Chapter 13: THE CLAUSE
By: Mrs. Anderson
I. TYPES OF CLAUSES
•	All clauses have a subject and a verb
•	All clauses do not express a complete thought.
•	There are two types of clauses:
–	Independent Clause: express a complete thought and can stand by itself.
–	Subordinate Clause: does not express a complete thought and can not stand by itself.
A. Independent Clauses
•	Expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself.
•	For Example:
–	The students were missing easy questions. [ind.]
–	The teacher tried to help them. [ind.]
–	The students were missing easy questions, and the teacher tried to help them. [compound sentence]
•	May also be joined with other conjunctions: but or nor, for, and yet, or a (semicolon);
B. Subordinate Clause
•	Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself.
•	They leave you expecting more to be said.
•	Words like if, when, although, since, and because make the clauses they introduce sound unfinished.
•	Be careful when you use these words; make sure you attach an independent clause.
B. Subordinate Clause (cont’d.)
•	Examples of Subordinate Clauses:
–	who spoke out loud just now
–	that you did not feed the dog
•	The famous author who spoke out loud just now writes children’s fiction.
•	Fred’s brother told him that you did not feed the dog while he was on vacation.
•	Because you read, you will excel in school.
Complements and Modifiers, p. 415
Subordinate clauses may contain complements and modifiers:
•	Here is the portrait that he painted. [d.o.]
•	We couldn’t tell who they were [p.n.-they were who]
•	Since she told us the truth . . . [i.o.]
•	When I am busy . . .[p.a.]
•	After he had cooked for us . . . [adverb phrase]

C. Types of Subordinate Clauses
1. Adjective Clause: subordinate clause is used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun.
2. Adverb Clause: subordinate clause is used as an adverb to modify a verb, adverb, or adjective.
3. Noun Clause: subordinate clause is used as a noun.
1. Adjective Clause (subordinate)
•	Always follows the noun or pronoun that it describes.
•	Sometimes, it is set off by commas, sometimes not.
•	If the clause is needed to identify the word it modifies, no commas are used.
•	Adjective Clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns.
1. Adjective Clause (subordinate)
•	Relative pronouns (p. 416): who, whom, whose, which, and that.
•	For example:
–	The President is a person who leads the nation.
–	He or she should be the person whom you trust most.
–	The platform which each person runs on is controversial.
1. Adjective Clause (subordinate)
•	Sometimes the relative pronoun is omitted.  The pronoun is understood to be within the clause.
–	President Bush is a man [that] many people like.
•	Some adverbs introduce adjective clauses:
–	This is the season when it rains most every day.
–	Here is the spot where we will have lunch.
2. Adverb Clauses (subordinate)
Tell how, when, where or under what condition.
•	Gertrude sounds as if she is sick. [how]
•	Before we left, we turned out the lights. [when]
•	You will see the haunted mansion where the road turns right. [where]
•	As long as he starts early, he will arrive on time. [under what conditions]
2. Adverb Clauses (subordinate)
•	They are introduced with subordinating conjunctions (p. 419):
–	After, before, unless, as long as, so that, whenever
–	Although, if, until, as, in order that, when, as if, since
–	Because, though, while, etc.
3. Noun Clauses
•	Introduced by:
–	that, whether, what, who, whoever, whose, where, and why. 
–	That the bridge combines strength with beauty remains a tribute to its builder.
–	Whoever kicks the can first is the winner.
•	Sometimes the introductory word is left off:
–	He told us [that] the dog’s performance improved.
II. SENTENCE CLASSIFICATIONS
•	Four types of sentence structures:
–	Simple
–	Compound
–	Complex
–	Compound-Complex
1. Simple Sentence
•	One independent clause
•	No subordinate clause
•	May have phrases attached.
–	In the stands during the game, the crowd cheered on the defensive line.
–	Without a doubt, winter is the best season.
2. Compound Sentence
•	Two or more independent clauses
•	No subordinate clause
•	A comma and coordinating conjunction (and, but, or) are used to connect the two independent clauses,
•	Or a semicolon (;) alone, or with the following conjunctive adverbs: consequently, therefore, nevertheless, however, moreover, otherwise.
2. Compound Sentences
                      S      V                           S         V
•	A strange dog chased us, but the owner came to our rescue.
		   S   V                S V
•	The film is long, but it is suspenseful.
•	Don’t confuse compound verbs or predicates:
–	She played basketball and won a scholarship.
3. Complex Sentence
•	One Independent Clause
•	At least one Subordinate Clause
	   Subordinate	    Independent
–	As night fell, the storm reached its climax.

	    Independent 			Subordinate
–	He read instructions to Jill, who was his secretary.
4. Compound-Complex
•	Two or more Independent Clauses
•	At least one Subordinate Clause
–	The Roeblings lived in a house that was in the vicinity of the construction site, and Washington supervised it by observing progress through a telescope.