Outlining Styles: which one do you prefer to use?

The Renaissance Period (1485-1660) pg. 166-186

 

  I.            The Italian Renaissance:

                       a.            A time of great energy and creativity

                                                    i.            Man became the focal point of the era and this concept is shown in works by artists like Michelangelo whose human figures are noble and capable of perfection

                       b.            Popes and Rulers: *subheadings underlined

                                                    i.            Pope Nicolas V

                                                ii.            Pope Julio II (had Michelango paint the Sistene Chapel)

                        c.            Geniuses:

                                                    i.            Boccoccio, Petrarch, Raphael, Machiavelli

                                                ii.            Michelangelo, da Vinci, Galileo, Columbus

                                             iii.            John Milton, Pico della Mirandola

II.            Humanism: answered questions about human beings

                       a.            The Bible and the Classic teachings: wanted to harmonize them

                                                    i.            Asked questions: What is a human being? What is a good life? How does a human being lead a good life?

                       b.            Famous humanist writers: Pico della Mirandola, Milton

                                                    i.            Did not want to discredit religion, wanted to spread their findings

                                                ii.            Read Greek and Latin books for content, not language (knowledge): St. Paul, Cicero, Bible, Plutarch, works of Education.

                                             iii.            Aim was to produce moral students who would be wise and virtuous.

III.            Printing:

                       a.            Began during the Renaissance

                       b.            Johan Gutenberg (1400?-1468): printed the Latin Bible in Germany

                        c.            The spread of printing from Germany to Italy made books available

                       d.            All important works printed in Greek and Latin, worked with humanists

                       e.            Venetian Aldus Manutius and his family owned the most distinguished publishing house of the time.  The hired humanists.

                          f.            William Caxton in England (a merchant, diplomat, and writer) - set up the printing press and published the Dictates or Sayings of Philosophers.

IV.            Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536):

                       a.            He was the son of a dutch priest, had a good classical education, became  a monk at 22, and a humanist, received his degree in Paris.

                       b.            Wrote in Latin Adages, Colloquies, The Handbook of a Christian Soldier

                        c.            While in England, he taught Greek at Cambridge where he met Thomas More and became friends: shared same philosophies.

                       d.            Impatient with some of the ideas of the church

                       e.            Thomas More suggested that Erasmus write satire to criticize the church known as the Encomium Moriae.

                          f.            Thomas More was knighted by the King of England

                       g.            More wrote Utopia in 1516, and this type of writing became known as  Utopian writing; utopian became a catchword for describing impractical social schemes.

                       h.            More was extremely influential in England, but England's Renaissance was more bookish than Italy's.  It produced less art.

                            i.            Other humanists include: William Grocyn, Thomas Linacre, Jon Colet.

V.            Establishment of the English Church (the Reformation):

                       a.            Many reformers in England repudiating the Catholic Church

                       b.            Unhappy that the Pope could do whatever he wanted

                        c.            New religious ideas, the Vatican was expensive, and they sold indulgences to fund it, it was far off in Italy.

                       d.            In 1530 they openly wrote against the church

                       e.            Upset by financial burdens

                          f.            Martin Luther's ideas were spreading (understanding the Bible vs. listening to the Pope) -- along with Erasmus, More, and Colet.

                       g.            Henry VIII (the second of the Tudor Kings who is known for chopping off heads) established the English church -- he broke away from the Catholic Church because he could not divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon (she had been previously married to Henry's older brother who was now dead): Henry VIII created the Protestant Church.

                       h.            Puritans, Baptists, Presbyterians, Dissenters, nonconformists (religion is a connection between the individual and God).

VI.            The Tudor Monarchs (1485-1603): a grandfather, father, 3 children

                       a.            Henry VII (the grandfather) seized the throne DURING the War of the Roses (restored peace)

                       b.            Henry VIII (the father) restored the throne, had 6 wives, and built the navy.  He was a renaissance man (skilled at many things).  He had Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward (3 children)

                        c.            Edward VI ruled England at the age of 9 (a figurehead)

                       d.            Mary was a Catholic Ruler - burned 300 subjects.  Married Spanish Phillip II.

                       e.            Elizabeth I was the daughter, skilled in many art forms and languages.

                                                    i.            She reestablished the Church of England, but was excommunicated because she wanted to mix the ideas of the church

                                                ii.            She pretended she might marry her widowed brother-in-law, Philip.

                                             iii.            Resisted marriage her whole life (thereby giving the American colony, Virginia, its name).

                                            iv.            After 20 years she beheaded Mary Stewart, Queen of Scots, a Catholic who was in contention for the throne.

                                               v.            King Philip of Spain used this as an excuse to invade in 1588, but the Royal Navy crushed the Spanish Armada.

VII.            Renaissance Poetry:

                       a.            Sonnets (14 lines)

                                                    i.            The Italian Francis Petrarch (1595) started the craze of love sonnets

                                                ii.            Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, the Earl of Surrey, also used the form

                                             iii.            William Shakespeare also wrote sonnets

                       b.            A poet made little money and was patronized by the upper class

                        c.            Pastoral poems: alluded to upper class being lower class via satire

                       d.            Epithalamia (wedding) and epigrams: praised or made fun of real people

                       e.            Epitaphs which spoke of dead people (on tombstones)

                          f.            Songs: a highly regarded skill - singing

                                                    i.            Lyrics

                                                ii.            Airs (solos)

                                             iii.            Madrigals (group)

                       g.            Had clever and elaborate poems, word play/puns

                       h.            Artificial poetry - skillfully made

                            i.            Always in meter, mostly in rhyme

                           j.            Extended metaphors: called conceits

                       k.            Narrative Poetry (fiction) and Epic Poetry (supernatural heroes)

                            l.            Great Poets: John Lyly, Robert Greene, Thomas Nashe, Sidney, Shakespeare, Andrew Marvell, etc.

VIII.            Renaissance Drama:

                       a.            The Forerunners:

                                                    i.            Pre-eminent period of English drama

                                                ii.            Stages of plays (four): miracle and mystery, morality, interludes, tragicomedy:

                                                                       1.            Creation by God

                                                                       2.            Satan

                                                                       3.            Life in the old testament

                                                                       4.            Redemption by Christ

                                             iii.            Originated in York, Chester, Coventry, Wakefield

                                            iv.            Began as cynical

                       b.            Renaissance Dramatists:

                                                    i.            Make a point

                                                ii.            Make another point

IX.            Renaissance Prose:

                       a.            The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity by Richard Hooker (1590): The Great  Chain of Being (all things are connected via a graded continuity)

                       b.            Galileo Galilei's discoveries challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church  and the Great Chain of Being by his Copernican View of the earth  revolving around the sun (among others).  He spent the last 8 years of his  life under house arrest.

                        c.            Fiction in the form of complicated romances about fighting and love:  appealed to desires for mystery, violence, passion, philosophical reflection

                       d.            Sidney's Arcadia is considered one of the best examples.  It was published  by his sister after he was killed in a war (hmmm).

                       e.            Shakespeare was influenced by works such as Pandish by Robert Greene  became The Winter's Tale and Rosalynde by Thomas Lodge became As You  Like It.

                          f.            There was an increase in writing about exploration, travel, discovery due  to Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Magellan, Galileo, Francis Drake, Sir  Walter Raleigh.

                       g.            Milton wrote Paradise Lost based upon these ideas.

                       h.            The Bible was translated into the King James Bible.