AMA Computer College
Pasig City
CIGARETTE SMOKING:
Reasons for smoking, long & short term effects, and more that we need to know.
A Case Study Presented to
Lorelie Besitan
In Partial Fulfillment for the subject INNET
By: Jeffrey Jabson
( August 27, 2002 )
Acknowledgement: I would like to thank many persons but unfortunately, there isn’t enough space to write all of them, so to all of those whom I dearly love, you know who you are, thanks a lot for everything. Thanks also to God Almighty for everything that he has given us all.
Objective: To be able to state the reasons and harmful effects of cigarette smoking not only to ourselves ( our health ) but also to our environment. Also to give or share some ways to be able to stop the habit and make us realize the importance and value of our one and only lives, to be able to live a normal, healthy, and clean way of living minus the risks and hazards of cigarette smoking.
Statement of the problem: During the course of this study, we will be able to know and hopefully understand the following:
These are just some of the many questions faced in this study, because for every solution for a problem, more problems may arise from that solution, so the single most important thing is to just take things one at a time and hopefully we may be able to fully understand each and every problem that may be encountered.
Introduction: One of the most serious health problems facing our nation is cigarette smoking. Each year, tens of thousands die, and countless more suffer from chronic diseases, as a consequence of prolonged smoking. Most smokers develop the habit during their teen years, so this study has been designed to provide information to everybody, both smokers and non-smokers, a student, an office worker, or whatever it may be, this one is a must for all of us. I will also discuss what tobacco and nicotine are, the reasons why people begin to smoke, and the particular allure of smoking for teenagers. In a way, this work was created and can be said, made possible for over a period of more than a decade because this is the period where I started smoking, continued, slowed down and finally stopped smoking. This study is a mix of the experiences I had during my "smoking" years plus all of the information that I’ve collected and accumulated about smoking over time.
How this "silent killer" came to be: A brief history of the cigarette (tobacco ).
Tobacco, a plant native to the Americans, has been smoked by Mayan peoples for at least 2,000 years. This custom gradually spread northward from Central America, through the Aztec Empire, and on to North American Indian tribes. The latter believed the plant had medicinal properties and used it in ceremonies. Columbus observed the Arawak Indians of the Caribbean smoking tobacco through a tube they called tobago, from which the modern name for the plant originated. Tobacco was introduced to Spain and France in 1556, and in 1585 the British navigator Sir Francis Drake took it to England, where pipe smoking was popularized by Sir Water Raleigh. Cultivation of tobacco began in colonial America as early as 1615 in the settlement of Jamestown. By 1776, tobacco had spread south to North Carolina and west as far as Missouri. By the end of the century, tobacco was cultivated around the world. Tobacco is now grown in over a hundred countries. In the U.S., tobacco is raised on over 130,000 farms, making the country second only to China in tobacco production.
Tobacco is unusual among agricultural crops because it has a small seed (over 10,000 seeds per gram), which cannot be directly planted. Young seedlings must be grown in special 'cold frames' but can then be planted in many soil types. Although the plant will grow in many climates, the crop demands a minimum of 120 frost-free days in order to mature. The tobacco plant can be harmed by many diseases (such as the tobacco mosaic virus) and pests (including bud worms and grasshoppers), and so chemicals are regularly used to protect it.
Within about 100 years people in western Europe were smoking tobacco. The habit spread throughout the world. It’s spread is partly attributed to the habit-forming narcotic nicotine contained in tobacco. In the mid-1900’s research scientists reported that tobacco use, especially cigarette smoking, leads to lung cancer and other diseases. It was subsequently declared that cigarette smoking is a health hazard. Cigarettes are made mostly from the lemon-yellow, flue-cured tobacco from Virginia and the Carolinas ( U.S. ). It is blended with others, especially the Turkish types which have a desirable flavor and odor. The Burley tobacco, common in Kentucky and Tennessee ( U.S.), is used for chewing tobacco and pipe mixtures.
Tobacco and Nicotine:
Tobacco is the prepared leaves of several plants of the nightshade family, used for smoking or chewing as snuff. The tobacco plant is native to tropical America and is now wildly grown all over the world. You can find tobacco in cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and chewing tobacco (snuff). Nicotine is a poisonous alkaloid contained in the leaves, roots and seeds of tobacco plants. It is used as an insecticide and sometimes used in medicine.
Tobacco and nicotine are very harmful substances that have many harmful effects on humans as well as animals. People who chew tobacco are likely to develop problems in the mouth. Tobacco also inhibits antibodies that protect your gums. If you chew tobacco for a long period of time in the same spot in your mouth, it can burn a hole right through your mouth. Tobacco develops sores in your mouth and gives you gingivitis, an irritation of the gums causing puffiness. Even though tobacco models display gleaming white teeth if you use tobacco your teeth turn yellow. Tobacco also gives you oral carcinoma of lateral border of the tongue.
Tobacco does not just harm your mouth but it also harms all other places in your body. Inhaling tobacco can give you lung cancer or respiratory problems. When you inhale tobacco, the tobacco destroys the cilia in your esophagus. The cilia protects you from diseases, so you are more likely to become sick then a person who does not inhale tobacco. Tobacco destroys lung tissue so you are more prone to lung cancer. If tobacco gets into your blood stream it takes away oxygen in your blood, slowing down physical activity. Tobacco also harms many parts of your body, like your liver and pancreas. Swallowing tobacco will also cause damage to your stomach.
There are different ways to smoke tobacco. The most common cigarettes, a small role of thin sheets of treated paper for smoking. There are pipes, a tube with a bowl of clay or wood or another material at one end for smoking, cigars, a tight role of cured tobacco leaves for smoking. And smokeless tobacco, which teens think is better for you, but isn't.
Teenagers think that smokeless tobacco is safer than cigarettes. They are wrong. Smokeless tobacco can cause bleeding gums, or sores, in the mouth that will never go away. Smokeless tobacco can also give you holes in your mouth that go all the way through.
Tobacco has benefits. It is useful if you are trying to kill insects because insects are so small it will kill them instantly. Some gardeners put tobacco on their plants so the insects will stay away. Tobacco has the same ingredients as rat poison (cyanide), dead frog preserver (formaldehyde), and toilet bowel cleaner (ammonia).
Nicotine is the drug in the tobacco product that gets you addicted to the tobacco product. Once a person inhales nicotine they are addicted to it. It is very hard to get off nicotine just as it would be hard to stop using an illegal drug.
There are many facts about tobacco and nicotine but the one main fact is that when taken by smoking or chewing, it never does any good for a person.
A detailed list: When, How & why did I start to smoke ?
When: During my second year in high school, I was 13 or 14 then….it’s been a long time, but I did start smoking at my sophomore year.
How: My friend ( also my classmate ) asked me to try one, as far as I could remember, I declined the offer maybe twice, at separate occasions. But in the end, gave in to the offer.
Why: As the circumstances show, it was due to peer pressure. But after the first try, the reason why I continued to smoke is because it’s nice to play around with the smoke. Then time has passed, now addiction to nicotine comes into the picture.
A detailed list: What do others say ?
Why do people start to smoke ?
Some people like to smoke because their friends do. This is called peer pressure. Many times people think it will be fun and cool!! Most people start smoking by the age of 18. Smoking shortens your life by 15 years. Some materials I’ve read, said smoking is declining. That was encouraging as we hope educating us is helping. People continue to smoke for several reasons. The nicotine in cigarettes is a stimulant. Initially, it gives a person a sense of alertness by increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Shortly after that, it relaxes muscles and decreases irritability. Smokers report that nicotine lifts their spirits. Nicotine also suppresses appetite and speeds up metabolism, which can help keep a person’s weight down. Many people are afraid they’ll gain weight if they quit smoking. But studies show the average weight gain after quitting is only 5 to 10 pounds. Young people often start smoking as a way to feel "cool" or grown-up. There’s a national trend toward fewer adults smoking, but the rate of smoking among adolescents has actually edged upward in recent years. Once you get hooked on smoking, it’s difficult to quit. Nicotine is an addictive drug that affects the chemistry of the brain and central nervous system. When trying to stop smoking, a person can suffer both physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms, including irritability, difficulty concentrating, headaches, problems sleeping, and an intense desire for tobacco.
Teenage Smoking
Teenage smoking has become a big problem here as well as the rest of the world. Almost half the percent of teenagers who smoke never admit they have a problem. Once these teenagers start to smoke they become addicted physically and psychologically and that's the part that makes it tough for them to quit. Teenage smoking is being promoted to kids through magazines, and television shows. There must a total ban on cigarette advertisements from television, and in print media but most likely, it's not enough. We have to find a way to ban all these things because it's putting kids' lives in danger.
Independent studies and surveys show that, teenage smoking has risen over the last 20 years. About 29% of males are regular smokers and 17% of females are regular smokers. Females who smoke at least a pack a day, increased from 10-19% between 1969 and 1975, yet the male percentage has stayed at about 25%. Recently, female teenagers have also become avid smokers as much as males.
There are many reasons why teenagers smoke. One of the most common reasons is peer pressure. Kids have a hard time resisting doing what their friends want. Teenagers who smoke are more likely to have lower self images. They start smoking because they think it will give them a better image like being cooler, more attractive, or more popular. Because of their low self image, they don't have the confidence to "say no" when a cigarette is offered to them. Teenagers who are smoking become addicted because of the nicotine and that makes it harder for them to quit. Cigarette advertisements are designed to make people think that smoking is cool and that everyone does it. These misleading ads appear to increase kids' smoking. The companies also say that they are not persuading their customers to smoke, their customers are deciding for themselves.
There are many people who smoke who would love to be able to quit, but cannot. Once the nicotine enters your blood, your body needs the nicotine. This makes it very difficult to quit. Here are some methods of quitting. Pick the day that you will stop smoking and stick to it! Drink lots of liquids- fruit juices, water or herbal tea. One more, when you get the urge to smoke, reach for some gum or mints instead. These might not always work, but there is no sense in not trying.
There is a high percentage of teenage smokers although 90% say they want to try to quit. Approximately 29% of teenage males are regular smokers. Females consuming at least a pack a day increased from 10% to 19% between 1969 and 1975. Heavy male smokers, in this age range, remained at about 31%. When gender is looked at, females are becoming more avid cigarette smokers than males.
Scare tactics, peer group discussions, media demonstrations, bio-feedback programs have been tried. As for now, no conclusive evidence exists about the best ways to prevent teenagers from starting smoking. At present, we know that teen-agers, especially females, are continuing to smoke at higher rates, causing injury to their health. We do not know how to effectively prevent or stop them. The best way is not to start and if you have started- QUIT!
In conclusion, people all over are trying to stop teenagers from smoking, as well as everyone else. It is taking some time, but as you can see, teenagers all over are learning the right thing to do.
Some important facts about kids and smoking
Now the BIG Question: Are we to blame, or is it "their" fault ?
The "their" I’m pertaining to are the tobacco companies. But in the end, it is the consumers who have the last say and are the ones who decide in the first place. But then, these tobacco companies are very aggressive when it comes to convincing the public to smoke. In some countries, companies even label their products as having low tar and nicotine, and some even give very convincing or affordable prices. Even the cigarette plastic filters, we may not know, may be also products of some tobacco companies simply just to convince people that the harmful effects of smoking can be reduced. Since there is a deadlock between the two ( consumers and companies ), now comes the government. It’s now up to them to ban cigarette products, but another problem comes in….these companies pay "big" taxes to the government. So the best that the government do is to put in the side labels of the cigarettes warning that "smoking is dangerous to your health", nothing more, nothing less. So the end result is, we, the consumers are the ones at fault. It’s up to us if we want to use our freedom to kill ourselves and our surroundings or to use our freedom in other more "safer" means of pleasure other than cigarette smoking. So start thinking now before everything’s too late.
Second Hand Smoke
What exactly is second hand smoke? Each time someone smokes, poisons are released into the air. That means that not only are the smokers inhaling the smoke, but you are too. Many studies have shown that this second hand smoke can have harmful effects on nonsmokers and even cause them to develop diseases such as lung cancer, respiratory diseases, and trigger asthma attacks. Who do you think breathes in the smoke and chemicals? You do! If you can smell the smoke, it's affecting you.
Second hand smoke not only damages the body, it may even cause life-threatening diseases such as lung cancer. Plus, nonsmokers who are exposed to environment tobacco smoke (ETS) have a 30% increased risk of dying from heart disease. Second-hand smoke has an especially bad effect on infants and children whose parents smoke. A number of studies show that in their first two years of life, babies of parents who smoke at home have a much higher rate of lung disease. And smoking by pregnant women, seems to predispose premature babies to respiratory distress syndrome. Even among children without asthma, a team of researchers found that acute respiratory illnesses happen twice as often to young children whose parents smoke around them as compared to those with nonsmoking parents.
Side stream smoke is a smoke that is somewhat diluted in the air, but it starts off with twice the amount of nicotine and tar, three times the amount of cancer causing agents, and five times the amount of carbon monoxide. The actual definition of side stream smoke is the smoke that comes off of the cigarette before the smoker has inhaled any of the poisonous gases.
Even if you personally don't smoke, you probably come into contact with cigarette smokers. However, you can try to avoid second-hand smoke by going to restaurants that have nonsmoking sections, sitting in nonsmoking sections of trains, buses, and airplanes, and requesting that friends and family refrain from smoking in your room or apartment. Even in a public place, many smokers will respond favorably to a polite request to refrain from smoking.
If you get second-hand smoke, you have a greater chance of getting respiratory problems and cancer. You breathe the smoky air and it gets into our lungs. Our clothes and our hair also may become smoky smelling. This second-hand smoke can cause as much problem to a bystander as smoking can do to a smoker.
In conclusion, smoking is extremely hazardous to everyone, not just the smoker themselves. It is important to know what secondhand smoke is, and its consequences. So please take the advice given in this article and use it. You do not have to breathe in the damaging chemicals in smoke!
Now the scary part : What Are the Dangers of Smoking?
Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemical compounds, including cyanide, formaldehyde, and ammonia. Constantly exposing the human body to these toxins, plus the drug nicotine, has serious health consequences. ( Just to name a few…)
More details : Consequences of Smoking
By now, everybody should know that smoking is harmful and can also lead to death. Smoking can lead to emphysema and asthma. These are only two of the many consequences of smoking. Smoking is not only harmful for the user, but it also affects the harmless people around the user that inhale the filthy smoke. This is called second-hand smoke. All parts of the body are affected when you smoke. Your face, your finger tips, and many others. Smoking can make you also have wrinkles and it tightens your skin. So, when you are 16 and still smoking by 20, you will look 35.
There are many effects from smoking. Long term effects include: Lung cancer, emphysema, heart disease, and ulcers. Short term effects include: coughing, shortness of breath, and premature signs of aging such as wrinkles. Those facts are not surprising, because when you smoke, you are inhaling over 2,000 known cancer-causing chemicals. Lung cancer is presently the number one killer in both men and women, and it is estimated that by the year 2000, approximately over 300,000 people will die from lung cancer in the United States. These are a few facts that will have you thinking about the effects of smoking.
Lung cancer kills more men and women than any other form of cancer. Eighty percent of lung cancer cases have been linked to cigarette smoking. The risk of lung cancer is proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked. The disease spreads quickly which makes it hard to save the lives of the patients. Lung cancers are classified into small cell or non-small cell. Small cell cancer is the most aggressive type of lung cancer and has the worst prognosis. This kind of cancer tends to grow rapidly spread to other parts of the body early. Non-small cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes of the chest and it enters the blood stream where it gets carried to other organs such as the liver, bone, brain, and spinal cord.
Emphysema is a condition where there is too much inflation of lungs known as the air sacs. The over inflation of the air sacs make the air sacs walls breakdown. Some symptoms of emphysema are shortness of breath and a cough. The elastic fibers in the lung allow the to expand and contract. A healthy lung has a great balance between two kinds of chemicals with opposing action. When the balance is changed, the lungs lose the ability to protect themselves against the destruction of these elastic fibers. Smoking is responsible for 82% of chronic lung disease. The treatment for this disease is if you smoke, you should quit. You can get antibiotics, also exercise is good. A lung transplant could be required in extreme cases.
Smoking causes other respiratory diseases like chronic coughs, shortness of breath, asthma, and emphysema. A smoker will also make colds, flu, and ordinary illnesses worse than usual. That happens because their immune system is worse than before they started smoking. A smoker will wake up everyday with a hacking cough and it stays there all day.
Smoking dyes the smoker's teeth and fingernails yellow. It gives smokers bad breath, and it causes mouth cancers and gum disease. Smoking damages teeth and gums permanently. Smoker's teeth fall out faster than non-smokers and smoker's are likely candidates for oral cancer. Oral cancer is cancer of the mouth. It is on the tongue, cheek, and gums. Some of the symptoms are: sores in mouth that don't go away, red or white patches in mouth, constant bleeding in mouth, numbness in mouth, swelling or lump in mouth, and a late symptom- difficult in swallowing and speech. If a smoker stops smoking it can prevent the risk of oral cancer.
Babies who are born to mothers who smoke usually are 200 grams lighter than babies born to mothers that don't smoke. Smoke inhalation contributes to babies being victims of "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome."
In conclusion, if you are thinking about smoking, think twice because smoking is bad for you. Smoking can cause cancer, emphysema, gum disease, and many more. Smoking kills more people than any other cancer combined also including aids. I hope you, the smoker, learned something from this.
The Good News : It’s not yet too late to stop !
The first thing I must say is why did I stop smoking ? Well there are many reasons, namely; At one point in my smoking "life span" I experienced extreme and difficult coughing every time I smoked, I also lost some weight. A friend told me that I’m showing symptoms of a respiratory or lung-related disease. But fortunately for me, the uncomfortable things I felt gradually disappeared. Having said that, I also was forced to buy less cigarettes because I had some financial problems. So there were times that I would only consume 2 sticks a day ( sometimes 1, and sometimes none ! ) from my usual as many as I would like. This went on for weeks, then months until my cravings to smoke decreased. And the final "nail in the coffin" was when I needed to buy something so I needed every cent that I could save, that means having to sacrifice for my smoking habit and all the other stuff until one day I realized that I can do without cigarettes, simply put I was just lucky. Then at present, still in a little financial stress, can’t afford to buy cigarettes anymore and also don’t like to buy anymore.
Methods of Quitting
Did you ever ask yourself why you started to smoke? or Is this really good for my image in gaining a friend and getting a job? Well, if you didn't, you should. If you don't know why you started to smoke, even if you do, the best time to quit is now. Statistics show that you have a better chance of getting a job if you are a non- smoker than a smoker. If you are very smart and talented, you shouldn't waste your time smoking, there are no benefits from being a smoker.
To quit smoking is usually very difficult, and many ex-smokers go through the quitting process several times before becoming permanent quitters. It is useful to think of the smoking habit as having two primary components: The physical and the psychological, although the distinction between the two is sometimes difficult to make. The physical aspect of addiction is a result of continued exposure to nicotine. All tobacco products contain substantial amounts of nicotine, a powerful drug, which acts in the brain and throughout the body. With each cigarette smoked, this powerful drug exerts its effects.
Quitting makes a difference right away. Your cough disappears, your breath smells better, and you can smell and taste your food better. If you quit, your lungs will quickly begin to repair the damage caused by smoking. After 10 years of not smoking, your risk of lung cancer is reduced by 1/3, and your risk of death is cut in half. These great results occur for men and women of all ages. It happens for healthy people as well as those who already have a disease or condition caused by smoking. When you quit smoking, you cut the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory problems. Ex-smokers have fewer days of illness, fewer health complaints, and less bronchitis and pneumonia than current smokers. Quitting smoking saves you lots of money too! A pack-a-day smoker, who pays two dollars per pack, can save more than seven hundred dollars a year. In case you haven't noticed, the prices will continue to drastically increase over the next few years. Health care will increase as well. The more you smoke, the more health care you require.
The vast majority of smokers prefer to try to quit on there own. Reports and studies show that 90 percent of successful quitters have used a self-help strategy. Self-help strategies are popular because they are typically cheaper then clinic-based programs and more convent because they do not require participation in meetings or group sessions.
When getting ready to quit, set a date for your self. If possible, have a friend start on that date as well. Notice when and why you smoke. Try to find things in your daily life that you often do during a cigarette (such as drinking your morning cup of coffee, your way to school or work, talking on the telephone, watching television, or listening to the radio.) Change your smoking routines. Keep your cigarettes in a different place, try smoking with the other hand. Think about how you feel when you smoke. Try to pinpoint why your feelings exist. Does smoking make you feel good? Buy one pack of cigarettes at a time. By a brand that you don't like. This may decrease your desire to have a cigarette.
Other people prefer to use either the nicotine patch or the nicotine gum. The gum is supposed to stop the person's craving for the cigarette. This is good because you get a substitute for the cigarette, so when you would normally go for the cigarette, you will instead go for the gum. The patch is also supposed to stop the desire for the cigarettes, but with no substitute, so unlike the gum, you have nothing to take the place of the cigarette. Not having a substitute might be harder for people who are very addicted to the cigarettes.
No matter what form of quitting you choose, it's still very hard to stop. Many people who try to quit aren't able to do so. Quitting smoking completely is one of the most difficult things to do. If you do manage to quit smoking, it's a big accomplishment. It could help you live much longer, but it's always best just not to start at all.
Sample Site Output :
The index page…..bloody red to remind us that smoking will cost us our lives !
The navigation and main page….full of colors !
When you click on a topic on the left navigation page ( smaller area ), contents will appear in the right main area ( wider area ).
The text that is colored red is scrolling that’s why it looks like that…
Source Codes:
<html>
<title>JEFFREY JABSON</title>
<body bgcolor = "red">
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<font size=8><center>CIGARETTE SMOKING...</center></font>
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<center><font size=5>Why do many persons</font>
<font size=2> (most notably, the youth) </font>
<font size=5>start the habit ?</font></center>
<center><font size=5>What are the effects of smoking to our health and how to stop the habit...</font></center>
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<center>TO KNOW THE ANSWERS, <a href="frame.html">CLICK HERE...</a></center>
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<title>All About Smoking</title>
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<center>Click on a topic:</center>
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<a href=main.html TARGET="main"><LI>FRONT DOOR</a>
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<a href=main2.html TARGET="main"><LI>Thanks...</a>
<a href=main3.html TARGET="main"><LI>My goal...</a>
<a href=main4.html TARGET="main"><LI>? ? ? ? ?</a>
<a href=main5.html TARGET="main"><LI>Introduction</a>
<a href=main6.html TARGET="main"><LI>History...</a>
<a href=main7.html TARGET="main"><LI>Tobacco & Nicotine</a>
<a href=main8.html TARGET="main"><LI>Why start ?</a>
<a href=main9.html TARGET="main"><LI>Teenage Smoking...</a>
<a href=main10.html TARGET="main"><LI>Some facts...</a>
<a href=main11.html TARGET="main"><LI>Who's at fault ?</a>
<a href=main12.html TARGET="main"><LI>Second hand smoke...</a>
<a href=main13.html TARGET="main"><LI>Dangers of smoking...</a>
<a href=main14.html TARGET="main"><LI>Time 2 STOP !!!</a>
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<a href=main15.html TARGET="main"><LI>Glossary</a>
<a href=main16.html TARGET="main"><LI>JEFFREY</a>
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<H1><font color=gold><center>A</font> <font color=blue>CASE</font>
<font color=purple>STUDY</font> <font color=yellow>in</font><br>
<font color=indigo><img src="arrowright.gif"> INNET <img src="arrowleft.gif">
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<center><B>Cigarette Smoking, reasons for smoking...
long and short-term effects, and more that we need
to know...</B></center></font></marquee>
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<center><img src="line.gif"></center>
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<LI><center>AMA COMPUTER COLLEGE, Pasig Campus
<br>
<LI>Presented to Lorelie Besitan
<br>
<LI>Designed by <font color=darkgreen>JEFFREY JABSON</font></center>
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Glossary:
About Myself:
Born: 5 – 30 – 77; San Nicolas Pasig, Rizal
Residence: Malinao, Pasig City
Height: 5’6"
Weight: 130
Marital status: single
Sports: cycling, pingpong,
Favourite music: Japanese anime soundtracks
Favourite drink: water, mango shake
Favourite food: pasta and chicken
Favorite NES game: Too many
Favourite PS 1 game: Thousand Arms, Lunar Story - Silver Star & Eternal Blue, Silent Hill, TOCA 2
Favourite PS 2 game: I have no PS 2 !
Favourite X-Box game: I have no X-box !
Favourite Game Cube game: I have no Game Cube !
Favourite PC game: Solitaire
Pet’s name: Tigro ( cat )
Favorite Cartoon: The Simpsons, Top Cat, Dragon Ball Z, Peter Potamus, and
so many more…..
Favorite T.V. Shows: Isumbong mo kay Tulfo, Home T.V. Shopping, Our House,
Urban Doktor, and many more…..