Chapter 22
End Marks, Commas
By Mrs. Anderson
End Marks
•	A statement is followed by a period.
•	A question is followed by a question mark (?)
•	An exclamation is followed by an exclamation mark (!)
•	An imperative sentence is followed by either a period or an exclamation mark.
End Marks pg. 597
•	An abbreviation is followed by a period:
•	A.E. Houseman
•	Mr., Jr., Dr.
•	Calif., Mass.
•	A.M., P.M.
•	Ave., St., Dr.
•	Lb., oz., in., ft.
Commas pg. 600
•	Use commas to separate items in a series:
•	All of my cousins, aunts, and uncles . . .
•	To separate two or more adjectives before a noun:
•	Hot, crowded, noisy mall
•	Delicious, melting chocolate chips
Commas pg. 603
•	Use commas before and, but, or, nor, for, so and yet when they join independent clauses.
•	Mara cleared the table, and Roland did the dishes.
•	Hector pressed the button, but the engine did not start up.
•	She never argued, nor did she complain.
Commas pg. 605
•	Use commas to set off nonessential clauses and nonessential participial phrases.
•	Othello, written by William Shakespeare, is a shocking play.
•	Alice, hoping to make the wrestling team, ran every day.
•	California, which has a large population, produces vegetables
Essential Clauses
•	An adjective clause beginning with that is usually essential.
•	A contest that I might be able to win is described in that newspaper.
•	All students whose names are on that list must report here.
•	Only the students on the list must report here.

Commas pg. 610
•	Use commas after certain introductory elements.
•	Words such as well, yes, no, why, ah . . .
•	Use commas after introductory participial phrases:
•	Switching on the flashlight, John …
•	Thrilled with her grade, she ran all the way home.
Commas pg. 610 
•	Use a comma after a succession of prepositional phrases:
•	Inside the fence post at the far end of her property, she built a shed.
•	By the end of the train ride, the children were exhausted.
•	Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause:
•	After you finish, put that away.
Commas pg. 612
•	Use commas to set off elements that interrupt the sentence:
•	That boy, in fact, worked very hard.
•	Shiela, by the way, says hello.
•	Nevertheless, you must go.
•	I need the money, however.
•	Therefore, the answer is wrong.
Commas pg. 612
•	Appositives and appositive phrases are usually set off by commas.
•	Everyone, even his parents, thinks he is making a mistake.
•	Ben Stiller, her favorite actor, was on television.
•	My horse, a purebred, is gentle.
Commas pg. 613-14
•	Words used in direct address are set off by commas:
•	Brent, you should know better!
•	Your room, Travis, needs cleaning.
•	Parenthetical expressions are set off by commas:
•	On the contrary, I am glad.
•	You should try, in my opinion.
Commas pg. 616
•	Use commas in conventional situations:
•	Dates and addresses
•	Friendly letter salutation, and after the closing
•	After a name followed by Dr., Jr., Sr., M.D., Ph.D., etc.
Commas pg. 617
•	Do not use unnecessary commas:
•	Confusing: My friend, Jessica, said she would feed my cat and dog, while I’m away, but now, she tells me, she is too busy.
•	Clear: My friend Jessica said she would feed my cat and dog while I’m away, but now she tells me she is too busy.