Modern America, 1914 - present


 

Joy Harjo, 1951- present

By Vonti McRae
Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke


Joy Harjo, a Native American activist, is through poetry able to capture the history and social standing of her people. Born into and enrolled as a member of the Creek Tribe, she is able to put into context personal and social issues by writing poetry. Growing up in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Harjo learned most of her Native American identity from her great aunt. As a young girl Harjo dreamed of becoming a missionary, but a local minister who embarrassed two Mexican girls by asking them to leave for were being noisy in church, crushed this aspiration.  Harjo, feeling the situation was not handled properly, left the church for good. She later decided to follow in her family's footsteps and become a painter. At the age of sixteen, she moved to the Southwest to attend the Institute of American Indian Arts to perfect this craft. While attending the Indian Art school American writers such as Leslie Marmon Silko and Simon Ortiz gave readings of their work. These readings, along with other writers' works, led her to give up painting and devote herself to writing poetry. 

Some of her poetic themes emphasize reasons Indians drink and why they have difficulties controlling the habit. In 1976 Harjo graduated from the University of New Mexico with a B.A. in Poetry.  She earned an M.F.A. from Iowa University in creative writing in 1978. After developing her skills to write poetry she began to use the beauty of words to her advantage. In 1975 The Last Song was published and its contents brought together ideas that survival depends on one's environment. She believes that Native Americans must look within themselves in order to make it in life. Harjo wants all humanity to "use the power of generosity and love to overcome distrust and enmity," rather than the overwhelming force of hatred (AIB 139).  In "White Bear," from She Had Some Horses (1983) a woman stops in the corrugated tunnel before boarding a flight to Albuquerque. Harjo captures the imagery of being stuck between leaving and staying with the use of words. She connects the white bear moving cautiously through an arctic night with the woman who is scared to board the plane. It is like both man and beast move together as one. Their intuitions are keyed up and they both can feel a tragedy looming overhead. Ms. Harjo has the ability to make the reader not only feel emotionally connected with the characters but visualize each scenario in their minds eye. Her poems deal with Native American history, issues concering women, alcoholism, poverty and other social and personal issues. Some critics believe that she attempts to be a representative for too many causes. These criticisms have not deterred her from becoming even more involved in the public eye. Harjo has not limited herself to just writing poetry, instead she has been able to expand her views using other outlets, such as music and songs. 

In 1978 she returned to the Institute of American Indian Arts as an instructor. She even studied filmmaking at the Anthropology film center in 1992, wrote childrens books, and currently plays the saxophone with her band, Poetic Justice.  Ms. Harjo is a woman of diverse trades who learned a long time ago never to settle for less. Since 1975 she has written important works such as What Moon Drove Me to This, Secrets from the Center of the World, In Mad Love and War, The Woman Who Fell From the Sky, and Fishing. Each piece stems from a facet of her personal knowledge of this world. 

Many believe  Harjo tries to stay attuned to her surroundings. She views the world as being one with nature and that the environment should be respected by everyone who lives in it. For example, Helen Jarskoski, professor of English and Comparative Literature at California State University states: " Her poetry embraces the natural world and draws images, often dreamlike, from the iconography of Native traditions" (138). 
 

Bibliography

http://www.ipl.org

This World Wide Web page is an Internet Public Library run by librarians.  It offers a brief history on Joy Harjo and a detailed list on other online resources about her.  The Internet Public Libraries main focus is to aid those who wish to seek valid information on a multitude of topics.


http://www.aboriginalvoices.com

This World Wide Web Page features brief biographies of Native Peoples throughout North America. It has been organized and staffed by Native Americans and Canadians. They are a non-profit corporation that not only publishes excerpts of authors’ works but also a magazine that gives Native Americans a voice. 


http://www.nativeauthors.com

Bataille M., Gretchen, Native American Women, New York: Garland Publishing, 1993. p.105. 

Champagne, Duane, the North American Almanac, Michigan: Gale Research Inc., 1994. p. 759 & 1068

Gale Research Inc published The Native North American Almanac in 1994.  Editor Duane Champagne teaches at the University of California, Los Angeles.  He received a postdoctoral award from the Rockefeller Foundation while participating in fieldwork in the Northern Cheyenne area in Montana. Dr. Champagne seeks to understand the Native Americans' transition in society to a European influence. 
 
Harjo, Joy, She Had Some Horses, New York: Thunder's Mouth Press,  1983. p. 27. 
Johansen E. Bruce and Grindle A. Donald, Jr., The Encyclopedia of Native American Biography, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997. p.161.

Klein T. Barry, Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian, 8th ed. New York: Todd Publications, 1998. p. 577. 

Malinowski, Sharon, Notable Native Americans, Detroit: International Thomson Publishing Company, 1995. p. 7 &178-9. 

Published in 1995, Notable Native Americans, covers a huge amount of biographical information on more than "two hundred and sixty-five notable Native North American men and women." (7) This resource offers narrative essays, photographs or illustrations of Native Americans from all backgrounds.  An advisory board was assembled to assist in the selection process.  Each selected entrant was contacted so that information would be as accurate as possible.


Markowitz, Harvey, American Indian Biographies, New Jersey: Salem Press Inc., 1999. p. 137-9
 

  • Study Questions
    • What are some of the concepts Harjo tries to portray through some of her writing?
    • Joy Harjo has been an editor at various institutions.  How long has she been involved in this profession?
    • In what band does she play the saxophone and when were they formed?
    • Has her poetry clearly expressed the social standing of the Native American?
    • What is the underlining theme for In Mad Love and War?

    Major Works

    • The Last Song 
    • What Moon Drove Me to This? 
    • She Had Some Horses
    • Secrets from the Center of the World In Mad Love and War
    • The Woman Who Fell from the Sky
    • Fishing

    Careers

    • Editor for Americans Before Columbus
    • Contributing Editor for Contact II
    • Contributing Editor for Tyuony 
    • Poetry Editor and Advisor for High Plains Literary Review 
    • Professor
    • Writer
    • Musician
    Family
    • Son: Phil Dayn
    • Daughter: Rainey Dawn

    Homes 

    • Oklahoma
    • New Mexico
    • Iowa
    • Colorado
    • Arizona
    Honors
    • Outstanding Young Women of America
    • American Indian Distinguished Achievement Award
    • honorary Doctorate from Benedictine College
    • Wytter Bynner Poetry Fellowship
    • The American Book Award
    • Poetry Award from Mount Plains Booksellers Association
    • The Delmore Schwartz Award from NYU
    • Fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts and Arizona Commission on the Arts
    • Josephine Miles Award for Excellence in Literature from Pen Oakland 
    • The Carlos William's Award from the Poetry Society of America
    Chronology

    1951: born in Tulsa, Oklahoma 
    1959: parents divorced
    1967: attended boarding school at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe 
    1968: graduated from boarding school and gave birth to first child, Phil Dayn 
    1973: 2nd child, Rainey Dawn was born 
    1975: She Had Some Horses was published by Thunder's Mouth Press 
    1976: earned B.A. from the University of New Mexico in poetry 
    1978: earned M.F.A. from Iowa University in creative writing 
    1979-80: editor at Americans Before Columbus
    1984: contributing editor at Contact II
    1985: taught at the University of Colorado 
    1988-90: taught at the University of Arizona 
    1991: became full professor at University of New Mexico of English 
    1992: receives honorary Doctorate from Benedictine College 
    1994: receives the Wytter Bynner Poetry Fellowship

    Contact Information

    Joy Harjo 
    Two Red Horses, Inc. 
    P.O. Box 40726 
    Albuquerque, New Mexico 87196 

    Work # (505) 897-9092 

    Hosted by www.Geocities.ws

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