. Earlier on Friday, British troops took control of key oil installations on the nearby al-Faw peninsula after a brief firefight - an operation designed to prevent the release of oil into the Gulf by retreating Iraqi forces. But Admiral Boyce said that elsewhere in Iraq seven oil wells had been set alight by Iraqi forces, down from an earlier estimate of 30. In other developments: Saddam Hussein decrees that any Iraqi who captures an enemy soldier will get a reward of about $32,000, Iraq's government-run news agency reports. The reward for killing an enemy soldier was put at about $16,000. Two US marines are killed in southern Iraq, hours after eight British and four American servicemen die in what is believed to be a helicopter accident Anti-war protests continue around the world, with at least two people - one of them a policeman - killed in clashes in the Yemeni capital, Sanaa Patriot missile defence systems shoot down more Iraq missiles heading for Kuwait following Thursday's attacks US President George W Bush on Friday said the war was "making progress". HAVE YOUR SAY War will bring freedom to the ordinary people of Iraq Abdul, Kabul, Afghanistan Read more of your comments In official responses to the coalition attack, Iraqi ministers have issued defiant statements. Information Minister Mohammed Saeed al-Sahhaf told journalists television pictures showing Iraqi troops surrendering were fake. He also said Iraqi forces had shot down a coalition fighter jet. This has been denied by the American military. Click here to return Email this to a friend Printable version LINKS TO MORE MIDDLE EAST STORIES SelectIraq reels under air assaultOil prices drop sharplyHamas leader capturedTurkish troops 'enter Iraq'Two killed in anti-war protestsUS wants Iraqi diplomats expelledPeninsula's capture 'major victory'Mass arrests at US peace demoIraqi media defiant despite onslaughtAnti-war hackers target websitesWorld media considers war's startTough battle for Umm QasrAgency will mediate in water disputesDoubts over US aid to IsraelAbbas accepts Palestinian PM postPalestinians 'not given gas masks'UN readies Iraq food crisis planSomalia arrests terror suspectAnalysis: UK assault on FranceOn the front with Iraqi desertersProgrammes and schedules WATCH AND LISTEN The BBC's Rageh Omaar "The thunderous impact of the blasts ripple through the city" The BBC's Paul Wood "More or less, every single building is in flames" KEY STORIES Iraq reels under air assault Turkish troops 'enter Iraq' Chirac warns on 'post-war' plans European haven for Iraq envoys Iraq latest: At-a-glance Latest coverage DESPATCHES Eyewitness: Waiting for the bombs Tense days of waiting for the nightly air raids 'Baghdad is in flames' Tough battle for Umm Qasr INTERACTIVE ESSAYS Iraq issues explored HAVE YOUR SAY Your views on the war Sign up: E-mail news alerts In-depth coverage INTERNET LINKS: Iraqi presidency US presidency UK prime minister United Nations The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites TOP MIDDLE EAST STORIES NOW Iraq reels under air assault Oil prices drop sharply Hamas leader captured Turkish troops 'enter Iraq'



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Within a few hours of crossing into southern Iraq, the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit encountered 200 or more Iraqi troops seeking to surrender. THE SURRENDER of Iraq’s 51st Infantry Division came as coalition forces advanced toward Basra, Iraq’s second-largest city. The mechanized division had about 200 tanks before the war, according to independent analysts and U.S. officials. The 51st was one of the better equipped and trained in Iraq’s regular army forces and was the key division protecting Basra, a major transportation and oil shipment hub on the Shatt al-Arab waterway that leads to the Persian Gulf. That led to optimism among allied commanders that the city would soon fall. But elsewhere, smaller groups of Iraqi soldiers were abandoning their vehicles and trenches to surrender to onrushing U.S. and British troops. TROOPS ARE ILL-EQUIPPED The soldiers who were giving up are not the fabled and well-fed Republican Guardsmen who anchor Saddam Hussein’s defense. These are members of a rag-tag army, many of them draftees, often in T-shirts. Their handguns and small arms could accomplish little against opposing forces wielding 21st century weaponry. • Complete MSNBC coverage • Psyops used against Iraqis • Lead role for elite forces • Kurds brace for backlash • Top defector disappears • Dispatches from the field • Video coverage from NBC • Blog: Army family's journal • Encarta: Detailed Iraq map • WashPost: Special coverage LATEST FROM NEWSWEEK • Special war section • Q&A on smart weapons Who Will Try Iraqi War Criminals? By Ed Finn Posted Wednesday, March 19, 2003, at 3:19 PM PT In his speech to the nation Monday, President Bush promised that Iraqi war criminals would be tried and punished—but he didn't specify which criminals or in which court they would be tried. Which Iraqis will be tried, and who will judge them? The answers depend largely on the outcome of the war, once it's clear who's still alive to stand trial. Most experts agree that war-crimes trials will be limited to indictments against a small fraction of the thousands of likely suspects, since wiping out Iraq's government infrastructure (on top of its economic and military infrastructure) will make it that much harder to build a new state. In fact, the U.S. government has kept its official list of Iraqi war criminals extremely short, even though hundreds of officials have been implicated in the use of chemical weapons against Iraqi Kurds in 1988. It's likely that only the top echelons of the military will be tried—perhaps 50 people, perhaps more, depending on who you ask and whether or not local commanders fight. (If they surrender, they might escape prosecution.) For the invading Americans, "who" is tried is almost less important than "how," because these trials give the United States a much-needed chance to exhibit fairness and restraint after initiating a war. Possible trial venues include: International Criminal Court: This one can probably be ruled out—neither the U.S. nor Iraq ever agreed to it. Ironically, it might be legally possible to try British or Australian troops in the ICC for war crimes if they commit any atrocities, since their nations are signatories. U.N. ad hoc tribunal: This is a special international court that has to be mandated by the Security Council—recent examples include courts created to try war criminals from the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Considering the intense misgivings fellow Security Council members like France and Russia have about the war, it is unlikely that the United States will ask them to create a tribunal. And even if they did, there's another snag if the blue helmets show up—no U.N. court can sentence a war criminal to death. U.S. federal courts: Under the War Crimes Act of 1996, war crimes by or against U.S. citizens can be prosecuted in American federal courts. This option also seems unlikely, however, because many of the crimes likely to be prosecuted involve Iraqi officials assaulting their own citizens. Local Iraqi courts: These might do for small-fry Baath loyalists. After all, the United States will be trying to create a respectable criminal justice system in Iraq, and war criminals would provide useful fodder to get things rolling. But it's unlikely that any of the regime's kingpins would face a local court, since there would be too many opportunities for political skullduggery and old allegiances to taint the process. Hybrid courts: All the rage since their success in Sierra Leone, hybrid courts bring together a combination of local and international jurists. The idea is to mix the grass-roots appeal of civil courts with the respectability and fence-mending powers of international courts. This option also allows the United States to involve European jurists without having to go through the United Nations. The flexibility of a hybrid court will be attractive to post-Iraq planners not because of its appeal to international justice but because it will allow the United States to better trade amnesty for information while still satisfying world opinion. Say the United States invades Iraq and raids all the bunkers and palaces but doesn't find weapons of mass destruction or Saddam Hussein. In that case, the post-war administration's first priority will be to pump Iraq's surviving officials for information—a process that could carry over to war crimes courts. If you're wondering what war crimes are, Explainer has covered this before. Next question? Explainer thanks Ruth Wedgwood, professor of International Law and Diplomacy at John Hopkins University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; David Phillips, deputy director of the Center for Preventative Action and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; and Reed Brody, special counsel for Human Rights Watch. of statistics and facts on topics at home and abroad. • Slide show: War begins

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    DISPUTE OVER PORT There were conflicting accounts over the fate of Umm Qasr, 20 miles south of Basra and the main city in the narrow strip of Iraqi territory that gives access to the Persian Gulf. A Reuters reporter Adrian Croft said U.S. Marines raised the Stars and Stripes flag over the new port Friday but that the old city, about a mile away, remained in Iraqi hands. Separately, a British military spokesman said 250 Iraqi soldiers had surrendered to the U.S. 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit in the city. Capturing the city would give the coalition forces an important access point for supplies into Iraq. In this image taken from television, unidentified Iraqis surrender to a British Royal Marine in southern Iraq on Friday. In Baghdad, Interior Minister Mahmoud Diab al-Ahmed described the report of the city’s downfall as “silly talk.” “Umm Qasr is an Iraqi port and is going to remain an Iraqi port,” he told a news conference at which he was decked out in military fatigues. Raising his rifle above his shoulder and pointing at the ceiling, he said, “It will be hard for them to take it.”

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Some targets in the sights of bomber and missile crews.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    THE ROAD TO BASRA Elsewhere in southern Iraq, First Marine Division needed air support to suppress Iraqi mortar and small arms fire while seizing Route 80, which leads from Kuwait to Basra. “Every now and then they pop off to let us know they’re still there,” Lt. Col. Steve Holmes, a Marine in charge of clearing berms for troops and armor to enter Iraq. Supported by Cobra attack helicopters and howitzers, Marine tanks and armored vehicles rolled down Route 80 through the demilitarized zone between Kuwait and Iraq. Tanks were placed on berms to provide cover for Marines moving on the road. Until then, the Marines had taken side roads. Route 80 allowed a faster approach to Basra itself, and hundreds of Marine vehicles moved up it into Iraq. The Marines had encountered resistance in the area for several hours Friday morning after moving to attack the nearby town of Safwan, which fell within hours. The military continued to broadcast warnings to civilians in the area on loudspeakers to stay indoors and urging Iraqi troops to surrender. On the Kuwait side, Marines in a sandbagged watchtower directed mortar fire at the Iraq side, where U.S. troops have watched the Iraqis, who appeared to be either digging defensive positions or setting land mines. “We’ll find out soon enough,” Holmes said.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Targets in Iraq • Tools of war • Missile defense system • Cruise missiles • B-2 stealth bombers • F-117 Nighthawk • B-1B bombers • Nimitz-class carriers • AEGIS, eyes of the fleet • M1A2 Abrams tank • Iraq's T-72 tanks • Predator drones • A-10 "Warthogs" • Weapons: new vs. old ALLIED CONFIDENCE The apparent early gains coupled with signs of disarray within the Iraqi leadership bolstered political and military leaders of the coalition forces. British Prime Minister Tony Blair said Friday the military campaign seemed to have started well, but he cautioned against expectations of immediate victory. “Our forces will face resistance and the campaign, necessarily, will not achieve all its objectives overnight,” Blair told a news conference. At the Central Command in the gulf nation of Qatar, the main spokesman for the British forces also adopted a confident tone, telling reporters that he expected forces to reach Baghdad in less than a week, “If I were a betting man, which I’m not — hopefully in the next three or four days,” Capt. Al Lockwood said. Meantime, on board the USS Abraham Lincoln in the gulf, Rear Admiral John Kelly predicted a speedy victory. “I think that the folks on the ground realize that their time is up and that we’re coming ...So their efforts to counter it have increased,” he said. people can do is to try to protect civilians here.” He said at least five American human shields are elsewhere in Iraq.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    SURRENDER TALKS? After the first two days of airstrikes, Pentagon officials said serious cracks in the Iraqi regime had led to secret surrender talks with Iraqi military leaders.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Lead role for elite forces • Kurds brace for backlash • Top defector disappears • Dispatches from the field • Video coverage from NBC • Blog: Army family's journal • Encarta: Detailed Iraq map • WashPost: Special coverage LATEST FROM NEWSWEEK • Iraqis welcome attack • Zakaria: Arrogant empire Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the United States was talking directly to Iraqi military leaders, even those in the Special Republican Guard, who are drawn from the elite Republican Guard corps and are noted for their loyalty to Saddam. The Iraqis were being told that they could avoid all-out war if they took out Saddam themselves, Rumsfeld said. “There are communications in every conceivable mode and method, public and private, to the Iraqi forces that they can act with honor and turn over their weapons and walk away from them and they will not be hurt,” Rumsfeld told reporters Thursday night in Washington. SADDAM’S FATE Two days after the start of the U.S.-led war on Baghdad, the whereabouts of Saddam Hussein remained a mystery. U.S. officials had suggested he might have been killed or injured in the opening foray of the conflict, a strike of a building in the Iraqi capital where the president and his inner circle were believed to be meeting. On Friday, Iraq’s information minister acknowledged that one of Saddam’s homes was hit in the U.S. bombardment, but said no one was hurt. “They rocketed the residence of his household,” Mohammed Sa’eed al-Sahhaf said at a news conference. “But thank God, they are all safe.” Al-Sahhaf lashed out at the “criminal George Bush and his gang.”

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    “They are superpower of villains. They are superpower of Al Capone,” he said. “We will not allow them to get out of this quagmire which we trapped them in. They will see their end there.”

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A semblance of normalcy returned to Baghdad after Thursday night’s bombing. There was a great deal of traffic on the streets, many shops were open and many people were out on the street. But there was still a heavy security presence, including armed members of the ruling Baath Party, security forces and police, and pickup trucks mounted with heavy machine guns. The official Iraqi News Agency said 37 people were injured in Thursday night’s raid at heart of Baghdad and in other locations in and around the city.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Sahhaf also denied any U.S.-led advance into Iraq and argued that TV images of Iraqis surrendering were fabricated. “Those are not Iraqi soldiers at all,” he said. “Where did they bring them from?” Al-Sahhaf suggested that any captured U.S. and British soldiers may not be treated as prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions. Al-Sahhaf said Iraq was considering how to treat them. “Those are mercenaries. Most probably they will be treated as mercenaries, hirelings and as war criminals. ... For sure, international law does not apply to those,” he said.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A busload of journalists was taken to the main Al-Douri power plant, which was damaged in the 1991 Gulf War, where at least 12 human shields from Switzerland, Turkey, France and the United States are staying.








                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    font-size: 4pt; color: white; font-weight: bold;} U.S. May Use 'E-Bomb' During Iraq War Wed Mar 19, 4:21 PM ET By MATT CRENSON, AP National Writer U.S. forces may use a new "e-bomb" during the expected invasion of Iraq (news - web sites) as part of a 21st century blitzkrieg designed to render Saddam Hussein (news - web sites)'s forces blind, deaf, dumb and incapable of retaliation. The highly classified bomb creates a brief pulse of microwaves powerful enough to fry computers, blind radar, silence radios, trigger crippling power outages and disable the electronic ignitions in vehicles and aircraft. "They would be useful against any adversary that is dependent on electronic systems," said Loren Thompson, a defense analyst at the Lexington Institute, a think-tank based in Arlington, Va. In modern warfare, electronics undergird virtually every weapon more sophisticated than a rifle or hand grenade. For that reason, Air Force scientists have worked for decades on a practical way of producing powerful but brief pulses of microwaves that can incapacitate electronic equipment without damaging buildings or harming people. Officially, the Pentagon (news - web sites) does not acknowledge the weapon's existence. Asked about it at a March 5 Pentagon news conference, Gen. Tommy Franks said: "I can't talk to you about that because I don't know anything about it." However, military analysts say a number of unclassified documents suggest such a device is ready for the battlefield. "There's been a lot of discussion behind closed doors in the Pentagon and in the trade press that these things are now being tested," Thompson said. According to a 2000 report by Air Force Col. Elaine M. Walling, scientists at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico have created microwave sources that generate up to 10 times the amount of energy that Hoover Dam produces in a day. Such powerful pulses can incapacitate electronic equipment without damaging buildings or harming people, making them an attractive weapon whenever civilian casualties are a concern. In laboratory tests, microwave pulses can melt silicon chips, pushing their circuits far beyond their capacity to conduct electricity. But on the battlefield, even the most impressive e-bomb's effects rapidly diminish with distance. Although e-bombs' capabilities are classified, military analysts believe their range is a few hundred yards at most. That relatively short range decreases the odds that hospitals, orphanages and other civilian infrastructure will be affected, unless they are directly adjacent to or networked with military targets. "I think it is almost always more humane to use this compared to a conventional weapon," Thompson said. The bombs' effects are also hard to predict, analysts say. The surge of electricity produced by a microwave pulse could go directly to the nearest bank of military supercomputers, or it could just as easily be shunted harmlessly into the ground. "The effects are hard to focus. The moment the energy is absorbed into wiring or other electrically conductive material you don't know where it's going to go," Thompson said. Those uncertainties and others may prevent e-bombs from playing a major role in the anticipated U.S. offensive against Iraq, said Lt. Col. Piers Wood, a military analyst at the defense policy think-tank globalsecurity.org. "There will be a few commanders who will see these and get to try them out," Wood said. "We're not talking about arsenals of these things." Defense experts are particularly eager to see if e-bombs can reach into deep underground bunkers that could otherwise be neutralized only by tactical nuclear weapons. By shutting off the electricity, a microwave weapon could render a bunker uninhabitable by disabling lighting, security systems, ventilation and computers. Eventually, Wood said, other nations may acquire high power microwave weapons; American forces, which depend so heavily on technology, would be particularly vulnerable to them. He predicted that soon all military electronics will have to be protected from high power microwaves by metal casings, with sophisticated circuit breakers connected to any incoming wires.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    E-MAIL Me [email protected]



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Feral Cat Coalition - information related to spay, neuter, release programs for feral cats. Also general info of interest to those dealing with cats. http://www.feralcat.com/ More sites about: California > San Diego > Humane and Rescue Societies

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Hobie Cat - manufacturers of small and mid size catamarans for racing and cruising. http://www.hobiecat.com More sites about: Sailing > Hobie Cat Makers

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Dharma The Cat - philosophical cartoon site that also has an Inter-Faith Forum, Humor and an introduction to Buddhism. http://www.DharmaTheCat.com More sites about: Religion Humor > Buddhist Humor


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Cat Stuff - with graphics, humor, and stories. http://www.xmission.com/~emailbox/catstuff.htm More sites about: Mammals > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Cat Fanciers' Association http://www.cfainc.org/
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    More sites about: Cat Fanciers' Association

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Cat Gift Store - offers gifts for cat lovers. http://www.catgiftstore.com/ More sites about: Gifts > Thematic > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Alley Cat Allies - promotes compassion and humane care for America's feral cat population and advocates a trap-neuter-release program. http://www.alleycat.org More sites about: Feral Cat Humane and Rescue Societies

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    NetVet - Cat http://netvet.wustl.edu/cats.htm More sites about: Cats > Web Directories

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Black Cat Systems - currently offering a nutritional program, as well as science and ham radio related programs. http://www.blackcatsystems.com/ More sites about: B2B > Operating Systems > Macintosh


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Action Cat - free animated, original, and colorful postcards, featuring animals and seasonal themes. http://www.actioncat.com/ More sites about: Virtual Cards > Cats
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Sierra Endangered Cat Haven - an innovative park dedicated to the preservation of wild cats, specializing in education and promoting both captive and range country conservation. http://www.cathaven.com More sites about: California > Sierra Nevada > Wildlife

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Cat Boxing - round after round of feline fighting! http://www.catboxing.com/ More sites about: Humor > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Cat Scan Contest - displays entries and winners in a contest of images of digitally scanned cats. http://www.cat-scan.com/ More sites about: Humor > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The International Cat Association (TICA) http://www.tica.org/ More sites about: The International Cat Association

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    PetStation's Cat Cabana - articles, photos and much more about all types of cats. http://petstation.com/cats.html More sites about: Mammals > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Care for My Cat - offers information about cat health, care, behavior, and more. http://www.care-for-my-cat.com/ More sites about: Pet Health > Cats

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Blue Cat Design - new media design, Web marketing, Web site revision, multimedia. http://www.bluecatdesign.com/ More sites about: Canada > Ontario > Toronto > B2B > Internet
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