ZUL_DESC;The people known as the Zanj (a name given to them by the early Arab traders) have dominated the eastern African coastline for centuries, long before the arrival of Islam. The early tribal peoples and clans that make up this region are better known as the Swahili, which derives its name from the Arabic word 'sawahil' meaning 'the coast people'. From around 1200 to 1500, powerful Swahili city-states, most of them from the native Bantu tribes, began to emerge as thriving centers of commerce in the east African trade. Mombasa was found in the 12th century and rose in power because of its exportation of slaves and ivory. Its good harbor and flourishing trade with India helped it to rise to prominence in the 15th century. Although rivaled by Kilwa and Malindi, it would manage to become greater than the latter and survive longer against the Portuguese than the former.;;;;;;;;;;1 ZUL;Mombasa;;;;;;;;;;2 ZIM_DESC;Modern archaeological evidence has shown that Zimbabwe was first occupied by the earliest Iron Age people in the 3d century. It was abaneoned sometime thereafter until it was reoccupied in the late 9th or early 10th centuries. The remaining ruins include a massive wall constructed in the 11th century, a strong fortress, nearby dwellings and an elliptically shaped enclosure commonly called the Temple. The buildings were once richly decorated with stone carvings and gold and copper ornaments.;;;;;;;;;;3 ZIM;Zimbabwe;;;;;;;;;;4 ZAP_DESC;An indigenous nation located in the south of what is now Mexico, the Zapotec were an agricultural people who were highly religious. Eventually the Mixtec would come from the North and push out the Zapotec, but both the Mixtec and the Zapotec would find themselves fighting against the mighty Aztec Empire until the fateful arrival of Cortez and his Conquistadores.;;;;;;;;;;5 ZAP;Zapotec;;;;;;;;;;6 ZAN_DESC;The people known as the Zanj (a name given to them by the early Arab traders) have dominated the eastern African coastline for centuries, long before the arrival of Islam. The early tribal peoples and clans that make up this region are better known as the Swahili, which derives its name from the Arabic word 'sawahil' meaning 'the coast people'. From around 1200 to 1500, powerful Swahili city-states, most of them from the native Bantu tribes, began to emerge as thriving centers of commerce in the east African trade. Kilwa became the most important coastal trading center by 1000 A.D. In the 13th century, it captured Sofala whose gold resources made it the most prosperous Zanj state. By 1490, the decline in gold trade and its rivalry with Mombasa would remove Kilwa’s glory permanently During the 1500s, the Portuguese began occupying areas of the Zanj coastline, starting with Kilwa.;;;;;;;;;;7 ZAN;Kilwa;;;;;;;;;;8 YES;Yes;;;;;;;;;;9 YEARLYMIS_POL;%s%.2f Domestic Policies.\n;;;;;;;;;;10 YEARLYMIS_MAX;(You can store a maximum of six missionaries)\n;;;;;;;;;;11 YEARLYMER_TRADE;+%.2f Trade Level \n;;;;;;;;;;12 YEARLYMER_STAB2;%.2f Stability \n;;;;;;;;;;13 YEARLYMER_STAB;+%.2f Stability \n;;;;;;;;;;14 YEARLYMER_REL;+%.2f Protestant Coastal Provinces \n;;;;;;;;;;15 YEARLYMER_POL;%s%.2f Domestic Policies.\n;;;;;;;;;;16 YEARLYMER_MONOPOLY;+%.2f Monopolies \n;;;;;;;;;;17 YEARLYMER_MAX;(You can store a maximum of six merchants)\n;;;;;;;;;;18 YEARLYMER_FANTASY;Fantasy Setting \n;;;;;;;;;;19 YEARLYMER_COT;+%.2f Centers of Trade \n;;;;;;;;;;20 YEARLYMER_COASTAL;+%.2f Coastal Provinces \n;;;;;;;;;;21 YEARLYMER_12;(max 12 per year) \n;;;;;;;;;;22 YEARLYDIP_WAR;+1 At War\n;;;;;;;;;;23 YEARLYDIP_MAX;(You can store a maximum of six diplomats)\n;;;;;;;;;;24 YEARLYDIP_KING;+%.2f Royal diplomacy \n;;;;;;;;;;25 YEARLYCOL_SHIPYARD;+%.2f Shipyards \n;;;;;;;;;;26 YEARLYCOL_POL;%s%.2f Domestic Policies.\n;;;;;;;;;;27 YEARLYCOL_NOCOAST;No coast \n;;;;;;;;;;28 YEARLYCOL_MAX;(You can store a maximum of six colonists)\n;;;;;;;;;;29 YEARLYCOL_FRONTIER;+%.2f Frontier Country.\n;;;;;;;;;;30 YEARLYCOL_FANTASY;Fantasy Setting \n;;;;;;;;;;31 YEARLYCOL_EXPL;+%d Exploration\n;;;;;;;;;;32 YEARLYCOL_DYN;+%d Colonial Dynamism \n;;;;;;;;;;33 XHO_DESC;The Zayyanid Dynasty founded its capital at Tlemcen(in modern-state of Algeria). For over 300 years, the Zayyanids had a tenuous hold on central Maghrib. The regime was plagued by frequent rebellions but learned to survive as the vassal of the Merinids and later the Hafsids. At one time Tlemcen acted as an ally of Spain. Many coastal cities defied the ruling dynasties and asserted their autonomy as municipal republics. They were governed by their merchant oligarchies, by tribal chieftains from the surrounding countryside, or by the privateers who operated out of their ports. Nonetheless, Tlemcen prospered as a commercial center and was called the 'pearl of the Maghrib'. Tlemcen would eventually be devastated by the Spanish and later, conquered by the Ottomans.;;;;;;;;;;34 XHO;Tlemcen;;;;;;;;;;35 WUR_DESC;The Wirtembergs (Württembergs), a local dynasty of counts dating back to the late 11th century, began to extend their control over large sections of Swabia from the mid-12th century. By the time Württemberg was made a duchy in 1495, the Estates had come to play an important role in its government. Duke Ulrich, who became a Habsburg vassal in 1534, introduced Lutheranism into the duchy and confiscated church lands. Duke Frederick (1593–1608) secured the duchy's release from Habsburg overlordship and was a pillar of the Evangelical Union of Lutheran and Calvinist Princes (1608). Württemberg was devastated in the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) and fell prey to French invasions from 1688 until 1693 during the War of the Grand Alliance, yet somehow managed to prosper. The duchy was an ally of France from 1802 to 1813 and was rewarded by Napoleon with large grants of territory, including many Habsburg lands in Swabia and numerous free imperial cities and ecclesiastical territories. These additions doubled Württemberg's size by 1810, and the duchy was successively raised to the status of an Electorate (1803) and a Kingdom (1806), which it remained even after Napoleon's downfall.;;;;;;;;;;36 WUR;Wirtemberg;;;;;;;;;;37 WPINVPROP_SETUP;When a nation invites you to join a War Pact;;;;;;;;;;38 WPINVPROP_LOG;%s invites us to join their war against %s, on the same side as %s.;;;;;;;;;;39 WPINVPROP_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;40 WPINVPROP_BTN2;No thanks;;;;;;;;;;41 WPINVPROP_BTN1;Accept;;;;;;;;;;42 WPINVPROP_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;43 WPINVPROP_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;44 WPINVPROP_4;on the same side as;;;;;;;;;;45 WPINVPROP_3;join their War against %s;;;;;;;;;;46 WPINVPROP_2;%t, %s invites us to;;;;;;;;;;47 WPINVPROP_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;48 WPINVITREJECT_SETUP;When a nation rejects your invitation to a War Pact;;;;;;;;;;49 WPINVITREJECT_LOG;%s accepted our war pact invitation and did not declare war upon %s.;;;;;;;;;;50 WPINVITREJECT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;51 WPINVITREJECT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;52 WPINVITREJECT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;53 WPINVITREJECT_6;and did not declare war upon %s;;;;;;;;;;54 WPINVITREJECT_5;War Pact;;;;;;;;;;55 WPINVITREJECT_4;our humble proposal to a;;;;;;;;;;56 WPINVITREJECT_3;rejected;;;;;;;;;;57 WPINVITREJECT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;58 WPINVITREJECT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;59 WPINVITPROP_SETUP;When a nation invites you to a War Pact;;;;;;;;;;60 WPINVITPROP_LOG;%s asked that we declare war upon %s;;;;;;;;;;61 WPINVITPROP_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;62 WPINVITPROP_BTN2;No way!;;;;;;;;;;63 WPINVITPROP_BTN1;Declare war;;;;;;;;;;64 WPINVITPROP_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;65 WPINVITPROP_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;66 WPINVITPROP_4;against;;;;;;;;;;67 WPINVITPROP_3;war;;;;;;;;;;68 WPINVITPROP_2;%t, %s asks that we join their;;;;;;;;;;69 WPINVITPROP_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;70 WPINVITACCEPT_SETUP;When a nation accepts your invitation to a War Pact;;;;;;;;;;71 WPINVITACCEPT_LOG;%s accepted our humble proposal and declared war upon %s.;;;;;;;;;;72 WPINVITACCEPT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;73 WPINVITACCEPT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;74 WPINVITACCEPT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;75 WPINVITACCEPT_6;upon %s;;;;;;;;;;76 WPINVITACCEPT_5;declared war;;;;;;;;;;77 WPINVITACCEPT_4;our humble proposal and have;;;;;;;;;;78 WPINVITACCEPT_3;accepted;;;;;;;;;;79 WPINVITACCEPT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;80 WPINVITACCEPT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;81 WOOLDESC;Wool came mostly from flocks of sheep the kind of cattle that grazed in some desolated corners of Europe and Asia. It was before cotton became known and except low quality vegetal fibers (linen) or silk the major and basic raw material for clothing.;;;;;;;;;;82 WOOLDEMAND;The global demand for Wool will increase as more §YManufactories, §YConscription §YCenters §Wand §YShipyards§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;83 WOOL;Wool;;;;;;;;;;84 WLS_DESC;The Welsh, like their close kin the Irish and Scots, are a Celtic people with a separate tradition from that of its Belgae-Celtic neighbors in present-day England. The Anglo-Saxon conquest of eastern Britain in the late 5th century did not seriously affect the Welsh, and neither did the Viking invasions. Not even the Normans could bring the hardy Cymry to their knees, who clung to their freedom until 1283. The Welsh language, however, remained alive and well in Wales for five centuries more.;;;;;;;;;;85 WLS;Wales;;;;;;;;;;86 WINEDESC;Wines had been produced for a very long time in the southern part of Europe as they still constituted an essential element of the everyday diet except maybe in the Muslim world. They were not considered as luxury products but probably served as a welcome relief hundreds of years before penicillin antibiotics and sterile environments. In Northern and Eastern Europe beer mead vodka and small beer was used for the same purposes.;;;;;;;;;;87 WINEDEMAND;The global demand for Wine will increase as more §YManufactories, §YConscription §YCenters §Wand §YShipyards§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;88 WINE;Wine;;;;;;;;;;89 WHITEPEACEUS_SETUP;When one of your wars reaches a White Peace;;;;;;;;;;90 WHITEPEACEUS_LOG;A White Peace was signed between %s and %s.;;;;;;;;;;91 WHITEPEACEUS_HEADER;Our herald reports%s;;;;;;;;;;92 WHITEPEACEUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;93 WHITEPEACEUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;94 WHITEPEACEUS_6;We are now at peace, no tributes were granted to either side.;;;;;;;;;;95 WHITEPEACEUS_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;96 WHITEPEACEUS_4;and our former enemies;;;;;;;;;;97 WHITEPEACEUS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;98 WHITEPEACEUS_2;%t after 36 months of inactivity a White Peace was signed between;;;;;;;;;;99 WHITEPEACEUS_1;White Peace!;;;;;;;;;;100 WHITEPEACEOTHER_SETUP;When a White Peace is closed between two other nations;;;;;;;;;;101 WHITEPEACEOTHER_LOG;A White Peace was signed between %s and %s.;;;;;;;;;;102 WHITEPEACEOTHER_HEADER;Our herald reports%s;;;;;;;;;;103 WHITEPEACEOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;104 WHITEPEACEOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;105 WHITEPEACEOTHER_6;They are now at peace, no tributes were granted to either side.;;;;;;;;;;106 WHITEPEACEOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;107 WHITEPEACEOTHER_4;and their former enemies;;;;;;;;;;108 WHITEPEACEOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;109 WHITEPEACEOTHER_2;%t after 36 months of inactivity a white peace was signed in the war between;;;;;;;;;;110 WHITEPEACEOTHER_1;White Peace!;;;;;;;;;;111 WESSIEGE_SETUP;When we initiate a siege of a fortress.;;;;;;;;;;112 WESSIEGE_LOG;We have initiated a siege in %s.;;;;;;;;;;113 WESSIEGE_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;114 WESSIEGE_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;115 WESSIEGE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;116 WESSIEGE_6;;;;;;;;;;;117 WESSIEGE_5;;;;;;;;;;;118 WESSIEGE_4;;;;;;;;;;;119 WESSIEGE_3;;;;;;;;;;;120 WESSIEGE_2;is now besieged by our forces.;;;;;;;;;;121 WESSIEGE_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;122 WESNCOM_SETUP;When we have attacked another fleet.;;;;;;;;;;123 WESNCOM_LOG;We have engaged hostile fleets in %s.;;;;;;;;;;124 WESNCOM_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;125 WESNCOM_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;126 WESNCOM_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;127 WESNCOM_6;;;;;;;;;;;128 WESNCOM_5;;;;;;;;;;;129 WESNCOM_4;has now engaged in combat!;;;;;;;;;;130 WESNCOM_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;131 WESNCOM_2;Our fleet in;;;;;;;;;;132 WESNCOM_1;;;;;;;;;;;133 WESLCOM_SETUP;When our armies attack another army.;;;;;;;;;;134 WESLCOM_LOG;We have engaged hostile armies in %s.;;;;;;;;;;135 WESLCOM_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;136 WESLCOM_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;137 WESLCOM_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;138 WESLCOM_6;;;;;;;;;;;139 WESLCOM_5;;;;;;;;;;;140 WESLCOM_4;has now engaged in combat!;;;;;;;;;;141 WESLCOM_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;142 WESLCOM_2;Our army in;;;;;;;;;;143 WESLCOM_1;;;;;;;;;;;144 WERELIGION_SETUP;When you change state religion;;;;;;;;;;145 WERELIGION_LOG;We changed our religion to %s.;;;;;;;;;;146 WERELIGION_HEADER;The Archbishop reports%s;;;;;;;;;;147 WERELIGION_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;148 WERELIGION_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;149 WERELIGION_6;;;;;;;;;;;150 WERELIGION_5;;;;;;;;;;;151 WERELIGION_4;Our stability has plummeted our tax incomes will %s all our alliances with %s nations are broken and all the %s world has a legal Casus Belli on us!;;;;;;;;;;152 WERELIGION_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;153 WERELIGION_2;%t, we have changed our State Religion to;;;;;;;;;;154 WERELIGION_1;Conversion;;;;;;;;;;155 WEMILALLDISHONOR_SETUP;When we dishonor a military alliance;;;;;;;;;;156 WEMILALLDISHONOR_LOG;We have dishonored our Military Alliance with %s.;;;;;;;;;;157 WEMILALLDISHONOR_HEADER;Our Governor reports;;;;;;;;;;158 WEMILALLDISHONOR_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;159 WEMILALLDISHONOR_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;160 WEMILALLDISHONOR_6;;;;;;;;;;;161 WEMILALLDISHONOR_5;%s now have a Casus Belli on us.;;;;;;;;;;162 WEMILALLDISHONOR_4;Military Alliance!;;;;;;;;;;163 WEMILALLDISHONOR_3;our;;;;;;;;;;164 WEMILALLDISHONOR_2;%t, we have dishonored;;;;;;;;;;165 WEMILALLDISHONOR_1;Dishonor!%s;;;;;;;;;;166 WEDEFENDER_SETUP;When we have proclaimed to become defender of the faith;;;;;;;;;;167 WEDEFENDER_LOG;%s is now the sole defender of the %s faith.;;;;;;;;;;168 WEDEFENDER_HEADER;The Archbishop reports%s;;;;;;;;;;169 WEDEFENDER_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;170 WEDEFENDER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;171 WEDEFENDER_6;countries of the world.;;;;;;;;;;172 WEDEFENDER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;173 WEDEFENDER_4;have proclaimed themselves as the sole defender of the;;;;;;;;;;174 WEDEFENDER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;175 WEDEFENDER_2;%t, the country of;;;;;;;;;;176 WEDEFENDER_1;DEFENDER OF THE FAITH;;;;;;;;;;177 WEAPDESC;In those warlike ages, weapons (from various blades to firearms) represented one of the most demanded trading commodities. Constant need from the various states and the technological race made them a profitable and quite stable business.;;;;;;;;;;178 WEAP;Weapons;;;;;;;;;;179 WEAK;Weak;;;;;;;;;;180 WARNTOUS_SETUP;When another nation sends us a warning.;;;;;;;;;;181 WARNTOUS_LOG;%s has sent us a warning.;;;;;;;;;;182 WARNTOUS_HEADER;Herald from%s;;;;;;;;;;183 WARNTOUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;184 WARNTOUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;185 WARNTOUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;186 WARNTOUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;187 WARNTOUS_4;to not go into any war with their neighbours.;;;;;;;;;;188 WARNTOUS_3;WARNED;;;;;;;;;;189 WARNTOUS_2;%t, we have been;;;;;;;;;;190 WARNTOUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;191 WARDESC_US;-100: We control nothing.\n;;;;;;;;;;192 WARDESC_THEM;+100: They control nothing.\n;;;;;;;;;;193 WARDESC_OCCUPIED;-%d: They occupy %s.\n;;;;;;;;;;194 WARDESC_LIBERATED;+%d: We occupy %s.\n;;;;;;;;;;195 WARDESC_BATTLE;%d: Battles with %s\n;;;;;;;;;;196 WARDESC_ALLIANCE;%d: Battles with the alliance\n;;;;;;;;;;197 WARALL;War faction;;;;;;;;;;198 WAL_DESC;Walachia is traditionally considered to have been founded in 1290 by Radu Negru ('Ralph the Black'), a Romanian vaivode (military governor) of Fagaras in southern Transylvania. Basarab I (1330–52) defeated the Hungarian king Charles I Robert in 1330 and secured Walachian independence. However, it proved short-lived. In 1391 Prince Mircea the Old (1386–1418) was obliged to pay tribute to the Turks, and in 1417 he acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty. Walachia was allowed to retain its own dynasty, territory and religion but was obliged to pay tribute to the Sultan and act in accordance with his wishes. However, some of its subsequent princes revived Walachia's resistance - notably Vlad III the Impaler ('Dracula') and Michael the Brave (1593–1601), who briefly united Walachia with Moldavia and Transylvania.;;;;;;;;;;199 WAL;Wallachia;;;;;;;;;;200 WAITING_FOR_PLAYERS;(Waiting for other player(s)...);;;;;;;;;;201 VP_TOTAL;Total;;;;;;;;;;202 VP_PEACE;Peace Resolution;;;;;;;;;;203 VP_MISSION;Mission;;;;;;;;;;204 VP_ESTABLISHMENT;Establishment;;;;;;;;;;205 VP_ECONOMY;Economy;;;;;;;;;;206 VP_DISCOVERIES;Discoveries;;;;;;;;;;207 VP_DIPLOMACY;Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;208 VP_DEATHMATCH;Provinces;;;;;;;;;;209 VP_COUNTRY;Country;;;;;;;;;;210 VP_BATTLE;Battle;;;;;;;;;;211 VIJ_DESC;The Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar ('City of Victory') was established in 1336 by two Telugu Princes, Harihar and Bukka, in order to check the advance of Islam in the Deccan. By 1404, the whole of the Deccan plateau and southern India had been unified by the forces of Vijayanagar. However, the continued conflicts with Islamic Sultanates to the north turned into a stalemate at best. Invaded by all of her Muslim neighbors, Vijayanagar collapsed in 1565, dragged down by the overwhelming forces arrayed against her, thus paving the way for the Mughal Empire and its vassals to occupy its former territory.;;;;;;;;;;212 VIJ;Vijayanagar;;;;;;;;;;213 VIE_DESC;When King Souligna Vongsa died in 1694 without an heir, the Laotian kingdom of Lan Xang was thrown into turmoil that resulted in the creation of three separate kingdoms by 1713. Vientiane occupied the central portion of Laos and was ruled by Souligna's nephew. Much of its short history saw it in conflict with Luang Prabang and outside forces like Dai Viet. The Siamese captured Vientiane in 1778-79 and made it a vassal state. When Vientiane revolted, it was finally destroyed in 1827-28.;;;;;;;;;;214 VIE;Vientiane;;;;;;;;;;215 VICTORYGAME_INFO_HEADER;Victory Progress;;;;;;;;;;216 VICTORYGAME_INFO_5;Current Standing;;;;;;;;;;217 VICTORYGAME_INFO_4;will win this game.;;;;;;;;;;218 VICTORYGAME_INFO_3;%d VICTORY POINTS;;;;;;;;;;219 VICTORYGAME_INFO_2;The nation that first reaches;;;;;;;;;;220 VICTORYGAME_INFO_1;Supremacy;;;;;;;;;;221 VICTORYGAME_HEADER;Game Objective Summary;;;;;;;;;;222 VICTORYGAME_4;will win this game.;;;;;;;;;;223 VICTORYGAME_3;%d VICTORY POINTS;;;;;;;;;;224 VICTORYGAME_2;The nation that first reaches;;;;;;;;;;225 VICTORYGAME_1;Supremacy;;;;;;;;;;226 VERYSTRONG;Very Strong;;;;;;;;;;227 VERYEASY;Very Easy;;;;;;;;;;228 VERYDIFFICULT;Very Difficult;;;;;;;;;;229 VERSUS;§Yversus §W;;;;;;;;;;230 VEN_GC_VPTACTIC;You have to dominate the trade of the Mediterranean or lose! So build your trading fleets ruthlessly compete with all other merchants and strive to preserve the balance of power. It might mean your intervention in an Italian conflict or even giving support to the rulers of Syria and Egypt lest they fall under the Turkish yoke. The Ottomans are your most dreadful enemies but a strong France or Spain in Italy is not a joyful prospect either.;;;;;;;;;;231 VEN_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;232 VEN_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;233 VEN_GC_HISTDESC;The Republic of Venice had grown into the largest trading power of the Mediterranean in the wake of the Crusades. Their commercial empire spread over islands trading stations ports commercial quarters all over the Levant. The last war with the Turks which had seen the Ottoman nearly at the gates of Italy had just ended and the country eagerly looked for peace to rebuild its trade and prosperity despite French and Spanish ambitions over the peninsula.;;;;;;;;;;234 VEN_DESC;Though Venice can trace its origins back to the Ligurians of the Roman era, it wasn't until the Italian invasion of Attila the Hun in 452 that the groundwork of the city was established. In 727 Orso Ipato was elected as the first Doge. This practice would continue for over 1000 years, making Venice the longest lasting Republic in history. Venice was the greatest port of the late Medieval and Renaissance era and, after its final defeat of its bitter rival Genoa in 1381, the premier maritime power of the Mediterranean. Over the next century, the star of Venice shone brightly, with several key ports and islands brought under the control of 'La Serenissima'. However, their interests in the eastern trade brought them into frequent and increasingly desperate conflicts against the Ottoman Turks. Venice struggled on however, and together with her allies crushed the Turkish navy at Lepanto in 1571, only to lose Cyprus the same year. After a long campaign between 1645 and 1669 Venice also lost Crete, her last possession in the eastern Mediterranean. One more brilliant campaign remained in her history however - that of the brilliant general Francesco Morosini, who in 1684–88 conquered Morea from the Turks. But the conquest proved profitless and became an expensive burden, and in 1718 it was returned to the Ottomans. The end of the Republic came at the hands of Napoleon. The Peace of Leoben left Venice without an ally, and Ludovico Manin, the last doge, was deposed on May 12, 1797.;;;;;;;;;;235 VEN_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;236 VEN;Venice;;;;;;;;;;237 VASSALTOUS_SETUP;When another country offers us to become their vassal.;;;;;;;;;;238 VASSALTOUS_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;239 VASSALTOUS_HEADER;;;;;;;;;;;240 VASSALTOUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;241 VASSALTOUS_BTN1;;;;;;;;;;;242 VASSALTOUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;243 VASSALTOUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;244 VASSALTOUS_4;;;;;;;;;;;245 VASSALTOUS_3;;;;;;;;;;;246 VASSALTOUS_2;;;;;;;;;;;247 VASSALTOUS_1;;;;;;;;;;;248 VASSALI;Vassalization;;;;;;;;;;249 VASSAL_TIT2;to create;;;;;;;;;;250 VASSAL_TIT1;Select Vassal;;;;;;;;;;251 VASSAL_NONE;Nothing selected;;;;;;;;;;252 VASSAL_GRANT;Grant;;;;;;;;;;253 VASSAL_CURRENT;Create: %s;;;;;;;;;;254 VASALLREJECT_SETUP;When a nation rejects your vasallization proposal;;;;;;;;;;255 VASALLREJECT_LOG;%s declined to become our vassals.;;;;;;;;;;256 VASALLREJECT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;257 VASALLREJECT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;258 VASALLREJECT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;259 VASALLREJECT_6;;;;;;;;;;;260 VASALLREJECT_5;vassals;;;;;;;;;;261 VASALLREJECT_4;our kind invitation to become our;;;;;;;;;;262 VASALLREJECT_3;rejected;;;;;;;;;;263 VASALLREJECT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;264 VASALLREJECT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;265 VASALLBREAK_SETUP;When a nation cancels a Vassalization;;;;;;;;;;266 VASALLBREAK_LOG;%s cancelled the Vassalization she had with %s.;;;;;;;;;;267 VASALLBREAK_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;268 VASALLBREAK_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;269 VASALLBREAK_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;270 VASALLBREAK_6;she had with %s.;;;;;;;;;;271 VASALLBREAK_5;Vassalization;;;;;;;;;;272 VASALLBREAK_4;the;;;;;;;;;;273 VASALLBREAK_3;has cancelled;;;;;;;;;;274 VASALLBREAK_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;275 VASALLBREAK_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;276 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_SETUP;When a nation becomes a vassal of another nation;;;;;;;;;;277 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_LOG;%s became Vassals of %s.;;;;;;;;;;278 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;279 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;280 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;281 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;282 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_5;vassals of %s;;;;;;;;;;283 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_4;became;;;;;;;;;;284 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;285 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;286 VASALLACCEPTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;287 VASALLACCEPT_SETUP;When a nation accepts your vassalization proposal;;;;;;;;;;288 VASALLACCEPT_LOG;%s are now our vassals.;;;;;;;;;;289 VASALLACCEPT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;290 VASALLACCEPT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;291 VASALLACCEPT_BTN1;Great!;;;;;;;;;;292 VASALLACCEPT_6;We now get half of their monthly tax incomes.;;;;;;;;;;293 VASALLACCEPT_5;vassals;;;;;;;;;;294 VASALLACCEPT_4;to become our;;;;;;;;;;295 VASALLACCEPT_3;accepted;;;;;;;;;;296 VASALLACCEPT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;297 VASALLACCEPT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;298 UZB_DESC;The Uzbeks are a Turkic tribe formerly known as Sarts, who in the early 16th century invaded the Timurid realm from the northwest, led by the brilliant Muhammad Shaybânî. A remnant of the empire of the Golden Horde, the Uzbeks took their name from Uzbeg Khan, from whom their dynasty claimed descent. Later in the 16th century, the Uzbek Khan Abdullah extended his domain over parts of Persia, Afghanistan, and the Chagatai Khanate, but the empire soon broke up into separate principalities - notably Khiva, Kokand and Bukhara.;;;;;;;;;;299 UZB;Uzbek;;;;;;;;;;300 USADREAM_TEXT;After years of mismanagement of her North American colonies, England had a growing rebellion at hand (game: technically the USA is in play and at war with England). The United States quickly created some governmental stability and managed to field armies continuously over time. With the help of the French navy and an expeditionary force, the USA became the first former colony to win her freedom by armed struggle. After England was brought to accept the independence of the United States the latter cautiously kept a policy of non-interference and support of the peoples of the New World against the aggressions of the old colonial empires.;;;;;;;;;;301 USA_DESC;The first permanent settlement in the present United States was Saint Augustine, founded in 1565 by the Spaniard Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. Spanish control came to be exercised over present-day Florida, Texas and a large part of the Southwest including California. The French meanwhile established strongholds on the St. Lawrence River (Quebec and Montreal) and spread their influence over the Great Lakes country and along the Mississippi. But in the end it was the English that would emerge triumphant in the colonial struggle for North America. From their prosperous colonies in New England and Carolina, the English gained supremacy over most of the east coast and defeated the French in the the French and Indian War (1754–63), gaining control of Canada. Yet, in their own greed, the British raised the colonial taxes while still refusing to grant their American colonies representation in Parliament, and just as their hegemony in North America had appeared assured, it collapsed from within. Open fighting broke out between the British and Americans in 1775, and the next year the American colonies declared their independence from Britain. Peace was concluded in 1783 by the Treaty of Paris, costing the British all their lands south of Canada and east of the Mississippi.;;;;;;;;;;302 USA_1773_S;After years of mismanagement of her North American holdings, England faced a growing rebellion. (In game terms the USA is at war with England.) The United States quickly created some governmental stability and managed to consistently field armies over time. With the help of the French navy and an expeditionary force, America became the first colony to win her freedom through armed struggle. After England was forced to accept the independence of the United States, the latter cautiously kept a policy of non-interference and supported the peoples of the New World against the aggression of old colonial empires.;;;;;;;;;;303 USA_1773_C;Survival is your only mission. Because you are rather weak it might be wise to accept the loss of a province or two in order to gain peace with England. However, do not loose too much. Try to co-ordinate your warfare with the French and Spanish. Build troops at every opportunity. Only a few of your provinces are fortified. Raise your fortifications in times of peace or you will quickly loose your territories. The British will try to attack from both the north and south. Try to eliminate the southern threat first before turning north. If you survive and manage to expel England from North America you will probably win the game. But be warned: Canada is a hard nut to crack.;;;;;;;;;;304 USA;United States;;;;;;;;;;305 UNITSIEGE2;Affects the unit's performance in sieges.;;;;;;;;;;306 UNITSIEGE1;Siege Value;;;;;;;;;;307 UNITNAVALWEIGHT2;Troops Loaded / Load Capacity (compare to land unit's 'weight' value);;;;;;;;;;308 UNITNAVALWEIGHT1;Load Capacity;;;;;;;;;;309 UNITNAVALSHOCK2;Affects the unit's performance in board phase of naval combat.;;;;;;;;;;310 UNITNAVALSHOCK1;Boarding Value;;;;;;;;;;311 UNITNAVALFIRE2;Affects the unit's performance in fire phase of naval combat.;;;;;;;;;;312 UNITNAVALFIRE1;Fire Value;;;;;;;;;;313 UNITNAMESQUADRON;Squadron;;;;;;;;;;314 UNITNAMEREGIMENT;Regiment;;;;;;;;;;315 UNITNAMEFLEET;Fleet;;;;;;;;;;316 UNITNAMEEXP;%s's Expedition;;;;;;;;;;317 UNITNAMEARMY;Army;;;;;;;;;;318 UNITMANUEVER2;Affects the unit's overall performance.;;;;;;;;;;319 UNITMANUEVER1;Maneuver Value;;;;;;;;;;320 UNITLEADERNAME;Leader Name;;;;;;;;;;321 UNITLANDWEIGHT2;The required capacity when loading the unit on a navy and when calculating attrition: 1 per 1000 infantry 2 per 1000 cavalry 2 per 10 cannon.;;;;;;;;;;322 UNITLANDWEIGHT1;Unit Weight;;;;;;;;;;323 UNITLANDSHOCK2;Affects the unit's performance in shock phase of land combat.;;;;;;;;;;324 UNITLANDSHOCK1;Shock Value;;;;;;;;;;325 UNITLANDFIRE2;Affects the unit's performance in fire phase of land combat.;;;;;;;;;;326 UNITLANDFIRE1;Fire Value;;;;;;;;;;327 UKR_DESC;In the mid-14th century Lithuania began to expand eastward and southward, supplanting the Tatars in Ukraine. The dynastic union between Poland and Lithuania in 1386 also opened the Ukraine to Polish expansion. The region had flourished under Lithuanian rule and its language had become that of the state, but after the dynastic union of Poland and Lithuania in 1569, Ukraine came under Polish rule. Enserfment of the Ukrainian peasants proceeded apace and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church suffered severe persecution. In 1596 the Ukrainian Orthodox bishops, confronted with the power of Polish Catholicism, established the Uniate or Greek Catholic faith, which recognized papal authority but retained the Orthodox rite. Meanwhile, the Black Sea shore, previously ruled by the Khans of Crimea, was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in 1478. Over the centuries, the Tatars of Ukraine rebelled frequently against their various overlords, and at times, like under Mazepa, enjoyed brief periods of autonomy.;;;;;;;;;;328 UKR;Ukraine;;;;;;;;;;329 UIW_NOREORG;You cannot reorganize units that are moving, in combat or in different provinces;;;;;;;;;;330 UIW_NAVY;%d Navies Selected;;;;;;;;;;331 UIW_ARMY;%d Armies Selected;;;;;;;;;;332 ABB;Abbasid;;;;;;;;;;333 ALE;Aleppo;;;;;;;;;;334 ALM;Alsace;;;;;;;;;;335 ALT;Altmark;;;;;;;;;;336 ANH;Anhalt;;;;;;;;;;337 ANJ;Anjou;;;;;;;;;;338 APU;Apulia;;;;;;;;;;339 AMG;Armagnac;;;;;;;;;;340 ART;Artois;;;;;;;;;;341 ASU;Asturias;;;;;;;;;;342 AYY;Ayyubid;;;;;;;;;;343 BAE;Kakheti;;;;;;;;;;344 BAE_DESC;When Georgia disintegrated in 15th century, the king fled to Kakheti, his easternmost province, which became one of the three successor kingdoms along with Kartli and Imereti. The rest of 15th century it was fighting Kartli, until Ottoman and Persian Empire started to interfere in kakhetine policy, and invading the country. The kings of Kakheti were forced to pay tribute and seeked protection from the growing orthodox Russia, but never received much. In 18th century, when both Persia and Turkey weakened, the Kakhetines managed to unite eastern Georgia. Their glory did not last however, as their Russian 'allies' soon were eager to add the kingdom to the Tsar's domains.;;;;;;;;;;345 BAS;Basra;;;;;;;;;;346 BEA;Bearn;;;;;;;;;;347 BUK;Bukhara;;;;;;;;;;348 CMG;Burgundian Royal Party;;;;;;;;;;349 CRG;Chernigov;;;;;;;;;;350 COI;Cochin;;;;;;;;;;351 COI_DESC;A Small Principality dominated by neighboring Calicut, Cochin gained historical importance by using Portuguese aid in breaking free of Calicut's dominance, thereby providing Europe's first toehold in India.;;;;;;;;;;352 CON_DESC;The westernmost Irish tribal Kingdom. In the late 12th century the ruler of Connaught, Rory O'Connor, was recognized as king of Ireland, but the Anglo-Norman settlement of the mid-12th century disrupted this power. Rory's brother, Cathal Crovderg, was king of Connaught until his death in 1224, but in 1227 the English king Henry III granted Connaught to the Norman baron Richard de Burgh (or de Burgo). His descendants held the lordship of Connaught from then on.;;;;;;;;;;353 CON;Connaught;;;;;;;;;;354 CRD;Cordoba;;;;;;;;;;355 CNW;Cornwall;;;;;;;;;;356 CUM;Cuman;;;;;;;;;;357 DAM;Damascus;;;;;;;;;;358 DAU_DESC;Taking advantage of betrayal, the Burgundians became masters of Paris in the night between May 28th and 29th, leaving the Armagnacs unable to organize resistance. The Connétable Bernard d'Armagnac tried to hide in the city, but was arrested. Tanguy du Chastel managed to help the Dauphin Charles flee, carrying him to the Bastille and organizing his escape to Melun. Charles would not see his capital again for 19 years. Meanwhile, he controlled the domains in the south that had remained loyal to him from his residence in Bourges. He was often referred to as the 'King of Bourges'.;;;;;;;;;;359 DAU;Dauphiné;;;;;;;;;;360 EDE;Edessa;;;;;;;;;;361 EGY;Egypt;;;;;;;;;;362 EGY_DESC;Egypt;;;;;;;;;;363 FAT;Calicut;;;;;;;;;;364 FAT_DESC;The State of Calicut, ruled by an ambitious dynasty known as the Samoothiris (Samorins to Europeans) came to control the bulk of India's Malabar coastline during a series of expansionist wars in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. Europe would gain its first holdings in India by expoliting Calicut's envious vassal states, but the efforts of the Samoothiri to thwart European aims would be a major stumbling block for the earliest colonizers of India.;;;;;;;;;;365 FRC;Franconia;;;;;;;;;;366 GER;Germany;;;;;;;;;;367 GOT;Gotland;;;;;;;;;;368 HAM;Hammadid;;;;;;;;;;369 HLL;Holland;;;;;;;;;;370 ICE;Iceland;;;;;;;;;;371 IST;Istria;;;;;;;;;;372 JUT;Jutland;;;;;;;;;;373 KIE;Kiev;;;;;;;;;;374 KRE;Krete;;;;;;;;;;375 KUS;Kustrin;;;;;;;;;;376 KRN;Kärnten;;;;;;;;;;377 LAN;Lancaster;;;;;;;;;;378 LGD;Languedoc;;;;;;;;;;379 LEI_DESC;The Southeastern Irish tribal Kingdom. The arrival of the Anglo-Normans occured in Leinster in 1169, at the invitation of the ousted King of Leinster, Dermat MacMurrough. English Earldoms were established in Kildare (Fitzgeralds) and Ormond (Butlers). The area of English control around Dublin, referred to as the Pale, expanded into the province of Leinster first with settlements and fortifications by the new Anglo-Norman lords. By the 17th century, the Cromwellian campaigns supplanted these with English rule and land ownership.;;;;;;;;;;380 LEI;Leinster;;;;;;;;;;381 LEO;León;;;;;;;;;;382 LIV_DESC;First German attempts to penetrate into Baltic region can be traced back to the second half of the XII century, when German merchants began to establish numerous trading posts on the Baltic coast. German missionaries came right after them and tried to thrust a new religion - Christianity on the local tribes of Livs, Estes and Kurs. In 1201 Germans founded the first city in the conquered lands - Riga, which later became the main citadel of German colonization in the area. Pope Innocentius III declared a special crusade against the pagans, Livs, Kurs and other neighboring tribes. A special order, called Livonian Order or Swordbrothers' Order (in accordance with a depiction of a sword on the capotes of the brethern). The statute of newly established Order was copied after those in Palestine. In 20-30s of XIII century Livs, Kurs and other neighboring tribes were already conquered and force-converted. The Order imposed a heavy duty on the peasants in favor of the Church. Political power was shared by the Archbishops of Riga and Grandmasters of the Order. As time passed by, the Order was losing its possessions and fully disintegrated towards the beginning of the Livonian War 1558-1583. The last Grandmaster of the Order, Gotthard Kettler, seculirized the Order after the Ergem battle of 1560, and formed an independent Duchy of Courland.;;;;;;;;;;383 LIV;Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;384 LOU;Lousiana;;;;;;;;;;385 MLL;Mallorca;;;;;;;;;;386 MEA;Meath;;;;;;;;;;387 MES;Mesopotamia;;;;;;;;;;388 MSK;Minsk;;;;;;;;;;389 MST_DESC;The southernmost and last to be conquered of the Irish tribal kingdoms. In 1329 Maurice Fitzgerald was created earl of Desmond, and his descendants became almost independent rulers during the 15th century.;;;;;;;;;;390 MST;Desmond;;;;;;;;;;391 NRM;Normandy;;;;;;;;;;392 NAF;North Africa;;;;;;;;;;393 PAM;Parma;;;;;;;;;;394 PEU;Peru;;;;;;;;;;395 PET;Petra;;;;;;;;;;396 PIC;Picardy;;;;;;;;;;397 POD;Podlasia;;;;;;;;;;398 POI;Poitou;;;;;;;;;;399 POK;Polotsk;;;;;;;;;;400 PRT;Porto;;;;;;;;;;401 ROM;Romanist Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;402 ROM_DESC;The news of the death of King Wenceslaus of Bohemia produced the greatest commotion among the people of Prague and the followers of Jan Hus, now known as the Hussites. A revolution swept over the country, churches and monasteries were destroyed, and the ecclesiastical possessions were seized by the Hussite nobility. The part of Bohemia that was not seized by the Hussites was the Pro-Emperor or Pro-Austrian side known as Romanist Bohemia. The Emperor Sigismund could get possession of his kingdom only by force of arms. Pope Martin V called upon all Christians to take up arms against the Hussites, and there followed twelve years of warfare. The Hussites initially campaigned defensively, but after 1427 they assumed the offensive. Apart from their religious aims, they fought for the national interests of the Czechs. The moderate and radical parties of the Hussites were united and they not only repelled the attacks of the army of crusaders, but entered the neighboring countries.;;;;;;;;;; SEL;Imereti;;;;;;;;;;403 SEL_DESC;The western Georgian kingdom of Imereti is said to be the direct successor state of the ancient Kolkhis, whereto Jason and the Argonauts travelled for the golden fleece. When the centralized Georgia fell apart, Imereti became it's successor as the overlord over many tribal principalities like Abkhazia, Mingreli and Svaneti. All of them had their own dynasties, which became the nemesis of Imereti, as the king became dependant on his powerful nobles, so that in the end of 17th century, the country was in a state of a perpetual civil war until Solomon the Great ascended the throne. He reorganized the kingdom, and joined an alliance with Kartli-Kakheti to be able to resist the Turks.;;;;;;;;;;404 SEV;Abkhazia;;;;;;;;;;405 SEV_DESC;In 9th century, Abkhazia was a powerful state, able to exert power over much of Georgia. 200 years later however, they were dynastically absorbed by the Bagratids. As a part of Georgian kingdom, it was given to the house of Shirvashidze, which retained their title of princes of Abkhazia well into 19th century.;;;;;;;;;;406 SIL;Hussites;;;;;;;;;;407 SIL_DESC;The news of the death of King Wenceslaus of Bohemia produced the greatest commotion among the people of Prague and the followers of Jan Hus, now known as the Hussites. A revolution swept over the country, churches and monasteries were destroyed, and the ecclesiastical possessions were seized by the Hussite nobility. The Emperor Sigismund could get possession of his kingdom only by force of arms. Pope Martin V called upon all Christians to take up arms against the Hussites, and there followed twelve years of warfare. The Hussites initially campaigned defensively, but after 1427 they assumed the offensive. Apart from their religious aims, they fought for the national interests of the Czechs. The moderate and radical parties of the Hussites were united and they not only repelled the attacks of the army of crusaders, but entered the neighboring countries.;;;;;;;;;; SKA;Skåne;;;;;;;;;;408 SLO;Slovakia;;;;;;;;;;409 SMO;Smolensk;;;;;;;;;;410 SEI;Steiermark;;;;;;;;;;411 STT_DESC;The history of Pomerania is complicated and diversified. The first Polish rulers of the Piast dynasty, Mieszko I and Boleslaw the Brave, accomplished the political unification of this land that had been divided among local nobles in the 10th century. At the beginning of the second millennium Poland's ties with Western Pomerania loosened since she was unable to maintain her rule there. The destiny of Eastern Pomerania followed another path - the local ducal dynasty related to the Piasts stayed in Power in its capitals in Slawno Swiecie and Gdansk and recognised Polish hegemony. Another attempt to unite all of the Pomeranian lands was made by Boleslaw the Wrymouth, who, at the beginning of the 12th century succeeded in making the entire region between the Vistula Odra and Notec one politically and territorially integrated realm. There were considerable differences in terms of its integration with Poland however. While Eastern Pomerania became one of the provinces of the Polish state, the local dynasty in Western Pomerania remained in power with Duke Warcislaw residing in Kamien Pomorski. The latter, however, obligated himself to accept baptism and military assistance and recognized Polish hegemony. Until the 17th century, Polish dukes ruled western and central Pomerania (the duchies of Wolgast and Stettin) under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire. The elector of Brandenburg acquired these duchies in 1637, when the last Polish duke, Boguslaw XIV, who had united them, died without issue, but Sweden received Western Pomerania by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.;;;;;;;;;;412 STT;Stettin;;;;;;;;;;413 SWA_DESC;Unlike many other princely states in Indonesia, Dutch rule and supervision over Bima remained relatively light handed throughout the colonial period. Conflict between the sultanate and the colonial authorities never materialised, no sultan deposed or exiled, and little or no interference with the line of succession of local customs. Even the Japanese occupation seems to have endured without incident. Perhaps an indication of how the Bimanese had learned to bend with the wind in order to protect their customs and rights since the days of the Makassarese empire.;;;;;;;;;;414 SWA;Bima;;;;;;;;;;415 SYR;Syria;;;;;;;;;;416 TAN;Travancore;;;;;;;;;;417 TAN_DESC;A small principality hugging the southern tip of India in 1419, Travancore would grow to be the most imposing native regional opponent of the onrushing European conquest of India during the eighteenth century by annexing several of its smaller neighbors in an expansionist campaign which included victories over the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;418 THE;Thessalonika;;;;;;;;;;419 TOU;Toulouse;;;;;;;;;;420 TOX_DESC;In the mid 11th century the Qarakhanid Empire split into two: one ruling over Western Turkestan or Transoxiana, the other over the Uyghur Region. Transoxiana came under the sway of the Seljuk turks and then in 1194 under the rule of the Turkic Khwarezims. Genghis Khan's Mongols in the 13th centur, and ultimately the Timurid Empire came to control it. Timur the Lame started his campaigns from the city of Transoxiana, and so Transoxiana became part of the Timurid Empire until its break up into its independent parts.;;;;;;;;;;421 TOX;Transoxania;;;;;;;;;;422 TYR_DESC;Bordering on Germany in the north and on Italy and Switzerland in the south, Tyrol is an almost wholly Alpine region, traversed by the Inn River. It was invaded (6th cent. A.D.) by Teutonic tribes, the Baiovarii and the Lombards, and later by the Franks, who held all Tyrol by the 8th cent. Large parts of S Tyrol (now in Italy) were ruled from the 11th cent. to 1802-3 by the bishops of Trent and by the bishops of Brixen (see Bressanone). The two bishoprics were secularized and fell to Austria in consequence of the Peace of Lunéville (1801) between France and Austria. The northern section (constituting the present Tyrol), first divided into petty counties, was united under the counts of Tyrol and passed, with the abdication (1363) of Margaret Maultasch, to Austria and the Hapsburgs. In 1805 the Treaty of Pressburg awarded all Tyrol to Napoleon's ally, Bavaria, but when war broke out (1809) between France and Austria the Tyrolean peasants, led heroically by Andreas Hofer, rose in revolt and stubbornly defied the French and Bavarian troops. In 1810, Napoleon, at variance with Maximilian I of Bavaria, attached most of S Tyrol to Italy. Both parts were restored (1815) to Austria by the Congress of Vienna.;;;;;;;;;;423 TYR;Tyrol;;;;;;;;;;424 ULS_DESC;The Northeastern Irish tribal Kingdom. In 1205 the English king, John Plantagenet, took control and created an earldom of Ulster. Meanwhile, the O'Neills and the O'Donnells had become virtually supreme in much of Ulster. These two Roman Catholic clans were involved in a serious rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I from 1594 to 1601, caused in part by attempts to impose the English Reformation on the Irish. The failure of negotiations with James I led to the flight of the northern earls, and many others in 1607.;;;;;;;;;;425 ULS;Ulster;;;;;;;;;;426 VAL;Valencia;;;;;;;;;;427 VER;Verona;;;;;;;;;;428 VOL;Volhynia;;;;;;;;;;429 YOR;York;;;;;;;;;;430 ZEE;Zeeland;;;;;;;;;;431 U18_DESC;The Zaidi Imamate was founded in the mountainous northern regions of the Yemen as early as 793 AD. Subject to perpetual ebb and flow in the size of its territory and its influence in the region, the state would nonetheless endure until the Twentieth Century.;;;;;;;;;;432 U20_DESC;The region surrounding the Wadi Hardamut in modern-day Yemen has seen a host of rulers throughout the years. Pacified by the Rasulid Dynasty of Yemen in the Thirteenth Century, the Hadramut broke away once agin under the Kathiri dyansty in 1488-89 and remained seperate from the Yemen up until the Modern Age.;;;;;;;;;;433 U21_DESC;Mahra was one of the more signifcant polities dotting the southern shore sof Central Arabia in the Early Modern Period. The region was a nest for Arab piracy on the Indian Ocean and the rulers of Mahra held the island of Socotra as a place to evacuate to when the situation one the peninsula grew dangerous.;;;;;;;;;;434 U22_DESC;The Tribe of the Banu Ghafir rose to central prominence in Omani politics during the Omani Civil War of 1718-48, in which the Ghafir were ultimately defeated in their attempt to gain the ascendancy in Oman. From then on, Gharra was ruled as vassal state of Oman. This situation continued until 1971, when the tribal state was finally annexed by Oman.;;;;;;;;;;435 U23_DESC;The Princes of Ormuz ran one of Medieval Islam's richest trading emporia from their base on the southern edge of Persia at the entrance to Gulf throughout the tumultous changes wracking the Islamic World. When the Mongols came to Perisa, Ormuz retained its indepence so long as tribute was payed to the Mongol overlords. This system lasted until 1300, when the Prince picked up and his city and moved it lock, stock, and barrell to the barren island of Jahrun in the Persian Gulf. Despite the forbidding environment, Ormuz retianed its position as key trading center until the arrival of the Portuguese in the early Sixteenth Century.;;;;;;;;;;436 U24_DESC;Hugging the eastern edge of the Arabian peninsula, Al-Haasa managed to attain a fair level of prosperity despite threats from hostile foreign powers across the waters and unruly Bedouin in the interior. The eastern coast of Arabia was also a major center of Shi'ism from the arrival of the Qarmathians at the end of the Ninth Century until the Wahhabi movement at the end of the Eighteenth Century.;;;;;;;;;;437 U19_DESC;The traditional first king of Lanka is Vijaya. His grandmother, Suppadevi, according to the legend was the daughter of the king of Vanga (Bengal) by a princess of Kalinga (Orissa). She ran away from home and in the country of Lala or Lada, the modern Gujarat, mated with a lion (sinha), whence the names of her children and ultimately that of Sinhala, the designation of Lanka and of the Sinhala. Lanka converted to Buddhism under the reign of Devanampiya Tissa in the 3rd century BC, and remained the westernmost bastion of Buddhism for the rest of its history. Virtually upon its foundation, Lanka has been plagued by fighting amongst petty kingdoms, rival princes, and ethnic and religious turmoil that goes on to this day. Still, it produced great works of art and wonder for almost a thousand years. Lanka attracted Portuguese and later Dutch attention for the cinnamon the island produces, which would eventually lead to the downfall of the island. First it passed to the Portuguese, then to the Dutch, and finally to the English.;;;;;;;;;;438 U19;Lanka;;;;;;;;;;439 U18;Yemen;;;;;;;;;;440 U17_DESC;The origins of the Counts of Foix trace back to the High Middle Age and particularly to the Counts of Carcassone and Comminges. In 1012, a count of Foix is mentioned for the first time. During the crusade against Catharisme they were compelled to acknowledge the sovereignity of the Kings of France. They truly rose to importance by becoming Vicounts of Béarn in 1302. Despite a dynastic switch to the sidebranch of Foix-Grailly in 1398 when the main branch had become extinct and being between the Kings of England and France, the Counts emerged substantially strengthened from the Hundred Years War. They acquired the crown of Navarra in 1479, however lost the main part of their new Kingdom to Aragon in 1512. Having united with the Albrets in 1483 and with the Bourbons in 1555, the Counts of Foix and Kings of Navarra obtained a much greater dignity in the end of the Wars of Religion: Henri III of Navarra became King of France. Until 1607 Foix and Béarn kept an autonomous status within the French Kingdom, then they were merged with the royal possessions.;;;;;;;;;;441 U17;Foix;;;;;;;;;;442 U16_DESC;The Margraviate of Meissen was the nucleus of modern Saxony. In 1123 Count Konrad of Wettin managed to seize and successfully defend it from the Emperor. Henceforth the Wettin dynasty ruled Meissen permanently until 1918. Originally a slawic vilage, Dresden became the economic and political center of the Wettin possessions that were very soon expanded and consolidated. The most important step on the dynasty's way to greatness was the acquisition of Sachsen-Wittenberg that was connected with the Electorate of Saxony in 1422. When Friedrich of Meissen was officially awarded the electoral dignity by the emperor in 1425, all his possessions became known as Saxony. However, Meissen was restored as a separate territory by the partition of Leipzig in 1485 that ceded the Margraviate to the Elector's younger brother Albrecht and his successors. This Albertine branch became the superior Wettin branch 50 years later by conquering Saxony in 1548, thus assuming the electoral dignity.;;;;;;;;;;443 U16;Meissen;;;;;;;;;;444 U15_DESC;Palembang succeeded the glorious Kingdom of Srivijaya, once the greatest power in Indonesia. At one time the unquestioned center for trade, culture and commerce, it declined rapidly during the 14th century, and by the 15th century it was a shadow of its former glory, barely capable of breaking away from the disintegrating Majapahit Empire. Palembang only began recovering after the introduction of Islam in the early 16th century, though it wasn't enough to save them from the invasion of treasure-hunting Europeans. The city and kingdom of Jambi in central Sumatra is positioned on the busy sea route between China and India, and it played a major part in early maritime trade. Records show Jambi to have been the original capital of the Malaya Kingdom. The ancient Hindu - Buddhist Kingdom of Sriwijaya also had its capital in Jambi at one time. The relationship between Melayu and Sriwijaya was a very close one, although there were some clearly period of Malay independence when Sriwijaya was based in nearby Palembang. As well as functioning as an entreport, Jambi also produced its own exports including a variety of tree resins for use as incense, as well as cloves, tortoise-shell, gardenia flowers and cardamom. From Arab traders it imported cotton, fabrics and sword blades, from China silk gauzes and thread, the latter possibly used in the manufacturer of silk brocades decorated in gold supplementary weft, the songket for which the Malay world later became famous.;;;;;;;;;;445 U15;Palembang;;;;;;;;;;446 U14_DESC;With the fall of the capital to Li Zi Cheng and the subsequent Manchu invasion in the north, a new administration was setup in Nanjing. The Southern Ming loyalist forces were continuously defeated and pursued by Manchu forces towards the south and their Kings had to be successively replaced to continue the resistance movement against Manchu occupation of China. The resistance movement eventually moved to Taiwan, where the famous general Koxinga managed to prolong the fighting for a few more decades. It was not until 20 years after his death in 1683 that his grandson finally surrendered to the Manchu-Qing Empire.;;;;;;;;;;447 U14;Southern Ming;;;;;;;;;;448 U13_DESC;Wu San Gui, a general of the collapsing Ming dynasty, chose to side with the Manchus when he heard the news of the fall of Beijing to Li Zi Cheng and helped the Manchus defeat opposing forces. In recognition of the importance of his contribution, the Qing Emperor Shunzi appointed him Lord of the Pacified West, residing in Yunan province in the west, the most powerful out of the 3 tributories created to reward important former Ming generals. By the time Qing emperor Kangxi was firmly in power, the central dynastic administration decided to curb the increasing power of the 3 tributories. Ironically, this caused Wu San Gui, to switch his allegiance and revolt in the name of overthrowing the Qing and restoring the Ming Dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;449 U13;Zhou;;;;;;;;;;450 U12_DESC;The Ming Dynasty's incompetence and disruption of politics by eunuchs, officials forming opposing parties, corruption plus external pressures caused the decline in Ming power. This resulted in increasing strain on the people burdened by heavy taxes, famine, displacement from farmlands, etc. The Ming forces found it increasingly difficult to deal with the ever increasing peasant uprisings. By 1635, leaders from various resistance groups and camps gathered in a meeting which resulted in agreement to coordinate their efforts to overthrow of Ming. In the following years rebel forces advanced through Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan. On the first month of November 1644, Zhang Xian Zhong declared the establishment of the new Dai Xi state.;;;;;;;;;;451 U12;Dai Xi;;;;;;;;;;452 U11_DESC;The Ming Dynasty's incompetence and disruption of politics by eunuchs, officials forming opposing parties, corruption plus external pressures caused the decline in Ming power. This resulted in increasing strain on the people burdened by heavy taxes, famine, displacement from farmlands, etc. The Ming forces found it increasingly difficult to deal with the ever increasing peasant uprisings. By 1635, leaders from various resistance groups and camps gathered in a meeting which resulted in agreement to coordinate their efforts to overthrow of Ming. In the following years rebel forces advanced through Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan. On the first month of 1644, Li Zi Cheng declared the establishment of the new Dai Shun state.;;;;;;;;;;453 U11;Dai Shun;;;;;;;;;;454 U10_DESC;In 1299, John of Avesnes, count of Hainaut, seized Holland, which came into the hands of the Bavarian house of Wittelsbach through marriage in 1345. The house of Wittelsbach retained possession of Holland until 1433, when Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, wrested it from Jacqueline (or Jacoba), countess of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland. The ports of Holland were closely linked with the Hanseatic League and later became, after the Netherlands had gained independence, major entrepôts and shipbuilding centers. Holland led in the struggle for Dutch independence, and because it dominated the States-General, its history became virtually identical with that of the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;455 U10;Hainault;;;;;;;;;;456 U09_DESC;Located in modern-day Niger, a settlement existed at Oyo around 1100 A.D. It appears to have developed into a small kingdom in the late 14th century or early 15th century. Throughout the 16th century, Oyo was in a constant state of war with rivaling states of Nupe and Borgu. At one point, Nupe took and destroyed Oyo forcing the Oyo to flee, only to return when they grew stronger. In the late 17th century, the armies of Oyo proceeded to bring all of Yorubaland under the control of the alafin, or king, of Oyo. From 1747 to 1818 the kings of Dahomey paid annual tribute to the alafin. Eventually the Oyo empire collapsed due to the growing authoritarianism of the alafin's court combined with a breakdown in central administration.;;;;;;;;;;457 U09;Oyo;;;;;;;;;;458 U08_DESC;The first seven Hausa cities were Biram, Daura, Kano, Zaria, Gobir, Rano, and Katsina. Eventually, the states of Zamfara, Kebbi, Nupe, Gwari, Yauri, Kororofa, and Illorin were added once Hausa influence spread. Despite the richness of their folklore and the existence of chronicles of the kings of Kano and Katsina dating to 1100, little is known of this early period. During the fifteenth century Kano was the most important of the Hausa states, although its rulers paid tribute to the kingdom of Bornu. In the sixteenth century, Hausaland became a battleground among Bornu, Songhai, and the Junkun empire. Partially due to this, Kano lost its economic supremacy to the rival city of Katsina. Eventually in the early nineteenth century, Usuman dan Fodio created the first united empire in Hausaland.;;;;;;;;;;459 U08;Hausa;;;;;;;;;;460 U07_DESC;Five Mossi states existed between the Volta River and the great bend of the Niger river. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Mossi ranged far beyond the boundaries of their states. In 1338, they ravaged Timbuktu and thereafter prevented the expansion of Mali and Songhai while continuing to threaten the rich trading cities of the north. In 1480, the Mossi had reached as far as Walata and caused considerable trouble for the great conqueror Sunni Ali. Although pressured by Songhai, from the north, and the Ashanti confederation, from the south, the Mossi states maintained their religion, system of government, and a large area of stability in the open savannah lands south of the Niger until the coming of the French in the latter nineteenth century.;;;;;;;;;;461 U07;Mossi;;;;;;;;;;462 U06_DESC;The island kingdom of Butung was founded by migrants from Johore who established a Hindu state in the late 14th century. While often dominated by greater powers, it survived and even thrived well into the 20th century.;;;;;;;;;;463 U06;Butung;;;;;;;;;;464 U05_DESC;Ternate, the most prominent of the four Moluccan sultanates, dates its foundation to 1257 AD with the arrival of the Muslim sage, Sayyid Ja'afar Sadiq. Ternate shares a unique history with the neighbouring states of Jailolo, Tidore and Bacan. Ternate forms the most important unit and its ruler is termed the Kolano ma-Luku (ruler of the Moluccas). Modern history, however, suggests that Ternate's position owes its place due to military triumphs, successfully concluded when it vanquished Tidore and Jailolo in 1380. Located in the midst of the Spice Islands, Ternate attracted the early attention of European explorers and merchants during the sixteenth century. The Portuguese were the first on the scene and began interfering into local politics and religious affairs almost immediately. They constructed a strong fortress in 1522 and controlled affairs with utter ruthlessness. They deposed or killed rulers, poisoned heirs, and removed whole families to Malacca. St. Francis Xavier visited the island, looking for converts in 1546. The murder of Sultan Khair ul-Jamal, shortly after the conclusion of a treaty of peace, finally stirred the Moluccans into open revolt in 1574. The new Sultan's forces stormed the fortress of Sao Joao Bautista, took it on St. Stephen's Day 1575, and expelled the Portuguese. This substantial victory was not easily forgotten by the Portuguese, or their Spanish successors. The latter sent a strong naval force, which retook the fort in 1606 and removed Sultan Said to Manila. They then set about converting the Sultan and his family to Catholicism. The arrival of Dutch in 1599 proved fortuitous to Kaicili Muzaffar, the youngest son of Sultan Said. He forged an alliance with the VOC, which enabled him to secure the throne in 1607. The grateful Sultan granted the VOC a lucrative contract with an exclusive spice concession in 1609. However, the embrace of the VOC proved too constricting, especially after they intervened in a succession dispute in 1650. Although a serious conflict erupted in 1683, the Dutch were now firmly established at Amboina, and defeat was inevitable. Thereafter, Ternate effectively became a Dutch protectorate. Although relations with the Dutch remained peaceful, continuing rivalry with the Tidore resulted in sporadic outbreaks of conflict into the nineteenth century. The British took over control of the Dutch East Indies during the Napoleonic Wars. Having recognised 'Nuku' as Sultan of Tidore, they were able to mediate an effective peace treaty between the two island rivals. However, this peace between the two has never been more than an uneasy one and rivalries continue into the present day.;;;;;;;;;;465 U05;Ternate;;;;;;;;;;466 U04_DESC;Shirvan, a region north of Azerbaijan that first became independent during the 9th century. The region would be dominated by many foreign conquerors, including the Sejluks and Mongols until 1382 when Ibrahim I would re-establish its independence. The region would remain, for the most part silent, until 1538 when it was annexed by the Safavids. Later, after a Russian conquest, a Khanate by the name of Baku would be founded and flourish until re-annexed less than a century later. In short, Shirvan's history is full of brief periods of independence followed by short periods of foreign rule.;;;;;;;;;;467 U04;Shirvan;;;;;;;;;;468 U03_DESC;No description available.;;;;;;;;;;469 U03;U03;;;;;;;;;;470 U02_DESC;Ahmednagar was a succesor state to the Bahamani kingdom that arose from the breakup of the Sultanate of Delhi. Ahmadnegar remained independent until conquered by AKbar in 1599.;;;;;;;;;;471 U02;Ahmednagar;;;;;;;;;;472 U01_DESC;Khorasan was occupied by Arabs in the mid-7th century and Abu Muslim used Khorasan as his poer base to attack the Umayyad Caliphate. It contributed to the power of the early Abbasid Caliphate but was severely devestated by Turkish invasions in the mid 12th century, the Mongols from 1220-1222 and Timur in 1383. With the fall of the Timurid Empire Khorasan has again asserted its power as a possible Succesor kingdom to Timur's failing empire.;;;;;;;;;;473 U01;Khorasan;;;;;;;;;;474 U00_DESC;The khanate of Khiva was founded by nomadic Uzbeks who conquered Khwarazm in 1511 undertwo sultans, Ilbars and Balbars, founders of the Arabshid dynasty. They maintained the political traditions of the steppe, dividing the khanate into appanages granted to all male members (sultans) of the ruling clan. The supreme ruler, the Khan, was the oldest member elected by the sultans. In the reign of Arab Muhammad Khan (1603-1622) Khiva finally become a capital. During the 16th century the khanate included, besides Khwarazm, the oases in the northern rim of Khorasan and the nomadic Turkmen tribes in the Kara Kum desert as well. Until the beginning of the 17th century the whole Khanate was a loose confederation of nearly independent principalities under one nominal ruler. The economic weakness of the khanate was reflected in the fact, that it did not have its own currency before the end of the 18th century. The Uzbeks formed a military estate in the khanate, while the old sedentary population, the Sarts, formed the class of taxpayers. The authority of the khans and sultans depended on military support of the Uzbek tribes. To counterbalance them, the Uzbek rulers often recruited Turkmens, As a result, the importance of the Turkmens in the political life of the khanate was growing, and they started to settle in Khwarazm. By the end of 16th century, after a series of internecine wars, the system of appanages ceased to exist. The reigns of the famous khan-historian Abu al Ghazi (1643-63), and his son Anusha constituted a period of relative political stability and economic progress. But the country was still poor, and the khans had to fill the empty treasury with the booty obtained in marauding raids against neighbors. The Arabashid dynasty became extinct at the end of 18th century, by that time the power of the Uzbek tribal chiefs had greatly increased, and they began to invite Chingisid sultans from the Kazakh steppes to be enthroned as khans. The actual authority passed into the hands of Uzbek chieftains. Through most of the 18th century Khiva was in a state of turmoil, and was for a while conquered by Persia. Not until 1804 was a new dynasty, the Qongrats firmly established.;;;;;;;;;;475 U00;Khiva;;;;;;;;;;476 U20;Hadramut;;;;;;;;;;477 U21;Mahra;;;;;;;;;;478 U22;Ghara;;;;;;;;;;479 U23;Ormuz;;;;;;;;;;480 U24;Al-Haasa;;;;;;;;;;481 U25_DESC;The Buryat Horde occupied the region around Lake Baikal, where Genghis Khan originally came from and formed the local tribes together into his army of conquest. With the threat of the Manchu Empire from the East the Buryat Horde appealed to Russia for aid in the 17th century and became a part of the Russian Empire.;;;;;;;;;;482 U25;Buryat Horde;;;;;;;;;;483 U26_DESC;Kutei (Kutai Karta Negara) is one of the most ancient Hindu states in South-East Asia. The oldest available yupa (sacrificial pole) dates from about 400 AD, and mentions both Maharaja Mula Varman and his son Acwa Varman. Thereafter, the state virtually disappears from the view of the outside world. Little is heard about the state or its ruling dynasty until 1365, when brief mention is made in the epic Javanese historical poem Negarakartagama. The ruler converted to Islam in 1565. Contact with the outside world gradually expanded thereafter. The Dutch first visited the area in 1635 under Gerrit Thomassen Pool, but achieved little and retired. Bugis mariners arrived in 1721, defeated the ruler, established a permanent settlement at Samaranda and took control of the principality of Pasir. In time, they intermarried with the local Malays and Dayaks. They became a permanent feature of the state and served as the ruler's soldiers and policemen. Under Bugis influence, Islam took a more prominent role in state affairs. The ruler assumed the Islamic title of Sultan ca. 1732 and implemented a number of religious decrees. Nevertheless, traditional Hindu practices continued to enjoy a pre-eminent place in cultural affairs. The arrival of the British during the Raffles administration increased European interest in Kutei. Explorers and military officers visited and wrote about its unique culture. However, it wasn't until 1825 that permanent relations were established with the Sultan. In the meantime, commercial relations had progressed quite rapidly with British traders in Singapore. Rattan, gutta-percha and bees-wax were amongst the major exports. This did not please the Dutch and they appointed a local civil administrator in 1846.;;;;;;;;;;484 U26;Kutei;;;;;;;;;;485 U27_DESC;Banjar was originally part of the powerful Majapahit Empire, but gained self-rule after the empire fell apart in the late 15th century. The kingdom converted to Islam in the 17th century, and became a power in Borneo, controlling most of the southern region of the island. Its acceptance of the Dutch, however, would prove to be its downfall, as the Dutch formally integrated Banjar into the Dutch East Indies in the late 19th century.;;;;;;;;;;486 U27;Banjar;;;;;;;;;;487 U28;Bahrain;;;;;;;;;;488 U29_DESC;Hindu Java began to spread its influence into Bali during the reign of King Airlangga from 1019 to 1042. At this time the courtly Javanese language known as Kawi came into use amongst the royalty of Bali, and the rock-cut memorials seen at Gunung Kawi near Tampaksiring are a clear architectural link between Bali and 11th century Java. After Airlangga's death Bali retained its semi-independent state until Kertanegara became king of the Singasari dynasty in Java two centuries later. Artists, dancers, musicians and actors fled to Bali and the island experienced an explosion of cultural activities. The final great exodus to Bali took place in 1478. In 1710 the capital of the Gelgel kingdom was shifted to nearby Klungkung but local discontent was growing, lesser rulers were breaking away from Gelgel rule and the Dutch began to move in using the old policy of divide and conquer.;;;;;;;;;;489 U29;Bali;;;;;;;;;;490 U30;User Defined;;;;;;;;;;491 U31;User Defined;;;;;;;;;;492 U32;User Defined;;;;;;;;;;493 U33;User Defined;;;;;;;;;;494 U34;User Defined;;;;;;;;;;495 U35;User Defined;;;;;;;;;;496 U36_DESC;As with the other Malay states in the north, Perak was constantly under threat from regional powers. During the 16th century, the Chinese and the Dutch was the main cause of concern due to Perak's monopoly of tin. In the 18th Century, Perak was then threatened by the Bugis and Siamese. Under the Siamese influence, Sultan Kedah was forced to remove the Sultan of Perak to ensure compliance by the Perak state.;;;;;;;;;;497 U36;Perak;;;;;;;;;;498 U37_DESC;An integral part of the ancient Malacca-Johor Empire, Siak became a separate state of its own in 1723. The founder of the sultanate, Sultan 'Abdu'l-Jalil Rahmat Shah alias Raja Kechil, was the putative posthumous child of Sultan Mahmud II of Johor. Although he had managed to seize the throne of Johor in 1718, his hold over the throne remained tenuous. Constant disputes forced him to remove his capital to Riau in 1719. Three years later, the Bugis princes defeated and expelled him from that place. He then moved his court to Siak. Stalemate over the contest for the throne eventually resulted in Siak developing into a separate sultanate. His infirmity in old age prompted a succession dispute between his sons. Raja Alam, the elder son by a commoner, allied himself with the Dutch and seized the throne in 1740. A dual system of government failed to resolve disputes over the succession. The contest for the throne was only resolved with the deposition of the Johor Dynasty. Al-Sayyid Sharif 'Ali, a nobleman of Arab descent and son of a princess, had been increasing his power and influence by allying himself to the Dutch. He assisted them in conquering Selangor, then returned with men and weapons and seized power in 1784. Initially satisfied with the regency, he tired of this subordinate role, deposed Sultan Yahya and established a new dynasty in 1797.;;;;;;;;;;499 U37;Siak;;;;;;;;;;500 U38_DESC;The Sultanate of Sulu was founded in the 15th century in the Archipelago of Sulu between Borneo and the Philippines. The Spanish made several attempts to suppress the Sultanate, but met with little success. The Sultanate gained Sabah in Northern Borneo in 1658 from aiding in a dynastic struggle in Brunei, and held it until it became part of Johore later in the 19th century. The Sultanate of Magindanao managed to avoid the fate of their northern bretheren in Maynilad though some political maneuvers, but mostly through stubborn armed resistance to European domination. Still, it eventually succumbed to the weight of the Spanish Empire after several centuries of bloody struggles.;;;;;;;;;;501 U38;Sulu;;;;;;;;;;502 U39_DESC;Banten was the maritime capital of the only Muslim state to remain independent of the Javanese power, Mataram, but today this capital is little more than a fishing village. Towards the end of the 16th century Banten was ‘discovered’ by Europeans and in 1596 the Dutch made their first appearance in Banten. Then by 1600 the English had established the East India Trading post and two years later the Dutch formed the VOC, a counterpart company. Banten became the centre of fierce Anglo-saxon competition which chased the Dutch away and they then seized Jakarta instead, making Batavia their capital.;;;;;;;;;;503 U39;Bantam;;;;;;;;;;504 TWTREASURY;To Treasury;;;;;;;;;;505 TWTRADE_REFUSE;%d$ Trade Embargos\n;;;;;;;;;;506 TWTRADE_MAN;+%d$ Refineries\n;;;;;;;;;;507 TWTRADE_COUNTRY;%c%d$ Country Bonus\n;;;;;;;;;;508 TWTRADE_ADM;+%d$ Monarch Administrative Skill\n;;;;;;;;;;509 TWTRADE;Trade Level;;;;;;;;;;510 TWSTABILITY;Stability;;;;;;;;;;511 TWSTAB_REL;%s%d$ Religion \n;;;;;;;;;;512 TWSTAB_MAN;+%d$ Fine Arts Academies\n;;;;;;;;;;513 TWSTAB_EXH;%d$ War Exhaustion\n;;;;;;;;;;514 TWSTAB_ADM;+%d$ Monarch Administative Skill\n;;;;;;;;;;515 TWRTRADEOK;We are researching %s and with this funding we expect to be finished in %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;516 TWRTRADEBAD;We are researching %s but are not gaining any progress.;;;;;;;;;;517 TWRSTABOK;%sWe are investing in a stability increase and with this funding we expect to be finished in %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;518 TWRSTABBAD;%sWe are investing in a stability increase but are not gaining any progress;;;;;;;;;;519 TWRNAVALOK;We are researching %s and with this funding we expect to be finished in %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;520 TWRNAVALBAD;We are researching %s but are not gaining any progress.;;;;;;;;;;521 TWRLANDOK;We are researching %s and with this funding we expect to be finished in %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;522 TWRLANDBAD;We are researching %s but are not gaining any progress.;;;;;;;;;;523 TWRINFRAOK;We are researching %s and with this funding we expect to be finished in %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;524 TWRINFRABAD;We are researching %s but are not gaining any progress.;;;;;;;;;;525 TWRINFLATION;Your inflation will increase by %.2f percent this year. %.2f from treasury, and %.2f from gold. Our mayors battle inflation, and cause a deflation of %.3f percent each year.;;;;;;;;;;526 TWRCASH;With current budget, you expect to earn %.1f$ next month.;;;;;;;;;;527 TWR_WT;Raise War Taxes (150 percent extra tax income and troop build capacity for 6 months, +1 inflation, +1 Warexhaustion.);;;;;;;;;;528 TWR_WARTAX3;You can not raise War Taxes while stability is -3.;;;;;;;;;;529 TWR_WARTAX2;You can only Raise War Taxes when you are at war with another nation.;;;;;;;;;;530 TWR_WARTAX1;We are already taking out war taxes.;;;;;;;;;;531 TWR_TAKELOAN;Take Loan from the Bank (%d$ for 5 years);;;;;;;;;;532 TWR_END_I;You have already reached your maximum level.;;;;;;;;;;533 TWR_END_D;All investments here go back to treasury.;;;;;;;;;;534 TWR_5LOANS;You cannot have more than five national loans at a time.;;;;;;;;;;535 TWPRODUCTION;Infrastructure;;;;;;;;;;536 TWNAVALTECH;Naval Technology;;;;;;;;;;537 TWNAVAL_MIL;+%d$ Monarch Military Skill\n;;;;;;;;;;538 TWNAVAL_MAN;+%d$ Naval Equipment Manufactories\n;;;;;;;;;;539 TWNAVAL_DELAY;+%d$ Neighbor Bonus\n;;;;;;;;;;540 TWLANDTECH;Land Technology;;;;;;;;;;541 TWLAND_MIL;+%d$ Monarch Military Skill\n;;;;;;;;;;542 TWLAND_MAN;+%d$ Weapons Manufactories\n;;;;;;;;;;543 TWLAND_DELAY;+%d$ Neighbor Bonus\n;;;;;;;;;;544 TWINFRA_MAN;+%d$ Goods Manufactories\n;;;;;;;;;;545 TWINFRA_COUNTRY;%c%d$ Country Bonus\n;;;;;;;;;;546 TWINFRA_ADM;+%d$ Monarch Administrative Skill\n;;;;;;;;;;547 TWBUDGET;$ from Budget;;;;;;;;;;548 TVE_DESC;Tver grew into a town in the 12th century out of a small outpost in Northwestern Russia. After the Mongol invasion the small principality became a vassal of the Khan. In the 1300s it began a struggle with Muscowy over who would become the Grand Prince of Russia - a title appointed by the Khan. After wars and intrigue and the second devastation of Tver by Mongols in 1327, it was clear that Moscowy had the upper hand. Although it made an alliance with Lithuania in 1368, and ravaged the city of Moscow twice, it was soon made to rely on its Lithuanian ally. In 1485 it was finally annexed by its old rival.;;;;;;;;;;549 TVE;Tver;;;;;;;;;;550 TUTORIAL_SETUP;When a scripted tutorial event occurs;;;;;;;;;;551 TUTORIAL_LOG;%s: %s;;;;;;;;;;552 TUTORIAL_HEADER;Tutorial Info%s;;;;;;;;;;553 TUTORIAL_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;554 TUTORIAL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;555 TUTORIAL_9_C0_NAME;End of Chapter;;;;;;;;;;556 TUTORIAL_9_C0_DESC;You have now reached the end of tutorial and should be all set to start playing!;;;;;;;;;;557 TUTORIAL_9_B1_NAME;Current and Available Missions;;;;;;;;;;558 TUTORIAL_9_B1_DESC;In the upper box, you see the missions you currently have to accomplish in order not to lose victory points. You can click them to get more detailed information. In the lower box you see the choices of missions available to you. Click them to see more details. To choose one of the available missions you click it and then click Accept in the right-hand window that opens.;;;;;;;;;;559 TUTORIAL_9_B0_NAME;Missions;;;;;;;;;;560 TUTORIAL_9_B0_DESC;During the game your will have to take on certain missions. You lose or gain victory points depending on whether you accomplish these missions. You have to choose at least one mission every five years or your monarch will force you to take one on. Click the scroll to the left of the small map to see your current and available missions.;;;;;;;;;;561 TUTORIAL_9_A9_NAME;History;;;;;;;;;;562 TUTORIAL_9_A9_DESC;Click this bookmark to get the history of your game. This is a log of everything that has happened in the game thus far.;;;;;;;;;;563 TUTORIAL_9_A8_NAME;Establishments;;;;;;;;;;564 TUTORIAL_9_A8_DESC;Click this bookmark to get to pages with information of all countries' territorial size lists of your colonial and non-colonial possessions and an overview of how you have developed your provinces.;;;;;;;;;;565 TUTORIAL_9_A7_NAME;Military;;;;;;;;;;566 TUTORIAL_9_A7_DESC;Click this bookmark to see several pages of statistics on military forces of all countries and information on your military leadership, armies and navies.;;;;;;;;;;567 TUTORIAL_9_A6_NAME;Technology;;;;;;;;;;568 TUTORIAL_9_A6_DESC;Click this bookmark to get to diagrams of the level of land and naval technology of all countries.;;;;;;;;;;569 TUTORIAL_9_A5_NAME;Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;570 TUTORIAL_9_A5_DESC;Click this bookmark to get to the pages that concern your relations to all other countries.;;;;;;;;;;571 TUTORIAL_9_A4_NAME;Economy;;;;;;;;;;572 TUTORIAL_9_A4_DESC;Click this bookmark to get to the first of several pages with all kinds of economic statistics and information about your economy and the economy of other countries.;;;;;;;;;;573 TUTORIAL_9_A3_NAME;Monarch and Victory Progress;;;;;;;;;;574 TUTORIAL_9_A3_DESC;Click the indicated bookmark to get to pages with information about victory points. Each country is awarded these points based on how well they perform concerning different aspects such as combat diplomacy discoveries economic development colonization peace negotiation and mission fulfillment. You also find information on your monarchs and their varying abilities here.;;;;;;;;;;575 TUTORIAL_9_A2_NAME;Game Information;;;;;;;;;;576 TUTORIAL_9_A2_DESC;In the ledger there is a great wealth of information and statistics about the current game. You can basically find everything in these pages. At the bottom of the ledger window you see a number of bookmarks each of which brings up pages with information on a specific aspect of the game.;;;;;;;;;;577 TUTORIAL_9_A12_NAME;Close Ledger;;;;;;;;;;578 TUTORIAL_9_A12_DESC;Click the indicated ledger lock to close the ledger and go back to the normal window.;;;;;;;;;;579 TUTORIAL_9_A11_NAME;Flip Back;;;;;;;;;;580 TUTORIAL_9_A11_DESC;Click this arrow to go to the previous page in the ledger.;;;;;;;;;;581 TUTORIAL_9_A10_NAME;Flip Forward;;;;;;;;;;582 TUTORIAL_9_A10_DESC;Click this arrow to go to the following page in the ledger.;;;;;;;;;;583 TUTORIAL_9_A1_NAME;Ledger;;;;;;;;;;584 TUTORIAL_9_A1_DESC;When you choose a scenario, you also decide on certain goals that you should achieve to win the scenario. Click the ledger to the right of the small map to get information on how you and other countries are doing.;;;;;;;;;;585 TUTORIAL_9_A0_NAME;Chapter 9: Information;;;;;;;;;;586 TUTORIAL_9_A0_DESC;This final chapter will show you where you find information about your standing compared to other countries in the scenario you are playing. You will also learn about victory points and the missions you will get from your regent.;;;;;;;;;;587 TUTORIAL_8_D0_NAME;End of Chapter;;;;;;;;;;588 TUTORIAL_8_D0_DESC;You have now reached the end of the eighth chapter and should move on to Information.;;;;;;;;;;589 TUTORIAL_8_C4_NAME;Setting Domestic Policies (3);;;;;;;;;;590 TUTORIAL_8_C4_DESC;Choosing a military doctrine influences what kind of warfare your troops will prefer. The choice between being a maritime or land based power should have a lot to do with the geography of your country. Another issue to settle is whether you should go for quantity or quality when building troops. Finally you choose how much freedom you want to grant your subjects. (For more details on the effects of a policy choice point to its control.);;;;;;;;;;591 TUTORIAL_8_C3_NAME;Setting Domestic Policies (2);;;;;;;;;;592 TUTORIAL_8_C3_DESC;The choice between plutocracy or aristocracy is one between promoting a wealthy middle class or the traditional nobility. When you choose between decentralization and centralization you balance the central state and traditional provincial freedoms. A narrow-minded society can be easy to control, but is less dynamic and innovative. The choice between free trade and mercantilism settles the way trade will develop in your country.;;;;;;;;;;593 TUTORIAL_8_C2_NAME;Setting Domestic Policies;;;;;;;;;;594 TUTORIAL_8_C2_DESC;Here you can make a number of different long-term choices in your domestic policies. Each political choice has its pros and cons as you balance between different interests ideologies and strategies. You click + and - to move the lever one step in either direction. Changes happen over a long period of time and you can only make one change every ten years.;;;;;;;;;;595 TUTORIAL_8_C1_NAME;Domestic policies;;;;;;;;;;596 TUTORIAL_8_C1_DESC;In the information window you get a quick summary of the state in your country and the abilities of your current monarch, which has an effect on your country's development. You can also set your domestic policies by clicking the indicated coat of arms.;;;;;;;;;;597 TUTORIAL_8_C0_NAME;Country information;;;;;;;;;;598 TUTORIAL_8_C0_DESC;You can always get information about how your country is doing by clicking the coat of arms above the information window. Click it now.;;;;;;;;;;599 TUTORIAL_8_B5_NAME;Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;600 TUTORIAL_8_B5_DESC;To develop the economy in a province you can invest in building one of a number of manufactories. Which kinds that are available to you depends on your levels of infrastructure and technology. Manufactories create extra incomes and investments in different technologies reduce the revolt risk and increase city growth and demand for certain resources.;;;;;;;;;;601 TUTORIAL_8_B4_NAME;Fortress;;;;;;;;;;602 TUTORIAL_8_B4_DESC;You can invest in the defenses of your province and protect it better from foreign invaders or rebels. You expand the city fortress by clicking it. Which kind of fortress you can build depends on your country's infrastructure level.;;;;;;;;;;603 TUTORIAL_8_B3_NAME;Provincial Officials (3);;;;;;;;;;604 TUTORIAL_8_B3_DESC;There can also be a judicial official in each province. In this example the province has a legal counsel who could be promoted to a chief judge once the province has a tax collector. This would increase tax incomes and reduce the risk of rebellion.;;;;;;;;;;605 TUTORIAL_8_B2_NAME;Provincial Officials (2);;;;;;;;;;606 TUTORIAL_8_B2_DESC;There can be an official that is the highest public representative in each province. In this example it's the mayor who you can promote to governor by clicking the indicated office. This will increase production incomes and city growth as well as reduce inflation.;;;;;;;;;;607 TUTORIAL_8_B1_NAME;Provincial Officials;;;;;;;;;;608 TUTORIAL_8_B1_DESC;You can appoint officials for different functions of the state in your provinces. As you reach new infrastructure levels you can invest in more advanced officials which will increase the provincial income and have other positive effects. In this example you can click the indicated bailiff's office to promote the bailiff to a tax collector which will lead to more efficient tax collecting (but also raise the risk of rebellion).;;;;;;;;;;609 TUTORIAL_8_B0_NAME;Developing a province;;;;;;;;;;610 TUTORIAL_8_B0_DESC;Your country is made up of all its provinces (and colonies). Just like you can invest in the general development of your country, you can invest in developing each individual province.;;;;;;;;;;611 TUTORIAL_8_A9_NAME;To Treasury;;;;;;;;;;612 TUTORIAL_8_A9_DESC;As explained in the chapter on Economy, this is where you set how much of your monthly income should go to your treasury. From the treasury you can invest in developing your individual provinces.;;;;;;;;;;613 TUTORIAL_8_A8_NAME;Infrastructure;;;;;;;;;;614 TUTORIAL_8_A8_DESC;Your infrastructure level decides what options are open to you when developing your realm and your provinces. The more you invest in infrastructure, the faster you reach the next level. (Point to question mark for details.);;;;;;;;;;615 TUTORIAL_8_A7_NAME;Trade Level;;;;;;;;;;616 TUTORIAL_8_A7_DESC;Investing in raising your trade level will make your trade more advanced which will create more revenues for you. The more you invest here the faster you will reach the next trade level. (Point to question mark for details.);;;;;;;;;;617 TUTORIAL_8_A6_NAME;Stability;;;;;;;;;;618 TUTORIAL_8_A6_DESC;Here you invest in the stability of your country which is a good idea if it has gone down. The more you invest the faster your stability reaches the next level.;;;;;;;;;;619 TUTORIAL_8_A5_NAME;Naval Technology;;;;;;;;;;620 TUTORIAL_8_A5_DESC;The more you invest in naval technology, the faster your naval military technology will advance. (Point to question mark for details.);;;;;;;;;;621 TUTORIAL_8_A4_NAME;Land Technology;;;;;;;;;;622 TUTORIAL_8_A4_DESC;The more you invest in land technology, the faster your land-based military technology will advance. (Point to question mark for details.);;;;;;;;;;623 TUTORIAL_8_A3_NAME;Investing in Stability and Development;;;;;;;;;;624 TUTORIAL_8_A3_DESC;In the game your country goes through different levels of technological scientific and economic development. As shown in the previous chapter the budgeting process lets you invest in the long-term development of your country as well as in raising stability. Click the budgeting icon to get to the budget window.;;;;;;;;;;625 TUTORIAL_8_A2_NAME;Effects of Instability;;;;;;;;;;626 TUTORIAL_8_A2_DESC;Instability has serious consequences for a country. The risk of rebellion increases your troops don't fight as well tax revenues fall population growth slows down or becomes negative the number of merchants goes down and your diplomatic possibilities deteriorate.;;;;;;;;;;627 TUTORIAL_8_A1_NAME;Stability;;;;;;;;;;628 TUTORIAL_8_A1_DESC;Your country's stability is very important for both the long-term development of it and its short-term performance. The stability ranges from -3 to +3 and you always see it at the indicated place in the top bar. Almost everything you do influences your country's stability. Random events can also impact it.;;;;;;;;;;629 TUTORIAL_8_A0_NAME;Chapter 8: Development;;;;;;;;;;630 TUTORIAL_8_A0_DESC;This is a chapter concerning the long-term development of your country and how you manage it. You will also learn about the central concept of stability and its far-reaching influence on your country's development.;;;;;;;;;;631 TUTORIAL_7_F0_NAME;End of Chapter;;;;;;;;;;632 TUTORIAL_7_F0_DESC;You have now reached the end of the seventh chapter and should move on to Development.;;;;;;;;;;633 TUTORIAL_7_E3_NAME;Merchants and Monopoly;;;;;;;;;;634 TUTORIAL_7_E3_DESC;You now have a merchant placed in Anglia indicated by your coat of arms in the information window. The more merchants you have in a center of trade the higher up your coat of arms will be shown. If you reach the top you have a monopoly and your merchants take all the profit from the center.;;;;;;;;;;635 TUTORIAL_7_E2_NAME;Place Merchant;;;;;;;;;;636 TUTORIAL_7_E2_DESC;Your share of the total revenue of a center of trade depends on how many merchants your country has in it. On the far left of the top bar in the map window, you see the present number of merchants at your disposal. Try placing a merchant in Anglia by clicking in that center of trade and then clicking Place Merchant at the bottom of the information window.;;;;;;;;;;637 TUTORIAL_7_E1_NAME;Centers of Trade;;;;;;;;;;638 TUTORIAL_7_E1_DESC;All provinces belong to a center of trade where they trade with the rest of the world. In the trade view you can see all the centers of trade known to you and the area that belongs to them. In the information window you see information about which countries' merchants are present at the selected center of trade. At the top of the information window and on the map you see its yearly revenue and your merchants' share of it.;;;;;;;;;;639 TUTORIAL_7_E0_NAME;Trade;;;;;;;;;;640 TUTORIAL_7_E0_DESC;Another economic dimension of the game is trade. Around the world, your merchants give you incomes through their trade activities at different centers of trade. Click the trade icon beneath the information window to get to the trade view.;;;;;;;;;;641 TUTORIAL_7_D1_NAME;Your Finances;;;;;;;;;;642 TUTORIAL_7_D1_DESC;Here you get an overview of your finances in the information window. At the top you see your country's total income then the fixed expenses of military forces and loans interest and then the investments in different areas that you set in the budgeting window. At the bottom you see the treasury's monthly balance that you also set in the budgeting window. If you put too much money in your treasury it can lead to inflation i.e. that the value of your money decreases. At the very bottom of the window you see the present inflation rate.;;;;;;;;;;643 TUTORIAL_7_D0_NAME;Financial Summary;;;;;;;;;;644 TUTORIAL_7_D0_DESC;Click the document icon at the top of the information window to see the financial summary for your country.;;;;;;;;;;645 TUTORIAL_7_C5_NAME;Bank Loans;;;;;;;;;;646 TUTORIAL_7_C5_DESC;When at war or in other situations where you need money fast you can take a bank loan. You get a sum of money immediately but will have to pay interest rate and pay back the loan in five years' time. You can only renew the loan a limited number of times then your country will go bankrupt and bank loans will be more difficult and expensive to get in the future.;;;;;;;;;;647 TUTORIAL_7_C4_NAME;War Taxes;;;;;;;;;;648 TUTORIAL_7_C4_DESC;War can be very costly. When you are at war you can therefore choose to raise war taxes to enhance your chances of winning. This increases your tax income and capacity to build troops by 50 percent, but also leads to instability in your country.;;;;;;;;;;649 TUTORIAL_7_C3_NAME;Set Amount to Treasury;;;;;;;;;;650 TUTORIAL_7_C3_DESC;Each year you get a lump-sum put into your treasury on the first of January. You can always see how much money you have in your treasury to the right in the top bar of the map window. With the bottom lever, you can choose to put some of your monthly income in your treasury. You should be aware of the fact that you then use assets that could be put into the long-term development of your country.;;;;;;;;;;651 TUTORIAL_7_C2_NAME;Changing the Settings;;;;;;;;;;652 TUTORIAL_7_C2_DESC;To change the distribution between different areas you simply grab the lever by clicking it and pull it left to decrease the budget for that area or right to increase it. Note that settings all depend on each other so when you raise one the others are lowered and vice versa.;;;;;;;;;;653 TUTORIAL_7_C1_NAME;Budgeting;;;;;;;;;;654 TUTORIAL_7_C1_DESC;In this window you decide what to invest your monthly income in. You have a certain amount of money to divide between different areas as indicated in the information window. These are all long-term investments that influence the development of your country. Short-term investments - in troops diplomacy development in provinces and such - are made from the treasury.;;;;;;;;;;655 TUTORIAL_7_C0_NAME;Setting Your Budget;;;;;;;;;;656 TUTORIAL_7_C0_DESC;Anytime when playing the game you can make budgetary decisions for your country i.e. decide how you want to use the monthly income from all your provinces. Click the Horn of Plenty icon at the top of the information window to get to the budgeting window.;;;;;;;;;;657 TUTORIAL_7_B6_NAME;Information on Trade Goods;;;;;;;;;;658 TUTORIAL_7_B6_DESC;Here you find detailed information about the price supply and demand of the province's main trade good. You also see the details on production and trade with it. This can be important when deciding where to invest in developing the economy. On the map all provinces that manufacture the product are indicated in green.;;;;;;;;;;659 TUTORIAL_7_B5_NAME;Main Product;;;;;;;;;;660 TUTORIAL_7_B5_DESC;To get more detailed information and statistics about the selected province's main product which is also is its main trade good click the picture of it in the information window.;;;;;;;;;;661 TUTORIAL_7_B4_NAME;Economic Information (2);;;;;;;;;;662 TUTORIAL_7_B4_DESC;You also see the trade venues of the selected province, and an estimate of it (from very low to very high).;;;;;;;;;;663 TUTORIAL_7_B3_NAME;Economic Information;;;;;;;;;;664 TUTORIAL_7_B3_DESC;In the economic map mode you see all provinces' main product symbolized in the map window and the provinces are shaded according to wealth. The economy of the selected province is shown in the information window. Here you see the province income as well as an estimate of it (from very low to very high).;;;;;;;;;;665 TUTORIAL_7_B2_NAME;Economy Map Mode;;;;;;;;;;666 TUTORIAL_7_B2_DESC;To see the economic situation of all provinces, you should now switch to the economic map mode by clicking the indicated coins icon at the top of the small map.;;;;;;;;;;667 TUTORIAL_7_B1_NAME;Trade Venues;;;;;;;;;;668 TUTORIAL_7_B1_DESC;To the right you see the trade venues of the province i.e. the amount that it generates in its center of trade. This benefits your country's treasury only indirectly via your merchants at the center of trade. The tax revenue from each of your provinces and colonies and the trade incomes from your country's merchants make up the yearly income that you get on the first of January and the monthly income that you get during the year.;;;;;;;;;;669 TUTORIAL_7_B0_NAME;Province Income;;;;;;;;;;670 TUTORIAL_7_B0_DESC;When you select a province you see the main product of the province at the top of the information window. The main product is vital for the economy of a province. In our example the main product of the province Anglia is grain. To the left you see the province income i.e. how much tax revenue (in ducats) the province generates yearly.;;;;;;;;;;671 TUTORIAL_7_A0_NAME;Chapter 7: Economy;;;;;;;;;;672 TUTORIAL_7_A0_DESC;In this chapter you will learn how to find economic information in the game and how to manage the economy of your country. You will also learn about merchants and how to place them in centers of trade.;;;;;;;;;;673 TUTORIAL_6_C0_NAME;End of Chapter;;;;;;;;;;674 TUTORIAL_6_C0_DESC;You have now reached the end of the sixth chapter and should move on to Economy.;;;;;;;;;;675 TUTORIAL_6_B9_NAME;Colonize Province continued.;;;;;;;;;;676 TUTORIAL_6_B9_DESC;You can also choose to send a trader to establish a trading post which is less expensive and often easier to establish than a colony. Once you have established a trading post or a colony you can expand it by sending more traders or colonists until the colony has a population of 5 0 when it ceases to be a colony and becomes a normal province. Click the indicated Send Colonist button and see how your colony is established.;;;;;;;;;;677 TUTORIAL_6_B8_NAME;Colonize Province;;;;;;;;;;678 TUTORIAL_6_B8_DESC;Now you should try to send a colonist to a neutral province. At the top bar in the map window you see how many colonists you presently have at your disposal next to the colonist icon (the ship). Click the indicated colonist icon beneath the information window. Select one of the neutral provinces that are open to colonization they are green in the colonization view. In the information window you see what chances you have to successfully establish a colony. Continued...;;;;;;;;;;679 TUTORIAL_6_B7_NAME;New Discovery!;;;;;;;;;;680 TUTORIAL_6_B7_DESC;Your explorer unit has discovered new waters and land. To find out more about the new land, you would need to deposit a land unit led by a conquistador in it.;;;;;;;;;;681 TUTORIAL_6_B6_NAME;Find New Land;;;;;;;;;;682 TUTORIAL_6_B6_DESC;Now move your explorer unit into the indicated Terra Incognita by right-clicking where the arrow points. It's slower to move through Terra Incognita, also at sea and just like with conquistadors explorers lower attrition for their unit.;;;;;;;;;;683 TUTORIAL_6_B5_NAME;Explorers (Naval);;;;;;;;;;684 TUTORIAL_6_B5_DESC;The naval commanders that can explore Terra Incognita are called explorers. Select the indicated fleet unit and you can see that the commander is an explorer by the sextant icon to the right of his name in the information window.;;;;;;;;;;685 TUTORIAL_6_B4_NAME;New Discovery!;;;;;;;;;;686 TUTORIAL_6_B4_DESC;Your conquistador unit has discovered new land. In this case it is a neutral province that you can try to found a colony or trading post in. You have a greater chance of successfully establishing a colony or trading post if you have troops in the neutral province, especially if these are led by a conquistador.;;;;;;;;;;687 TUTORIAL_6_B3_NAME;Discover New Territory;;;;;;;;;;688 TUTORIAL_6_B3_DESC;Now move your conquistador unit into the indicated Terra Incognita to the northwest by right-clicking where the arrow points. It takes longer to move into Terra Incognita than normal transportation, but the conquistador commander lowers the attrition suffered by the unit.;;;;;;;;;;689 TUTORIAL_6_B2_NAME;Conquistadors (Land);;;;;;;;;;690 TUTORIAL_6_B2_DESC;At certain historical points in the game, you can get special naval and land commanders which let you explore Terra Incognita with your military units. The land commanders are called conquistadors. Select the unit in the indicated province Northumberland. You can see that the commander is a conquistador by the helmet icon to the right of his name in the information window.;;;;;;;;;;691 TUTORIAL_6_B10_NAME;Permanent Terra Incognita;;;;;;;;;;692 TUTORIAL_6_B10_DESC;On the map you can also encounter Permanent Terra Incognita which you can't even explore with explorers or conquestadors. These are areas that for historical reasons remain unknown throughout the period of your current game.;;;;;;;;;;693 TUTORIAL_6_B1_NAME;Terra Incognita;;;;;;;;;;694 TUTORIAL_6_B1_DESC;There are also white areas on the map as indicated by the arrow. This is called Terra Incognita and represents all areas on the map - land and sea - that are uncharted by your country.;;;;;;;;;;695 TUTORIAL_6_A2_NAME;Neutral Provinces;;;;;;;;;;696 TUTORIAL_6_A2_DESC;There are neutral provinces in the game. They don't belong to any country and may be controlled by natives. The countries in the game can found colonies or trading posts in these neutral provinces and thus gain control over them. In this example, Wales is a neutral province.;;;;;;;;;;697 TUTORIAL_6_A1_NAME;Chapter 6: Colonization;;;;;;;;;;698 TUTORIAL_6_A1_DESC;This chapter of the tutorial concerns colonization. You will learn how to explore unknown lands and how to send traders or colonists to an area in order to turn it into a trading post or a colony.;;;;;;;;;;699 TUTORIAL_6;;;;;;;;;;;700 TUTORIAL_5_E5_NAME;End of Chapter;;;;;;;;;;701 TUTORIAL_5_E5_DESC;You have now reached the end of the fifth chapter and should move on to Colonization.;;;;;;;;;;702 TUTORIAL_5_E4_NAME;Send a Missionary;;;;;;;;;;703 TUTORIAL_5_E4_DESC;Click the Send button to accept the cost for the mission and send a missionary off to Lancashire. His mission is then represented by a missionary on the map and in time you will see if he succeeds. Please note that the time required for the missionary to succeed is outside the time span of this tutorial. After you see the missionary in Lancashire you can click OK to continue the tutorial.;;;;;;;;;;704 TUTORIAL_5_E3_NAME;Click the Missionary Icon;;;;;;;;;;705 TUTORIAL_5_E3_DESC;Click the missionary icon beneath the information window and then select the indicated province Lancashire by clicking it on the map. In the information window you then see the chance of success for your missionary the time that his mission will take and the cost for it.;;;;;;;;;;706 TUTORIAL_5_E2_NAME;Click Lancashire;;;;;;;;;;707 TUTORIAL_5_E2_DESC;Click the missionary icon beneath the information window and then select the indicated province Lancashire by clicking it on the map. In the information window you then see the chance of success for your missionary the time that his mission will take and the cost for it.;;;;;;;;;;708 TUTORIAL_5_E1_NAME;Missionaries;;;;;;;;;;709 TUTORIAL_5_E1_DESC;In your colonies or provinces you can try to convert the population to your state religion by sending a missionary. In the bar at the top of the map window you see how many missionaries you currently have at your disposal next to the missionary icon. Now you will send a missionary to the Protestant province of Lancashire in order to convert it back to your state religion Catholicism.;;;;;;;;;;710 TUTORIAL_5_D1_NAME;Colonization tutorial;;;;;;;;;;711 TUTORIAL_5_D1_DESC;At certain points in the game there are historical events that give certain countries the option to change their state religion. One such event is the Reformation which lets some Christian countries switch religions from Catholic to Protestant. Many provinces change religions automatically when these events occur no matter what the player does. Changing state religion often is very disruptive for a country's stability and relationship to other countries but can still bring long-term advantages.;;;;;;;;;;712 TUTORIAL_5_C2_NAME;Changing State Religion;;;;;;;;;;713 TUTORIAL_5_C2_DESC;At certain points in the game there are historical events that give certain countries the option to change their state religion. One such event is the Reformation which lets some Christian countries switch religions from Catholic to Protestant. Many provinces change religions automatically when these events occur no matter what the player does. Changing state religion often is very disruptive for a country's stability and relationship to other countries but can still bring long-term advantages.;;;;;;;;;;714 TUTORIAL_5_C1_NAME;Setting Tolerance Levels;;;;;;;;;;715 TUTORIAL_5_C1_DESC;You set the tolerance levels for different religions in the lower part of the information window. Simply grab the lever by clicking it and pull it left or right. The further left you pull it the lower your tolerance level for that religion and vice versa. Note that the tolerance levels for different religions are dependent on each other so you can't set them completely freely. This includes the state religion which also has a tolerance level.;;;;;;;;;;716 TUTORIAL_5_B5_NAME;Tolerance;;;;;;;;;;717 TUTORIAL_5_B5_DESC;Although your country always has an official state religion you can choose the level of tolerance that it has for various other religions. It can be useful to be tolerant towards important minority religions within your country. Provinces with a different religion are prone to rebel against the state and a high level of tolerance for their religion can lessen this tendency. Also tolerance levels can impact other countries' relationships to your country.;;;;;;;;;;718 TUTORIAL_5_B4_NAME;Dissenting Provinces;;;;;;;;;;719 TUTORIAL_5_B4_DESC;All the provinces in your country don't necessarily share the same religion. Due to conquest or religious movements such as the Reformation your country can include religious dissenters. When you look at the information about religion this is indicated by symbols on the map in the provinces that differ from the state religion. In this example Lancashire has turned Protestant while England is still a Catholic country.;;;;;;;;;;720 TUTORIAL_5_B3_NAME;State Religion;;;;;;;;;;721 TUTORIAL_5_B3_DESC;At the top of the information window you see the state religion of your country. This is the official religion that is favored by the state. The options of state religions that your country has is given by the historical situation. Your country's state religion influences its long-term relationship to other countries and can have other impacts (for example Catholic countries get more diplomats than other countries).;;;;;;;;;;722 TUTORIAL_5_B2_NAME;Information on Religion;;;;;;;;;;723 TUTORIAL_5_B2_DESC;Click the religious symbol here to see information about religion in your country and set your country's tolerance levels for different religions.;;;;;;;;;;724 TUTORIAL_5_B1_NAME;Country Information;;;;;;;;;;725 TUTORIAL_5_B1_DESC;Click the coat of arms above the information window to the left. This brings up the general information about your country.;;;;;;;;;;726 TUTORIAL_5_A1_NAME;Chapter 5: Religion;;;;;;;;;;727 TUTORIAL_5_A1_DESC;In this chapter you will learn how you find your country's state religion and the religion in your provinces how you set your country's tolerance for different religions how you sometimes can change state religion in your country and how to use missionaries to change religion in a colony or province.;;;;;;;;;;728 TUTORIAL_5;;;;;;;;;;;729 TUTORIAL_4_E0_NAME;End of Chapter;;;;;;;;;;730 TUTORIAL_4_E0_DESC;You have now reached the end of the fourth chapter and should move on to Religion.;;;;;;;;;;731 TUTORIAL_4_D0_NAME;Foreign Diplomats;;;;;;;;;;732 TUTORIAL_4_D0_DESC;Of course other countries can send diplomats to you in various matters. This is displayed by a message at the top right-hand corner of the map window. In this case Wales is offering you a royal marriage which can better the relations between your countries. Click the message and accept the offer.;;;;;;;;;;733 TUTORIAL_4_C8_NAME;Expanding your Territory;;;;;;;;;;734 TUTORIAL_4_C8_DESC;Scotland accepted your peace offer and gave up the province Strathclyde which now is a part of England. It is only once a peace is negotiated that you can expand your country's territory. When you are the one offering tribute in territory and/or money negotiations work in the same way.;;;;;;;;;;735 TUTORIAL_4_C7_NAME;Set and Send Peace Offer;;;;;;;;;;736 TUTORIAL_4_C7_DESC;You demand provinces by clicking them and set a sum of money by clicking + and - at the chest in the bottom right-hand corner of the information window. In certain circumstances you may also demand other concessions. You see your current offer at the bottom left. The percentage by the chest shows what negotiating position it corresponds to. Demand the province Strathclyde and send a diplomat to Scotland with this peace offer by clicking Send Offer.;;;;;;;;;;737 TUTORIAL_4_C6_NAME;Tributes;;;;;;;;;;738 TUTORIAL_4_C6_DESC;Depending on your negotiating position you have different possibilities of negotiating a successful peace. You can either demand or offer a tribute in the form of provinces or money or make a white peace with no tribute on either side. In this case you're winning the war so you should click Demand Tribute.;;;;;;;;;;739 TUTORIAL_4_C5_NAME;Peace Resolution;;;;;;;;;;740 TUTORIAL_4_C5_DESC;Offering peace brings you here where you can negotiate a peace with your enemy. The indicated box shows your negotiating position where plus means that you have the upper hand and minus that you're losing the war at present.;;;;;;;;;;741 TUTORIAL_4_C4_NAME;Offer peace;;;;;;;;;;742 TUTORIAL_4_C4_DESC;In this example your country England is at war with neighboring Scotland. Now send a diplomat to offer Scotland peace by clicking that option in the right-hand window.;;;;;;;;;;743 TUTORIAL_4_C3_NAME;Modifying Alliances;;;;;;;;;;744 TUTORIAL_4_C3_DESC;Click the indicated View Alliances button. When a nation is selected you can send a diplomat to modify your alliance with it in the right-hand window. It is also here that you declare war with offer peace to offer royal weddings to and start or end a trade embargo against a country. You can also exchange discoveries with the selected country or offer it a loan.;;;;;;;;;;745 TUTORIAL_4_C2_NAME;Modifying Relations;;;;;;;;;;746 TUTORIAL_4_C2_DESC;Click in the indicated province of Scotland. This gives you the chance to modify your relations to the selected country in the right-hand window. To better your relations you can send a diplomat with a gift of varying importance (and cost). To worsen your relations you can use varying degrees of insult.;;;;;;;;;;747 TUTORIAL_4_C1_NAME;Relations;;;;;;;;;;748 TUTORIAL_4_C1_DESC;Click the indicated View Relations button. This brings up a list of all the nations that you are aware of, as well as your relations to them. Your relations range from -200 (the worst of your enemies) to +200 (the best of friends).;;;;;;;;;;749 TUTORIAL_4_C0_NAME;Alliances;;;;;;;;;;750 TUTORIAL_4_C0_DESC;Here you see all your country's alliances with other countries as well as a list of the current wars you are involved in and the Casus Belli you have. Whenever you declare war with a country you have the option of asking your allies to join it on your side. Of course they can also ask you to join their wars. The alliance is broken when it isn't honored.;;;;;;;;;;751 TUTORIAL_4_B0_NAME;Diplomacy Mode;;;;;;;;;;752 TUTORIAL_4_B0_DESC;To start managing your country's diplomacy click the indicated diplomacy icon beneath the information window. This takes you to the diplomacy mode where you can send diplomats on different missions to other countries.;;;;;;;;;;753 TUTORIAL_4_A4_NAME;Diplomats;;;;;;;;;;754 TUTORIAL_4_A4_DESC;You manage your relations to other countries with diplomats of which you get a limited number each year. At the indicated place in the top bar you see the number of diplomats currently at your disposal. You spend one diplomat for each diplomatic action you undertake so you should use them wisely.;;;;;;;;;;755 TUTORIAL_4_A3_NAME;Alliances and Goodwill;;;;;;;;;;756 TUTORIAL_4_A3_DESC;In the long run no country is strong enough to always fend for itself. Alliances make you stronger in the face of enemy threats so you should develop friendly relationships with other countries. You also need to build goodwill for your country to keep your alliances over time and to avoid making new enemies.;;;;;;;;;;757 TUTORIAL_4_A2_NAME;Casus Belli;;;;;;;;;;758 TUTORIAL_4_A2_DESC;In the game, you shouldn't declare war on countries any which way. This will cause great instability in your country and make it deeply unpopular with other countries. You need a valid Casus Belli (cause of war) to declare war against another country without risking your stability and good name.;;;;;;;;;;759 TUTORIAL_4_A1_NAME;Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;760 TUTORIAL_4_A1_DESC;Diplomacy is the basis of both peaceful and warlike relations with other countries. The way you handle these relations through the game is very important for the success or failure of your country.;;;;;;;;;;761 TUTORIAL_4_A0_NAME;Chapter 4: Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;762 TUTORIAL_4_A0_DESC;This chapter will familiarize you with how to use diplomacy in the game. You will learn how you use diplomats to declare war and make peace, start alliances and influence your relationship to other countries in different ways.;;;;;;;;;;763 TUTORIAL_4;;;;;;;;;;;764 TUTORIAL_3_D0_NAME;End of Chapter;;;;;;;;;;765 TUTORIAL_3_D0_DESC;You have now reached the end of the third chapter and should move on to Diplomacy.;;;;;;;;;;766 TUTORIAL_3_C4_NAME;Sea Battles;;;;;;;;;;767 TUTORIAL_3_C4_DESC;Battles at sea work in much the same way as land battles. When your fleet reaches a sea region where there is an enemy fleet a battle starts. You follow the battle in the same way as a land battle and the losing unit retreats to the nearest safe waters or port. Now select the indicated fleet unit in the sea-zone off Anglia and move it north to the other indicated sea-zone where a Welsh fleet is hiding (by right-clicking that sea region).;;;;;;;;;;768 TUTORIAL_3_C3_NAME;Assaulting a City;;;;;;;;;;769 TUTORIAL_3_C3_DESC;When assaulting a city you can follow the developments and losses the same way as in a battle. When the enemy surrenders you will take control of the province and your flag will fly over the provincial capital. However it will not be annexed to your country until given up by the enemy in a peace treaty.;;;;;;;;;;770 TUTORIAL_3_C2_NAME;;;;;;;;;;;771 TUTORIAL_3_C2_DESC;Bringing the cursor over the image of the city at the top of the information window gives you an estimate of how long the city under siege will last. To the left is your strength and to the right the strength of the defenders. When you are superior and want to take the city fast you can assault although this often entails losses on your part. Do this now by clicking Assault!;;;;;;;;;;772 TUTORIAL_3_C1_NAME;Options During a Siege;;;;;;;;;;773 TUTORIAL_3_C1_DESC;You have three options during a siege of an enemy city. If you want to leave enough troops to keep the siege but move most of your troops on you click Cover. If you want to assault the city you click Assault and if you want to dig down and keep the siege until the city surrenders you click Besiege. (Do not click any of them yet!);;;;;;;;;;774 TUTORIAL_3_C0_NAME;Siege;;;;;;;;;;775 TUTORIAL_3_C0_DESC;You have won the battle, and now the enemy province is under siege until the defenders of the city surrender or you take the city by assault.;;;;;;;;;;776 TUTORIAL_3_B4_NAME;The Combat Begins;;;;;;;;;;777 TUTORIAL_3_B4_DESC;Now we let the fighting begin. The arrow at the top of the information window shows which side has the upper hand at the moment. If you feel like your chances of winning are slim and want to avoid losing too many men you can retreat by simply moving your unit out of the province.(But don't do this now!);;;;;;;;;;778 TUTORIAL_3_B3_NAME;Morale;;;;;;;;;;779 TUTORIAL_3_B3_DESC;Here you see the morale of your troops and the enemy troops. When the morale of a unit sinks to Panic, the unit will stop fighting and retreat to the closest safe province.;;;;;;;;;;780 TUTORIAL_3_B2_NAME;Enemy Troops;;;;;;;;;;781 TUTORIAL_3_B2_DESC;Here you see the number of infantry cavalry and artillery troops the enemy has. You can follow the enemy's losses in the battle here.;;;;;;;;;;782 TUTORIAL_3_B1_NAME;Your Troops;;;;;;;;;;783 TUTORIAL_3_B1_DESC;In these boxes you see how many infantry cavalry and artillery troops you have involved in the battle. You can follow your losses in the battle here.;;;;;;;;;;784 TUTORIAL_3_B0_NAME;Following a Battle;;;;;;;;;;785 TUTORIAL_3_B0_DESC;As long as the unit is selected, you can follow the battle and see all the details of it in the information window.;;;;;;;;;;786 TUTORIAL_3_A2_NAME;Attack Enemy Province;;;;;;;;;;787 TUTORIAL_3_A2_DESC;In Lincoln you have a land unit ready for action. Attack the indicated province Midlands by selecting your unit and ordering it to go to Midlands. (If you are uncertain how to do this surrender and go back to Chapter 2 of the tutorial - Units.);;;;;;;;;;788 TUTORIAL_3_A1_NAME;Enemy Territory;;;;;;;;;;789 TUTORIAL_3_A1_DESC;When you move land units into a province controlled by a country that you are at war with you engage in combat with that country's troops. In this example you are playing England which is at war with Wales (indicated on the map).;;;;;;;;;;790 TUTORIAL_3_A0_NAME;Chapter 3: Combat;;;;;;;;;;791 TUTORIAL_3_A0_DESC;In this chapter you will learn about land and naval combat. How you attack a province how you besiege assault or cover it how you retreat and so on.;;;;;;;;;;792 TUTORIAL_3;;;;;;;;;;;793 TUTORIAL_2_H0_NAME;End of Chapter;;;;;;;;;;794 TUTORIAL_2_H0_DESC;You have now reached the end of the second chapter and should move on to Combat.;;;;;;;;;;795 TUTORIAL_2_G6_NAME;Privateers;;;;;;;;;;796 TUTORIAL_2_G6_DESC;At sea you can commission privateers to cause trouble for your enemies. However it's important to understand that these pirates will attack your fleets as well as those of your enemy. Click the indicated sea-zone and the button Commission Privateers to infest it with pirates.;;;;;;;;;;797 TUTORIAL_2_G5_NAME;Mercenaries;;;;;;;;;;798 TUTORIAL_2_G5_DESC;You can recruit a mercenary company with the button at the bottom of the information window. These troops are expensive, but available immediately and with a high initial morale. Click the button and see the mercenary unit appear.;;;;;;;;;;799 TUTORIAL_2_G4_NAME;Other units;;;;;;;;;;800 TUTORIAL_2_G4_DESC;There are also two forms of irregular military units that you can recruit, mercenaries and privateers. Click Anglia and click the barracks.;;;;;;;;;;801 TUTORIAL_2_G3_NAME;Fleet Unit Information (2);;;;;;;;;;802 TUTORIAL_2_G3_DESC;What you see in the information window about a fleet is much the same as for a land unit. Information on morale commander and the different values influencing performance are in the same places. The boxes show the number of warships galleys and transport ships in the unit. To the right you see current attrition next to the skull. A fleet unit can only stay out at sea for so long so the attrition can rise rapidly if you don't bring it to a port to renew supplies every so often. Next to the balance you see how much of the fleet's loading capacity for land units that is being used.;;;;;;;;;;803 TUTORIAL_2_G2_NAME;Fleet Unit Information;;;;;;;;;;804 TUTORIAL_2_G2_DESC;Select a fleet unit to learn more about the information you see about it in the information window.;;;;;;;;;;805 TUTORIAL_2_G1_NAME;Land Unit Information (2);;;;;;;;;;806 TUTORIAL_2_G1_DESC;The numbers in the next row show the unit's maneuver fire and shock values which influence its combat performance as well as overall performance. In the three boxes in the following row of information you see the number of infantry cavalry and artillery in the unit. To the right you see the current rate of attrition next to the skull and the unit's weight when transported by sea next to the balance.;;;;;;;;;;807 TUTORIAL_2_G0_NAME;Land Unit Information;;;;;;;;;;808 TUTORIAL_2_G0_DESC;At the top right of the information window you see the morale of the unit which builds up over time and most of all influences its strength in combat. Then you see the rank and name of the unit's commander. The skills of the commander influence the speed of a unit when it's moving around the toll of attrition and the unit's performance in combat. Sometimes it can be a good idea to split a unit in order to profit from the skills of two good commanders. Continued...;;;;;;;;;;809 TUTORIAL_2_F2_NAME;Select an Army;;;;;;;;;;810 TUTORIAL_2_F2_DESC;Select a land unit to learn more about the information you see about it in the information window.;;;;;;;;;;811 TUTORIAL_2_F1_NAME;Unloading Land Units;;;;;;;;;;812 TUTORIAL_2_F1_DESC;To unload the land unit again you select the fleet when it's adjacent to the unit's land-bound destination, click the Unload Troops button or press the u-key and then right-click on where the unit should go. You must unload land units from adjacent sea-zones, because it is not possible to unload in port. Now choose either method to unload your land unit in Anglia.;;;;;;;;;;813 TUTORIAL_2_F0_NAME;Loading Land Units onto Fleets;;;;;;;;;;814 TUTORIAL_2_F0_DESC;You can load a land unit onto a fleet in order to transport it across the sea. Each ship has a certain loading capacity. Now select one of your land units that has 1.000 men and move it onto the fleet unit by right-clicking the ship. Just like when you move a unit the arrow indicates how far the loading has come.;;;;;;;;;;815 TUTORIAL_2_E0_NAME;Moving a Fleet Unit;;;;;;;;;;816 TUTORIAL_2_E0_DESC;You see that a unit is selected by the green circle around it. Fleet units are moved and managed (split, reorganized or merged) in the same way as land units. You should now move the selected fleet unit to the waters off the coast of Anglia. Simply right-click that area.;;;;;;;;;;817 TUTORIAL_2_D4_NAME;Purchase a Fleet Unit;;;;;;;;;;818 TUTORIAL_2_D4_DESC;Just like when purchasing land units you decide how many ships you want to order with the up- and down-arrows beneath each ship type. Order a ship to be built by clicking the down-arrow on the far right of the information window once. Click OK to build the ship. When it is ready the fleet unit shows up on the map with a number indicating how many ships it is made up of. Select it by clicking it.;;;;;;;;;;819 TUTORIAL_2_D3_NAME;Transports;;;;;;;;;;820 TUTORIAL_2_D3_DESC;On the far right in the information window you order transport ships. They move quite fast and can carry twice as many land units as other ships. They are quite weak in battle however.;;;;;;;;;;821 TUTORIAL_2_D2_NAME;Galleys;;;;;;;;;;822 TUTORIAL_2_D2_DESC;In the middle of the information window you order galleys. They are cheaper to build but pretty slow and shouldn't be used on the great oceans. They are restricted to calmer waters such as the Baltic sea the Mediterranean and the Black sea. In these waters they are quite efficient in combat although they become weaker compared to warships as time proceeds in the game.;;;;;;;;;;823 TUTORIAL_2_D1_NAME;Warships;;;;;;;;;;824 TUTORIAL_2_D1_DESC;Clicking the dock in a coastal town lets you purchase fleet units in much the same way as you purchase land units. Likewise there are three kinds of fleet units. On the far left in the information window you order warships. These ships are the most expensive kind. They can sail anywhere on the seas and are efficient in combat.;;;;;;;;;;825 TUTORIAL_2_D0_NAME;Building Fleet Units;;;;;;;;;;826 TUTORIAL_2_D0_DESC;In provinces with a port, you can also create fleet units. A port is symbolized by an anchor on the coast of the province. Click the indicated province and then click the dock in the information window to the left.;;;;;;;;;;827 TUTORIAL_2_C4_NAME;Reorganizing Units;;;;;;;;;;828 TUTORIAL_2_C4_DESC;Here you can move 1.000 men at a time between different units. Click the far left down-arrow once to move 1 000 infantry men to the lower unit. Create a third unit by clicking Create New. When you have more than two units in the same place you can change the units you are managing in the information window by clicking on the arrows pointing left and right at the soldiers representing each unit. Change the top unit by clicking the left-arrow and then move 1000 men to the new unit.;;;;;;;;;;829 TUTORIAL_2_C3_NAME;Click Reorganize;;;;;;;;;;830 TUTORIAL_2_C3_DESC;You should now click Reorganize and learn how to move men between units.;;;;;;;;;;831 TUTORIAL_2_C2_NAME;Selecting Multiple Units;;;;;;;;;;832 TUTORIAL_2_C2_DESC;Now select the two units you just created by holding down the left mouse-button and making a box around the units.;;;;;;;;;;833 TUTORIAL_2_C0_NAME;Splitting a Unit;;;;;;;;;;834 TUTORIAL_2_C0_DESC;Now we will look at how you can manage existing units i.e. divide one up into several units or merge several into one. First split the unit into two equal halves by selecting it and clicking Split beneath the information window.;;;;;;;;;;835 TUTORIAL_2_B1_NAME;Now we know how to move the unit.;;;;;;;;;;836 TUTORIAL_2_B1_DESC;Now the unit has reached its destination. A unit can lose some of its men while moving. This is due to attrition, which sets in when troops exert themselves. Attrition when moving from one place to another is worst during winter and in rough terrain.;;;;;;;;;;837 TUTORIAL_2_B0_NAME;Moving Units;;;;;;;;;;838 TUTORIAL_2_B0_DESC;You see that the unit is selected by the green circle around it. You should now move it to the indicated province Lincoln. This is done by simply right-clicking the province you want the selected unit to go to. It then goes there the fastest way possible. Your unit can only move through another country if this country is either at war with you or an ally in your war. You can see where a selected unit is headed and how far it's gotten by the arrow that shows up.;;;;;;;;;;839 TUTORIAL_2_A5_NAME;Purchase a Land Unit;;;;;;;;;;840 TUTORIAL_2_A5_DESC;You decide how many men you want to order with the up- and down-arrows for each type of unit. The down-arrows add to the units you are ordering and the up-arrows take away from them. Now you should order a unit with 4 000 men of infantry. Click the down-arrow on the far left four times. If you make a mistake you can take away men with the up-arrow. Click OK to build the unit. When it is ready the unit shows up on the map with a number indicating its strength. Select it by clicking it.;;;;;;;;;;841 TUTORIAL_2_A4_NAME;Artillery;;;;;;;;;;842 TUTORIAL_2_A4_DESC;On the far right in the information window you order artillery units of 10 cannon each. They are very useful when besieging a province and otherwise in combat but you will need other kinds of land units as well to fight efficiently.;;;;;;;;;;843 TUTORIAL_2_A3_NAME;Cavalry;;;;;;;;;;844 TUTORIAL_2_A3_DESC;In the middle of the information window you order cavalry units of 1000 men each. They are more expensive but better in combat.;;;;;;;;;;845 TUTORIAL_2_A2_NAME;Infantry;;;;;;;;;;846 TUTORIAL_2_A2_DESC;Clicking the barracks in a town lets you purchase land units. There are three different kinds of land units. On the far left in the information window you order infantry units of 1 000 men each. These units are cheaper but not as efficient in combat as cavalry units.;;;;;;;;;;847 TUTORIAL_2_A1_NAME;Building Land Units;;;;;;;;;;848 TUTORIAL_2_A1_DESC;Select the indicated province by clicking it. Then click the barracks (i.e. the tent) in the information window to the left.;;;;;;;;;;849 TUTORIAL_2_A0_NAME;Chapter 2: Units;;;;;;;;;;850 TUTORIAL_2_A0_DESC;In this chapter you will learn how to purchase build move and manage military units.;;;;;;;;;;851 TUTORIAL_2;%s;;;;;;;;;;852 TUTORIAL_1_I1_NAME;Log;;;;;;;;;;853 TUTORIAL_1_I1_DESC;Everything that happens in the game is recorded in the log window at the bottom of the screen. If you think you've missed something, you can always check in this list.;;;;;;;;;;854 TUTORIAL_1_I0_NAME;Mapmodes;;;;;;;;;;855 TUTORIAL_1_I0_DESC;Here you can choose to view the map in three different modes. The tree icon gives you the normal view. The flag icon brings up a political view where each country has a separate color. Finally the coin icon is for economic mode where each province's main product is shown and they are shaded according to wealth.;;;;;;;;;;856 TUTORIAL_1_H1_NAME;Economic Information;;;;;;;;;;857 TUTORIAL_1_H1_DESC;Click the left icon to manage your country's budget and the right icon to see a financial summary.;;;;;;;;;;858 TUTORIAL_1_H0_NAME;Military Information;;;;;;;;;;859 TUTORIAL_1_H0_DESC;Click these icons to get information about your country's total naval and land forces, respectively.;;;;;;;;;;860 TUTORIAL_1_G1_NAME;Military Unit Information;;;;;;;;;;861 TUTORIAL_1_G1_DESC;Click the land unit indicated in the map window. This brings up detailed information about the unit and lets you manage it. You get information about naval units in the same fashion.;;;;;;;;;;862 TUTORIAL_1_G0_NAME;Country Information;;;;;;;;;;863 TUTORIAL_1_G0_DESC;Click the coat of arms. This displays information about your current regent and a summary of your country's state. If you click any other country's capital on the map, you get the same information about that country.;;;;;;;;;;864 TUTORIAL_1_F0_NAME;Economic Province Information;;;;;;;;;;865 TUTORIAL_1_F0_DESC;Here you see the main product of the province. To the left you see how much tax revenue the province generates and to the right the value of the trade that it generates. If you click the image of the product you get detailed information about it.;;;;;;;;;;866 TUTORIAL_1_END_NAME;End this Chapter;;;;;;;;;;867 TUTORIAL_1_END_DESC;You have now reached the end of the first chapter and should move on to Units.;;;;;;;;;;868 TUTORIAL_1_E0_NAME;View Province Details;;;;;;;;;;869 TUTORIAL_1_E0_DESC;Click on the place of worship in the center of town. This gives you the general information about the province.;;;;;;;;;;870 TUTORIAL_1_D6_NAME;Legal Counsel’s Office;;;;;;;;;;871 TUTORIAL_1_D6_DESC;This is the Legal Counsel's office. Once you have a Tax collector, you can promote a Chief judge by clicking it.;;;;;;;;;;872 TUTORIAL_1_D5_NAME;Bailiff’s Office;;;;;;;;;;873 TUTORIAL_1_D5_DESC;Here you find the Bailiff's office which you can click to promote the Bailiff to a Tax collector once you've reached the appropriate infrastructure level.;;;;;;;;;;874 TUTORIAL_1_D4_NAME;Mayor’s Office;;;;;;;;;;875 TUTORIAL_1_D4_DESC;This is the Mayor's office which you can click to promote the Mayor to a Governor once you've reached the appropriate infrastructure level.;;;;;;;;;;876 TUTORIAL_1_D3_NAME;Port;;;;;;;;;;877 TUTORIAL_1_D3_DESC;This is the Port. Click it to build ships or a shipyard.;;;;;;;;;;878 TUTORIAL_1_D2_NAME;Barracks;;;;;;;;;;879 TUTORIAL_1_D2_DESC;This is the Barracks. Click it to start building new land units i.e. infantry cavalry or artillery.;;;;;;;;;;880 TUTORIAL_1_D1_NAME;Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;881 TUTORIAL_1_D1_DESC;On this site you can build a manufactory, if you can afford it and have reached the appropriate infrastructure level.;;;;;;;;;;882 TUTORIAL_1_D0_NAME;Fortress;;;;;;;;;;883 TUTORIAL_1_D0_DESC;Here you see the province’s level of fortification. Providing that you have reached the appropriate level of technology and can afford it, you can expand the fortification by clicking it.;;;;;;;;;;884 TUTORIAL_1_C0_NAME;Province Selection;;;;;;;;;;885 TUTORIAL_1_C0_DESC;To get information about one of your own provinces you simply click it. In the information window to the left you see a representation of a town. By clicking the buildings and other objects you can manage your province or display different information about it.;;;;;;;;;;886 TUTORIAL_1_B0_NAME;Top Bar;;;;;;;;;;887 TUTORIAL_1_B0_DESC;On the top bar above the map window you find a number of game facts. In the middle you see the current date of your game. To the left you see the number of merchants colonists diplomats and missionaries currently at your disposal. To the right you see the current stability level of your country (-3 to +3) manpower of your armed forces in thousands and content of your treasury in ducats. By clicking the clock on the far right you pause and unpause the game.;;;;;;;;;;888 TUTORIAL_1_A3_NAME;Zoom In/Out;;;;;;;;;;889 TUTORIAL_1_A3_DESC;With the buttons at the bottom of the small world map you can zoom in and out in the map window.;;;;;;;;;;890 TUTORIAL_1_A2_NAME;How to Use the Small Map;;;;;;;;;;891 TUTORIAL_1_A2_DESC;You can also use the small world map in the lower left-hand corner to move to a particular point. Just click the place you want to go and the map window moves to that area.;;;;;;;;;;892 TUTORIAL_1_A1_NAME;How to Scroll the Map;;;;;;;;;;893 TUTORIAL_1_A1_DESC;You can scroll up down left and right on the map by moving the cursor to the edge of your screen in the desired direction.;;;;;;;;;;894 TUTORIAL_1_A0_NAME;Chapter 1: The Interface;;;;;;;;;;895 TUTORIAL_1_A0_DESC;Welcome to the tutorial. If you get lost or feel like you missed something in a chapter click Menu in the bottom left-hand corner and then Surrender. Then you can start that chapter over again. In this first chapter you will get to know the interface how the map works how you can get information about your own country and its provinces your troops and so on.;;;;;;;;;;896 TUTORIAL_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;897 TUR_GC_VPTACTIC;Your empire is strong and your army the most powerful in the world so use it! There lie Persia in the East the rich lands of the Mamluks in the South and even the vast Hungarian and Russian plains in the West and the North. Time your wars wisely as you cannot fight on all fronts at the same time but each conquest will make you stronger to face the inevitable Christian coalition that will always come sooner or later.;;;;;;;;;;898 TUR_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;899 TUR_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;900 TUR_GC_HISTDESC;The capture of Constantinople by Mohammed II in 1453 had sealed the fate of the Millenium old Byzantine empire and dealt a severe blow to Christendom. The Ottoman Empire from its new capital of Istanbul, expanded into the Balkans and Mohammed's successors were now eagerly looking in every direction to continue their expansion. Venice had lost most of her possessions in Greece and now the Persian empire or the Mamluk Caliphates of Syria and Egypt seemed ripe for conquest.;;;;;;;;;;901 TUR_DESC;The first phase of expansion of the heirs of the great Osman was checked and partially reversed by their huge defeat in 1402 at the hands of Tamerlane. The remaining Ottoman possessions were beset by civil war, which gradually cooled down under Mehmet I. Then the Ottomans had a stroke of great fortune: five successive Sultans of exceptional ability, who expanded the empire, enriched its merchants and patronized the arts and sciences. In 1453, Constantinople was conquered, and the Ottomans assumed increasingly imperial trappings. The Mamluks were overrun in 1517. By the end of the reign of Süleyman I ('the Magificent') in 1566, the Ottomans, the acknowledged leaders of the Islamic world, were, together with the populous Chinese and the globe-spanning Spanish empires, one of the greatest powers of that age. Subsequent internal politics and increasing conservatism led to the loss of their pre-eminence, though the Ottomans remained a great power until the late 18th century. By the early 19th century, their economy weakened by near-continuous wars, the loss of trade, their fossilized institutions, and their corrupt army, the Ottomans were ripe for reform.;;;;;;;;;;902 TUR_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;903 TUR_1700_VPTACTIC;Turkey is in stagnation but still has some punches to throw. Your economy is important but so is your diplomacy. Do not let yourself be surrounded by enemies. Threats to your survival are Austria Persia Poland-Lithuania and later on Russia. Venice is ripe to strike now. See to it that you ally with powerful countries that would actually help you if you were attacked. Russia is an interesting partner early on as is a powerful France or an Anti-Austrian Spain. No alliance is unholy;;;;;;;;;;904 TUR_1700_HISTDESC;In 1700 the Spanish king Carlos II dies and his testament implies that the grandson of Louis XIV King of France Philip is to be King of Spain on the condition that the thrones of Spain and France are not united. Old King Louis XIV doesn't accept this and claims both thrones for his grandson. This starts the War of Spanish Succession between, on one side France Spain and Bavaria, and on the other side England the Netherlands and Austria. At the same time the Great Northern war is fought in the North and East. During the 1710s, when war exhaustion bred in Austria and Russia, the Turks attacked, taking back Azov. However when Austria had finished her war against France she attacked and Turkey in the middle of a series of Palace Coups was defeated, losing more than a third of her European possessions. A decade later, with greater domestic stability, Turkey launched her last large offensive against Austria...;;;;;;;;;;905 TUR_1617_VPTACTIC;Much of Europe will be occupied by their own business. There are three possible approaches. Smash Persia trash Austria or devour Venice. All of them has their pros and cons but you have to destroy at least one of your enemies at this point to be able to defend later. Austria is the most dangerous option as she is not likely to be alone. Raise your military technology and cut one of them to pieces two provinces at a time and then pick the next target. If you keep on being victorious...All God's glory to you.;;;;;;;;;;906 TUR_1617_HISTDESC;Turkey's longtime enemies were Austria Venice Poland-Lithuania and not to be forgotten Persia. War against external enemies was very common but it was the internal strife and revolts that unleashed the heaviest blow to Turkish technological and military development. During the period 1596-1604 three very large revolts started in three different parts of the Empire and the last of them was not crushed until 1635. At the same time Turkey became involved in a war against Austria and Poland-Lithuania (The Long War 1593-1606) in which Turkey was victorious and the Habsburg Emperor had to pay the Sultan an annual tribute. The Poles were attacked (1615-1621) but without any land changing hands. In the Far East Turkey was defending her borders against three Persian onslaughts (1603-1611 1616-1618 and 1623-1629). The last of the wars ended with a great Turkish victory, forever ending the Persian threat and welcoming Georgia and Azerbaidjan as new provinces. Minding this and the assassinations of Sultans of the 1620's and the Mameluck uprisings in the 1630's, the Turkish government managed to administer Turkey rather well even as she did not expand as much as in earlier days. When Christian Europe enjoyed the newly religious peace, Turkey was as powerful as any Christian country but she was superior no more.;;;;;;;;;;907 TUR;Ottoman Empire;;;;;;;;;;908 TUN_DESC;In 1159 Tunisia was conquered by the Almohad Caliphs of Morocco. The Almohads were succeeded by the Berber Hafsids under whom Tunisia prospered. In the last years of the Hafsid reign Spain seized many of the coastal cities, but they were recovered for Islam by the Ottoman Turks in 1574. Under the beys appointed by the Ottoman Sultan, Tunisia attained virtual independence. In the late 16th century most of the coast became a pirate stronghold. The Hussein dynasty of beys achieved almost complete independence in 1705 and lasted until 1957.;;;;;;;;;;909 TUN;Tunisia;;;;;;;;;;910 TROTHER;Sire, this province is owned by %s.;;;;;;;;;;911 TRNOTEXPLORED;Sire, we must first explore this province.;;;;;;;;;;912 TRNOFURTHER;Sire, we cannot expand the size of this colony any further.;;;;;;;;;;913 TRNOCASH;Sire, we can't afford sending a trader to this destination.;;;;;;;;;;914 TRIMPOSSIBLE;Sire, this is an impossible destination.;;;;;;;;;;915 TRI_DESC;After its conquest by the Muslim armies in the 7th century, Tripolitania became subject to various Arab and Berber dynasties, among them the Aghlabids, the Fatimids, and the Hafsids. In 1510 Tripoli was captured by the forces of Ferdinand the Catholic of Spain, who turned it over to the Knights of St. John in 1530. The latter lost the region only 21 years later to the Ottoman Turks, who ruled it either directly or through suzerains for the next 360 years. In 1711 the local governor, Ahmad Karamanli, won recognition from the Ottomans as hereditary pasha (governor), and his dynasty ruled Tripolitania for all but a few years until 1835.;;;;;;;;;;916 TRI;Tripoli;;;;;;;;;;917 TRENROUTE;Sire, this province is already being exploited as we speak.;;;;;;;;;;918 TRE_DESC;When the treacherous army of the Fourth Crusade overthrew the Byzantine Empire and established the Latin Empire of Constantinople in 1204, several Greek successor states sprang up around it. The Empire of Trebizond was one of them. After the Mongol invasion the empire experienced tremendous economic prosperity, as it became the crossroad of trade routes leading to Russia, the Mediterranean and the Middle East. With the decline of Mongol power after 1320, Trebizond suffered increasingly from attacks by various Turkish clans and states, civil wars, and domestic intrigues, until it eventually fell in 1461 after leading a coalition of Greek powers against the Sultan, in a last-ditch attempt to restore the Byzantine Empire. At the height of its wealth and power the court of the Grand Comneni was a great artistic and cultural center and made Trebizond the last refuge of Hellenistic civilization.;;;;;;;;;;919 TRE;Trebizond;;;;;;;;;;920 TRCITY;Sire, there is already an establishment in this province.;;;;;;;;;;921 TRADETOUS_SETUP;When another country offers us a trade agreement.;;;;;;;;;;922 TRADETOUS_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;923 TRADETOUS_HEADER;;;;;;;;;;;924 TRADETOUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;925 TRADETOUS_BTN1;;;;;;;;;;;926 TRADETOUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;927 TRADETOUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;928 TRADETOUS_4;;;;;;;;;;;929 TRADETOUS_3;;;;;;;;;;;930 TRADETOUS_2;;;;;;;;;;;931 TRADETOUS_1;;;;;;;;;;;932 TRADETINCREASE_SETUP;When you have increased your trade technology level;;;;;;;;;;933 TRADETINCREASE_LOG;Our trade level increased to %s. %s;;;;;;;;;;934 TRADETINCREASE_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;935 TRADETINCREASE_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;936 TRADETINCREASE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;937 TRADETINCREASE_6;%s;;;;;;;;;;938 TRADETINCREASE_5;BONUS EFFECT:;;;;;;;;;;939 TRADETINCREASE_4;Our merchants will now generate more incomes.;;;;;;;;;;940 TRADETINCREASE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;941 TRADETINCREASE_2;%t, our trade level increased to;;;;;;;;;;942 TRADETINCREASE_1;Trade Advance!;;;;;;;;;;943 TRADEREFUSAL_SETUP;When a nation refuses trade to your merchants;;;;;;;;;;944 TRADEREFUSAL_LOG;%s refuses our merchants access to their Centers of Trade!;;;;;;;;;;945 TRADEREFUSAL_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;946 TRADEREFUSAL_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;947 TRADEREFUSAL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;948 TRADEREFUSAL_6;;;;;;;;;;;949 TRADEREFUSAL_5;;;;;;;;;;;950 TRADEREFUSAL_4;our merchants access to their Centers of Trade! We cannot send more merchants there, and do not gain any incomes from those present.;;;;;;;;;;951 TRADEREFUSAL_3;%s refuses;;;;;;;;;;952 TRADEREFUSAL_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;953 TRADEREFUSAL_1;Trade Embargo!;;;;;;;;;;954 TRADELEVEL_TRADEIW;Level 1: Allows Merchants.\nLevel 2: Allows Tradingposts.\nLevel 3: Allows Monopolies.\nLevel 4: Allows Trade Embargos.;;;;;;;;;;955 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_9;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;956 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_8;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;957 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_7;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;958 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_6;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;959 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_5;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;960 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_4;We can now initiate Trade Embargo.;;;;;;;;;;961 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_3;We can now gain Monopolies.;;;;;;;;;;962 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_2;We can now construct Tradingposts.;;;;;;;;;;963 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_10;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;964 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_1;We can now place Merchants.;;;;;;;;;;965 TRADELEVEL_IMPSTRING_0;We cannot yet perform any actions associated with trade.;;;;;;;;;;966 TRADELEVEL_9;Pre-Capitalism (9);;;;;;;;;;967 TRADELEVEL_8;Liberalism (8);;;;;;;;;;968 TRADELEVEL_7;Protectionism (7);;;;;;;;;;969 TRADELEVEL_6;Late Baroque (6);;;;;;;;;;970 TRADELEVEL_5;High Baroque (5);;;;;;;;;;971 TRADELEVEL_4;Early Baroque (4);;;;;;;;;;972 TRADELEVEL_3;Late Renaissance (3);;;;;;;;;;973 TRADELEVEL_2;High Renaissance (2);;;;;;;;;;974 TRADELEVEL_10;Pre-Industrial (10);;;;;;;;;;975 TRADELEVEL_1;Early Renaissance (1);;;;;;;;;;976 TRADELEVEL_0;Medieval (0);;;;;;;;;;977 TRADEEMPIRE_YOUR;You will get +5 percent victory progress every time you create a Level 6 Trading Post.;;;;;;;;;;978 TRADEEMPIRE_OTHER;Will win by establishing Level 6 Trading Posts.;;;;;;;;;;979 TRADEALLOW_SETUP;When a nation allows trade to your merchants;;;;;;;;;;980 TRADEALLOW_LOG;%s allows our merchants access to their Centers of Trade again!;;;;;;;;;;981 TRADEALLOW_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;982 TRADEALLOW_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;983 TRADEALLOW_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;984 TRADEALLOW_6;;;;;;;;;;;985 TRADEALLOW_5;;;;;;;;;;;986 TRADEALLOW_4;our merchants access to their Centers of Trade again!;;;;;;;;;;987 TRADEALLOW_3;%s allows;;;;;;;;;;988 TRADEALLOW_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;989 TRADEALLOW_1;Trade Embargo Cancelled!;;;;;;;;;;990 TRADEAGR_ROLL;%s offers us a trade agreement.;;;;;;;;;;991 TPOSTBURN_SETUP;When another nation burns one of your tradingposts;;;;;;;;;;992 TPOSTBURN_LOG;%s have burned our tradingpost in %s!;;;;;;;;;;993 TPOSTBURN_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;994 TPOSTBURN_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;995 TPOSTBURN_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;996 TPOSTBURN_6;;;;;;;;;;;997 TPOSTBURN_5;;;;;;;;;;;998 TPOSTBURN_4;and burnt our tradingpost!;;;;;;;;;;999 TPOSTBURN_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1000 TPOSTBURN_2;%t, troops from %s have attacked;;;;;;;;;;1001 TPOSTBURN_1;Trading Post;;;;;;;;;;1002 TPNEWSUCCESS_SETUP;When you succeed in your attempts to establish new trading posts;;;;;;;;;;1003 TPNEWSUCCESS_LOG;We successfully established a Trading Post in %s;;;;;;;;;;1004 TPNEWSUCCESS_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1005 TPNEWSUCCESS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1006 TPNEWSUCCESS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1007 TPNEWSUCCESS_6;;;;;;;;;;;1008 TPNEWSUCCESS_5;;;;;;;;;;;1009 TPNEWSUCCESS_4;Send merchants to the Center of Trade that the Trading Post belongs to, to get maximum economical gains.;;;;;;;;;;1010 TPNEWSUCCESS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1011 TPNEWSUCCESS_2;%t, we successfully established a new Trading Post in;;;;;;;;;;1012 TPNEWSUCCESS_1;Colonization Successful!;;;;;;;;;;1013 TPFAILEST_SETUP;When you fail in an attempt to establish a new trading post;;;;;;;;;;1014 TPFAILEST_LOG;We failed in our attempt to establish a Trading Post in %s.;;;;;;;;;;1015 TPFAILEST_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1016 TPFAILEST_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1017 TPFAILEST_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1018 TPFAILEST_6;;;;;;;;;;;1019 TPFAILEST_5;;;;;;;;;;;1020 TPFAILEST_4;;;;;;;;;;;1021 TPFAILEST_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1022 TPFAILEST_2;%t, we failed in our attempt to establish a new Trading Post in;;;;;;;;;;1023 TPFAILEST_1;Colonization Failed!;;;;;;;;;;1024 TPFAILBUSY_SETUP;When a province already contained a trading post when your trader arrived;;;;;;;;;;1025 TPFAILBUSY_LOG;%s was already colonized when our traders arrived.;;;;;;;;;;1026 TPFAILBUSY_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1027 TPFAILBUSY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1028 TPFAILBUSY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1029 TPFAILBUSY_6;;;;;;;;;;;1030 TPFAILBUSY_5;;;;;;;;;;;1031 TPFAILBUSY_4;was already colonized when our traders arrived there.;;;;;;;;;;1032 TPFAILBUSY_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1033 TPFAILBUSY_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;1034 TPFAILBUSY_1;Colonization Failed!;;;;;;;;;;1035 TPFAIL_SETUP;When you fail in an attempt to expand an existing trading post;;;;;;;;;;1036 TPFAIL_LOG;We failed in our attempt to expand a Trading Post in %s.;;;;;;;;;;1037 TPFAIL_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1038 TPFAIL_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1039 TPFAIL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1040 TPFAIL_6;;;;;;;;;;;1041 TPFAIL_5;;;;;;;;;;;1042 TPFAIL_4;There is a risk that any natives present have damaged our colony or even destroyed it!;;;;;;;;;;1043 TPFAIL_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1044 TPFAIL_2;%t, we failed in our attempt to expand a Trading Post in;;;;;;;;;;1045 TPFAIL_1;Colonization Failed!;;;;;;;;;;1046 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_SETUP;When you succeed in your attempts to expand an existing trading post;;;;;;;;;;1047 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_LOG;We successfully expanded our Trading Post in %s;;;;;;;;;;1048 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1049 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1050 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1051 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_6;;;;;;;;;;;1052 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_5;;;;;;;;;;;1053 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_4;The maximum size for a Trading Post is level 6. To expand beyond that, you need to convert it to a colony, which will decrease your incomes in the short term.;;;;;;;;;;1054 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1055 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_2;%t, we successfully expanded our Trading Post in;;;;;;;;;;1056 TPEXPANDSUCCESS_1;Colonization Successful!;;;;;;;;;;1057 TOS_DESC;Under the fabulously wealthy Medici family, Florence went from being a small but rich city state to becoming the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569). Only the Republic of Lucca and the duchy of Massa and Carrara remained independent. After the extinction of the Medici line, Tuscany passed (1737) to ex-duke Francis of Lorraine (later Holy Roman Emperor Francis I), who was succeeded by Grand Duke Leopold I (1765-90, later Emperor Leopold II) and then by Ferdinand III (1790-1801, 1814-24). The French Revolutionary armies invaded Tuscany in 1799 and it was briefly included in the kingdom of Etruria (1801-7) and was ruled under the duchy of Parma before it was annexed to France by Napoleon I, who set up his sister to rule it from Lucca.;;;;;;;;;;1058 TOS;Tuscany;;;;;;;;;;1059 TOBDESC;Tobacco was unknown in Europe until brought from American Indians in the late 16th century. It quickly became a fashion for the upper classes who could afford it and ensured the fast and profitable economic growth of the East Coast British colonies in North America, as well as in Portuguese Brazil.;;;;;;;;;;1060 TOBDEMAND;The global demand for Tobacco will increase as more §YConscription §YCenters §YShipyards §Wand §YManufactories§W are built and as more cities get §YChief judges §Yand §YGovernors.;;;;;;;;;;1061 TOB;Tobacco;;;;;;;;;;1062 TIM_DESC;Originally the western half of the Chagatai Khanate, the Timurids derived their name from the Great Khan known to history as Tamerlane (Timur Lenkh in Persian) who died in 1405. Tamerlane was one of those few military leaders who seemed to be blessed by the gods. He never lost a battle, and expanded his realm to reach from the frontiers of Byzantium to the gates of Delhi. However, by 1419 the Timurids had already begun their swift decline and their remaining power was concentrated in Afghanistan and Amu Darya. Though their realm was greatly reduced, the fame of the empire was still great and the magnificent cities of Samarkhand and Bukhara were long a by-word for wealth and learning. Their story ended with Bâbur, who transformed the ailing Timurids remnants into the great and vibrant Mughal Empire in the early 16th century.;;;;;;;;;;1063 TIM;Timurid Empire;;;;;;;;;;1064 TIB_DESC;Tibet emerged from an obscure and mostly unknown history to flourish in the 7th century as an independent kingdom with its capital at Lhasa. In the 13th century Tibet fell under Mongol influence, but reverted to independence in 1368 when the Mongols were also evicted from China. In 1270 Kublai Khan, emperor of China, was converted to Buddhism by the abbot of the Sakya lamasery. The abbot returned to Tibet to found the Sakya dynasty (1270-1340) and to become the first priest-king of Tibet. In 1578 the Dge-lugs-pa, or Yellow Hat Sect, asked the Tümed Mongol leader Altan Khan to renew the relationship that had existed in the days of Kublai. In 1642, with exemplary devotion, Güüshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as ruler of Tibet, marking the end of the reign of the old kings. The Chinese invaded in 1720, fearing a Tibet controlled by hostile Mongols. After an initial reverse, their armies drove out the Mongols and were welcomed at Lhasa as deliverers, all the more because they brought with them the new Dalai Lama, Bskal-bzang-rgya-mtsho. For the next 200 years there was no more fighting between Tibetans and Chinese.;;;;;;;;;;1065 TIB;Tibet;;;;;;;;;;1066 THU_DESC;The Hohenzollern dynasty, originally from Swabia, was present in Franconia since 1191 when they acquired the Burgraviate of Nürnberg, and quickly became the most influential dynasty in Franconia, gradually acquiring territories by purchase, conquest and inheritance throughout the 13th and 14th century. Burgrave Friedrich VI, a close friend of Emperor Sigismund, was granted the vacant Electorate of Brandenburg in 1415. Since Friedrich soon realized it was impossible to govern Brandenburg and the Franconian possessions in one hand, he divided his possessions among his sons, creating a division between Franconian and Electoral Hohenzollerns. The Franconian branch, soon divided into the separate Margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth that were united and then partitioned again two times, but maintained a close connection. In 1791 the last Franconian Hohenzoller Alexander sold his country to the King of Prussia. During the Napoleonic Wars, Ansbach and Bayreuth were annexed by Bavaria along with the rest of Franconia.;;;;;;;;;;1067 THU;Bayreuth;;;;;;;;;;1068 THEYSSIEGE_SETUP;When another country starts to besiege one of our fortresses;;;;;;;;;;1069 THEYSSIEGE_LOG;%s has been besieged by %s;;;;;;;;;;1070 THEYSSIEGE_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1071 THEYSSIEGE_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1072 THEYSSIEGE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1073 THEYSSIEGE_6;;;;;;;;;;;1074 THEYSSIEGE_5;;;;;;;;;;;1075 THEYSSIEGE_4;;;;;;;;;;;1076 THEYSSIEGE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1077 THEYSSIEGE_2;has been besieged by hostile forces led by;;;;;;;;;;1078 THEYSSIEGE_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1079 THEYSNCOM_SETUP;When one of our fleets is under attack.;;;;;;;;;;1080 THEYSNCOM_LOG;We are attacked by hostile fleets of %s in %s.;;;;;;;;;;1081 THEYSNCOM_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1082 THEYSNCOM_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1083 THEYSNCOM_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1084 THEYSNCOM_6;;;;;;;;;;;1085 THEYSNCOM_5;%s!;;;;;;;;;;1086 THEYSNCOM_4;are under attack from;;;;;;;;;;1087 THEYSNCOM_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1088 THEYSNCOM_2;Our fleet in;;;;;;;;;;1089 THEYSNCOM_1;;;;;;;;;;;1090 THEYSLCOM_SETUP;When our armies have been attacked;;;;;;;;;;1091 THEYSLCOM_LOG;We are attacked by hostile armies of %s in %s.;;;;;;;;;;1092 THEYSLCOM_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1093 THEYSLCOM_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1094 THEYSLCOM_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1095 THEYSLCOM_6;;;;;;;;;;;1096 THEYSLCOM_5;%s!;;;;;;;;;;1097 THEYSLCOM_4;are under attack from;;;;;;;;;;1098 THEYSLCOM_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1099 THEYSLCOM_2;Our army in;;;;;;;;;;1100 THEYSLCOM_1;;;;;;;;;;;1101 TERRAINCOGNITA;Terra Incognita;;;;;;;;;;1102 TEK_DESC;No description available.;;;;;;;;;;1103 TEK;Ghazi;;;;;;;;;;1104 TEDROP_SETUP;When your trade level drops;;;;;;;;;;1105 TEDROP_LOG;Our trade level dropped.;;;;;;;;;;1106 TEDROP_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports %s;;;;;;;;;;1107 TEDROP_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;1108 TEDROP_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1109 TEDROP_6;;;;;;;;;;;1110 TEDROP_5;;;;;;;;;;;1111 TEDROP_4;Our merchant incomes will decrease because of this.;;;;;;;;;;1112 TEDROP_3;trade level dropped.;;;;;;;;;;1113 TEDROP_2;%t, our;;;;;;;;;;1114 TEDROP_1;Trade Drop!;;;;;;;;;;1115 TECH_ORTHODOX;Orthodox;;;;;;;;;;1116 TECH_MUSLIM;Moslem;;;;;;;;;;1117 TECH_LATIN;Latin;;;;;;;;;;1118 TECH_EXOTIC;Pagan;;;;;;;;;;1119 TECH_CHINA;Asian;;;;;;;;;;1120 TEADESC;Tea was an important luxury drink in China, India and South-East Asia. It was often used in religious ritual or merely for luxury consumption by the rich. The English popularized tea in Europe. Never considered as noble a drink as coffee it still produced large profit merely from the fact that the world supply was low.;;;;;;;;;;1121 TEADEMAND;The global demand for Tea will increase as more §YConscription §YCenters §YShipyards §Wand §YManufactories§W are built and as more cities get §YChief judges §Yand §YGovernors.;;;;;;;;;;1122 TEA;Tea;;;;;;;;;;1123 TAU_DESC;The Shans, people of Thai Chinese stock, came to Burma (the name was changed to Myanmar in 1989) from Yunnan in southwest China after the 12th century. The Shans ruled this region of northern Burma, called the Shan States, until the 16th century, when King Bayinnaung established Burmese control over all of the Shan States. This continued until the annexation of Burma to India by Britain in 1885.;;;;;;;;;;1124 TAU;Shan States;;;;;;;;;;1125 SWEAK;Weak;;;;;;;;;;1126 SWE_TYW_MISSTACT;You must get a base in Germany early. It is vital to have coastal provinces as you will need to ship in forces. Your German territories will not be large enough to keep your armies bolstered. Watch out for Austria, and what happens in the Netherlands. You cannot afford to neglect them as their victory is your loss.;;;;;;;;;;1127 SWE_TYW_MISSNAME;Conquer Germany.;;;;;;;;;;1128 SWE_TYW_MISSDESC;You will gain victory progress for every province within the HRE that you control.;;;;;;;;;;1129 SWE_SB_VPTACTIC;Sweden starts as a rather weak country but has good potential. In principle Sweden can strike at any opponent in the game. However beware of the twofront war against Russia and Denmark-Norway. It can be devestating. Sweden should try to balance naval and army forces and will have to defend against Denmark-Norway in the southwest and against the Russians in the East. Note that the Hansa and Poland-Lithuania are excellent allies in the earlier stages of the game. If you get a strong alliance with them and take land from Russia and Denmark-Norway you will be up for a strong position in the endgame.;;;;;;;;;;1130 SWE_SB_MISSTACT;The Swedes are in a relatively neutral position when it comes to aquiring more Baltic territory in this scenario. There are an abundance of possible ways for you to wage successful war against your rivals. In the beginning of the scenario it is advisable that you are wary of any closer ties between the Danes and the Muscovites. A cloud such as this hanging over your expansion can cause some problems. Make strong diplomatic overtures to either side or both. If this does not work seek a possible friendship with the Poles, who will be glad to cleve the Muscovites in two! Do not understimate The Hanseatic League;;;;;;;;;;1131 SWE_SB_MISSNAME;Make the Baltic Sea a Swedish Lake;;;;;;;;;;1132 SWE_SB_MISSDESC;The goal is to make the Baltic Sea into a Swedish lake. You will gain victory progress for every province owned and controlled on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.;;;;;;;;;;1133 SWE_SB_HISTDESC;In 1520 Sweden is a weak country on the barbaric fringe of Europe. She has recently thrown off the yoke of Danish power and is currently trying to survive in a hostile world. During the 16th century she slowly built up her power and expanded into Russia and the Baltics. Later in the 17th century she excelled in military art and managed successfully to stop the expansion of Russia, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway. She also managed to carve out a small coastal empire in Germany after a successful intervention in the Thirty Years War. During the 18th century Sweden lost her position as did Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway. No more great powers surviving, they intervened as minor allies of the great powers, protecting what was left of their once great possessions.;;;;;;;;;;1134 SWE_GNW_VPTACTIC;In principle Sweden only needs to defend what she has initially to win but as the other country will have objectives in these very same territories a sound strategy is hard to define. One should however strive to divide the enemies. Fighting one or two at a time but not three. There are two important zones to defend. The first is the eastern zone consisting of the Baltic provinces and Swedish Finland. The second one is southern Sweden. Use these as base areas and conquer its neighbouring enemy provinces making it harder for the enemy to take these zones. Kicking out a country from the war is advisable but hard to achieve when alone. The best prospects is Denmark-Norway which could be annexed in cooperation with either France or England if Madame Fortune is by your side.;;;;;;;;;;1135 SWE_GNW_MISSTACT;Sweden emerges as the most feared power in the Baltic in this very scenario. The armies of Karl XII are extremely potent. Your military technology is by far the best of any of your potential enemies and this will serve you well when your Generals are called upon to fight a multiple front war against the alliance constructed against you. Keep your naval fleet in top condition as your mariners will be strongly tested against the combined might of Danish and Russian fleets. A good tactic is to ally yourself with the Prussians or the Ottomans who will no doubt be happy to wage war on the surprised and most probably unprepared Poles. If your envoys are successful in establishing an alliance with either one or both countries then this tactic can lead to a very quick submission of the land of the White Eagle who no doubt will be trying their hardest to recover Livonia to the north-west when a prospective Northern War erupts. After the submission of Poland the Ottomans may also be very useful against the Russians invading and therefore completely flanking the armies of Peter I in their almost completely exposed southern provinces.;;;;;;;;;;1136 SWE_GNW_MISSNAME;Defend Sweden from the aggressors.;;;;;;;;;;1137 SWE_GNW_MISSDESC;Sweden get victory points for controlling Western Pomerania Skåne Småland Västergötland Svealand Bergslagen Finland Tavastland Karelia Ingermanland Estonia Livonia and Courland.;;;;;;;;;;1138 SWE_GNW_HISTDESC;In 1700 Sweden was the strongest country in Northern Europe, with a large army superior to any of its neighbours. However Sweden had expanded into Russia Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway during the 17th century and at this point these countries found the opportunity for revenge. Sweden was initially victorious defeating Denmark-Norway and Poland-Lithuania but Russia was a problem. Sweden won a great victory at Narva in 1700 but most Baltic provinces were lost during the war farther south. The invasion of Russia in 1708-1709 was a failure. The Swedish high command had expected active support from Ukrainian separatists but these were crushed by the Russians before the Swedish field army arrived. When it arrived severely damaged by logistical problems it attacked the Russians at a fortified position outside the village of Poltava and was defeated. Sweden continued the war until the death of Charles XII in 1718 but was never a threat to anyone but Denmark-Norway after Poltava. When hostilities ended in 1721, Sweden was a great power no more.;;;;;;;;;;1139 SWE_GC_VPTACTIC;Your country is very weak initially. Note that you start the game as a vassal of Denmark-Norway. You must throw off their yoke as soon as possible, as they take part of your income. Beware of their wrath though. Try to split Denmark-Norway and Russia;;;;;;;;;;1140 SWE_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;1141 SWE_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;1142 SWE_GC_HISTDESC;In 1492 Sweden was a poor and retarded country in the periphery of Europe. Sweden consisted of two integrated parts Sweden and Finland. The population spoke different languages but had much in common religiously and culturally. The power in Sweden lay in the hands of the nobility which governed in the name of either the Danish king or an elected Swedish king. At a number of occasions during 1492-1521 the nobility had chosen a Swedish-born monarch only to retake the Danish king a few years later. Between each exchange of monarchs royal farmland came into the possession of the nobility. At the time of the executions in Stockholm by King Christian II the Swedish nobility revolted and the Swedish nobleman Gustav Wasa was elected king. This revolt recreated Sweden as a separate country with its own identity.;;;;;;;;;;1143 SWE_DESC;Sweden is a very old nation with its roots in the misty times preceding the Viking era. In 1419 the country had recently been joined to Norway and Denmark in the Union of Kalmar, but the Swedes soon proved uncomfortable with having a Danish king. Most of the 15th century was spent vacilitating between staying in the union and leaving it. The final bloody farewells were said in 1521, when the Swedish nobleman Gustav Vasa forced the Danes to accept a totally independent Sweden. Both Danes and Swedes kept eyeing each other with deep mistrust however, and each nation dreamed of conquering the other. Gustav Vasa's reign was long and prosperous. Sweden went from being desperately poor and undeveloped to having good finances and a decent army. His death saw renewed strife as Sweden became embroiled in a long war against Russia for supremacy over Estonia, followed by a civil war between Duke Charles and King Sigismund that evolved into war with Poland. In 1617 the wars had been won and Sweden had gained more lands from Russia during the Time of Troubles. Gustav II Adolf was the greatest king Sweden has ever known, and with the help of his chancellor Axel Oxenstierna he totally reformed the country and beat the imperials in the 30 Years War. Sweden was now the Great Power of Northern Europe - a position she would hold until 1718, when the hero king Charles XII died in battle, having failed in his defense of Sweden from her ravenous neighbors. The country faded once more into the periphery of European politics...;;;;;;;;;;1144 SWE_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;1145 SWE_1700_VPTACTIC;Sweden is strong but she cannot fight the whole world alone. Your main goal must be to dissolve the Grand Alliance of Russia Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway. It is often tempting to strike at Denmark-Norway but it is often better to get within striking range of Moscow first. An interesting strategy is to befriend Poland-Lithuania and gobble up some small German Protestant states. This will improve your economy and create a powerbase against Denmark, and give you an opportunity to meddle in the War of Spanish Succession. If you create an alliance with Poland-Lithuania you will be protected to go against Moscow and the Ukraine... Onwards ye boys in blue!;;;;;;;;;;1146 SWE_1700_HISTDESC;In 1700 Sweden was the strongest country in Northern Europe, with a large army superior to any of its neighbours. However Sweden had expanded into Russia Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway during the 17th century, and at this point these countries found the opportunity for revenge. Sweden was initially victorious, defeating Denmark-Norway and Poland-Lithuania but Russia was a problem. Sweden won a great victory at Narva in 1700 but most Baltic provinces were lost during the war farther south. The invasion of Russia in 1708-1709 was a failure. The Swedish high command had expected active support from Ukrainian separatists but these were crushed by the Russians before the Swedish field army arrived. When it arrived severely damaged by logistical problems it attacked the Russians at a fortified position outside the village of Poltava and was defeated. Sweden continued the war until the death of Charles XII in 1718 but was never a threat to anyone but Denmark-Norway after Poltava. When hostilities ended in 1721 Sweden was a great power no more.;;;;;;;;;;1147 SWE_1617_VPTACTIC;Your country is strong and gets even stronger. The problem is what you are going to do with all your strength. Either you get on with conquests in Russia and Poland-Lithuania or you invade Germany and try to annex Denmark-Norway. Whatever you choose to do you have to defend the other flank, and if you are thinking of a southern strategy you must have a strong navy otherwise your forces might be cut off. You potential allies are England the Netherlands France and Turkey. Beware of annexing too many small Protestant countries. Such behavior will destroy your relations.;;;;;;;;;;1148 SWE_1617_HISTDESC;Both Sweden and Poland-Lithuania had been expanding in the Baltic area and violent clashes had started between them and Russia a triangular drama with the Baltic grain harbours as the prize. These wars continued more or less uninterrupted until 1629 when Sweden managed to get the upper hand. During the war, Sweden was attacked by Denmark-Norway and lost but without losing any provinces. When peace with Poland-Lithuania was signed Poland-Lithuania and Russia began a long period of peace and reform while Sweden rushed into the Thirty Years War committing herself heavily. During the earlier wars in the East, Sweden had managed to get Ingermanland and Livonia and now the war was financed by eight Polish harbours that Sweden got for a period of 6 years. In Germany, Swedish victories and defeats followed each other. No side in the war was ever superior but Sweden managed to keep her position as one of the most important combatants in the conflict. During the war Sweden managed to invade Denmark-Norway and snatched a number of provinces from her. At the Peace of Westphalia Swedish peace negotiators managed to get a good portion of the German coastline. After the peace Sweden had become a great power a new star in the Nordic sky shining more brightly than its Danish compatriot.;;;;;;;;;;1149 SWE;Sweden;;;;;;;;;;1150 SUZ_DESC;Founded around 1024 as a fortress town, Suzdal developed during the 11th and 12th centuries into one of the principal cities of the grand duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal and a political and religious center of North-Eastern Russia. In the early 13th century it became the capital of the Suzdal principality, but it was razed by the Mongols under Batu Khan in 1238, and never recovered its importance. In 1451 Suzdal passed to the grand duchy of Moscow.;;;;;;;;;;1151 SUZ;Suzdal;;;;;;;;;;1152 SUNNI;Sunni;;;;;;;;;;1153 SUGDESC;Sugar was used not only as a sweetener but also for food preservation. The sugar cane was the only known means of obtaining sugar at this time and had been grown initially in some Mediterranean islands. But the labor intensive plantation system in America above all in the Caribbean islands would soon move the major production sources overseas.;;;;;;;;;;1154 SUGDEMAND;The global demand for Sugar will increase as more §YBreweries§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;1155 SUG;Sugar;;;;;;;;;;1156 SUD_DESC;The Christian nation of Nubia succeeded in freeing itself from control of Egypt when the latter became an independent Mohammedan kingdom in 969, but in 1173 Saladin's brother Schems Eddawalah Turanschah advanced from Yemen, destroyed the churches, and carried off the bishop and 70 000 Nubians. In 1275 the Mamluk sultan Djahn Beibars sent an army from Egypt into Nubia. Dongola was conquered, the Christian king David was obliged to flee and the churches were plundered. The inhabitants escaped forcible conversion to Mohammedanism only by payment of a head-tax. Nubia began dissolving into petty states, chief of which was Sennar, which was founded in 1484 by the Funj dynasty. From the Middle Ages there is little information as to the position of Christianity, as Islam became supreme partly by force partly by the amalgamation of the native with the Arabian tribes, but in the mid-16th century the Funji rulers converted to Islam, ending the era of Christianity in Nubia for good. For some time Sennar ruled Shendi, Berber and Dongola. In the eighteenth century the King of Sennar also obtained, for a time, the province of Kordofan.;;;;;;;;;;1157 SUD;Nubia;;;;;;;;;;1158 STRONG;Strong;;;;;;;;;;1159 STR_DESC;After becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire in 923, Strasbourg with the surrounding rural area came under the temporal rule of its bishops. Its location at the crossroads of Flanders, Italy, France and central Europe made it an important commercial center. In 1262 after some struggles with the bishops the burghers secured the status of a free imperial city for the city proper. It was mainly Protestant after the Reformation but cautiously avoided the religious conflicts of the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). In 1681 Louis XIV of France seized the city in peacetime and obtained ratification for his arbitrary action by the Treaty of Rijswijk in 1697. The city retained its special privileges until the French Revolution.;;;;;;;;;;1160 STR;Strassburg;;;;;;;;;;1161 STE_DESC;The Golden Horde was one of the successor states to Gengis Khan's enormous empire. It occupied most of the Mongols' European territory and held all of the Russian principalities save Novgorod in vassalage. The state went through a slow but steady decline and its mainly Russian population became vassals in little more than name. The great Timur's attack on the Horde in the 1390's weakened the state sufficiently that Moscow's rise to greatness could commence. The Khan attempted to crush the rebellions of his Russian subjects but with the establishment of the splinter Khanates of Crimea in 1430, Kazan in 1436, and Astrakhan in 1466, the Horde was but a shadow of its former greatness. The last surviving remnant of the Golden Horde was destroyed by the Crimean Khan in 1502.;;;;;;;;;;1162 STE;Golden Horde;;;;;;;;;;1163 STANDARDGAME_INFO_HEADER;Victory Progress;;;;;;;;;;1164 STANDARDGAME_INFO_5;Current Standing;;;;;;;;;;1165 STANDARDGAME_INFO_4;will win this game.;;;;;;;;;;1166 STANDARDGAME_INFO_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1167 STANDARDGAME_INFO_2;The nation with the most victory points on the;;;;;;;;;;1168 STANDARDGAME_INFO_1;Standard Scenario;;;;;;;;;;1169 STANDARDGAME_HEADER;Game Objective Summary;;;;;;;;;;1170 STANDARDGAME_4;will win this game.;;;;;;;;;;1171 STANDARDGAME_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1172 STANDARDGAME_2;The nation with the most victory points on the;;;;;;;;;;1173 STANDARDGAME_1;Standard Scenario;;;;;;;;;;1174 STABLEVEL_STABIW;Your Stability affects a lot of things for example province tax incomes the revolt risk in your provinces your city growth rates and the number of Merchants you get each year.;;;;;;;;;;1175 STABINCREASEOTHER_SETUP;When another nation increases its stability;;;;;;;;;;1176 STABINCREASEOTHER_LOG;%s increased their stability.;;;;;;;;;;1177 STABINCREASEOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1178 STABINCREASEOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1179 STABINCREASEOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1180 STABINCREASEOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;1181 STABINCREASEOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;1182 STABINCREASEOTHER_4;;;;;;;;;;;1183 STABINCREASEOTHER_3;increased their stability.;;;;;;;;;;1184 STABINCREASEOTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;1185 STABINCREASEOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1186 STABINCREASE_SETUP;When your stability increases;;;;;;;;;;1187 STABINCREASE_LOG;Our stability increased.;;;;;;;;;;1188 STABINCREASE_HEADER;Our Governor Reports;;;;;;;;;;1189 STABINCREASE_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;1190 STABINCREASE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1191 STABINCREASE_6;;;;;;;;;;;1192 STABINCREASE_5;;;;;;;;;;;1193 STABINCREASE_4;Our monthly and yearly tax incomes will increase because of this.;;;;;;;;;;1194 STABINCREASE_3;stability increased!;;;;;;;;;;1195 STABINCREASE_2;%t, our;;;;;;;;;;1196 STABINCREASE_1;Situation Stabilized!;;;;;;;;;;1197 STABDROP_SETUP;When your stability drops;;;;;;;;;;1198 STABDROP_LOG;Our stability dropped.;;;;;;;;;;1199 STABDROP_HEADER;Our Governor Reports;;;;;;;;;;1200 STABDROP_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;1201 STABDROP_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1202 STABDROP_6;;;;;;;;;;;1203 STABDROP_5;;;;;;;;;;;1204 STABDROP_4;Our monthly and yearly tax incomes will decrease, as will city growth. The only thing that increases is the revolt risk.;;;;;;;;;;1205 STABDROP_3;stability dropped!;;;;;;;;;;1206 STABDROP_2;%t, our;;;;;;;;;;1207 STABDROP_1;Unrest in the realm!;;;;;;;;;;1208 SSTRONG;Strong;;;;;;;;;;1209 SPR_DESC;The Despotate of Morea came into being in 1348, with the first Despot, Manuel Kantakouzenos, son of the Emperor John VI. Later, in 1384, the Palaiologoi came and succeeded in expanding the Despotate virtually throughout the Peloponnese. However, the disaster which dogged the sovereign was not slow in reaching here as well and so when Konstantinos Palaiologos, Despot of Mystras, left for the capital wearing the martyred crown of the last emperor, his brother Demetrios, who succeeded him after the legendary Fall of Constantinople in 1453, surrendered to the Turks in 1460.;;;;;;;;;;1210 SPR;Morea;;;;;;;;;;1211 SPIRDESC;Spirits represents most of all Rum, the alcoholic beverage made from sugar. Nearly all world production by the end of the 18th century came from the sugar islands of the Caribbean and Indian Ocean.;;;;;;;;;;1212 SPIR;Spirits;;;;;;;;;;1213 SPICDESC;Spices were known in Europe since ancient times mostly for their medicinal and food preservation powers. Pepper ginger nutmeg chili cinnamon and all the like came partly from East Africa but mostly from India China and the Spice Islands (current Indonesia) to be traded in Alexandria or the other terminals of the great caravan roads. The European desire for cheaper and more direct supply constituted the main motivation for the very first eastbound sea voyages of discoveries for Portugal.;;;;;;;;;;1214 SPICDEMAND;The global demand for Spices will increase as more §YConscription §YCenters §YShipyards §Wand §YManufactories§W are built and as more cities get §YChief judges §Yand §YGovernors.;;;;;;;;;;1215 SPIC;Spices;;;;;;;;;;1216 SPEC_QUEBEC;Quebec;;;;;;;;;;1217 SPEC_PANAMA;Panama;;;;;;;;;;1218 SPEC_PACIFIC;The Pacific Ocean;;;;;;;;;;1219 SPEC_NORTHAM;North America;;;;;;;;;;1220 SPEC_KAMTCHATSKA;Kamtchatka;;;;;;;;;;1221 SPEC_INLANDCHINA;China;;;;;;;;;;1222 SPEC_INDIA;India;;;;;;;;;;1223 SPEC_HUDSONBAY;Hudson Bay;;;;;;;;;;1224 SPEC_GREATLAKE;The Great Lakes;;;;;;;;;;1225 SPEC_GOODHOPE;The Cape of Good Hope;;;;;;;;;;1226 SPEC_CAPEHORN;The Cape Horn;;;;;;;;;;1227 SPEC_CALIFORNIA;California;;;;;;;;;;1228 SPEC_AUSTRALIA;Australia;;;;;;;;;;1229 SPEC_ASIA;Asia;;;;;;;;;;1230 SPEC_AMERICA;The Americas;;;;;;;;;;1231 SPEC_AMAZONEZ;Amazones;;;;;;;;;;1232 SPEC_ALASKA;Alaska;;;;;;;;;;1233 SPA_WOSS_MISSTACT;You fight to preserve a strong Bourbon axis, but also for Spain to keep all her European possessions. You must have a strong alliance with France so that you can march from Spain Proper to the Spanish Netherlands and Italy. With France it is best to divide spheres of interests. Let France trounce England while you smash the Dutch. Austria... Well you can slice her together.;;;;;;;;;;1234 SPA_WOSS_MISSNAME;Keep all Non-spanish European provinces.;;;;;;;;;;1235 SPA_WOSS_MISSDESC;You will gain victory progress for every province that you control in Spanish Netherlands, Naples and Milano.;;;;;;;;;;1236 SPA_TYW_MISSTACT;The power of your country is slowly decaying. You can stop this by erasing the disgrace of the Dutch independence. You get victory points by controlling Dutch provinces. In principle it is easy. Just mass your armies at the Dutch border and cut them to peaces. Garrison the Netherlands heavily, refuse any French peace offers and sit down patiently and grow victory points. In practise it can be very hard as every nation will understand that you are approaching victory. The French problem must be solved as you can have your country swarmed by them. Work tightly together with your Austrian cousin and avoid defeat.;;;;;;;;;;1237 SPA_TYW_MISSNAME;Reconquer the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;1238 SPA_TYW_MISSDESC;You will gain victory progress for every Dutch province that you control.;;;;;;;;;;1239 SPA_RG_VPTACTIC;Your major advantages lie in the size of your realm in Europe and the opportunities that your numerous explorers and conquistadors will offer from your early bases in the Caribbean. Your colonial expansion in the New World should stay permanent and the priority is the conquest of the vast and rich Aztec and Incan empires with their mountains of gold. But you also have to defend your European holdings against France and protect the Western Mediterranean from the Turkish menace. If you manage to build your colonial empire while taking control of North Africa and gaining most of Italy with the help of the Austrian Habsburg and perhaps Venice you have a good chance of winning.;;;;;;;;;;1240 SPA_RG_MISSTACT;You can choose between two different tactics here: 1) Conquer the Aztec and Incan nations 2) place lots of settlers (the presence of a conquistador at the time of the placement will help). Note that any failed attempts may upset the natives present making you lose control of the colony. On the other hand any natives present if or when the colony becomes a city ('level 7' colony) will be added to the city population, thereby increasing the incomes greatly. Be aware that the French are after your European provinces!;;;;;;;;;;1241 SPA_RG_MISSNAME;Colonize America;;;;;;;;;;1242 SPA_RG_MISSDESC;To win this scenario you should achieve ownership of as many provinces as possible on the South American continent (south of the Rio Grande north of the Rio de la Plata Mexico included but not the Carribean Islands). You will gain extra Victory progress for the Aztec Empire's and the Inca Nation's initial provinces.;;;;;;;;;;1243 SPA_RG_HISTDESC;The glorious voyage of Colombus had opened a vast realm of riches and opportunities for the turbulent and warlike Spanish nobles from Castile. New colonies had been established in the Caribbean and new ventures were looming on the horizon: the fabled Aztec empire was a prey ripe for conquest by the adventurer conquistador Cortes. Dreams of rounding the world by sea were also about to come true as Magellan prepared his expedition. But the overseas expansion was still second to the defense of Christendom in Europe be it against the Ottoman Turks or the Protestant heresy. And above all the Italian peninsula was the largest stake for the Habsburg royal families a prize worth disputing to the French.;;;;;;;;;;1244 SPA_GC_VPTACTIC;Your major advantages lie in the size of your realm and the numerous explorers and conquistadors who flock to your realm. Your colonial expansion in the New World should be permanent setting the stage for the later conquest of the vast and rich Aztec and Incan empires with their mountains of gold. But you also have to defend your European holdings against France and protect the Western Mediterranean from the Turkish menace. If you manage to build your colonial empire while controlling North Africa and gaining Italy with the help of the Austrian Habsburg and perhaps Venice you have a good chance of winning.;;;;;;;;;;1245 SPA_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;1246 SPA_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;1247 SPA_GC_HISTDESC;In 1492 the Reconquista is soon finished and only the muslim Kingdom of Granada still resists the united Christian armies of Castile and Aragon. Scores of turbulent and warlike Spanish nobles are restless eager to fight new enemies. Heathens remain to be converted to the true faith in North Africa in the East or even in the fabled lands of Cathay (China) and Cipango (Japan). Rumor has it that they can be reached by sailing westward through the Atlantic avoiding the Turkish blockade in the East.;;;;;;;;;;1248 SPA_DESC;Spain and Portugal were the two greatest colonial powers of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, dividing the world into two spheres of influence by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Almost all of South America, Central America, southern North America, and the Philippines were added to the Spanish world empire in the 16th century. Gold and silver, the primary objectives of the conquistadores, flowed into Spain in fabulous quantities. The Spain of the 16th century (the Golden Century) was the unparalleled world super power, with an empire on which the sun never set, with fleets on every sea and with a brilliant cultural, artistic and intellectual life. By its triumph over France in the Italian Wars (1494-1559), Spain could add Sicily, Naples and Milan to its dependencies. However, the increasing rivalry on the high seas between Spain and England culminated in the attempted conquest of England by the Spanish Armada in 1588, and its complete failure was an immensely costly fiasco that weakened Spain for a decade. Deeper problems soon manifested themselves, and Spain commenced a long and inexorable slide into decline.;;;;;;;;;;1249 SPA_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;1250 SPA_1773_S;Spain quickly sided with France when the revolutionary movement started in North America against British rule. As a result, Spain indirectly sided with the USA. For more than 170 years England had harassed and bullied Spain. The revolution in America was not an opportunity Spain could afford to miss. Having fought surprisingly well Spain was the greatest winner when peace was signed in Paris in 1773, retaking many of her lost possessions from England. However, the American Revolution would prove to fatal to the Spanish hegemony in North and South America, and by the early 19th century, Spain would lose nearly all of her colonial holdings in the Americas.;;;;;;;;;;1251 SPA_1773_C;Spain's route to victory is by no means easy or free of gambling. Generally one could say that if Spain manages to keep what she starts with she will win by victory points. However most other players will try to prevent that from happening. Supporting the United States is a wise tactic. It will slow down the British and you might take some of its possessions in the Deep South. France is a good ally at game start but you might find it necessary to change partners. See to it that you never stand outside a good alliance and never fight a risky war. You need not take a lot of territory - merely nibbling at your enemy will lead to victory.;;;;;;;;;;1252 SPA_1700_VPTACTIC;Spain is not what it once was. It is large and has its possessions spread over the world but its military strength is slowly declining. However there are possibilities for Spain. Ally with either England or France and battle the other. See to it that you invest in upgrading infrastructure and new technology. By recovering economically you will be able to stop the regress and make a stand against any aggressor. Diplomacy is the most important feature for you. It can be very profitable to be on the winning side in a war but a disaster to bet on the wrong horse.;;;;;;;;;;1253 SPA_1700_HISTDESC;In 1700 the Spanish king Carlos II dies and his testament implies that the grandson of Louis XIV King of France Philip is to be King of Spain on the condition that the thrones of Spain and France are not united. Old King Louis XIV doesn't accept this and claims both thrones for his grandson. This starts the War of Spanish Succession between, on one side France Spain and Bavaria, and on the other side England the Netherlands and Austria. At the same time the Great Northern war is fought in the North and East. When the dynastical war ends in 1713 Spain has a Bourbon monarch Felipé V as the deceased Carlos II wanted but Spain lost her Italian and Dutch possesions. Shortly after the peace Spain declares war on Austria to get back what she had lost...;;;;;;;;;;1254 SPA_1617_VPTACTIC;Historically Spain was the chief loser in the Thirty Years War. But you can change all of that. First get peace with the Dutch. The Netherlands are a very hard nut to crack and they are often fighting the French, your main enemy. Immediately boost your military presence in your colonial empire and be sure to check the development there regularly. If you lose the war in Europe you can still win peace by taking enemy colonies. Try to get on speaking terms with the English or, better yet, an alliance. They are actually the greatest threat to your colonies. Strategically your position is bad. You need to create corridors so that your armies can reach all your flanks. This is done by alliances or conquest. Note that Poland-Lithuania can be a great friend against an aggressive Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;1255 SPA_1617_HISTDESC;At the end of the 16th century Spanish power was declining. Spain lacked a thriving middleclass and the expulsion of the Moors and the Jews and the agricultural crises undermined the economy. During the years til the outbreak of the Thirty Years War Spain suffered several bankruptcies and had hard times obtaining international loans. As if this was not enough, the silver and gold production of the Americas decreased and exports to the colonies decreased by 60 percent until 1648. Spain had a Great Power status, which she had to defend in a number of costly and not very profitable wars. These wars further induced the Spanish decline. First Spain fought a long and undecisive war against the Netherlands until 1648 when the Spanish government had to accept the independence of that country. Secondly, a catastrophic war was fought with France (1628-1659) which marked the end of the Spain's status as a Great Power. At the same time Spain involved herself in the Thirty Years War together with Austria and in the end Spain was not victorious in that conflict either.;;;;;;;;;;1256 SPA;Spain;;;;;;;;;;1257 SON_DESC;Songhai was the largest of the great empires in the western Sudan region of northern Africa. The state was founded around 700 by Berbers on the Middle Niger in what is now central Mali. The rulers accepted Islam around 1000 A.D. Songhai's power was greatly expanded by Sonni Ali (1464-92), who occupied Timbuktu (which was held by the empire of Mali) in 1468. Songhai reached its greatest extent under Askia Muhammad I (1493-1528). However, he was deposed by his son, and in the subsequent conflicts among his successors the empire slowly began to decline. The breakup of the state was accelerated by a Moroccan invasion in 1591.;;;;;;;;;;1258 SON;Songhai;;;;;;;;;;1259 SNDTRADER3;Time Required: %d months;;;;;;;;;;1260 SNDTRADER2;with %d/100 Chance of Success at a cost of %d$?;;;;;;;;;;1261 SNDTRADER1;Send trader to %s;;;;;;;;;;1262 SNDMERCHANT;Send merchant to %s at a cost of %d$?;;;;;;;;;;1263 SLZ_DESC;Salzburg can be regarded as the oldest and most important cultural and spiritual center in present-day Austria. Although it had already been elevated to the rank of archdiocese in 798 and from the late Middle Ages onwards had formed a spiritual principality in the Holy Roman Empire, Salzburg is one of Austria’s youngest Länder. The development of the region and its ultimate separation from Bavaria, its mother country, was brought about in the 14th century, but it was not until 1816 that Salzburg was formally incorporated into Austria. Of Austria’s present-day Länder, or provinces, Salzburg is the only one to have been ruled as an independent state by a prince-archbishop, and it is the only one of the many spiritual principalities of the Holy Roman Empire that still exists as an independent province.;;;;;;;;;;1264 SLZ;Salzburg;;;;;;;;;;1265 SLAVDESC;Slaves had been a trading commodity since Antiquity but demand increased sharply in the late 16th century when it appeared that they made the cheapest and most efficient labor for European plantations in the Americas (sugar cotton tobacco). They also remained an important trade in the Muslim world.;;;;;;;;;;1266 SLAVDEMAND;The global demand for Slaves will increase as more §YCotton, §YSugar §Wand §YTobacco §Yproducing §Yprovinces§W are being colonized.;;;;;;;;;;1267 SLAV;Slaves;;;;;;;;;;1268 SIE_DESC;The region of Transylvania was one of the earliest targets of German colonization. The Germans, who were mainly merchants, lived side by side with Hungarians and Romanians, although the three groups never blended well. Up until the mid-16th century the fortunes of Transylvania (called Siebenbürgen in German) was closely tied to those of Hungary, and the two states alternated in control of each other. Following conquest by the Ottoman Turks however, Transylvania was greatly reduced, and made into a puppet kingdom. Over time this state became more and more independent, to the point that it virtually managed its own destiny by the mid-17th century. Following the reconquest of the area by the Austrian Empire, the region was revitalized by new German emigrants arriving from the early 18th century on.;;;;;;;;;;1269 SIE;Transylvania;;;;;;;;;;1270 SIC_DESC;Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean, marking the corner of three seas: the Ionian, the Tyrrhenian, and the Mediterranean. In 965 the island, held by the East Roman Empire, fell to Arab conquest from North Africa, and in 1060 to Normans, who progressively Latinized the island. In the 12th and 13th centuries the island formed a part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the other 'Sicily' being Naples. As with Naples, the island was later dominated by a succession of foreign rulers. Aragonese, Spanish, French, and Austrians alternated in their control of the region until the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was eventually incorporated into the united Italy in the 19th century.;;;;;;;;;;1271 SIC;Sicily;;;;;;;;;;1272 SIB_DESC;Often thought to be an early splinter state to the Golden Horde, the Khanate of Sibir was actually a successor state of the various Tartar kingdoms that formed in the wake of the White Horde's demise. Intially it was centered around the city of Tyumen, and then later its capital was the city of Sibir, near modern Tobolsk. Although Russian traders from Novgorod crossed the Urals as early as the 13th century to trade in furs with the various Tartar kingdoms, the actual Russian conquest began much later. Czar Ivan IV's capture of the Kazan Khanate in 1552 opened the way for Russian expansion into Siberia. A band of Cossacks in the service of the Czar under Yermak crossed the middle Urals and took the city of Sibir in 1581. Russia's conquest of the Sibir Khanate was completed in 1598, and during the following century Russia started to colonize western Siberia.;;;;;;;;;;1273 SIB;Sibir;;;;;;;;;;1274 SHL_DESC;The Duchy of Holstein was originally created in 1111 as a county of the Holy Roman Empire and given to Adolf of Schauenburg. Since Lübeck and Hamburg were controlled by the Hanseatic League, Kiel and Rendsburg were the chief cities. In 1459 Holstein's Christian I, a Danish heir to the throne, established a personal union with Denmark to the great displeasure of the German majority in the region. In 1474, Emperor Frederick III raised Holstein to the status of duchy under the immediate suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire (as distinct from Schleswig, which was outside the imperial jurisdiction). Holstein remained independent, if often involved in wars between Sweden and Denmark, until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia in the Peace of Prague.;;;;;;;;;;1275 SHL;Holstein;;;;;;;;;;1276 SHIITE;Shiite;;;;;;;;;;1277 SHAREEXPLORE_SETUP;When a nation wishes to share its explorations with you;;;;;;;;;;1278 SHAREEXPLORE_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;1279 SHAREEXPLORE_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1280 SHAREEXPLORE_BTN2;No way;;;;;;;;;;1281 SHAREEXPLORE_BTN1;Accept;;;;;;;;;;1282 SHAREEXPLORE_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;1283 SHAREEXPLORE_5;;;;;;;;;;;1284 SHAREEXPLORE_4;with us. They know %d provinces unknown to us, and we know %d provinces unknown to them.;;;;;;;;;;1285 SHAREEXPLORE_3;share explorations;;;;;;;;;;1286 SHAREEXPLORE_2;%t, %s wishes to;;;;;;;;;;1287 SHAREEXPLORE_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1288 SHA_DESC;The name Shawnee is derived from the Algonquin word shawun, meaning 'Southerner'. They usually preferred to call themselves the Shawano. The Shawnee considered the Lenape of Delaware as their grandfathers and the source of all Algonquin tribes. They originally inhabited the Ohio Valley, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but were forced from these lands by the Iroquois in the 1660s. Eventually they settled in South Carolina, Tennessee's Cumberland Basin, eastern Pennsylvania and southern Illinois. In Carolina they established trade with the British, dealing in deerskins and captured native women for firearms and whiskey. The Shawnee fought with the British against the French and against the Americans in the American Revolution. Their greatest leader was Tecumseh.;;;;;;;;;;1289 SHA;Shawnee;;;;;;;;;;1290 SEXHAUSTED;Exhausted;;;;;;;;;;1291 SER_DESC;Under Stephen Dušan, who became king in 1331 and czar in 1346, Serbia became the most powerful empire in the Balkan Peninsula, much of which it absorbed. Its might contrasted sharply with the decadence and fading strength of the Byzantine Empire. Unfortunately, with Stephen's passing in 1355, the nation started to decay and eventually fell victim to the unstoppable forces of the Ottoman Turks. From 1389 Serbia was a Turkish vassal, and in 1459 most of the nation was annexed into Ottoman proper by Sultan Muhammad II. Belgrade, which was then held by Hungary, fell to the Turks in 1521. In 1804, after many Turkish reverses on the battlefield, a liberation movement took form when Karageorge (Black George) led a rebellion that eventually freed the pashalik (province) of Belgrade from the Turks. The Treaty of Bucharest in 1812 forced Turkish recognition of Serbian autonomy, but Russian preoccupation with Napoleon's invasion allowed the Turks to renew their tyranny in Serbia. A revolt flared in 1815 under Miloš Obrenovic who in 1817 procured the assassination of his rival Karageorge and became Prince of Serbia.;;;;;;;;;;1292 SER;Serbia;;;;;;;;;;1293 SEPTEMBER;September;;;;;;;;;;1294 SEP;SEP;;;;;;;;;;1295 SENDDIPLO;Send Diplomat;;;;;;;;;;1296 SEA_WIND;Wind Factor: %d m/s;;;;;;;;;;1297 SEA_STORMY;Storm!;;;;;;;;;;1298 SEA_PRIV;It will cost %d$ to commission a small fleet of privateers in this seazone. Be wary though, that they may turn on you in the future.;;;;;;;;;;1299 SEA_PIRB;Commision Privateers;;;;;;;;;;1300 SEA_PIRATES;%d pirate vessels in this area.;;;;;;;;;;1301 SEA_NOTNAVAL;We are not a naval power so we can't commision privateers.\n;;;;;;;;;;1302 SEA_NOPIRATES;No pirates in the area;;;;;;;;;;1303 SEA_NATIONAL;National waters of;;;;;;;;;;1304 SEA_ICEY;Icy Waters;;;;;;;;;;1305 SEA_CLEAR;Clear Waters;;;;;;;;;;1306 SEA_ALREADY;There are already pirates in this seazone.;;;;;;;;;;1307 SDEFIANT;Defiant;;;;;;;;;;1308 SCO_DESC;Scotland as a national entity arose through the union of the kingdoms of Alba and Strathclyde in the mid-11th century. Ever since that time, Scotland's history has been one of action and reaction against her more powerful neighbor England. In 1174 Scotland became a vassal of England but broke loose a few years later. Unfortunately the terms of the release were vague and the kings of England retained a tenuous - and sometimes not so tenuous - hold on their northern neighbour, which had to struggle in the face of near impossible odds to retain its independence. Scottish independence, or at least semi-autonomy, came to a final end in 1707, when its lords accepted the Act of Union and formed Great Britain together with England.;;;;;;;;;;1309 SCO;Scotland;;;;;;;;;;1310 SCENARIOMISS_INFO_HEADER;Victory Progress;;;;;;;;;;1311 SCENARIOMISS_INFO_5;Current Standing;;;;;;;;;;1312 SCENARIOMISS_INFO_4;will win this game.;;;;;;;;;;1313 SCENARIOMISS_INFO_3;Scenario Mission;;;;;;;;;;1314 SCENARIOMISS_INFO_2;The first nation to complete its;;;;;;;;;;1315 SCENARIOMISS_INFO_1;Missions;;;;;;;;;;1316 SCENARIOMISS_HEADER;Game Objective Summary;;;;;;;;;;1317 SCENARIOMISS_5;Mission Summary:\n%s;;;;;;;;;;1318 SCENARIOMISS_4;will win this game.;;;;;;;;;;1319 SCENARIOMISS_3;Scenario Mission;;;;;;;;;;1320 SCENARIOMISS_2;The first nation to complete its;;;;;;;;;;1321 SCENARIOMISS_1;Missions;;;;;;;;;;1322 SCENARIO_STANDSUP_MISSION;Mission Victory points are earned by completing Missions (view by clicking on the scroll in the bottom left hand corner of the screen).;;;;;;;;;;1323 SCENARIO_STANDSUP_INFO1;You can check the Victory Point standing at any time by pressing F6 (goto page 1) or you can view the top five nations at any time during the game by pressing F1.;;;;;;;;;;1324 SCENARIO_STANDSUP_BASEVP;Base Victory points are earned by exploring winning battles creating alliances establishing colonies and trading posts gaining monopolies etc – i.e. through normal successful gameplay.;;;;;;;;;;1325 SCENARIO_MISSION_HEADER;Mission Stats;;;;;;;;;;1326 SCENARIO_F1INFO;You can check the current standing at any time by pressing F1.;;;;;;;;;;1327 SCENARIO_DEATHMATCH_INFO2;A positive Victory Balance is gained by winning battles (maximum 3 stars regardless how many battles you win) and occupying enemy provinces (maximum 3 stars regardless how many provinces you occupy). You get a bonus if you occupy the enemy's Capital province (+1 star) and if you control ALL of the enemy nation's provinces (+3 stars).;;;;;;;;;;1328 SCENARIO_DEATHMATCH_INFO1;You conquer provinces in two ways: 1) by placing a settler there and 2) by declaring war on an enemy nation taking control of his provinces and then offer a peace where one or more controlled provinces are demanded as tribute. To be allowed to demand a tribute you must have a positive Victory Balance.;;;;;;;;;;1329 SBWINOTHER_SETUP;When another nation wins a siege;;;;;;;;;;1330 SBWINOTHER_LOG;%s captured the city in %s from %s;;;;;;;;;;1331 SBWINOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1332 SBWINOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1333 SBWINOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1334 SBWINOTHER_6;from its former masters %s;;;;;;;;;;1335 SBWINOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;1336 SBWINOTHER_4;the city in;;;;;;;;;;1337 SBWINOTHER_3;captured;;;;;;;;;;1338 SBWINOTHER_2;%t, the forces of %s have;;;;;;;;;;1339 SBWINOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1340 SBWIN_SETUP;When you win a siege;;;;;;;;;;1341 SBWIN_LOG;We captured the province of %s from %s;;;;;;;;;;1342 SBWIN_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1343 SBWIN_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1344 SBWIN_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1345 SBWIN_6;;;;;;;;;;;1346 SBWIN_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;1347 SBWIN_4;from their former owners;;;;;;;;;;1348 SBWIN_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1349 SBWIN_2;%t, we captured the province of;;;;;;;;;;1350 SBWIN_1;Siege Successful!;;;;;;;;;;1351 SAVEGAME;Save Game;;;;;;;;;;1352 SAV_DESC;The surprisingly resilient state of Savoy was forged by Humbert the Whitehanded, a lord of Arles, out of the various feudal territories in the region. Under Amadeus VIII in the early 15th century, Savoy became a powerful duchy extending far into France, Italy, and Switzerland. By the beginning of the 16th century the rule of the dukes had weakened, and Savoy fell under Swiss and French dominance. The great duke Emmanuel Philibert (Ironhead) greatly restored the territory and fortunes of the border duchy and moved the ducal residence to Turin in 1559, making Savoy more of an Italian than a French state. When Victor Amadeus II acquired the title king of Sardinia in 1713, Savoy became a part of a united kingdom. Annexed by France in 1792, Savoy was returned to Sardinia in 1815.;;;;;;;;;;1353 SAV;Savoy;;;;;;;;;;1354 SAR_DESC;In 1353, Pere IV of Aragon granted legislative autonomy to the kingdom of Sardinia but from 1365 to 1409 the kings or giudici of Arborea - Mariano IV, Ugone III, Mariano V, and Guglielmo III succeeded in occupying very nearly all of Sardinia except the Castel of Cagliari and Alghero. In 1409 Marti the Younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the giudicale Sardinians at Sanluri and once and for all conquered the entire land. Shortly afterwards he died of malaria in Cagliari without issue.;;;;;;;;;;1355 SAR;Sardinia;;;;;;;;;;1356 SALTDESC;Salt was as essential to animals as wheat could be for humans. In addition it was the most common and initially only mean to ensure food preservation for the long winter months. It was either mineral brought from mines in Central Europe or natural from salt marsh production via evaporation along sunny coastlines.;;;;;;;;;;1357 SALTDEMAND;The global demand for Salt will increase as more §YManufactories, §YConscription §YCenters §Wand §YShipyards§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;1358 SALT;Salt;;;;;;;;;;1359 SAC_GERC_VPTACT;Your first task as leader of the Saxons will be to maintain an equality in the power base of northern Europe. Brandenburg is your main enemy here at the start of the GC. She can be quite the aggressive state and be sure to know now: there will be clashes between you and her. You have 2 provinces therefore are smaller than your main enemy in the east though you have slightly larger armies. The keys to survivial are your good immediate relations with surrounding countries. Poland Hannover and the Hanseatic League (possibly even Bavaria) have good relations with the kingdom of Saxony. Brandenburg will be sure to entice the same nations to her aid however so it'll be a race of the envoys and the nation with the most cash offered will win here. There is a strong possibility of a major conflict between your two nations (and each of your allies) in the not too distant future, so you must prepare carefully. Internal preparation is one key the other is territorial expansion. Here Bohemia is your primary candidate. Prepare before you wage war against her because although weak it will be difficult to wage war against her as Saxony so early in the game. Therefore an alliance is the key. Perhaps one between you Bavaria and Thuringen (she is also on good terms with you) will do the trick? Waging war on German states to the west is not advisable as many of the states in the HRE will take a particular disliking for you.;;;;;;;;;;1360 SAC_GERC_HISTDESC;In 1492 Sachsen (Saxony) is an important country, and the main competitor of Brandenburg. Sachsen is, though, not as powerful as Brandenburg, and historically Sachsen either created alliances with a large non-German protector-state or tried to befriend Brandenburg. Later on Sachsen also encountered problems with Bavaria (Bayern) over religious matters, but managed to stay put during the religious wars of 1618-1648.;;;;;;;;;;1361 SAC_DESC;In 1356 the duke of Saxe-Wittenberg was granted the permanent rank of Elector. Electoral Saxony, as his territory was called, was a relatively small area along the middle Elbe. To the south of Electoral Saxony extended the margraviate of Meissen, ruled by the increasingly powerful house of Wettin. The margraves of Meissen acquired, in the 13th and 14th centuries, the larger parts of Lower Lusatia, Thuringia and the intervening territories and in 1423 Margrave Frederick the Warlike also added Electoral Saxony, becoming Elector Frederick I. In 1485 the lands of House Wettin were partitioned between two sons of Elector Frederick II and the division came to be permanent. Ernest, founder of the Ernestine branch of Wettin, received Electoral Saxony with Wittenberg and most of the Thuringian lands. Albert, founder of the Albertine branch, received ducal rank and the Meissen territories including Dresden and Leipzig. Duke Maurice of Saxony, a grandson of Albert and a Protestant, received the Electoral title in the 16th century and it was held by the Albertine branch until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.;;;;;;;;;;1362 SAC;Saxony;;;;;;;;;;1363 RYA_DESC;Ryazan was one of the many principalities that emerged from the ruins of Kievian Rus in the aftermath of the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. For most of its history it remained a vassal state to the Kahn of the Golden Horde. It was unfortunate in that it lay near the invasion routes to Moscow and the other northern principalities, thus making it more willing to negotiate than fight, even after the Grand Duchy of Muscovy declared independence from the Khan. Ivan III, Grand Prince of Muscowy, inherited half of the principality in 1500. The other half was absorbed by the tsar in 1511 and Ryazan became part of the new Russian nation.;;;;;;;;;;1364 RYA;Ryazan;;;;;;;;;;1365 RWUNITS;%d Units;;;;;;;;;;1366 RWTRADE;TRADE VENUES;;;;;;;;;;1367 RWTINC;Our Trade Income:;;;;;;;;;;1368 RWTE;Trade Level:;;;;;;;;;;1369 RWSUPPLY;Supply:;;;;;;;;;;1370 RWPROD;PRODUCTION;;;;;;;;;;1371 RWPINC;Our Production Income:;;;;;;;;;;1372 RWPE;Infrastructure:;;;;;;;;;;1373 RWOURT;Our Trade:;;;;;;;;;;1374 RWOURP;Our Production:;;;;;;;;;;1375 RWNONE;(none);;;;;;;;;;1376 RWLEADING;Leading Nation:;;;;;;;;;;1377 RWDEMAND;Demand:;;;;;;;;;;1378 RWCURRENT;Market Price (100 units):;;;;;;;;;;1379 RWBASIC;Basic Price (100 units):;;;;;;;;;;1380 RWBACK;Back to Main;;;;;;;;;;1381 RW_NA;N/A;;;;;;;;;;1382 RW_I_TRADE;Our current level of Trade allows us to benefit from %d percent of our merchant's shares in each Center of Trade.;;;;;;;;;;1383 RW_I_SUPPLY;The supply value will increase automatically as more provinces producing %s get colonized.;;;;;;;;;;1384 RW_I_PROD;Increase your production by expanding %s producing colonies and establishing new ones, and make sure your cities have a high Growth Rate.;;;;;;;;;;1385 RW_I_PRICE_VH;very high;;;;;;;;;;1386 RW_I_PRICE_M;medium;;;;;;;;;;1387 RW_I_PRICE_L;low;;;;;;;;;;1388 RW_I_PRICE_H;high;;;;;;;;;;1389 RW_I_OURTI;Our current yearly income from the trade of %s;;;;;;;;;;1390 RW_I_OURPI;Our current yearly income from the production of %s.;;;;;;;;;;1391 RW_I_OTRADE;Our share of the global trade value. Increase by placing more merchants in Centers of Trade that cover provinces producing this resource.;;;;;;;;;;1392 RW_I_MAIN;The greater the Demand and the lower the Supply the higher the Market Price.;;;;;;;;;;1393 RW_I_LEADER;The nation producing most %s in the world.;;;;;;;;;;1394 RW_I_INFRA;Our current level of Infrastructure allows us to benefit from %d percent of our production.;;;;;;;;;;1395 RW_I_GOLD;Gold is not affected by supply and demand, so the incomes you get from Gold producing provinces are always the same. The actual income you get from a Gold producing province is only affected by your Infrastructure and the size of the city or colony in the province.;;;;;;;;;;1396 RW_I_BASICPRICE;%s is a '%s' value resource.;;;;;;;;;;1397 RW_D_TRADE;Improve your Trade Level through investments in the the Budget Window. As it increases, so will your trade incomes.;;;;;;;;;;1398 RW_D_SUPPLY;Currently, %d provinces with Cities or Colonies produce %s.;;;;;;;;;;1399 RW_D_PROD;A Colony contributes with up to 100 units, a City with up to 200 units. The actual incomes depend on your Infrastructure.;;;;;;;;;;1400 RW_D_OURTI;The income is generated monthly and can be distributed in the Budget Window.;;;;;;;;;;1401 RW_D_OURPI;The income is generated monthly and can be distributed in the Budget Window.;;;;;;;;;;1402 RW_D_OTRADE;Each Colony or Trading Post contributes with up to 100 units and each City with up to 200 units to its Center of Trade.;;;;;;;;;;1403 RW_D_LEADER;The leading nation gets %d VP each year.;;;;;;;;;;1404 RW_D_INFRA;Improve your Infrastructure through investments in the Budget Window. As it increases, so will your production incomes.;;;;;;;;;;1405 RW_D_GOLD;However the greater percentage of your total yearly incomes that are derived from Gold the more will your Inflation grow. Inflation increases the prices for all your investments and actions and is very difficult to get rid of.;;;;;;;;;;1406 RVIEW;Info about %s;;;;;;;;;;1407 RUS_SB_VPTACTIC;Russia has an interesting position. There are mainly three directions of expanse;;;;;;;;;;1408 RUS_SB_MISSTACT;Your primary push will be into the north Baltic states controlled by the Teutonic Order to begin with. As the Russian Tsar you are placed in a difficult position. To the south is a strong Poland ready to tear you to pieces in a moment of weakness. To the north-west Sweden destined for greatness will want her fair share of Baltic coastline as well her dream of making the Baltic into a Swedish Sea. Seek alliances with Denmark against Sweden but don't neglect the coastal nations they can be potent allies against the Poles. Once the Poles are defeated invade with your Russian hordes and let the Germans feel the might of Muscovy! Don't understimate the possibility of closer ties with enemies of your most feared and hated enemy the Poles. Make diplomatic overtures to the Ottomans and with luck (and some cash!) you may involve them in a war against the despised White Eagle at the most perfect of times!;;;;;;;;;;1409 RUS_SB_MISSNAME;Reach the Coast;;;;;;;;;;1410 RUS_SB_MISSDESC;The goal is to get Russia her birthright of harbor at the Baltic Sea. You will gain victory progress for every province owned and controlled on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.;;;;;;;;;;1411 RUS_SB_HISTDESC;Ivan III had expanded his territory in the central Russian plains at the expense of other principalities. It would be the deed of his son Ivan IV Grozny (The Terrible) to capture the eastern lands of former Mongol Khanates such as Kazan Astrakhan and other remnants of the Golden Horde territory. The Russians also still had scores to settle with the Poles and most of all since Alexander Newsky with the heirs of the Teutonic Order in the western Baltic provinces.;;;;;;;;;;1412 RUS_GNW_VPTACTIC;To get her much needed victorypoints, Russia must build armies and invest in land military technology and then strike at Sweden. It is good strategy to ally with Poland-Lithuania, thus protecting the vast borders in the South and West. Attacking Sweden is hard labor but all victory points lie in the Baltic provinces so there is no use antagonizing Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway. Just see to it that you are stronger than any of them if you need to take provinces from them.;;;;;;;;;;1413 RUS_GNW_MISSNAME;Take possession of the Baltic provinces and penetrate into Swedish Finland.;;;;;;;;;;1414 RUS_GNW_HISTDESC;Peter the Great had recently come to power and strove to get Russia a place in the sun. By reforming the army Russia slowly built up strength to strike at Sweden. In an alliance with Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway she attacked. Initially she was beaten at Narva in 1700 but recovered during the Swedish war in Poland-Lithuania. When the Swedes struck at the Ukraine in 1708 Russia had taken most of the Baltic provinces and marched with a strong army to relieve its southern belly. At Poltava in 1709 Russia won its greatest victory against Sweden a demarcation line that put Russia in the position of supremacy in Northeastern Europe. Russia launched a navy into the Baltic Sea and harassed the Swedish coast line as well as invading Swedish Finland. Russia had won the war and peace was signed at Nystad in 1721.;;;;;;;;;;1415 RUS_GC_VPTACTIC;The Russians are still far away from most other major powers. And their Tatar neighbors in the East are very weak. Use your military might to crush them as soon as possible and expand. The gates of Siberia are now opened ! Send Cossacks on exploration ventures as soon as you can. When your technology improves you might turn west against the Poles and the Baltic but these are tougher nuts to crack.;;;;;;;;;;1416 RUS_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;1417 RUS_GC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;1418 RUS_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;1419 RUS_GC_HISTDESC;Ivan III had expanded his territory in the central Russian plains at the expense of other principalities. It would be the deed of his son Ivan IV Grozny (The Terrible) to capture the eastern lands of former Mongol Khanates such as Kazan Astrakhan and other remnants of the Golden Horde's territory. The Russian also had scores to settle with the Poles and with the heirs of the Teutonic Order in the western Baltic provinces.;;;;;;;;;;1420 RUS_DESC;In 862 the political entity known as Kievan Rus was established by Vikings from Sweden along their trade route in what is now Ukraine. In the 10th century Christianity became the state religion under Vladimir, who studied both Churches, but chose to adopt the Greek Orthodox rites. The Mongol invasion in the 13th century shattered Kievan Rus and its people were made thralls to the invaders and cruelly oppressed. As Mongol unity dissolved over the next two centuries, Muscowy gradually became the dominant principality and was able through diplomacy and conquest to establish suzerainty over European Russia. Ivan III (1462-1505) married the Byzantine princess Zoe Paleologus in a diplomatic move aimed at gaining prestige for his country. He could now refer to Russia as the Third Rome, and heir to the Byzantine tradition (even if the kings and princes of Europe were not impressed). As century later the famous Romanov dynasty was established at the end of the Time of Troubles by Tsar Mikhail in 1613. During Peter the Great's reign (1689-1725) Russia began a process of modernization and European influences spread in Russia. Peter created Western-style military forces, subordinated the Russian Orthodox Church hierarchy to the Tsar, reformed the entire governmental structure and established the beginnings of a Western-style education system.;;;;;;;;;;1421 RUS_1773_S;In 1773 Russia was one of the strongest countries in the world. At the time Russia was at war with the Ottoman Empire. Her most pressing concerns were Poland-Lithuania, the Orthodox Balkans and Sweden. Together with Prussia and Austria she forced the partition of Poland and managed to defeat both Sweden and the Ottoman Empire, though with few territorial gains. Suddenly revolutionary France emerged as a world power, forcing Russia to move away from expansion and focus on retaining the old regimes of Europe. It was not until the final days of Napoleon did Russia secure large territorial gains, tearing Finland from Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;1422 RUS_1773_C;Russia must expand on all her flanks. She must eliminate the northern threat by taking Finland from Sweden. On the central front Russia should take Poland-Lithuania and secure the Balkans to the south before Austria has a chance to strike. On every flank you might become embroiled in a war with major powers. However, Russia is probably the only country that can choose not to fight. Only wage war when you know you can win. Victory will be yours if you can check the expansion of your potential enemies.;;;;;;;;;;1423 RUS_1700_VPTACTIC;Russia is a country on the rise. Be sure to improve your military technology before you act then you will have to expand. The Baltic provinces are your prize but also the orthodox provinces in eastern Poland-Lithuania. Don't forget to keep on colonizing Siberia because late in the game it will vastly contribute to your economy. Take it easy with the Turks. They are your enemies and there is no need to punch her before you can take any real estate from her.;;;;;;;;;;1424 RUS_1700_HISTDESC;Peter the Great had recently come to power and strove to get Russia a place in the sun. By reforming the army Russia slowly built up strength to strike at Sweden. In an alliance with Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway she attacked. Initially she was beaten at Narva in 1700 but recovered during Sweden's war in Poland-Lithuania. When the Swedes struck at the Ukraine in 1708, Russia had taken most of the Baltic provinces and marched with a strong army to relieve its southern belly. At Poltava in 1709 Russia won its greatest victory against Sweden a demarcation line that put Russia in the position of supremacy in Northeastern Europe. Russia launched a navy into the Baltic Sea and harassed the Swedish coast line as well as invading Swedish Finland. Russia had won the war and peace was signed at Nystad in 1721.;;;;;;;;;;1425 RUS_1617_VPTACTIC;Your country is weak after years of internal turmoil. Now you have to rebuild your country and attain the same level of technology as your neighbours. If you want to expand, turn East the Khanates there are strong but they will not overwhelm you. It could be profitable to attack Poland-Lithuania or Sweden but only if these countries have been weakened by war civil war or massive revolts. Such strategy could be very profitable or disastrous...;;;;;;;;;;1426 RUS_1617_HISTDESC;The Aftermath of the Time of Troubles forced Russia to secede Ingermanland and Karelia to Sweden and Smolensk and Livonia to Poland-Lithuania. Russia was hurt but not destroyed and a period of reconstruction and reform started. In 1632 the Russian government found the time to get Smolensk back to be right but its armies were yet not strong enough to beat the Polish-Lithuanian Hussaria. Instead the Russian government chose to stay at peace in the West and attacked the Khanates in the East, expanding Russia with vast lands. When the other European countries were involved in the bickering at Münster and Osnabrück, Russia was a country slowly gaining strength. She was not yet ready for any serious expansions in the West but that day was not far away...;;;;;;;;;;1427 RUS;Russia;;;;;;;;;;1428 RRISK_WARTAXES;+1: War Taxes \n;;;;;;;;;;1429 RRISK_TP_COL;The population in Colonies and Trading Posts is too small to create revolts, however any natives present in the province may revolt as an effect of expansions and troop entrance.;;;;;;;;;;1430 RRISK_STABP;+%d: Stability \n;;;;;;;;;;1431 RRISK_STAB;%d: Stability \n;;;;;;;;;;1432 RRISK_RELIGION2;%d: Religion \n;;;;;;;;;;1433 RRISK_RELIGION;+%d: Religion \n;;;;;;;;;;1434 RRISK_REB;+2: Neighboring Rebels \n;;;;;;;;;;1435 RRISK_OCCU;+1: Occupation \n;;;;;;;;;;1436 RRISK_NATIONALISM;+%d Nationalism (Notice, revolt risk can not be lower than this value);;;;;;;;;;1437 RRISK_MANU;–1: Manufactory \n;;;;;;;;;;1438 RRISK_EXHAU;+%d: War Exhaustion \n;;;;;;;;;;1439 RRISK_EVENT;%d: Event Effects \n;;;;;;;;;;1440 RRISK_DUTCH;+%d: Dutch Nationalism \n;;;;;;;;;;1441 RRISK_CULTURE;+%d Cultural Differences \n;;;;;;;;;;1442 RRISK_COURTHOUSE;–1: Chief judge \n;;;;;;;;;;1443 RRISK_CAP;–2: Capital Province \n;;;;;;;;;;1444 RRISK_BANKRUPTCY;+1: Bankruptcy \n;;;;;;;;;;1445 RRISK_BAILIFF;+3: Tax collector \n;;;;;;;;;;1446 RPTRADEPOST;Trading Post;;;;;;;;;;1447 RPSTABILITYICON_I;%s has a stability of %d\nLandtechnology: %s\nNaval Technology: %s;;;;;;;;;;1448 RPSTABILITYICON_D;Click to view detailed information;;;;;;;;;;1449 RPSHIP;%d ships;;;;;;;;;;1450 RPPORT;Port;;;;;;;;;;1451 RPNAVY;Navy;;;;;;;;;;1452 RPMEN;%d men;;;;;;;;;;1453 RPEMPTY;Empty;;;;;;;;;;1454 RPCOT;View %s Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;1455 RPCOLONY;Colony;;;;;;;;;;1456 RPCLICKCOT;Send Merchant to %s;;;;;;;;;;1457 RPCITY;City;;;;;;;;;;1458 RPARMY;Army;;;;;;;;;;1459 ROYMARPROP_SETUP;When a nation sends you a Royal Marriage proposal;;;;;;;;;;1460 ROYMARPROP_LOG;%s invited us to a Royal Marriage.;;;;;;;;;;1461 ROYMARPROP_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1462 ROYMARPROP_BTN2;No thanks;;;;;;;;;;1463 ROYMARPROP_BTN1;Accept;;;;;;;;;;1464 ROYMARPROP_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;1465 ROYMARPROP_5;;;;;;;;;;;1466 ROYMARPROP_4;with them. This would improve our relations for the future.;;;;;;;;;;1467 ROYMARPROP_3;Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;1468 ROYMARPROP_2;%t, %s invites us to enter a;;;;;;;;;;1469 ROYMARPROP_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1470 ROYMARBREAK_SETUP;When a nation breaks a Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;1471 ROYMARBREAK_LOG;%s broke the Royal Marriage she had with %s.;;;;;;;;;;1472 ROYMARBREAK_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1473 ROYMARBREAK_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1474 ROYMARBREAK_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1475 ROYMARBREAK_6;she had with %s.;;;;;;;;;;1476 ROYMARBREAK_5;Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;1477 ROYMARBREAK_4;the;;;;;;;;;;1478 ROYMARBREAK_3;has broken;;;;;;;;;;1479 ROYMARBREAK_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;1480 ROYMARBREAK_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1481 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_SETUP;When a nation enters a Royal Marriage with another nation;;;;;;;;;;1482 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_LOG;%s entered a Royal Marriage with %s.;;;;;;;;;;1483 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1484 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1485 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1486 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;1487 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;1488 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_4;with their new ally;;;;;;;;;;1489 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_3;Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;1490 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_2;%t, %s entered a;;;;;;;;;;1491 ROYMARACCEPTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1492 ROYMARACCEPT_SETUP;When a nation accepts your Royal Marriage proposal;;;;;;;;;;1493 ROYMARACCEPT_LOG;We entered a Royal Marriage with %s.;;;;;;;;;;1494 ROYMARACCEPT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1495 ROYMARACCEPT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1496 ROYMARACCEPT_BTN1;Great!;;;;;;;;;;1497 ROYMARACCEPT_6;;;;;;;;;;;1498 ROYMARACCEPT_5;;;;;;;;;;;1499 ROYMARACCEPT_4;with %s. Our relations have improved.;;;;;;;;;;1500 ROYMARACCEPT_3;Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;1501 ROYMARACCEPT_2;%t, we entered a;;;;;;;;;;1502 ROYMARACCEPT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1503 ROY_DESC;When Parliament had been dissovled by Charles I in 1642 in reaction to the rise of the gentry and the burghers and their higher demands for power, most of the lords rallied to the Royal Standard of the King to protect their own interests and privileges. From these days, even after the execution of Charles I in 1649, the English Monarchs had a large group of supporters for a more powerful monarchy, which transformed with the coming of the even more extremist James II and took the name of Jacobites.;;;;;;;;;;1504 ROY;Royalists;;;;;;;;;;1505 ROWNCON;Owned by %s\nControlled by %s;;;;;;;;;;1506 ROWN;Owned by %s;;;;;;;;;;1507 ROLLREFTRADE;%s refuses trade with us!;;;;;;;;;;1508 ROL_HRE;Part of the Holy Roman Empire\n;;;;;;;;;;1509 ROL_EMP;Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire\n;;;;;;;;;;1510 ROL_ELEC;Electorate of the Holy Roman Empire\n;;;;;;;;;;1511 RINFO;Info about %s;;;;;;;;;;1512 RIKTIGTERRA;(This area is 'permanent' Terra Incognita and cannot be accessed.);;;;;;;;;;1513 REVOLTOTHER_SETUP;When there is a revolt in another nation's province;;;;;;;;;;1514 REVOLTOTHER_LOG;The peasants in %s are revolting against the Monarch of %s!;;;;;;;;;;1515 REVOLTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1516 REVOLTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1517 REVOLTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1518 REVOLTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;1519 REVOLTOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;1520 REVOLTOTHER_4;are revolting against their rightful Monarch of;;;;;;;;;;1521 REVOLTOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1522 REVOLTOTHER_2;%t, the peasants in;;;;;;;;;;1523 REVOLTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1524 REVOLT_SETUP;When there is a revolt in one of your provinces;;;;;;;;;;1525 REVOLT_LOG;The peasants in %s are revolting!;;;;;;;;;;1526 REVOLT_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1527 REVOLT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1528 REVOLT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1529 REVOLT_6;;;;;;;;;;;1530 REVOLT_5;;;;;;;;;;;1531 REVOLT_4;If you do not suppress the revolt, there is a risk they will occupy the province long enough to declare independence.;;;;;;;;;;1532 REVOLT_3;%s are revolting!;;;;;;;;;;1533 REVOLT_2;%t, the peasants in;;;;;;;;;;1534 REVOLT_1;A Revolt!;;;;;;;;;;1535 REVMILUS_SETUP;When another nation revokes the military access they granted us;;;;;;;;;;1536 REVMILUS_LOG;%s has revoked our military access.;;;;;;;;;;1537 REVMILUS_HEADER;Herald from%s;;;;;;;;;;1538 REVMILUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;1539 REVMILUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1540 REVMILUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;1541 REVMILUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;1542 REVMILUS_4;for us.;;;;;;;;;;1543 REVMILUS_3;REVOKED MILITARY ACCESS;;;;;;;;;;1544 REVMILUS_2;%t, we are informed that they have;;;;;;;;;;1545 REVMILUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1546 REVMILOTHER_SETUP;When another nation revokes the military access they granted a third nation.;;;;;;;;;;1547 REVMILOTHER_LOG;%s has revoked the military access for %s.;;;;;;;;;;1548 REVMILOTHER_HEADER;Herald from%s;;;;;;;;;;1549 REVMILOTHER_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;1550 REVMILOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1551 REVMILOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;1552 REVMILOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;1553 REVMILOTHER_4;for %s;;;;;;;;;;1554 REVMILOTHER_3;REVOKED MILITARY ACCESS;;;;;;;;;;1555 REVMILOTHER_2;%t, we are informed that they have;;;;;;;;;;1556 REVMILOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1557 RESUME_BUTTON;RESUME;;;;;;;;;;1558 REMCOT_SETUP;When a Center of Trade dissapears;;;;;;;;;;1559 REMCOT_LOG;The Center of Trade in %s have dissapeared.;;;;;;;;;;1560 REMCOT_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1561 REMCOT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1562 REMCOT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1563 REMCOT_6;;;;;;;;;;;1564 REMCOT_5;;;;;;;;;;;1565 REMCOT_4;has dissapeared due to lack of competition.;;;;;;;;;;1566 REMCOT_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1567 REMCOT_2;%t, the center of trade in;;;;;;;;;;1568 REMCOT_1;Market Fluctuations!;;;;;;;;;;1569 RELWTOLERANCE;TOLERANCE LEVELS;;;;;;;;;;1570 RELWSTATE;STATE RELIGION;;;;;;;;;;1571 RELWDEFEND;Claim: Sole Defender of the Faith;;;;;;;;;;1572 RELWCONVERT;Convert;;;;;;;;;;1573 RELWCLOSE;Back;;;;;;;;;;1574 RELW_DEFENDER_DESC;If there is no defender of your faith then you can claim that title for your country. The defender of the faith gets a Casus Belli on all countries that attack anyone of your faith. Heretics in your country will be more rebellious and you will lose the title if you lose a war. The costs for claiming the title is 1000$.;;;;;;;;;;1575 RELIGION_EVENT;RELIGION EVENTS;;;;;;;;;;1576 RELCHANGE_SETUP;Effects of gifts and insults;;;;;;;;;;1577 RELCHANGE_LOG;%t, %s has %s our relations with %s. They should be regarded as %s.;;;;;;;;;;1578 RELCHANGE_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1579 RELCHANGE_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1580 RELCHANGE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1581 RELCHANGE_6;;;;;;;;;;;1582 RELCHANGE_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;1583 RELCHANGE_4;our relations with %s. They should be regarded as;;;;;;;;;;1584 RELCHANGE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1585 RELCHANGE_2;%t, %s has;;;;;;;;;;1586 RELCHANGE_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1587 RELCH_R_6;the worst of our enemies!;;;;;;;;;;1588 RELCH_R_5;our hated enemies!;;;;;;;;;;1589 RELCH_R_4;our enemies;;;;;;;;;;1590 RELCH_R_3;completely neutral;;;;;;;;;;1591 RELCH_R_2;our friends;;;;;;;;;;1592 RELCH_R_1;very dear friends!;;;;;;;;;;1593 RELCH_R_0;the closest of our friends!;;;;;;;;;;1594 RELCH_INC_5;enormously improved;;;;;;;;;;1595 RELCH_INC_4;drastically improved;;;;;;;;;;1596 RELCH_INC_3;considerably improved;;;;;;;;;;1597 RELCH_INC_2;moderately improved;;;;;;;;;;1598 RELCH_INC_1;slightly improved;;;;;;;;;;1599 RELCH_DEC_5;enormously impaired;;;;;;;;;;1600 RELCH_DEC_4;drastically impaired;;;;;;;;;;1601 RELCH_DEC_3;considerably impaired;;;;;;;;;;1602 RELCH_DEC_2;moderately impaired;;;;;;;;;;1603 RELCH_DEC_1;slightly impaired;;;;;;;;;;1604 RELCH_A_SGIFT;our State Gift;;;;;;;;;;1605 RELCH_A_PGIFT;our Personal Gift;;;;;;;;;;1606 RELCH_A_INT;our Letter of Introduction;;;;;;;;;;1607 REGENCY;Regency;;;;;;;;;;1608 REG_WPacificSea;Western Pacific;;;;;;;;;;1609 REG_WMedSea;Western Mediterranean;;;;;;;;;;1610 REG_Western_Europe;Western Europe;;;;;;;;;;1611 REG_West_Africa;West Africa;;;;;;;;;;1612 REG_WCAtlanticSea;Western Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;1613 REG_ThaiSea;Thai Sea;;;;;;;;;;1614 REG_TagoSea;Tago Sea;;;;;;;;;;1615 REG_SWPacificSea;South West Pacific;;;;;;;;;;1616 REG_SWIndianSea;Southwest Indian Ocean;;;;;;;;;;1617 REG_SWAtlanticSea;South Western Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;1618 REG_Southern_Europe;Southern Europe;;;;;;;;;;1619 REG_South_America;South America;;;;;;;;;;1620 REG_Siberia;Siberia;;;;;;;;;;1621 REG_SEPacificSea;South East Pacific;;;;;;;;;;1622 REG_SEIndianSea;Southeast Indian Ocean;;;;;;;;;;1623 REG_SEAtlanticSea;South East Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;1624 REG_ScandinaviaSea;Baltic Sea;;;;;;;;;;1625 REG_Scandinavia;Scandinavia;;;;;;;;;;1626 REG_RedSeaSea;Red Sea;;;;;;;;;;1627 REG_Pacific;Pacific;;;;;;;;;;1628 REG_OceaniaSea;Southen Pacific;;;;;;;;;;1629 REG_NWPacificSea;Northwestern Pacific;;;;;;;;;;1630 REG_NWIndianSea;Western Indian Ocean;;;;;;;;;;1631 REG_NorthSeaSea;North Sea;;;;;;;;;;1632 REG_North_America;North America;;;;;;;;;;1633 REG_North_Africa;North Africa;;;;;;;;;;1634 REG_NEIndianSea;Northeast Indian Ocean;;;;;;;;;;1635 REG_NCAtlanticSea;North Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;1636 REG_NAtlanticSea;Greenland Sea;;;;;;;;;;1637 REG_Middle_East;Middle East;;;;;;;;;;1638 REG_Lake;Lake;;;;;;;;;;1639 REG_KamtchatkaSea;Northen Pacific;;;;;;;;;;1640 REG_JapanSea;Sea of Japan;;;;;;;;;;1641 REG_Japan;Japan;;;;;;;;;;1642 REG_Indonesia;Indonesia;;;;;;;;;;1643 REG_Indochina;Indochina;;;;;;;;;;1644 REG_India;India;;;;;;;;;;1645 REG_HudsonBaySea;Hudson Bay;;;;;;;;;;1646 REG_HRE;HRE;;;;;;;;;;1647 REG_GulfSea;Persian Gulf;;;;;;;;;;1648 REG_EPacificSea;East Pacific;;;;;;;;;;1649 REG_ENACoastSea;North Western Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;1650 REG_EMedSea;Eastern Mediterranean;;;;;;;;;;1651 REG_ECAtlanticSea;East Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;1652 REG_Eastern_Europe;Eastern Europe;;;;;;;;;;1653 REG_East_Africa;East Africa;;;;;;;;;;1654 REG_ChinaSea;Chinese Sea;;;;;;;;;;1655 REG_China;China;;;;;;;;;;1656 REG_Central_Europe;Central Europe;;;;;;;;;;1657 REG_Central_Asia;Central Asia;;;;;;;;;;1658 REG_Central_America;Central America;;;;;;;;;;1659 REG_Caucasus;Caucasus;;;;;;;;;;1660 REG_CarribeanSea;Carribean Sea;;;;;;;;;;1661 REG_Carribean;Carribean;;;;;;;;;;1662 REG_British_Isles;British Isles;;;;;;;;;;1663 REG_BiscaySea;Bay of Biscay;;;;;;;;;;1664 REG_BarrierReefSea;Barrier Reef;;;;;;;;;;1665 REG_Australia;Australia;;;;;;;;;;1666 REG_ArcticSeaSea;Arctic Sea;;;;;;;;;;1667 REG_AlaskaSea;Alaska Sea;;;;;;;;;;1668 REG;-;;;;;;;;;;1669 REFORMED;Reformed;;;;;;;;;;1670 REB_DESC;No description available.;;;;;;;;;;1671 REB;Rebel Scum;;;;;;;;;;1672 RCOTTR;%s trades %s;;;;;;;;;;1673 RCDM_VIEWPROVINCE;View;;;;;;;;;;1674 RCDM_VIEWPORT;View;;;;;;;;;;1675 RCDM_VIEWCOUNTRY;View Country;;;;;;;;;;1676 RCDM_VIEWCOT;View;;;;;;;;;;1677 RCDM_UNLOAD;Unload;;;;;;;;;;1678 RCDM_TRADER;Place Trader;;;;;;;;;;1679 RCDM_SPLITARMY;Split;;;;;;;;;;1680 RCDM_SIEGE;Detach Siege Force;;;;;;;;;;1681 RCDM_SENDMERCHANT;Send Merchant;;;;;;;;;;1682 RCDM_SENDDIPLO;Send Diplomat;;;;;;;;;;1683 RCDM_SELECTALL;Select All;;;;;;;;;;1684 RCDM_REORGANISE;Reorganize;;;;;;;;;;1685 RCDM_REFUSETRADE;Trade Embargo;;;;;;;;;;1686 RCDM_OFFERPEACE;Offer Peace;;;;;;;;;;1687 RCDM_OFFERLOAN;Offer Loan;;;;;;;;;;1688 RCDM_MERGE;Merge;;;;;;;;;;1689 RCDM_LOCATETP;Trading Posts;;;;;;;;;;1690 RCDM_LOCATENAVIES;Navies;;;;;;;;;;1691 RCDM_LOCATEEXPL;Explorers;;;;;;;;;;1692 RCDM_LOCATECONQ;Conquistadors;;;;;;;;;;1693 RCDM_LOCATECOL;Colonies;;;;;;;;;;1694 RCDM_LOCATEARMIES;Armies;;;;;;;;;;1695 RCDM_EYR34;Page 35 - History;;;;;;;;;;1696 RCDM_EYR33B;Page 34 - Comparison;;;;;;;;;;1697 RCDM_EYR33;Page 33 - Structures in Provinces;;;;;;;;;;1698 RCDM_EYR32;Page 32 - Colonies & Trading Posts;;;;;;;;;;1699 RCDM_EYR31;Page 31 - Non-Colonial Provinces;;;;;;;;;;1700 RCDM_EYR30;Page 30 - Territorial Size;;;;;;;;;;1701 RCDM_EYR29;Page 29 - Losses;;;;;;;;;;1702 RCDM_EYR28;Page 28 - Units under Construction;;;;;;;;;;1703 RCDM_EYR27;Page 27 - Navy Listing;;;;;;;;;;1704 RCDM_EYR26;Page 26 - Army Listing;;;;;;;;;;1705 RCDM_EYR25;Page 25 - Naval Unit Graph;;;;;;;;;;1706 RCDM_EYR24;Page 24 - Land Unit Graph;;;;;;;;;;1707 RCDM_EYR23;Page 23 - Leaders;;;;;;;;;;1708 RCDM_EYR22;Page 22 - Naval Technology Graph;;;;;;;;;;1709 RCDM_EYR21;Page 21 - Land Technology Graph;;;;;;;;;;1710 RCDM_EYR20;Page 20 - Current Wars;;;;;;;;;;1711 RCDM_EYR19;Page 19 - Military Alliances;;;;;;;;;;1712 RCDM_EYR18;Page 18 - Hostile Relations;;;;;;;;;;1713 RCDM_EYR17;Page 17 - Friendly Relations;;;;;;;;;;1714 RCDM_EYR16;Page 16 - Maintenance Costs;;;;;;;;;;1715 RCDM_EYR15;Page 15 - Loans Summary;;;;;;;;;;1716 RCDM_EYR14;Page 14 - Center of Trade Information;;;;;;;;;;1717 RCDM_EYR13;Page 13 - Taxation & Production Breakdown;;;;;;;;;;1718 RCDM_EYR12;Page 12 - Expenses Graph;;;;;;;;;;1719 RCDM_EYR11;Page 11 - Incomes Graph;;;;;;;;;;1720 RCDM_EYR10;Page 10 - Expenses Breakdown;;;;;;;;;;1721 RCDM_EYR09;Page 9 - Income Breakdown;;;;;;;;;;1722 RCDM_EYR08;Page 8 - Inflation Graph;;;;;;;;;;1723 RCDM_EYR07;Page 7 - Trade Level Graph;;;;;;;;;;1724 RCDM_EYR06;Page 6 - Infrastructure Graph;;;;;;;;;;1725 RCDM_EYR05;Page 5 - Wealth Graph;;;;;;;;;;1726 RCDM_EYR04;Page 4 - Monarch Listing;;;;;;;;;;1727 RCDM_EYR03;Page 3 - Base Victory Points Breakdown;;;;;;;;;;1728 RCDM_EYR02;Page 2 - Current Missions;;;;;;;;;;1729 RCDM_EYR01;Page 1 - Victory Point Graph;;;;;;;;;;1730 RCDM_EXPANDFORT;Expand Fortress;;;;;;;;;;1731 RCDM_ENTERPROVINCE;Enter;;;;;;;;;;1732 RCDM_DISBAND;Disband;;;;;;;;;;1733 RCDM_DECLAREWAR;Declare War;;;;;;;;;;1734 RCDM_CREATENEW;Create New;;;;;;;;;;1735 RCDM_COVER;Detach Cover Force;;;;;;;;;;1736 RCDM_COLONIST;Place Colonist;;;;;;;;;;1737 RCDM_BUILDSHIPYARD;Construct Shipyard;;;;;;;;;;1738 RCDM_BUILDNAVY;Build Navy;;;;;;;;;;1739 RCDM_BUILDMANUFAC;Build Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;1740 RCDM_BUILDCOURTHOUSE;Promote Legal counsel;;;;;;;;;;1741 RCDM_BUILDCITYRIGHTS;Promote Mayor;;;;;;;;;;1742 RCDM_BUILDBARRACK;Build Conscription Center;;;;;;;;;;1743 RCDM_BUILDBAILIFF;Promote Bailiff;;;;;;;;;;1744 RCDM_BUILDARMY;Build Army;;;;;;;;;;1745 RCDM_ASSAULT;Assault;;;;;;;;;;1746 RCDM_ALLOWTRADE;Allow Trade;;;;;;;;;;1747 RATIO8;Strength Ratio <1:4;;;;;;;;;;1748 RATIO7;Strength Ratio 1:3;;;;;;;;;;1749 RATIO6;Strength Ratio 1:2;;;;;;;;;;1750 RATIO5;Strength Ratio 2:3;;;;;;;;;;1751 RATIO4;Strength Ratio 1:1;;;;;;;;;;1752 RATIO3;Strength Ratio 3:2;;;;;;;;;;1753 RATIO2;Strength Ratio 2:1;;;;;;;;;;1754 RATIO1;Strength Ratio 3:1;;;;;;;;;;1755 RATIO0;Strength Ratio >4:1;;;;;;;;;;1756 RATIO_D;The Strength Ratio reflects the total balance of troop count leadership values technology modifiers and Unit Morale. The attacker's numbers are shown to the left the defender's to the right.;;;;;;;;;;1757 RANKVADMIRAL;Vice Admiral;;;;;;;;;;1758 RANKSEACAPTAIN;Commodore;;;;;;;;;;1759 RANKRADMIRAL;Rear Admiral;;;;;;;;;;1760 RANKMARSHAL;General;;;;;;;;;;1761 RANKMAJOR;Brigadier;;;;;;;;;;1762 RANKLADMIRAL;Lord Admiral;;;;;;;;;;1763 RANKKING;Monarch;;;;;;;;;;1764 RANKGENERAL;Lt.General;;;;;;;;;;1765 RANKFMARSHAL;Field Marshal;;;;;;;;;;1766 RANKCOMMODORE;Flotilla Admiral;;;;;;;;;;1767 RANKCOLONEL;Maj.General;;;;;;;;;;1768 RANKCAPTAIN;Colonel;;;;;;;;;;1769 RANKADMIRAL;Admiral;;;;;;;;;;1770 RANEVENTHIST_SETUP;When a random historical event occurs;;;;;;;;;;1771 RANEVENTHIST_LOG;%s;;;;;;;;;;1772 RANEVENTHIST_HEADER;Historical Background;;;;;;;;;;1773 RANEVENTHIST_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;1774 RANEVENTHIST_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1775 RANEVENTHIST_6;;;;;;;;;;;1776 RANEVENTHIST_5;;;;;;;;;;;1777 RANEVENTHIST_4;;;;;;;;;;;1778 RANEVENTHIST_3;;;;;;;;;;;1779 RANEVENTHIST_2;%s;;;;;;;;;;1780 RANEVENTHIST_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1781 RANEVENT_SETUP;When a random event occurs;;;;;;;;;;1782 RANEVENT_LOG;%s;;;;;;;;;;1783 RANEVENT_HEADER;Our Governor reports;;;;;;;;;;1784 RANEVENT_BTN2;History;;;;;;;;;;1785 RANEVENT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1786 RANEVENT_6;;;;;;;;;;;1787 RANEVENT_5;;;;;;;;;;;1788 RANEVENT_4;%s;;;;;;;;;;1789 RANEVENT_3;Game Effect:;;;;;;;;;;1790 RANEVENT_2;%s;;;;;;;;;;1791 RANEVENT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;1792 RAISEMERC_I4;You don't have access to the European market of mercenaries.;;;;;;;;;;1793 RAISEMERC_I3;There is a company with %d infantry, %d cavalry and %d artillery available for %.0f$.;;;;;;;;;;1794 RAISEMERC_I2;There are no mercenary companies available.;;;;;;;;;;1795 RAISEMERC_I1;You cannot afford the %0.f it takes to recruit a mercenary company.;;;;;;;;;;1796 RAISEMERC;Recruit Mercenary Company;;;;;;;;;;1797 RAG_DESC;In 1352 Ramazan, founder of the dynasty, was recognized by the Mamluk sultan of Egypt as the ruler of the Yzok branch of Oguz Turkmen in Cilicia. After a period of attempts to overthrow Mamluk suzerainty, the dynasty's principality about 1418 came under direct Mamluk control and lost its significance.With the extension of Ottoman territories to the Taurus Mountains and after an Ottoman-Mamluk war in 1485-90, the Ramazan territory assumed strategic importance for the Ottomans. In 1514 the Ramazan ruler Mahmud was deposed by the Mamluks and sought refuge with the Ottoman sultan Selim I, who the next year defeated the Mamelukes in Syria and restored the principality to Mahmud. Mahmud's successor Piri was appointed by the Ottomans;he assisted them in suppressing Turkmen revolts in central and southern Anatolia (1526) and enjoyed the favour of Sultan Suleyman I the Magnificent. Cilicia was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire (1608), and thereafter members of the Ramazan dynasty continued to serve as governors of Ottoman provinces in Asia and in the Balkans.;;;;;;;;;1798 RAG;Ramazan;;;;;;;;;;1799 QUITHOST_HEADER;;;;;;;;;;;1800 QUITHOST_BTN2;Cancel;;;;;;;;;;1801 QUITHOST_BTN1;QUIT;;;;;;;;;;1802 QUITHOST_6;;;;;;;;;;;1803 QUITHOST_5;;;;;;;;;;;1804 QUITHOST_4;To save press F10 then select 'Save'. You can resume the game later with the same or other players.;;;;;;;;;;1805 QUITHOST_3;Saving;;;;;;;;;;1806 QUITHOST_2;This will exit the current scenario without saving. PLEASE NOTE this will also end the game for all other players as well!;;;;;;;;;;1807 QUITHOST_1;Surrender?;;;;;;;;;;1808 QUITCLIENT_HEADER;;;;;;;;;;;1809 QUITCLIENT_BTN2;Cancel;;;;;;;;;;1810 QUITCLIENT_BTN1;QUIT;;;;;;;;;;1811 QUITCLIENT_6;;;;;;;;;;;1812 QUITCLIENT_5;;;;;;;;;;;1813 QUITCLIENT_4;;;;;;;;;;;1814 QUITCLIENT_3;;;;;;;;;;;1815 QUITCLIENT_2;This will exit the current scenario without saving. Only the Host of the game can save. The other players will be able to continue playing.;;;;;;;;;;1816 QUITCLIENT_1;Surrender?;;;;;;;;;;1817 QUIT_HEADER;;;;;;;;;;;1818 QUIT_BTN2;Cancel;;;;;;;;;;1819 QUIT_BTN1;QUIT;;;;;;;;;;1820 QUIT_6;;;;;;;;;;;1821 QUIT_5;;;;;;;;;;;1822 QUIT_4;;;;;;;;;;;1823 QUIT_3;;;;;;;;;;;1824 QUIT_2;This will exit the current scenario without saving. To save, press F10 then select 'Save'.;;;;;;;;;;1825 QUIT_1;Surrender?;;;;;;;;;;1826 QUICKSAVE;QUICKSAVING...;;;;;;;;;;1827 QUICKLOAD;QUICKLOADING...;;;;;;;;;;1828 QUE_DESC;The French explorer Jacques Cartier first sailed up the St. Lawrence River in 1534 and arrived in the land that would later bear the name New France. Settlement of the region did not begin until the early 17th century, when Samuel Champlain founded Quebec ('where the river narrows') - the first permanent French settlement in the New World. Over the next century the French gradually settled along the banks of the St. Lawrence, where their long-lot settlement pattern exists to this day. In 1759 Quebec was lost to the British on the Plains of Abraham - an event that would ensure British hegemony in North America and indirectly lead to the American revolution.;;;;;;;;;;1829 QUE;Quebec;;;;;;;;;;1830 QAR_DESC;The Kara Koyunlu (Turkish: Black Sheep) were a Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan and Iraq, originally vassals of the Jalayirids of Baghdad and Tabriz. Routed by Tamerlane the Kara Koyunlus re-established themselves in Tabriz from 1406. Baghdad was captured in 1410 and there was expansion into Persia. In 1468, however, the Kara Koyunlu had been defeated and overrun by their mortal enemies from the north - the Ak Koyunlu.;;;;;;;;;;1831 QAR;Kara Koyunlu;;;;;;;;;;1832 PURCHASEW;Warships;;;;;;;;;;1833 PURCHASET;Transports;;;;;;;;;;1834 PURCHASESHIP_IF5;You may only build shipyards in coastal provinces with tax income above 6 and a port that you own and control.;;;;;;;;;;1835 PURCHASESHIP_IF4;There are already ongoing construction works in this province.;;;;;;;;;;1836 PURCHASESHIP_IF3;You cannot afford the %d$ a shipyard costs.;;;;;;;;;;1837 PURCHASESHIP_IF2;Requires Naval Technology level 11;;;;;;;;;;1838 PURCHASESHIP_IF1;You already have a shipyard in %s!;;;;;;;;;;1839 PURCHASESHIP_I1;Cost %d$, will take 36 months to complete.;;;;;;;;;;1840 PURCHASESHIP_D;Increases ship build capacity by x10.;;;;;;;;;;1841 PURCHASEINF;Infantry;;;;;;;;;;1842 PURCHASEG;Galleys;;;;;;;;;;1843 PURCHASECAV;Cavalry;;;;;;;;;;1844 PURCHASEBAR_IF5;You may only build Conscription Centers in provinces that you own and control.;;;;;;;;;;1845 PURCHASEBAR_IF4;There are already ongoing constructions or promotions in this province.;;;;;;;;;;1846 PURCHASEBAR_IF3;You cannot afford the %d$ a Conscription Center costs.;;;;;;;;;;1847 PURCHASEBAR_IF2;Requires Land Technology level 41.;;;;;;;;;;1848 PURCHASEBAR_IF1;You already have a conscription center in %s!;;;;;;;;;;1849 PURCHASEBAR_I1;Cost %d$, will take 12 months to complete.;;;;;;;;;;1850 PURCHASEBAR_D;Increases army build capacity by x2.;;;;;;;;;;1851 PURCHASEART;Artillery;;;;;;;;;;1852 PUR_DESC;Puritanism was a particularly strict branch of protestantism inclined more towards Calvinism than Lutherism and was mostly concerned with the belief in hard work and pure natural life. It emerged in England in the early 1600s and quickly found support in the South-East. However, due to a number of reasons many Puritans emigrated to the New World. The Puritan Faction was also a significant branch of the Parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and it was Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, who came to be Lord Protector of England.;;;;;;;;;;1853 PUR;Puritans;;;;;;;;;;1854 PSK_DESC;The city of Pskov was founded as an outpost of Novgorod in 903. However, Pskov won its independence from Novgorod in 1348. The city followed Novgorod's example by severely restricting the power of its prince. The principality produced a code of law in 1397 that was used throughout Russia. Although it was closer to Novgorod it often looked to Muscovy for protection from the expansionist powers of the Baltic rim, especially the Teutonic Knights. It was finally absorbed into Muscovy in 1511.;;;;;;;;;;1855 PSK;Pskov;;;;;;;;;;1856 PRU_WOSS_MISSTACT;Your position is tricky at best. You victory points lie in provinces that belong to somebody else and often belonging to someone committed to a strong alliance. Your secret weapon is called - patience. Sooner or later alliances will start to break and then the time for profit is yours. See to it that you can protect what you take. Don't take all your victory point provinces just to see the armies of a vengeful France marching up your borders.;;;;;;;;;;1857 PRU_WOSS_MISSNAME;Expand in Germany.;;;;;;;;;;1858 PRU_WOSS_MISSDESC;You will gain victory progress for every province that you control of the following - Western Pomerania Mecklemburg Erz Anhalt Pfalz and Mainz.;;;;;;;;;;1859 PRU_DESC;The area known as Prussia was inhabited in early times by West Slavic tribes, ancestors of the modern Poles in the West and Baltic tribes closely related to Lithuanians in the East. Sometime after the seventh century the area was invaded and settled by pagan Germanic tribes later known as Prussians. The Protestant Reformation in the early to mid 1500s saw most Prussians convert to Protestantism whereas Poland remained and still remains solidly Roman Catholic. In 1525 Ducal Prussia became a hereditary duchy under Albrecht Hohenzollern, the last grand master of the Teutonic Knights. In 1657 after an invasion by the Swedes, Poland completely surrendered sovereignty over Ducal Prussia to the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg. With both Brandenburg and Prussia under his control, Friedrich Hohenzollern had himself crowned King of Prussia on Jan. 18, 1701. Prussia's power grew and in 1772, under King Friedrich II (Frederick the Great) it consisted of the provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Danzig, West Prussia, and East Prussia.;;;;;;;;;;1860 PRU_1773_S;In 1773 Prussia's army was not the largest in Europe, but their troops were of the best quality in the world. Prussia was an Army with a country, not the other way around. This was one of the reasons behind Prussia's urge to expand. In conjunction with Russia and Austria, Prussia devoured parts of Poland-Lithuania. Smaller German countries soon fell as Prussia moved deeper into Central and Western Germany. The anticipated Great War over supremacy in the east never occurred, as revolutionary France quickly became a more deadly threat towards the existing order, thus forcing Prussia to join with Austria and Russia in an unholy alliance.;;;;;;;;;;1861 PRU_1773_C;Prussia needs to expand to win this scenario. Most other countries have hords of colonies and trade posts. Colonizing the non-European continents is a luxury Prussia can ill-afford much less becoming embroiled in a colonial war. Prussia's fortune lies in Germany and in Poland. You must take as much of Poland-Lithuania as possible and expand in Germany. Note that gobbling up smaller German countries inevitably will force you to cross swords with other major powers, so see to it that you are part of a strong alliance. Both Russia and Austria are your natural enemies but you cannot stand still watching one of them getting too strong on behalf of the other.;;;;;;;;;;1862 PRU_1700_VPTACTIC;Prussia is in a difficult position. She is fairly small and lies within striking distance of Poland-Lithuania Sweden and Austria. Diplomacy is the name of the Prussian game. Join wars and switch sides every time you get provinces in a peace resolution. Be careful! Build up relations during periods of peace. One or two strong allies are necessary at the start. You have no real enemies but your efforts of expansion will create some. Your natural friends are England Turkey and Russia but do not underestimate the profits from fighting a war together with countries such as Spain and Austria. They might have smaller enemies that only you can reach...;;;;;;;;;;1863 PRU_1700_HISTDESC;In 1700 the Spanish king Carlos II dies and his testament implies that the grandson of Louis XIV King of France Philip is to be King of Spain on the condition that the thrones of Spain and France are not united. Old King Louis XIV doesn't accept this and claims both thrones for his grandson. This starts the War of Spanish Succession between, on one side France Spain and Bavaria, and on the other side England the Netherlands and Austria. At the same time the Great Northern war is fought in the North and East. When the dynastical war ends in 1713 Prussia is unharmed. By switching sides, she managed not to lose any territory, and by declaring war on the wounded Sweden Prussia gained the eastern part of the province Western Pomerania. Prussia is biding her time, and building up her army. Slow but steady the Prussian question emerges: Does not Silesia belong to us?;;;;;;;;;;1864 PRU;Prussia;;;;;;;;;;1865 PROVTAX_TOTAL;Total Modification: §Y%d§W percent;;;;;;;;;;1866 PROVTAX_SUP;No land connection to capital: §Y%d§W percent \n;;;;;;;;;;1867 PROVTAX_STAB;Stability Modifier: §Y%s%d§W percent \n;;;;;;;;;;1868 PROVTAX_SRE;State Religion Modifier: §Y%s%d§W percent \n;;;;;;;;;;1869 PROVTAX_REL;Religious Difference: §Y%d§W percent \n;;;;;;;;;;1870 PROVTAX_EXC;WarTaxes: §Y+%d§W percent \n;;;;;;;;;;1871 PROVTAX_CUL;Cultural Difference: §Y%d§W percent \n;;;;;;;;;;1872 PROVOWNOCC_SETUP;When someone has occupied one of your provinces;;;;;;;;;;1873 PROVOWNOCC_LOG;We have lost control over %s to %s.;;;;;;;;;;1874 PROVOWNOCC_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;1875 PROVOWNOCC_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;1876 PROVOWNOCC_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1877 PROVOWNOCC_6;;;;;;;;;;;1878 PROVOWNOCC_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;1879 PROVOWNOCC_4;to the filthy traitors of;;;;;;;;;;1880 PROVOWNOCC_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1881 PROVOWNOCC_2;%t, we have lost control over;;;;;;;;;;1882 PROVOWNOCC_1;Enemy in Sight!;;;;;;;;;;1883 PROV_SUPPLY_7;–2 Adjacent to Port\n;;;;;;;;;;1884 PROV_SUPPLY_6;–3 Coastal\n;;;;;;;;;;1885 PROV_SUPPLY_5;+10 Icy\n;;;;;;;;;;1886 PROV_SUPPLY_4;+10 Storm\n;;;;;;;;;;1887 PROV_SUPPLY_3;+10 Conscription Center\n;;;;;;;;;;1888 PROV_SUPPLY_2;+%d Fortress\n;;;;;;;;;;1889 PROV_SUPPLY_1;+%d Province Supply\n;;;;;;;;;;1890 PROV_ATTRITION_9;+5 Desert\n;;;;;;;;;;1891 PROV_ATTRITION_8;+5 Mountain\n;;;;;;;;;;1892 PROV_ATTRITION_7;+2 Marsh\n;;;;;;;;;;1893 PROV_ATTRITION_6;+5 Looted Province\n;;;;;;;;;;1894 PROV_ATTRITION_5;+5 Tropical\n;;;;;;;;;;1895 PROV_ATTRITION_4;+10 Winter\n;;;;;;;;;;1896 PROV_ATTRITION_3;+10 Out of Supply\n;;;;;;;;;;1897 PROV_ATTRITION_2;+%d due to Technology (10 – current level)\n;;;;;;;;;;1898 PROV_ATTRITION_1;+15 At Sea\n;;;;;;;;;;1899 PROV_ATTRITION_0;Maximum attrition that a unit in this province can take:\n;;;;;;;;;;1900 PROTESTANT;Protestant;;;;;;;;;;1901 PROMOTED_SETUP;When you are promoted;;;;;;;;;;1902 PROMOTED_LOG;You were promoted to %s.;;;;;;;;;;1903 PROMOTED_HEADER;Our Monarch approaches:%s;;;;;;;;;;1904 PROMOTED_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;1905 PROMOTED_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;1906 PROMOTED_6;You have served us well, keep it up!;;;;;;;;;;1907 PROMOTED_5;'%t';;;;;;;;;;1908 PROMOTED_4;You will hereafter be addressed as;;;;;;;;;;1909 PROMOTED_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;1910 PROMOTED_2;%t you have performed excellently and are hereby granted the rank of;;;;;;;;;;1911 PROMOTED_1;Well Done!;;;;;;;;;;1912 PRO_DESC;The major part of Provence, held by the house of Aragón, in 1246 passed to the Angevin dynasty of Naples through marriage and under their rule the towns became virtually independent republics. In 1481 Provence was willed to the king of France, and its union to the crown was effected on the condition that Provence keep its administrative autonomy - a condition that was poorly honored.;;;;;;;;;;1913 PRO;Provence;;;;;;;;;;1914 PRM_DESC;Sitting astride the Mur River, the Duchy of Styria has long been important as a trading center, and has had considerable strategic importance owing to the easily fortified Schloßberg at its principal city of Graz. In the late middle ages, Bavarian colonists settled the area which is very favorably situated on several old trade routes. The settlement developed primarily in the second quarter of the twelfth century, after the Styrian prince, Margrave Ottokar III of the Traungau family took possession of the province, enlarged it and made it his administrative center. Between the 10th and 13th centuries, during the period of Babenberg control, Styria was contested by the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire on several occasions in the battle for control of the German church. Meanwhile, the reformists gained ground, founding the monasteries of Gottweig, Lambach, and Admont in Styria. Apart from brief interruptions, the Babenbergs maintained their sovereignty over the duchy of Styria, expanding them north and south. New settlements were made by clearing the forests and moving into mountain areas. The colonization process changed the distribution of the German-speaking population and apart from some Alpine regions, the Slavs were gradually assimilated, as were the remnants of Roman population in Salzburg and the northern Tyrol. The expansion of the German language was also encouraged by the attraction the Babenburg court held for the leading German poets. Following the death of Frederick II, the Babenbergs’ dominions were coveted by their neighbors. The main beneficiary was Premysl Otakar II of Bohemia, until Rodolfo IV of Hapsburg came to the German throne in 1273 and pushed him out with the help of the Hungarians. As was custom in the Holy Roman Empire, a father divided his lands among his sons. Albrecht II, duke of all Upper and Lower Austria gave Upper Austria to his older son Albrecht III (founder of the Albrechtian branch of Habsburgs,) and Lower Austria went to his younger son Leopold III (founder of the Leopoldian branch of Habsburgs). Leopold's decendents became the rulers of Styria, and in time became the sole rulers of all of Upper and Lower Austria come the reign of Maximilian I.;;;;;;;;;;1915 PRM;Styria;;;;;;;;;;1916 PRIVATEER;Privateer;;;;;;;;;;1917 POSCORE;Value;;;;;;;;;;1918 POROLLPROV;Remove %s from %s.;;;;;;;;;;1919 POROLLPLUS;Add 25$ to %s.;;;;;;;;;;1920 POROLLOFFPROV;Offer %s in tribute.;;;;;;;;;;1921 POROLLOFFER;the peace offer;;;;;;;;;;1922 POROLLMINUS;Remove 25$ from %s.;;;;;;;;;;1923 POROLLDEMPROV;Demand %s in tribute.;;;;;;;;;;1924 POROLLDEMAND;the peace demand;;;;;;;;;;1925 POROLLCENTER;Center map on %s.;;;;;;;;;;1926 PORECIVER;Reciever;;;;;;;;;;1927 POR_RG_VPTACTIC;Your country is small but hundreds of colonists and traders are now ready to take the sea route to India and the Far East. Explore and trade a lot build up your colonies in Brazil and Africa and place trading posts as far as China and the East Indies: thus you could well end up leading the colonial political and economic race. You still need a good understanding with Spain and must be aware of potential overseas expeditions from France and England. The heathen Turks hate you and there might be a potential for naval conflict in the Indian Ocean since they have taken Egypt and reached the shores of the Red Sea.;;;;;;;;;;1928 POR_RG_MISSTACT;Your province in Goa will serve as a good bridgehead for troops that can clear neutral provinces of natives who will make life difficult for you. Make sure to place merchants in the centers of trade that your Trading Posts belong to otherwise the economical returns of your colonies will be negligible. The sea route to the East Indies is long and perilous make sure you begin with establishing a colony with a port in the area should you choose to go for East India.;;;;;;;;;;1929 POR_RG_MISSNAME;Establish Indian Empire;;;;;;;;;;1930 POR_RG_MISSDESC;You will gain Victory Progress by successfully placing colonists in India and the East Indian Islands, especially along the west coast of India.;;;;;;;;;;1931 POR_RG_HISTDESC;The arrival of Da Gama's fleet off Calicut in 1498 had crowned decades of efforts of the Lusitanian kingdom to pursue the systematic exploration and rounding of the African coast. In less than 20 years the Portuguese had set a network of trading stations stretching as far as Malacca. The complete monopoly of the Spice Trade was finally within reach. However upsetting the century-old Muslim trade with India and the East would not leave the Arabic merchants unmoved and conflict would soon arise in the Indian Ocean. Would the seaworthiness and fighting abilities of Portuguese seamen and their renowned caravels be enough to match the numerous dohws of the infidels?;;;;;;;;;;1932 POR_GC_VPTACTIC;Your country is small and poor but hundreds of colonists and traders await the news of your discovering the sea route to India and the Far East. Explore and trade a lot build your colonies and trading posts and you could well end up leading the colonial political and economic race. You shall need a good understanding with Spain and beware of France and England. The heathen Turks hate you but there is not much they can do against your realm.;;;;;;;;;;1933 POR_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;1934 POR_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;1935 POR_GC_HISTDESC;In 1479 Spain and Portugal had signed the treaty of Alcaçovas which gave the Lusitanian kingdom the tranquility on its borders that it needed to pursue the systematic exploration of the African coast. The Portuguese in the footsteps of Prince Henry the Navigator were sure that the shortest route to India avoiding the Muslim East was by rounding Africa. Fearless explorers had just discovered the southern tip of the continent and were about to set sail for the rich lands described by Marco Polo and catch the great prize of the Spice Trade.;;;;;;;;;;1936 POR_DESC;Portugal emerged as a nation state in the early 12th century and ranks as one of the world's longest established countries. In 1143 Portugal was raised to the status of a kingdom. Dom Afonso Henriques became King of an independent Portugal. He had taken three quarters of the present day Portugal from the Muslims, including Lisbon. After his death in 1185 the conquest was completed by his successors. Afonso III expanded this Kingdom southward to the Algarve in 1249 and under João I Portuguese sailors began to explore the African coast and the Atlantic. Its boundaries have been unchanged since the 13th century. The Fifteenth Century was Portugal's Age of Discovery. First it was Madeira Island then the Azores Cape Bojador and Cape Verde. Then the Portuguese explorers reached Africa, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and gave Portugal its own route to India. Vasco de Gama reached India establishing Portuguese colonies and Pedro Cabral discovered Brazil. Other Portuguese explorers reached the Far East China and Japan. For that brief moment in time Portugal was the richest country in Europe.;;;;;;;;;;1937 POR_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;1938 POR;Portugal;;;;;;;;;;1939 POPROVINCE;Province;;;;;;;;;;1940 POPRESP;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;1941 POPGRWTH_STAB;+%d: Stability \n;;;;;;;;;;1942 POPGRWTH_SIEGE;–5: Siege \n;;;;;;;;;;1943 POPGRWTH_OCCU;–3 Occupation \n;;;;;;;;;;1944 POPGRWTH_MANUFACTURY;+2: Manufactory \n;;;;;;;;;;1945 POPGRWTH_LOOTED;–5: Province is Looted \n;;;;;;;;;;1946 POPGRWTH_LOC;%d Location;;;;;;;;;;1947 POPGRWTH_EVENT;%d: Event Effects \n;;;;;;;;;;1948 POPGRWTH_ENEMY;–5: Enemy Troops \n;;;;;;;;;;1949 POPGRWTH_COTN;+2: Neighboring Center of Trade \n;;;;;;;;;;1950 POPGRWTH_COT;+5: Center of Trade \n;;;;;;;;;;1951 POPGRWTH_COLONY;+5: Colony \n;;;;;;;;;;1952 POPGRWTH_CITYRIGHTS;+1: Governor \n;;;;;;;;;;1953 POPDIPLO;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;1954 POOFFER;Offer Tribute;;;;;;;;;;1955 PONO;No Tribute;;;;;;;;;;1956 PONEGBLABLA;negotiates Peace with;;;;;;;;;;1957 PONATION;%s ALONE (separate peace);;;;;;;;;;1958 POM_DESC;The history of Pomerania is complicated and diversified. The first Polish rulers of the Piast dynasty, Mieszko I and Boleslaw the Brave, accomplished the political unification of this land that had been divided among local nobles in the 10th century. At the beginning of the second millennium Poland's ties with Western Pomerania loosened since she was unable to maintain her rule there. The destiny of Eastern Pomerania followed another path - the local ducal dynasty related to the Piasts stayed in Power in its capitals in Slawno Swiecie and Gdansk and recognised Polish hegemony. Another attempt to unite all of the Pomeranian lands was made by Boleslaw the Wrymouth, who, at the beginning of the 12th century succeeded in making the entire region between the Vistula Odra and Notec one politically and territorially integrated realm. There were considerable differences in terms of its integration with Poland however. While Eastern Pomerania became one of the provinces of the Polish state, the local dynasty in Western Pomerania remained in power with Duke Warcislaw residing in Kamien Pomorski. The latter, however, obligated himself to accept baptism and military assistance and recognized Polish hegemony. Until the 17th century, Polish dukes ruled western and central Pomerania (the duchies of Wolgast and Stettin) under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire. The elector of Brandenburg acquired these duchies in 1637, when the last Polish duke, Boguslaw XIV, who had united them, died without issue, but Sweden received Western Pomerania by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.;;;;;;;;;;1959 POM;Pomerania;;;;;;;;;;1960 POLICYDESC_7;The benefits of keeping an effective yeomanry come with a price that not every ruler can or is willing to pay. §YFree Subjects§W - Increased cost for building infantry. Higher morale for armies. Increased cost for improving stability. Higher production efficiency. §YSerfdom§W - Decreased cost for building infantry. Lower morale for armies. Decreased cost for improving stability. Lower production efficiency.;;;;;;;;;;1961 POLICYDESC_6;A nation with many subjects can overwhelm a smaller enemy by sheer weight of numbers. In this case, the enemy has to depend on a higher professionalism by their smaller army in order to prevail. §YQuantity§W - Increased Manpower. Decreased cost for building infantry and cavalry. Lower morale for armies. Decreased fire value for general commanders. §YQuality§W - Decreased Manpower. Increased cost for building infantry and cavalry. higher morale for armies. Increased fire value for general commanders.;;;;;;;;;;1962 POLICYDESC_5;Do you strive to be a land based or a maritime power? §YNaval§W - Decreased cost for building naval units increased cost for naval units. Higher morale for navies lower for armies. More Settlers received each year. §YLand§W - Increased cost for building naval units decreased cost for army units. Lower morale for navies higher for armies.;;;;;;;;;;1963 POLICYDESC_4;One school in the art of war promotes the slow but relatively safe way of methodically laying sieges to the enemy’s defenses. Another advocates winning the war more quickly through a series of violent and sharp but decisive pitched battles. §YDefensive Doctrine§W - Decreased cost for artillery. Lower morale for armies. Decreased shock value for general commanders but increased siege value for them. §YOffensive Doctrine§W - Increased cost for artillery. Higher morale for armies. Increased shock value for general commanders but decreased siege value for them.;;;;;;;;;;1964 POLICYDESC_3;Mercantilism is a system in which the government promotes the national industries and merchants by regulations, economic promotions and high customs borders on the behalf of foreign competition. §YFree Trade§W - Increased cost for placing Merchants. More Merchants and Settlers received each year. §YMercantilism§W - Decreased cost for placing Merchants. Less Merchants and Settlers received each year. Can have more trade refusals against other nations without negative effects on the increasing of trade efficiency.;;;;;;;;;;1965 POLICYDESC_2;Keeping conformity and sticking to traditional views can be an effective way to carry a society through difficult times. It does not however promote a good breeding ground for creativity and innovations. Those that don’t fit the group have to leave. §YNarrow-minded§W - Decreased risk for rebellion due to war exhaustion. Increased cost for improving technology but decreased cost for improving stability. More Missionaries and Settlers received each year. §YInventiveness§W - Increased risk for rebellion due to war exhaustion. Decreased cost for improving technology but increased cost for improving stability. Fewer Missionaries and Settlers received each year.;;;;;;;;;;1966 POLICYDESC_1;Only a centralized government can implement unitary laws tolls measurement and monetary systems etc. However making the central powers will felt by changing local customs and traditions is seldom viewed favourably by the subjects. §YDecentralization§W - Decreased risk for rebellion due to war exhaustion lower risk for rebels to sprung liberation movements. Increased cost for improving technology and lower production efficiency. §YCentralization§W - Increased risk for rebellion due to war exhaustion higher risk for rebels to sprung liberation movements. Decreased cost for improving technology and higher production efficiency.;;;;;;;;;;1967 POLICYDESC_0;The question is if you want to promote a wealthy middle class or the traditional nobility. §YPlutocracy§W - Increased cost for building cavalry decreased cost for building warships. Higher Trade efficiency but a negative bonus to the Monarchs diplomatic rating. §YAristocracy§W - Decreased cost for building cavalry increased cost for warships. Lower Trade efficiency but a bonus to the Monarchs diplomatic rating.;;;;;;;;;;1968 POLEADER;%s as LEADER of alliance;;;;;;;;;;1969 POL_SB_VPTACTIC;Poland starts out in a very favorable position as regards its possible incorporation of more Baltic territory. The Teutonic Order has been extremely weakened and the Hansa own but a small outcrop of territory in the region. The time is ripe for a complete annexation of these areas by Poland. However Sweden and Russia are here to make sure this does not occur. One strategy is the annexation of the Order through diplomatic maneuvers. Ally yourself with the Teutonic Order and stay on their good side. After 10 years they can become your vassals. After an additional 10 years as vassals they can be peacefully incorporated into your territory – given a consistently high relationship and a bit of bribery! Annex the Order quickly either through diplomatic or military means because Sweden and Russia will soon aspire to large areas of this valuable territory. Create a possible alliance with Denmark (against Sweden) or an alliance with the Order to help you in the struggle. Don’t forget to build and maintain a strong Polish naval fleet in the Baltic too! To begin with this can only be achieved from Danzig but if you are successful more seaports will open up to your domains in due course.;;;;;;;;;;1970 POL_SB_MISSTACT;Poland is in the most advantagous position of all the countries in this scenario. She has extremely potent armies strong resources and the diplomatic push to make her feelings known across the entire area. Seek warmer ties with the Hanseatic League and the Order for they are the key to maintaining the Baltic estates that you currently own when a desperate Russia and Sweden begin their attempts at invasion. Also don't forget your might can also be your greatest weakness. Be aware of a possible coalition that could rise up against you made up of the Baltic States the Hanseatic League, along with Russia and Sweden. If this happens you are in for a savage conflict that will bleed the Baltic provinces deathly white.;;;;;;;;;;1971 POL_SB_MISSNAME;Establish a Secured Baltic Coastline;;;;;;;;;;1972 POL_SB_MISSDESC;You will gain victory progress for every province owned and controlled on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and for the province of Novgorod.;;;;;;;;;;1973 POL_SB_HISTDESC;In the late Jagiellonian era Poland owned only 120 miles (3 percent) of coastline of a total of a 3.000-mile frontier. The Grand Duchy controlled 160 miles (6 percent) of a total of 2 800-mile frontier. Polish aspirations for Baltic territory began in 1454, taking Danzig in the Incorporations of Prussia. This continued and expanded during the Partitions of Prussia in 1466 & 1525. The Commonwealth incorporated Livonia into its realms in 1561. These gains were confirmed under the reign of Stephan Bathory (1576-1586) during several successful wars against Muscovy. From 1600-1629 Poland and Sweden battled almost non-stop for control of Baltic estates. Each time Poland's back was turned fighting the Turks in the south Sweden made gains. In 1629, after 20 years of exceedingly bloody war (Treaty of Altmark), the Swedes took control of Prussian ports (apart from Danzig Puck Konigsberg) taking a 3.5 percent toll on the Vistula trade. In 1635 (Peace of Stumdorf) Poland received these ports back in return for confirmation of Swedish hold on Livonia. Polish efforts to control more seaside territory eventually ended in failure due to incessant distractions and wars with Turkey and Russia to the east and SE from 1660 onwards.;;;;;;;;;;1974 POL_GNW_VPTACTIC;Getting victory points as Poland-Lithuania means not taking the Augustinian route. Russia is very dangerous and in principle an alliance would be good but there is a risk that the Russians will lay their hands on the precious Baltic provinces before you have a chance to get a strike at them. It is though advisable to befriend Russia initially, letting them declare war on the fearsome Swedes. Then Poland-Lithuania can switch sides and join Sweden in a liberation adventure snatching the Baltic provinces before the Swedes do. However note that all three countries;;;;;;;;;;1975 POL_GNW_MISSTACT;Poland now well past her prime was historically in slow decline from the early 18th century onwards. Your country starts out in a grand alliance with Saxony Denmark and Russia against the all-powerful Swedes under Karl XII. Expect demands from the Russians to join a prospective Northern War against the northern invincibles in short time though if you decide to partake in the war it is entirely up to you. Just be wary the Russians WILL take their revenge for your refusal! If you do decide to join however it is recommended that you capture Riga and then strike into Swedish Livonia taking back the lands that were so rightfully yours while the Russian hordes under Peter I make their move against the Swedes further to the north. On the other hand, if you decide to dishonor your alliance then another powerful enemy awaits you. The Prussians under the Brandenburg dynasty are now independent (since 1657 historically) and slowly growing into a European power. Take back Ducal Prussia (eastern Prussia the city of Konigsberg) but be warned their armies are becoming mightier by the year and no doubt the English will join them in an alliance. Counter this by a strong bond with the French.;;;;;;;;;;1976 POL_GNW_MISSNAME;Retake the Baltic provinces.;;;;;;;;;;1977 POL_GNW_MISSDESC;Poland-Lithuania gets victory points for controlling Courland, Livonia and Estonia.;;;;;;;;;;1978 POL_GNW_HISTDESC;At the beginning of the 18th century Poland-Lithuania was not what she once had been. She was still quite strong but Russia was very dangerous. The Saxon elector August the Strong had become King of Poland-Lithuania, but had no intention for Poland-Lithuania but to increase his personal fame and glory. He started out by striking a pact with Russia and Poland-Lithuania in a vain hope to retake the lost baltic provinces from Sweden. The war did not go well for August and he had to fight for survival, wrecking Poland-Lithuania as a consequence. After the war the Polish-Lithuanian government was nonfunctional due to the strong Russian influence. Poland-Lithuania was slowly losing its sovereignity.;;;;;;;;;;1979 POL_GC_VPTACTIC;In 1492 Poland is one of the most powerful military land countries of all the major powers. It is the largest state in Europe at this time and also has the most numerous armies in Eastern Europe. Hostile neighbors surround the country to the northeast and south. A good strategy is to crush the slow but steady emergence of Russia the earlier the better. Otherwise if left alone the Russians shall be much more difficult to deal with later on. Also watch out for possible incursions by Turkey to the south she will no doubt want to invade Christian Europe taking with her Hungary Austria and a good bite out of Poland if you're not careful! Create a strong anti-Turk alliance with Hungary Austria and possibly France. Thirdly, keep a watch out across the eerily quiet Baltic Sea. Sweden is set to emerge as a power in just over a century with her eyes set on lucrative Baltic estates currently most of it under Polish or Teutonic control. Poland is also strong economically. Build up your fortress defenses immediately in your north eastern and southern frontiers. Your forces are already plentiful!;;;;;;;;;;1980 POL_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;1981 POL_GC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;1982 POL_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;1983 POL_GC_HISTDESC;The marriage of Poland and Lithuania and the creation of the Jagiellonian Royal dynasty in Poland (1385-1572) brought forth the Golden Age of this country. Throughout the 15th century Poland continued to expand, incorporating Prussia in 1454 as well as large areas of Russia. During this era Poland stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea and its supremacy within the central eastern European sphere of influence was assured. In 1569 Poland signed the Union of Lublin officially combining both states into a Commonwealth. Till the early 18th century Poland was considered one of the foremost military powers of Europe, fighting successful wars against the Teutonic Order Swedes Turks and the Muscovites. Magnate excesses and divided loyalties caused degeneration of the state. In 1648 the Cossacks rebelled over their treatment. Consequently its enemies (Sweden / Russia) decided to take advantage of the situation flooding the country in 1655 with their combined military means when she was at her weakest. This was the ‘Deluge’. Perpetual war lasted till 1667, decimating the country a series of blows she never fully recovered from.;;;;;;;;;;1984 POL_DESC;During a period of disunity the Teutonic Knights gained a foothold in the then pagan north of Poland. Their power was only broken by their defeat at the hands of Polish-Lithuanian forces at Tannenberg in 1410 and by the second treaty of Torun in 1466 they became vassals of the Polish kings. Jadwiga, daughter to Louis I of Hungary and queen of Poland, then married Ladislaus Jagiello, the Grand Duke of Lithuania who became king of Poland as Ladislaus II. The nations of Poland and Lithuania were now united under one king and one religion as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was an immensely powerful state, which would probably have pacified all of eastern Europe had it not been for its great inherent instability. It was an elective monarchy where all of the great nobles had the right of veto in the Sejm. This 'liberum veto' effectively paralyzed Poland-Lithuania at times when it could not afford it, and led to its eventual destruction at the hands of the Russians, Prussians and Austrians in the three partitions of Poland.;;;;;;;;;;1985 POL;Poland;;;;;;;;;;1986 PODEMAND;Demand Tribute;;;;;;;;;;1987 PO_VASSAL;Demand Vassalisation;;;;;;;;;;1988 PO_RELIGION;Demand Religious Conversion;;;;;;;;;;1989 PO_PD_J;You have won a devastating victory. You could demand three provinces or 300$. If you demand 'four stars less' than you are entitled to, the enemy is forced to accept your peace. You can also FORCE the nation to convert back to %s in return for a peace.;;;;;;;;;;1990 PO_PD_I;You have won a devastating victory. You could demand three provinces or 300$. If you demand 'four stars less' than you are entitled to, the enemy is forced to accept your peace. You can also FORCE ANNEX the nation entirely.;;;;;;;;;;1991 PO_PD_H;You have won a devastating victory. You could demand three provinces or 300$. If you demand 'four stars less' than you are entitled to, the enemy is forced to accept your peace.;;;;;;;;;;1992 PO_PD_G;You have won a total victory. A demand of two provinces or 500$ should be accepted. If you demand 'four stars less' than you are entitled to, the enemy is forced to accept your peace.;;;;;;;;;;1993 PO_PD_F;You have won. A demand of one province or 500$ should be accepted.;;;;;;;;;;1994 PO_PD_E;The war is still undecided. A demand of 250$ may be accepted.;;;;;;;;;;1995 PO_PD_D;The war is still undecided. An offer of 250$ may be enough to get a peace.;;;;;;;;;;1996 PO_PD_C;The enemy have won. You should offer them at least one province or 100$ in return for a peace.;;;;;;;;;;1997 PO_PD_B;The enemy have won a total victory. You should offer them at least two provinces or 200$ in return for a peace.;;;;;;;;;;1998 PO_PD_A;The enemy have won a devastating victory. You should offer them at least three provinces or 300$ in return for a peace.;;;;;;;;;;1999 PO_ACCESS;Demand Military Access;;;;;;;;;;2000 PLTRA;Please select a province;;;;;;;;;;2001 PLMER;Please select a Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;2002 PLEASESELECT;LEFT-CLICK ON A PROVINCE OR UNIT TO SELECT IT.\n \nRIGHT-CLICK ON A PROVINCE OR UNIT TO ACCESS SHORTCUT COMMANDS.\n \nIF YOU HAVE A UNIT SELECTED, RIGHT-CLICK ON ITS DESTINATION TO MOVE IT.;;;;;;;;;;2003 PLEASECONFIRM;Please Confirm:;;;;;;;;;;2004 PLCOL;Please select a province;;;;;;;;;;2005 PLAYERLAG_MSG_HOST;By dropping a player lag may improve but the dropped player will not be able to continue. If you do a save and quit you can reconnect to the saved game when network latency has improved.;;;;;;;;;;2006 PLAYERLAG_MSG_CLIENT;The more bullets the better connection.;;;;;;;;;;2007 PLAYERLAG_HEADER;Network Latency;;;;;;;;;;2008 PIWTRADESHAREDRO;The value will increase as the population of the province increases, and as the resource's market value increases. Click on the resource icon to the left to view details about the market value of this resource.;;;;;;;;;;2009 PIWTRADESHARE;Amount that this province generates in its Center of Trade.;;;;;;;;;;2010 PIWTRADEOVERSEAS;This province is overseas and we only gain %d percent of its trade value.\n;;;;;;;;;;2011 PIWTRADEBLOCKADE;%d percent of our home ports are blockaded.\n;;;;;;;;;;2012 PIWPROVINFO;Province Information;;;;;;;;;;2013 PIWNATIVE;Native Strength: %d. Aggressiveness: %s (%d);;;;;;;;;;2014 PIWINC_TPBASEETAX;(Base Tax if expanded to city: %d$)\n;;;;;;;;;;2015 PIWINC_TAX;%.1f$ Province Taxes (Base %d$)\n;;;;;;;;;;2016 PIWINC_PROD;%.1f$ Production Incomes\n;;;;;;;;;;2017 PIWINC_PIRATES;-%d$ Pirates\n;;;;;;;;;;2018 PIWINC_NONE;This province is not colonized by anyone and does not generate any incomes. This is the potential Tax Income if you colonize this province, and expand the province to a city (requires 10 successful colonist placements);;;;;;;;;;2019 PIWINC_MANU;%d$ Manufactories\n;;;;;;;;;;2020 PIWINC_HARB;%d$ Trade Tariffs\n;;;;;;;;;;2021 PIWINC_EXP;%.1f$ Trade Taxes (Max 12$) \n;;;;;;;;;;2022 PIWINC_DELAYED5;§YBlockaded Provinces§W give half Province Tax Incomes.;;;;;;;;;;2023 PIWINC_DELAYED4;§YTrade Tariffs§W 3$ per present merchant are generated in §YCenters §Yof §YTrade.\n;;;;;;;;;;2024 PIWINC_DELAYED3;§YTrade Taxes§W are earned from §Yall §Yprovinces. §WThe actual amount depends on the size of the settlement / city your trade level and the value of the province's resource.\n;;;;;;;;;;2025 PIWINC_DELAYED2;§YProduction Incomes§W are earned from provinces with §Ycolonies §Wor §Ycities. §WThe actual amount depends on the size of the colony / city your infrastructure and the value of the province's resource.\n;;;;;;;;;;2026 PIWINC_DELAYED1;§YProvince Taxes§W are earned from all owned provinces with §Ycities §W and are modified by your Stability. They can also be increased by promotions.\n;;;;;;;;;;2027 PIWFACILITY_WEAPONS;Weapons Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;2028 PIWFACILITY_REFINERY;Refinery;;;;;;;;;;2029 PIWFACILITY_NAVALEQUIPMENTS;Naval Equipment Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;2030 PIWFACILITY_MANUFACTUREDGOODS;Goods Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;2031 PIWFACILITY_LUXURYGOODS;Fine Arts Academy;;;;;;;;;;2032 PIWEXPANDFORTERR8;This province is too poor and can only support a maximum of a level %d fortress.;;;;;;;;;;2033 PIWEXPANDFORTERR7;You have already reached the maximum fortress size.;;;;;;;;;;2034 PIWEXPANDFORTERR6;Promotion in progress;;;;;;;;;;2035 PIWEXPANDFORTERR5;You cannot expand the fortress in a Colony.;;;;;;;;;;2036 PIWEXPANDFORTERR4;This fortress can not be expanded further.;;;;;;;;;;2037 PIWEXPANDFORTERR3;You can not expand a fortress beyond level %d with your current technology.;;;;;;;;;;2038 PIWEXPANDFORTERR2;You can not afford the %d$ required to expand this fortress.;;;;;;;;;;2039 PIWEXPANDFORTERR1;You are currently expanding this fortress.;;;;;;;;;;2040 PIWEXPANDFORT_NONE;This city has no fortress. Click to build one.;;;;;;;;;;2041 PIWEXPANDFORT_DRO;The greater the Fortress, the longer siege and the larger army will it take to defeat it.;;;;;;;;;;2042 PIWEXPANDFORT;Level %d Fortress. Click to Expand;;;;;;;;;;2043 PIWEMPTYT;NEUTRAL PROVINCE;;;;;;;;;;2044 PIWEMPTY3;any resource right now.;;;;;;;;;;2045 PIWEMPTY2;any nation and does not produce;;;;;;;;;;2046 PIWEMPTY1;This province is not colonized by;;;;;;;;;;2047 PIWCOURTHOUSE_I4;You need to have a Tax collector in the province first.;;;;;;;;;;2048 PIWCOURTHOUSE_I3;You cannot afford the %d$ it costs to promote a Legal counsel;;;;;;;;;;2049 PIWCOURTHOUSE_I2;Promote Legal counsel to Chief judge (%d$, 24 months);;;;;;;;;;2050 PIWCOURTHOUSE_I1;Legal counsel's Office;;;;;;;;;;2051 PIWCOURTHOUSE_I0;Chief judge's Office;;;;;;;;;;2052 PIWCOURTHOUSE_D2;Promoting your Legal counsel to a Chief judge will increase your Tax Incomes and reduce the Revolt Risk.;;;;;;;;;;2053 PIWCOURTHOUSE_D1;Once you reach Infrastructure level 4 you can promote your Legal counsel to a Chief judge increasing your Tax Incomes and reducing the Revolt Risk.;;;;;;;;;;2054 PIWCOURTHOUSE_D0;(Cannot be further upgraded.);;;;;;;;;;2055 PIWCITYRIGHTS_I3;You cannot afford the %d$ it costs to promote a Mayor;;;;;;;;;;2056 PIWCITYRIGHTS_I2;Promote Mayor to Governor (%d$, 24 months);;;;;;;;;;2057 PIWCITYRIGHTS_I1;Mayor's Office;;;;;;;;;;2058 PIWCITYRIGHTS_I0;Governor's Office;;;;;;;;;;2059 PIWCITYRIGHTS_D2;Increases your Production Incomes and City Growth and reduces inflation.;;;;;;;;;;2060 PIWCITYRIGHTS_D1;Once you reach Infrastructure level 5 you can promote your Mayor to a Governor increasing your Production Incomes and City Growth and reducing inflation.;;;;;;;;;;2061 PIWCITYRIGHTS_D0;(Cannot be further upgraded.);;;;;;;;;;2062 PIWBUILDTROOPS_NOTAX;Too low Tax Value. The maximum build capacity in a national province is 1000 men (or 10 cannon) multiplied by the province's Tax Value. In non-national provinces (colonies and conquered provinces) you can build half that amount. Therefore if the Tax Value is too low you cannot build any troops. Sometimes promoting a Bailiff or Chief judge thereby increasing the Tax Value will help.;;;;;;;;;;2063 PIWBUILDTROOPS_COL;You cannot build troops in a Colony.;;;;;;;;;;2064 PIWBUILDTROOPS;Build Troops / Conscription Center;;;;;;;;;;2065 PIWBUILDSHIPS_NOTAX;The maximum build capacity in a national province is 1 ship multiplied by the province's Tax Value. In non-national provinces (colonies and conquered provinces) you can build half that amount. Therefore if the Tax Value is too low you cannot build any ships.;;;;;;;;;;2066 PIWBUILDSHIPS_COL;You cannot build ships in a Colony.;;;;;;;;;;2067 PIWBUILDSHIPS;Build Ships / Shipyard;;;;;;;;;;2068 PIWBUILDMANUFACTORYERR5;Impossible Mission!;;;;;;;;;;2069 PIWBUILDMANUFACTORYERR4;You can not afford the %d$ required to build a manufactory.;;;;;;;;;;2070 PIWBUILDMANUFACTORYERR3;Manufactory construction in progress.;;;;;;;;;;2071 PIWBUILDMANUFACTORYERR2;Build Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;2072 PIWBUILDMANUFACTORYERR1;You can't build a manufactory on these resources.;;;;;;;;;;2073 PIWBUILDMANUFACTORY;Build Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;2074 PIWBUILDMANU_DELAYED;Manufactories will give you extra incomes and investments in different technologies. They also reduce revolt risk increase city growth and increase the demand for certain resources.;;;;;;;;;;2075 PIWBAILIFF_I3;You cannot afford the %d$ it costs to promote a Bailiff;;;;;;;;;;2076 PIWBAILIFF_I2;Promote Bailiff to Tax collector (%d$, 12 months);;;;;;;;;;2077 PIWBAILIFF_I1;Bailiff's Office;;;;;;;;;;2078 PIWBAILIFF_I0;Tax collector's Office;;;;;;;;;;2079 PIWBAILIFF_D2;Promoting your Bailiff to a Tax collector will increase your Tax and Production Incomes but also the Revolt Risk. This is vital to recieve census taxes from the province.;;;;;;;;;;2080 PIWBAILIFF_D1;Once you reach Infrastructure level 1 you can promote your Bailiff to a Tax collector increasing your Tax and Production Incomes but also the Revolt Risk. This is vital to recieve census taxes from the province.;;;;;;;;;;2081 PIWBAILIFF_D0;(Cannot be further upgraded.);;;;;;;;;;2082 PIW_ISIMPROVING;Promotion in progress;;;;;;;;;;2083 PIS_DESC;In the 12th century Siena became a self-governing commune. Economic rivalry and territorial conflict with neighbouring Florence, which was anti-imperial or Guelf, made Siena the center of pro-imperial Ghibellinism in Tuscany. The Sienese reached the peak of political power on Sep. 4, 1260 when their army crushed the Florentines at the Battle of Montaperti. Between 1355 and 1557 Siena endured the two most troubled centuries in its history: a long period of economic and demographic decline of social conflict and of increasing instability and tension in political life. In 1487 an exiled aristocrat, Pandolfo Petrucci, seized power and ruled with brutal tyranny through a period of French and Spanish invasions until his death in 1512. His regime was continued by his family until 1524. After a long and heroic defense, Siena surrendered to the Spaniards in 1555, and two years later Philip II of Spain ceded the city to Florence.;;;;;;;;;;2084 PIS;Siena;;;;;;;;;;2085 PIRATES_SETUP;When a fleet of pirates appears in a seazone;;;;;;;;;;2086 PIRATES_LOG;Pirate Fleet sighted in %s!;;;;;;;;;;2087 PIRATES_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2088 PIRATES_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2089 PIRATES_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2090 PIRATES_6;;;;;;;;;;;2091 PIRATES_5;;;;;;;;;;;2092 PIRATES_4;If they are not destroyed, they might impact our revenue in that area.;;;;;;;;;;2093 PIRATES_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2094 PIRATES_2;%t, a fleet of pirates have been sighted in;;;;;;;;;;2095 PIRATES_1;Pirates sighted;;;;;;;;;;2096 PIR_DESC;No description available.;;;;;;;;;;2097 PIR;Pirates;;;;;;;;;;2098 PFA_GERC_VPTACT;You have to be careful initially. First you must upgrade your buildings and build a decent army. Your problem is money, because a big army means high support costs. You have a lot of rather friendly relations towards your neighbours so it is better to wage war in an alliance than to do it by yourself. Beware of Hessen and Hannover: they might try to smash you if you advance into the north.;;;;;;;;;;2099 PFA_GERC_HISTDESC;In 1492 the Palatinate (Kurpfalz) was an important country in the western part of the Empire. She was though, powerless against any of the larger European nations. So she often relied on alliances with one of the larger nations. Normally the Palatinate had bad relations with Austria and in 1619 the elector of the Palatinate was elected King of Bohemia. An event that was an important prerequisite for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;2100 PFA_DESC;The Rhenish Palatine was established in the 12th Century. The power of its rulers rarely extended far beyond the valley of the middle Rhine, but they nevertheless enjoyed great prestige as Imperial Electors. The capital at Heidelberg became one of the centers of Reformation and Renaissance in Germany. The Counts of the Palatinate were among the leading Protestant Princes of Germany. This led to the selection of Elector Frederick V as King of Bohemia in 1619, but he was quickly driven out by Catholic forces. The country suffered heavily in the Thirty Years War, and although the Counts Palatinate were reestablished in their country in 1648 they never again played an important role in German politics.;;;;;;;;;;2101 PFA;Palatinate;;;;;;;;;;2102 PER_DESC;Persia, or Iran ('land of the Aryans'), is a nation with a history long enough to rival the Greek, and like the Greeks, the Persian people were oppressed by foreign powers for centuries. The old Persian Empire quickly fell to the fanatic Muslims hordes that rode out of the Arabian peninsula in the 7th century, and Persia remained a part of the Caliphate until its fall to the Mongols in the mid 13th century. The Mongols ruled Persia as part of the Ilkhanate until Tamerlane conquered that in the late 14th century. The Timurid realm proved unstable, and the Persians soon found themselves governed by the Ak Koyunlu, whose realm in turn crumbled when the great Ismail Safavid, himself of Turkish origin, rebelled and took control of the whole region. Despite his suppression of sunni muslims and despite his Turkish background, Ismail was hailed as a saviour by the Persians. Safavid Persia endured until 1736, despite the incessant internal and external pressure.;;;;;;;;;;2103 PER;Persia;;;;;;;;;;2104 PEG_DESC;Pegu was the center of one of the three chief states of Myanmar (Ava, Taungu and Pegu) from the 14th to the late 15th century. In the 16th century it became the capital of a united Burmese kingdom, but when it was destroyed in 1564 and again in 1599, the Burmese moved their capital to Ava. In the 18th century the Talaings rebelled against the Burmese and set up their capital at Pegu. The city was destroyed by the Burmese in 1757 but was later rebuilt as the center of a Burmese province. The city and province came under British rule in 1852.;;;;;;;;;;2105 PEG;Mon;;;;;;;;;;2106 PEDROP_SETUP;When your infrastructure drops;;;;;;;;;;2107 PEDROP_LOG;Our infrastructure has deteriorated.;;;;;;;;;;2108 PEDROP_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2109 PEDROP_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;2110 PEDROP_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2111 PEDROP_6;;;;;;;;;;;2112 PEDROP_5;;;;;;;;;;;2113 PEDROP_4;Our production incomes will decrease because of this.;;;;;;;;;;2114 PEDROP_3;infrastructure has deteriorated!;;;;;;;;;;2115 PEDROP_2;%t, our;;;;;;;;;;2116 PEDROP_1;Infrastructure Damage!;;;;;;;;;;2117 PEACETERM_VASSAL;%s will become a vassal.;;;;;;;;;;2118 PEACETERM_QUO;Return to Status Quo.;;;;;;;;;;2119 PEACETERM_PROV;%s to %s;;;;;;;;;;2120 PEACETERM_CONV;%s has to change religion.;;;;;;;;;;2121 PEACETERM_CASH;%s pays %d$ in indemnities.;;;;;;;;;;2122 PEACETERM_ANNEX;Full Annexation of %s by %s;;;;;;;;;;2123 PEACETERM_ACCESS;%s will have to give up military access.;;;;;;;;;;2124 PEACEREJECT_SETUP;When a nation rejects your peace offer;;;;;;;;;;2125 PEACEREJECT_LOG;%s rejected our generous peace offer!;;;;;;;;;;2126 PEACEREJECT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2127 PEACEREJECT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2128 PEACEREJECT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2129 PEACEREJECT_6;;;;;;;;;;;2130 PEACEREJECT_5;peace offer;;;;;;;;;;2131 PEACEREJECT_4;our generous;;;;;;;;;;2132 PEACEREJECT_3;rejected;;;;;;;;;;2133 PEACEREJECT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2134 PEACEREJECT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2135 PEACEPROV;%s;;;;;;;;;;2136 PEACEPROP_SETUP;When a nation sends you a peace proposal;;;;;;;;;;2137 PEACEPROP_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;2138 PEACEPROP_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2139 PEACEPROP_BTN2;No way!;;;;;;;;;;2140 PEACEPROP_BTN1;Accept;;;;;;;;;;2141 PEACEPROP_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;2142 PEACEPROP_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2143 PEACEPROP_4;the following in return:;;;;;;;;;;2144 PEACEPROP_3;peace, %s;;;;;;;;;;2145 PEACEPROP_2;%t, %s offers us;;;;;;;;;;2146 PEACEPROP_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2147 PEACECASH;%d$;;;;;;;;;;2148 PEACEBETTER;\n(This deal is better than what we can expect, refusing it would cause great turmoil in our country.);;;;;;;;;;2149 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_SETUP;When a nation accepts a peace with another nation that is part of your War Pact;;;;;;;;;;2150 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_LOG;%s accepted peace with %s who are our allies!;;;;;;;;;;2151 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2152 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2153 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2154 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_6;who are our allies!;;;;;;;;;;2155 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2156 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_4;with;;;;;;;;;;2157 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_3;%s accepted peace;;;;;;;;;;2158 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;2159 PEACEACCEPTOTHERALLY_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2160 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_SETUP;When a nation accepts a peace with another nation;;;;;;;;;;2161 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_LOG;%s accepted peace with %s on the following terms : %s;;;;;;;;;;2162 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2163 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2164 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2165 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_6;on the following terms: %s;;;;;;;;;;2166 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2167 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_4;with their former enemies;;;;;;;;;;2168 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_3;accepted peace;;;;;;;;;;2169 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2170 PEACEACCEPTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2171 PEACEACCEPT_SETUP;When a nation accepts your peace offer;;;;;;;;;;2172 PEACEACCEPT_LOG;%s accepted our generous peace offer.;;;;;;;;;;2173 PEACEACCEPT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2174 PEACEACCEPT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2175 PEACEACCEPT_BTN1;Fine!;;;;;;;;;;2176 PEACEACCEPT_6;;;;;;;;;;;2177 PEACEACCEPT_5;peace offer;;;;;;;;;;2178 PEACEACCEPT_4;our generous;;;;;;;;;;2179 PEACEACCEPT_3;accepted;;;;;;;;;;2180 PEACEACCEPT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2181 PEACEACCEPT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2182 PEACE_VASSAL;We will become their vassals as a part of the peace proposal.;;;;;;;;;;2183 PEACE_ROLL;Peace offer from %s;;;;;;;;;;2184 PEACE_DEMAND;They demand us to change our religion to their faith as part of the peace proposal.;;;;;;;;;;2185 PEACE_ACCESS;We will give them military access as part of the peace proposal.;;;;;;;;;;2186 PCSEND;Send Offer;;;;;;;;;;2187 PCRMSG;This will automatically convert %s to %s and end the war without any province changes, and give you a considerable Victory Point Bonus.;;;;;;;;;;2188 PCCONVERT;Convert;;;;;;;;;;2189 PCCANCEL;Cancel;;;;;;;;;;2190 PCANNEX;Annex;;;;;;;;;;2191 PCAMSG;Sire, we have won a devastating victory over %s and have the possibility to completely annex them. This would however upset the rest of the %s world greatly. (Click 'Cancel' to proceed with a normal peace resolution.);;;;;;;;;;2192 PAYLOANTO;%s of %d$;;;;;;;;;;2193 PAUSETIMEOUT;PAUSE REQUESTED IN %d SECONDS...;;;;;;;;;;2194 PAUSEREMOVAL;GAME WILL BE RESUMABLE IN %d SECONDS...;;;;;;;;;;2195 PAUSEOK;Press OK to continue;;;;;;;;;;2196 PAUSEA;Pause Available;;;;;;;;;;2197 PAUSE_PB;Shortcut Pause/Break;;;;;;;;;;2198 PAUSE;GAME PAUSED;;;;;;;;;;2199 PAR_DESC;Following the beginning of the construction of the Cathedral in 1099 and the first signs of a city government that led to the communal Modena, the city was ruled by the Estensi family and in 1598 it became the capital city and saw the completion of the Ducal Palace in 1634. In 1796 French troops entered Modena and started a dominion that lasted until 1814. From that year on the Austro-Este dukes Francesco IV and Francesco V ruled the state until 1859 when, declining the Este sovereignty, the city formed part of the new Italian Reign.;;;;;;;;;;2200 PAR;Modena;;;;;;;;;;2201 PAP_DESC;'Lo Stato della Chiesa', or the Papal States, was from 754 to 1870 an independent territory under the temporal rule of the popes, also called the States of the Church and the Pontifical States. The territory varied in size at different times, but began a period of growth in the 16th century when Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI, conquered the petty states of the Romagna and Marche. In the early 16th century, Pope Julius II consolidated papal power by abolishing local autonomies and by participating effectively in the Italian Wars. The last principalities to lose their autonomy to the popes were Ferrara (1598) and Urbino (1631). The duchy of Castro was added in 1649. Parma and Piacenza were alienated (1545) through the nepotism of Pope Paul III.;;;;;;;;;;2202 PAP;Papal States;;;;;;;;;;2203 PANIC;Panic;;;;;;;;;;2204 PAGAN;Pagan;;;;;;;;;;2205 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_SETUP;When you initiate a trade embargo against another nation;;;;;;;;;;2206 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_LOG;We have closed our Centers of Trade to the merchants from %s.;;;;;;;;;;2207 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2208 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2209 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2210 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_6;;;;;;;;;;;2211 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_5;;;;;;;;;;;2212 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_4;and now refuse them to trade with us. They cannot send more merchants there, and do not gain any incomes from those present.;;;;;;;;;;2213 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2214 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_2;%t, we have closed our Centers of Trade to the merchants from;;;;;;;;;;2215 OWNTRADEREFUSAL_1;Trade Embargo!;;;;;;;;;;2216 OWNTRADEALLOW_SETUP;When you allow trade with another nation again;;;;;;;;;;2217 OWNTRADEALLOW_LOG;We have opened our Centers of Trade to the merchants from %s.;;;;;;;;;;2218 OWNTRADEALLOW_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2219 OWNTRADEALLOW_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2220 OWNTRADEALLOW_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2221 OWNTRADEALLOW_6;;;;;;;;;;;2222 OWNTRADEALLOW_5;;;;;;;;;;;2223 OWNTRADEALLOW_4;and now allow them to trade with us.;;;;;;;;;;2224 OWNTRADEALLOW_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2225 OWNTRADEALLOW_2;%t, we have opened our Centers of Trade to the merchants from;;;;;;;;;;2226 OWNTRADEALLOW_1;Trade Embargo Cancelled!;;;;;;;;;;2227 OTHERTRADEAG_SETUP;When another nation accepts a trade agreement with a third nation.;;;;;;;;;;2228 OTHERTRADEAG_LOG;%s now has a trade agreement with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2229 OTHERTRADEAG_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2230 OTHERTRADEAG_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;2231 OTHERTRADEAG_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2232 OTHERTRADEAG_6;;;;;;;;;;;2233 OTHERTRADEAG_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2234 OTHERTRADEAG_4;has signed a trade agreement with;;;;;;;;;;2235 OTHERTRADEAG_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2236 OTHERTRADEAG_2;%t, we have been informed that;;;;;;;;;;2237 OTHERTRADEAG_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2238 OTHERRELIGION_SETUP;When another country converts its state religion;;;;;;;;;;2239 OTHERRELIGION_LOG;%s converts to %s.;;;;;;;;;;2240 OTHERRELIGION_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2241 OTHERRELIGION_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;2242 OTHERRELIGION_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2243 OTHERRELIGION_6;;;;;;;;;;;2244 OTHERRELIGION_5;;;;;;;;;;;2245 OTHERRELIGION_4;%s;;;;;;;;;;2246 OTHERRELIGION_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2247 OTHERRELIGION_2;%t, %s has changed her state religion to;;;;;;;;;;2248 OTHERRELIGION_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2249 OTHERNEUTRAL;We could not care less.;;;;;;;;;;2250 OTHERHERETIC;All our alliances with them are broken!;;;;;;;;;;2251 OTHERFRIEND;We welcome them to our community!;;;;;;;;;;2252 OTHERDEFENDER_SETUP;When another country has become defender of a faith;;;;;;;;;;2253 OTHERDEFENDER_LOG;%s is now the sole defender of the %s faith.;;;;;;;;;;2254 OTHERDEFENDER_HEADER;The Archbishop reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2255 OTHERDEFENDER_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;2256 OTHERDEFENDER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2257 OTHERDEFENDER_6;countries of the world.;;;;;;;;;;2258 OTHERDEFENDER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2259 OTHERDEFENDER_4;have proclaimed themselves as the sole defender of the;;;;;;;;;;2260 OTHERDEFENDER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2261 OTHERDEFENDER_2;%t, the country of;;;;;;;;;;2262 OTHERDEFENDER_1;DEFENDER OF THE FAITH;;;;;;;;;;2263 ORTHODOX;Orthodox;;;;;;;;;;2264 ORL_DESC;The city of Orléans and its surrounding province - the Orléanais - constituted part of the small nucleus of the royal domain, and was often given in appanage as a duchy to the eldest brother of the king of France and to his descendants. In the Wars of Religion during the 16th century, the city was briefly made the headquarters of the Huguenots and was besieged in by Catholic forces in 1563. Orléans remained in Catholic hands until the Edict of Nantes in 1598. During the 17th and 18th centuries the city was a prosperous industrial and commercial center.;;;;;;;;;;2265 ORL;Orleans;;;;;;;;;;2266 ORIENTDESC;'Chinaware' represent various exotic goods such as silk chinaware carpets jewels and more generally manufactured goods mostly produced in Asiatic lands such as India China and Persia. Their uniqueness made them the highest value cargo to return from those faraway lands and commended hefty profits for any captain bringing even but a few pieces in his ship holds.;;;;;;;;;;2267 ORIENTDEMAND;The global demand for Chinaware will increase as more §YConscription §YCenters §YShipyards §Wand §YManufactories§W are built and as more cities get §YChief judges §Yand §YGovernors.;;;;;;;;;;2268 ORIENT;Chinaware;;;;;;;;;;2269 ORI_DESC;In the 13th and 14th centuries, when much of India was overrun by the Muslims, independent Orissa remained a citadel of Hindu religion, philosophy, art, and architecture. Under the Surya dynasty (1435-1568), Orissa flourished and expanded its territory at the expense of its Muslim neighbors, but when King Mukunda was killed by his own countrymen, Orissa lost its independence to the Afghan rulers of Bengal and was subsequently conquered by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1592.;;;;;;;;;;2270 ORI;Orissa;;;;;;;;;;2271 OPTIONHEADER;OPTION;;;;;;;;;;2272 OPTION_SFXVOLUME;SFX VOLUME;;;;;;;;;;2273 OPTION_MUSICVOLUME;MUSIC VOLUME;;;;;;;;;;2274 OPTHEADER;GAME MANAGEMENT;;;;;;;;;;2275 OPTBTN_SAVE;SAVE;;;;;;;;;;2276 OPTBTN_QUIT;SURRENDER;;;;;;;;;;2277 OPTBTN_OPTIONS;OPTIONS;;;;;;;;;;2278 OPTBTN_LOAD;LOAD;;;;;;;;;;2279 OPTBTN_HINTS;HINTS;;;;;;;;;;2280 OPTBTN_BACK;RETURN;;;;;;;;;;2281 OMA_DESC;Virtually cut off from the rest of the Arabian Peninsula by vast deserts, the Omani became prominent sailors and acquired an early maritime tradition. As they traveled and traded, the Omanis spread the message of Islam as well as Arab culture and language, leaving a deep impact on eastern Africa and reaching as far east as China. In the early 16th century, after the Portuguese under Vasco de Gama had discovered the sea route round the Cape of Good Hope to India they occupied Mascate for a century and a half in order to dominate the trade which had until then been an Omani monopoly. The Portuguese were expelled from Mascate in 1650 by Sultan bin Saif al-Yarubi, reaffirming for a time the the Omani power in the region.;;;;;;;;;;2282 OMA;Oman;;;;;;;;;;2283 OLD_DESC;The history of the county of Oldenburg is mainly of dynastic significance, since the county itself never achieved any particular prominence. Originally a part of Saxony, Oldenburg became a separate state in the 12th century, when the counts became princes of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1448 Count Christian of Oldenburg became king of Denmark as Christian I, while his younger brother Gerard and his successors retained Oldenburg independently. On the extinction of the German line, Oldenburg passed to Christian V of Denmark in 1676. In 1773 Christian VII exchanged Oldenburg for ducal Holstein with Grand Duke Paul I of Russia. Paul gave Oldenburg to his maternal great uncle Frederick Augustus of Holstein-Gottorp, bishop of Lübeck, who assumed the ducal title in 1777. Peter I of Oldenburg, nephew and successor of Frederick Augustus, lost the duchy to Napoleon but recovered it in 1813 and subsequently acquired Birkenfeld and obtained the title grand duke.;;;;;;;;;;2284 OLD;Oldenburg;;;;;;;;;;2285 OK;OK;;;;;;;;;;2286 OHI_DESC;The Iroquois were undoubtedly the fiercest warriors to roam the St. Lawrence and the northern New York state. They called themselves the Haudenosunee, meaning people of the long house, but their enemies referred to them as the Iroqu, an insult meaning 'rattlesnakes'. The French added 'ois' to make it Iroquois. The Iroquois Confederacy consisted of six nations: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. They maintained a wide trade network which the Europeans found useful, and subsequently became leading in the fur trade. The Iroquois village of Stadacona became the site of the first French trading post and later became known as Quebec. The Iroquois village of Hochelaga would become the site of Montreal. When the American Revolution came, the Iroquois sided with the British - a gamble that they unfortunately lost. Many were driven into Southern and Eastern Ontario and Quebec, and their power was forever broken. Despite their passion for war the Iroquois were primarily agrarian.;;;;;;;;;;2287 OHI;Iroquois;;;;;;;;;;2288 OFRLOAN4;Amount %d$ Duration %d months Interest %s;;;;;;;;;;2289 OFRLOAN3;with the following terms;;;;;;;;;;2290 OFRLOAN2;LOAN;;;;;;;;;;2291 OFRLOAN1;Sire, %s offers us a;;;;;;;;;;2292 OFRLOAN_ROLL;%s offers us a loan;;;;;;;;;;2293 OCTOBER;October;;;;;;;;;;2294 OCT;OCT;;;;;;;;;;2295 NVG_DESC;Novgorod is one of the oldest cities in Russia and was a major commercial and cultural center of medieval Europe. It obtained autonomy in 997 and achieved independence from Kiev in 1136 when it became the capital of a merchant republic - Sovereign Great Novgorod - that embraced the whole of northern Russia to the Urals. The 14th century witnessed the start of Novgorod's long struggle with Muscuvy for supremacy. Internecine disputes among the republic's leaders weakened it in the face of growing Muscovite strength. Although it became a vassal of Moscow after the Muscovite invasions in 1456 and 1470, Novgorod was allowed to remain independent until 1478, when it came under Moscow's complete control. Opposition by its citizens to the absolutist rule of Moscow continued until Ivan the Terrible had most of them massacred and the rest deported in 1570.;;;;;;;;;;2296 NVG;Novgorod;;;;;;;;;;2297 NU_ATTRITION_I8;(In Friendly Waters)\n;;;;;;;;;;2298 NU_ATTRITION_I7;(In Port)\n;;;;;;;;;;2299 NU_ATTRITION_I6;+%d Months at Sea\n;;;;;;;;;;2300 NU_ATTRITION_I5;–%d (attrition limit reached)\n;;;;;;;;;;2301 NU_ATTRITION_I4;–%d Leader\n;;;;;;;;;;2302 NU_ATTRITION_I3;–%d Near Coast\n;;;;;;;;;;2303 NU_ATTRITION_I2;+%d Blockading\n;;;;;;;;;;2304 NU_ATTRITION_I0;Attrition (monthly losses due to starvation diseases desertions etc.)\n;;;;;;;;;;2305 NU_ATTRITION_D;Navies in friendly ports do not suffer any attrition. Entering a friendly port cancels any attrition penalties due to months spent at sea.;;;;;;;;;;2306 NTLEVEL_NTIW;Level 0: Allows Warships, Galleys and naval troop transportation\nLevel 4: Allows Transport ships\nLevel 9: Bronze Cannon Armament (Improved CRT)\nLevel 11: Great Royal Wharf (Allows Shipyards)\nLevel 16: Military-Mercantile Complex (Allows Naval Equipement Manufactories)\nLevel 17: Galleon Shiptype ( Improved Morale and Wind Gauge)\nLevel 18: Navigation Instruments (Increase sightrange at sea)\nLevel 21: Iron Cannon Armament (Improved CRT)\nLevel 26: Professional Navy (Improved CRT)\nLevel 27: Naval Entrepreneurs (Allows exploration with all Navies)\nLevel 31: Vaisseaux Shiptype ( Improved Morale and Wind Gauge )\nLevel 38: Sturdier Hulls (Cancels effect of Storms)\nLevel 41: Naval Supply System (Cancels effect of naval attrition\nLevel 43: Straightbore Armament (Improved CRT)\nLevel 49: Triple Decker Shiptype (Improved Morale and Wind Gauge )\nLevel 51: Carronade Armament (Improved CRT)\n;;;;;;;;;;2307 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_9;Bronze Cannon Armament (Improved CRT);;;;;;;;;;2308 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_8;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2309 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_7;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2310 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_60;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2311 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_6;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2312 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_59;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2313 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_58;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2314 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_57;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2315 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_56;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2316 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_55;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2317 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_54;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2318 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_53;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2319 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_52;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2320 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_51;Carronade Armament (Improved CRT);;;;;;;;;;2321 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_50;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2322 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_5;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2323 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_49;Triple Decker Shiptype ( Improved Morale and Wind Gauge );;;;;;;;;;2324 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_48;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2325 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_47;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2326 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_46;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2327 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_45;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2328 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_44;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2329 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_43;Straightbore Armament (Improved CRT);;;;;;;;;;2330 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_42;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2331 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_41;Naval Supply System (Cancels effect of naval attrition);;;;;;;;;;2332 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_40;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2333 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_4;Allows Transport ships;;;;;;;;;;2334 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_39;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2335 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_38;Sturdier Hulls (Cancels effect of Storms);;;;;;;;;;2336 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_37;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2337 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_36;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2338 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_35;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2339 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_34;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2340 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_33;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2341 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_32;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2342 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_31;Vaisseaux Shiptype ( Improved Morale and Wind Gauge );;;;;;;;;;2343 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_30;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2344 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_3;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2345 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_29;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2346 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_28;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2347 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_27;Naval Entrepreneurs (Allows exploration with all Navies);;;;;;;;;;2348 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_26;Professional Navy (Improved CRT);;;;;;;;;;2349 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_25;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2350 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_24;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2351 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_23;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2352 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_22;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2353 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_21;Iron Cannon Armament (Improved CRT);;;;;;;;;;2354 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_20;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2355 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_2;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2356 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_19;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2357 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_18;Navigation Instruments (Increase sightrange at sea);;;;;;;;;;2358 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_17;Galleon Shiptype ( Improved Morale and Wind Gauge);;;;;;;;;;2359 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_16;Military-Mercantile Complex (Allows Naval Equipment Manufactories);;;;;;;;;;2360 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_15;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2361 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_14;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2362 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_13;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2363 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_12;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2364 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_11;Great Royal Wharf (Allows Shipyards);;;;;;;;;;2365 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_10;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2366 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_1;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;2367 NTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_0;Allows Warships, Galleys and naval troop transportation;;;;;;;;;;2368 NTLEVEL_9;Late Medieval (9);;;;;;;;;;2369 NTLEVEL_8;Late Medieval (8);;;;;;;;;;2370 NTLEVEL_7;Late Medieval (7);;;;;;;;;;2371 NTLEVEL_60;Revolutionary (60);;;;;;;;;;2372 NTLEVEL_6;Late Medieval (6);;;;;;;;;;2373 NTLEVEL_59;Revolutionary (59);;;;;;;;;;2374 NTLEVEL_58;Revolutionary (58);;;;;;;;;;2375 NTLEVEL_57;Revolutionary (57);;;;;;;;;;2376 NTLEVEL_56;Revolutionary (56);;;;;;;;;;2377 NTLEVEL_55;Revolutionary (55);;;;;;;;;;2378 NTLEVEL_54;Revolutionary (54);;;;;;;;;;2379 NTLEVEL_53;Revolutionary (53);;;;;;;;;;2380 NTLEVEL_52;Revolutionary (52);;;;;;;;;;2381 NTLEVEL_51;Revolutionary (51);;;;;;;;;;2382 NTLEVEL_50;War in Laces (50);;;;;;;;;;2383 NTLEVEL_5;Late Medieval (5);;;;;;;;;;2384 NTLEVEL_49;War in Laces (49);;;;;;;;;;2385 NTLEVEL_48;War in Laces (48);;;;;;;;;;2386 NTLEVEL_47;War in Laces (47);;;;;;;;;;2387 NTLEVEL_46;War in Laces (46);;;;;;;;;;2388 NTLEVEL_45;War in Laces (45);;;;;;;;;;2389 NTLEVEL_44;War in Laces (44);;;;;;;;;;2390 NTLEVEL_43;War in Laces (43);;;;;;;;;;2391 NTLEVEL_42;War in Laces (42);;;;;;;;;;2392 NTLEVEL_41;War in Laces (41);;;;;;;;;;2393 NTLEVEL_40;War of Maneuver (40);;;;;;;;;;2394 NTLEVEL_4;Late Medieval (4);;;;;;;;;;2395 NTLEVEL_39;War of Maneuver (39);;;;;;;;;;2396 NTLEVEL_38;War of Maneuver (38);;;;;;;;;;2397 NTLEVEL_37;War of Maneuver (37);;;;;;;;;;2398 NTLEVEL_36;War of Maneuver (36);;;;;;;;;;2399 NTLEVEL_35;War of Maneuver (35);;;;;;;;;;2400 NTLEVEL_34;War of Maneuver (34);;;;;;;;;;2401 NTLEVEL_33;War of Maneuver (33);;;;;;;;;;2402 NTLEVEL_32;War of Maneuver (32);;;;;;;;;;2403 NTLEVEL_31;War of Maneuver (31);;;;;;;;;;2404 NTLEVEL_30;Baroque (30);;;;;;;;;;2405 NTLEVEL_3;Late Medieval (3);;;;;;;;;;2406 NTLEVEL_29;Baroque (29);;;;;;;;;;2407 NTLEVEL_28;Baroque (28);;;;;;;;;;2408 NTLEVEL_27;Baroque (27);;;;;;;;;;2409 NTLEVEL_26;Baroque (26);;;;;;;;;;2410 NTLEVEL_25;Baroque (25);;;;;;;;;;2411 NTLEVEL_24;Baroque (24);;;;;;;;;;2412 NTLEVEL_23;Baroque (23);;;;;;;;;;2413 NTLEVEL_22;Baroque (22);;;;;;;;;;2414 NTLEVEL_21;Baroque (21);;;;;;;;;;2415 NTLEVEL_20;Renaissance (20);;;;;;;;;;2416 NTLEVEL_2;Late Medieval (2);;;;;;;;;;2417 NTLEVEL_19;Renaissance (19);;;;;;;;;;2418 NTLEVEL_18;Renaissance (18);;;;;;;;;;2419 NTLEVEL_17;Renaissance (17);;;;;;;;;;2420 NTLEVEL_16;Renaissance (16);;;;;;;;;;2421 NTLEVEL_15;Renaissance (15);;;;;;;;;;2422 NTLEVEL_14;Renaissance (14);;;;;;;;;;2423 NTLEVEL_13;Renaissance (13);;;;;;;;;;2424 NTLEVEL_12;Renaissance (12);;;;;;;;;;2425 NTLEVEL_11;Renaissance (11);;;;;;;;;;2426 NTLEVEL_10;Late Medieval (10);;;;;;;;;;2427 NTLEVEL_1;Late Medieval (1);;;;;;;;;;2428 NTLEVEL_0;Medieval (0);;;;;;;;;;2429 NTINCREASE_SETUP;When you have increased your naval technology level;;;;;;;;;;2430 NTINCREASE_LOG;Our naval technology level increased to %s. %s;;;;;;;;;;2431 NTINCREASE_HEADER;Our Admiral Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2432 NTINCREASE_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;2433 NTINCREASE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2434 NTINCREASE_6;%s;;;;;;;;;;2435 NTINCREASE_5;BONUS EFFECT:;;;;;;;;;;2436 NTINCREASE_4;Our navies will now fight better.;;;;;;;;;;2437 NTINCREASE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2438 NTINCREASE_2;%t, our military naval technology increased to;;;;;;;;;;2439 NTINCREASE_1;Technology Advance!;;;;;;;;;;2440 NOVEMBER;November;;;;;;;;;;2441 NOV;NOV;;;;;;;;;;2442 NOUNLOADSPACE;Sire, we can't unload here.;;;;;;;;;;2443 NOTRADESPACE;Sire, we must first explore new lands before we can send out more traders.;;;;;;;;;;2444 NOTHINGDESC;(historical info about nothing…);;;;;;;;;;2445 NOTHINGDEMAND;(global demand of nothing…);;;;;;;;;;2446 NOTHING;Nothing;;;;;;;;;;2447 NORMALSAVE;SAVING GAME...;;;;;;;;;;2448 NOR_DESC;The kingdom of Norway, united in the Viking era, reached its greatest strength in the 13th century, when Iceland and several islands in the North Sea were still under Norwegian rule. However, after the ravages of the Black Plague in 1349 and 1350, the population in Norway was greatly reduced. The Norwegian nobility was greatly weakened by the catastrophe, and became international rather than national in its orientation. In 1397 Norway entered the Union of Kalmar as Queen Margrete became queen of Norway following the death of the last Norwegian king Olav IV. Together with the other two nations, Norway was at war with the Hansa in the 1420s and gradually succumbed to Danish influence and rule as the taxes from Norway were spent abroad. The Norwegian 'Riksraad' continued to elect foreign princes as kings including Christopher of Bavaria and finally Christian II of Denmark. By this time, the Union of Kalmar was just an empty name and Norway had become an integral part of Denmark.;;;;;;;;;;2449 NOR;Norway;;;;;;;;;;2450 NOPAUSE;(NO PAUSE AVAILABLE);;;;;;;;;;2451 NONE;none;;;;;;;;;;2452 NOMISSIONSELECTED;You have not selected a mission yet!;;;;;;;;;;2453 NOG_DESC;The Nogai Horde, like the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimea, were a splinter group of the Golden Horde, from which they broke off in the fourteenth century. Until the sixteenth century their nomadic pastures were located east of the Volga, when they came under territorial pressure from Kalmyks and Russians and began to move westwards. They came under the rule of the Crimean Tatars and in the eighteenth century were finally pressured into the Caucasus region by the Kuban Cossacks.;;;;;;;;;;2454 NOG;Nogai;;;;;;;;;;2455 NOFILE;No such file!;;;;;;;;;;2456 NOCOLONYSPACE;Sire, we must first explore new lands before we can send out more colonists.;;;;;;;;;;2457 NOALLIANCES;(No Alliances);;;;;;;;;;2458 NO;No;;;;;;;;;;2459 NIWNTP;%d of %d;;;;;;;;;;2460 NIP_DESC;The Yamato clan unified central and western Nippon in the 5th century, around the same time Buddhism was introduced. In 1192, after his final victory over his brother Yoshitsune, Minamoto Yoritomo was awarded the title Shogun, roughly meaning 'barbarian quelling generalissomo'. The title stuck, and the Shogun would be the real ruler of Nippon for seven centuries. 1542 marked the opening of Japan to western powers like Portugal, England, Spain and the Dutch. The Jesuits arrived, and gained an ever growing number of converts, but decrees prohibiting Christianity were promulgated in 1612 and 1614, and the persecution of its adherents began immediately thereafter. Persecution became much more severe, until, at length, it became official policy to stamp out Christianity even at the sacrifice of trade. This policy became manifest with the seclusion orders of the 1630s. Thus, in 1635 Japanese were forbidden to make overseas voyages or to return to Japan from overseas, which was a severe blow to Japan's traders. Nippon now entered a period of total isolationalism that would last well into the middle of the 19th century.;;;;;;;;;;2461 NIP;Japan;;;;;;;;;;2462 NEWNATION_SETUP;When a new nation is created;;;;;;;;;;2463 NEWNATION_LOG;The people of %s declared independence from %s.;;;;;;;;;;2464 NEWNATION_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2465 NEWNATION_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2466 NEWNATION_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2467 NEWNATION_6;We have established diplomatic relations with them.;;;;;;;;;;2468 NEWNATION_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2469 NEWNATION_4;have declared independence from their former oppressors in;;;;;;;;;;2470 NEWNATION_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2471 NEWNATION_2;%t, the free people in;;;;;;;;;;2472 NEWNATION_1;New Nation;;;;;;;;;;2473 NEWMONOTHER_SETUP;When another country gets a new Monarch;;;;;;;;;;2474 NEWMONOTHER_LOG;%s rose to the throne in %s.;;;;;;;;;;2475 NEWMONOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2476 NEWMONOTHER_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;2477 NEWMONOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2478 NEWMONOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2479 NEWMONOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;2480 NEWMONOTHER_4;rose to the throne in %s.;;;;;;;;;;2481 NEWMONOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2482 NEWMONOTHER_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;2483 NEWMONOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2484 NEWMON_SETUP;When you get a new Monarch;;;;;;;;;;2485 NEWMON_LOG;%s will now rule our glorious nation!;;;;;;;;;;2486 NEWMON_HEADER;Our Herald reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2487 NEWMON_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;2488 NEWMON_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2489 NEWMON_6;;;;;;;;;;;2490 NEWMON_5;;;;;;;;;;;2491 NEWMON_4;will now rule our glorious nation!;;;;;;;;;;2492 NEWMON_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2493 NEWMON_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;2494 NEWMON_1;A New Monarch!;;;;;;;;;;2495 NEWCOUNTRY_SETUP;When a new nation is discovered;;;;;;;;;;2496 NEWCOUNTRY_LOG;We discovered %s.;;;;;;;;;;2497 NEWCOUNTRY_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2498 NEWCOUNTRY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2499 NEWCOUNTRY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2500 NEWCOUNTRY_6;;;;;;;;;;;2501 NEWCOUNTRY_5;;;;;;;;;;;2502 NEWCOUNTRY_4;and established diplomatic relations with them.;;;;;;;;;;2503 NEWCOUNTRY_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2504 NEWCOUNTRY_2;%t, we have discovered the realm of;;;;;;;;;;2505 NEWCOUNTRY_1;New Nation;;;;;;;;;;2506 NEWCOT_SETUP;When a new Center of Trade opened;;;;;;;;;;2507 NEWCOT_LOG;A new Center of Trade has opened in %s.;;;;;;;;;;2508 NEWCOT_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2509 NEWCOT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2510 NEWCOT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2511 NEWCOT_6;;;;;;;;;;;2512 NEWCOT_5;;;;;;;;;;;2513 NEWCOT_4;;;;;;;;;;;2514 NEWCOT_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2515 NEWCOT_2;%t, a new center of trade has opened in;;;;;;;;;;2516 NEWCOT_1;Market Fluctuations!;;;;;;;;;;2517 NBWINOTHER_SETUP;When another nation wins a naval battle;;;;;;;;;;2518 NBWINOTHER_LOG;%s won a battle against %s in %s;;;;;;;;;;2519 NBWINOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2520 NBWINOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2521 NBWINOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2522 NBWINOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2523 NBWINOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2524 NBWINOTHER_4;in the waters of;;;;;;;;;;2525 NBWINOTHER_3;defeated the navies of %s;;;;;;;;;;2526 NBWINOTHER_2;%t, the navies of %s have;;;;;;;;;;2527 NBWINOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2528 NBWIN_SETUP;When you win a naval battle;;;;;;;;;;2529 NBWIN_LOG;We won a battle against %s in %s.;;;;;;;;;;2530 NBWIN_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2531 NBWIN_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2532 NBWIN_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2533 NBWIN_6;;;;;;;;;;;2534 NBWIN_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2535 NBWIN_4;in the waters of;;;;;;;;;;2536 NBWIN_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2537 NBWIN_2;%t, we won a battle against the navy of;;;;;;;;;;2538 NBWIN_1;Victory!;;;;;;;;;;2539 NBLOSS_SETUP;When you lose a naval battle;;;;;;;;;;2540 NBLOSS_LOG;We lost a naval battle against %s in %s.;;;;;;;;;;2541 NBLOSS_HEADER;Our Admiral Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2542 NBLOSS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2543 NBLOSS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2544 NBLOSS_6;;;;;;;;;;;2545 NBLOSS_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2546 NBLOSS_4;in the waters of;;;;;;;;;;2547 NBLOSS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2548 NBLOSS_2;%t, our valiant navy lost a naval battle against a force from;;;;;;;;;;2549 NBLOSS_1;Failure!;;;;;;;;;;2550 NAVYSIZE;Naval Forces;;;;;;;;;;2551 NAVYDESTROY_SETUP;When one of your navies is destroyed;;;;;;;;;;2552 NAVYDESTROY_LOG;Our navy in %s has been completely annihilated!;;;;;;;;;;2553 NAVYDESTROY_HEADER;Our Admiral reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2554 NAVYDESTROY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2555 NAVYDESTROY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2556 NAVYDESTROY_6;;;;;;;;;;;2557 NAVYDESTROY_5;;;;;;;;;;;2558 NAVYDESTROY_4;has been completely annihilated!;;;;;;;;;;2559 NAVYDESTROY_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2560 NAVYDESTROY_2;%t, our navy in;;;;;;;;;;2561 NAVYDESTROY_1;Disaster!;;;;;;;;;;2562 NAVSDESC;Naval Supplies represents everything needed in ship construction from basic wood to tar ropes linen sails and various other material required. Most came from the Baltic initially until North America became an alternate source of supply in the early 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;2563 NAVSDEMAND;The global demand for Naval Supplies will increase as more §YNaval §YEquipment §YManufactories §Wand §YShipyards§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;2564 NAVS;Naval Supplies;;;;;;;;;;2565 NAVALMORON;Sire this unit dares not travel to uncharted territories! Send an explorer here or wait until we reach naval technology level 21.;;;;;;;;;;2566 NAV_DESC;Between 1512 and 1515 Castile successfully invaded and annexed the southern half of the old kingdom of Navarra. The King moved his administration north but in 1589 France annexed that part as well. Though there were (and are) many rebellions in the Basque territories of Spain, Navarra would never again resurface as a nation.;;;;;;;;;;2567 NAV;Navarra;;;;;;;;;;2568 NATIVESKILL_SETUP;When natives destroy one of your settlements;;;;;;;;;;2569 NATIVESKILL_LOG;Natives destroyed our settlement in %s!;;;;;;;;;;2570 NATIVESKILL_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2571 NATIVESKILL_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2572 NATIVESKILL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2573 NATIVESKILL_6;;;;;;;;;;;2574 NATIVESKILL_5;;;;;;;;;;;2575 NATIVESKILL_4;have massacred the entire population in our settlement there!;;;;;;;;;;2576 NATIVESKILL_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2577 NATIVESKILL_2;%t, the natives in;;;;;;;;;;2578 NATIVESKILL_1;Native Attack;;;;;;;;;;2579 NATIVES_SETUP;When natives damage one of your settlements;;;;;;;;;;2580 NATIVES_LOG;The natives damaged our settlement in %s!;;;;;;;;;;2581 NATIVES_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2582 NATIVES_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2583 NATIVES_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2584 NATIVES_6;;;;;;;;;;;2585 NATIVES_5;;;;;;;;;;;2586 NATIVES_4;has damaged our settlement there!;;;;;;;;;;2587 NATIVES_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2588 NATIVES_2;%t, the natives in;;;;;;;;;;2589 NATIVES_1;Native Attack;;;;;;;;;;2590 NAT_DESC;No description available.;;;;;;;;;;2591 NAT;Natives;;;;;;;;;;2592 NAP_DESC;After the Sicilian Vespers insurrection in 1282, Sicily proper passed to the house of Aragón and the Italian peninsula south of the Papal States became known as the Kingdom of Naples. The state remained independent until it too fell to the ruler of Sicily, Alfonso V of Aragon, who in 1443 assumed the title 'king of the Two Sicilies'. For centuries, Naples remained in foreign hands: Spanish, French, Spanish again, Austrian, French and Austrian, until it was finally united with the other Italian states in the 19th century.;;;;;;;;;;2593 NAP;Naples;;;;;;;;;;2594 MYS_DESC;In 1313 Mysore was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate but it was soon lost again to the rising power of the kingdom of Vijayanagar. Although vassal to Vijayanagar until that state dissolved in 1565, and then to other nations, Mysore remained largely autonomous until the independence and unification of India in 1947.;;;;;;;;;;2595 MYS;Mysore;;;;;;;;;;2596 MYA_DESC;Ava was a Burmese Shan kingdom that succeeded an earlier kingdom based on the city of Pagan. The city of Ava was founded in 1364. The location allowed the Shans to control the rice supply from the Kyaukse irrigated area to the south, which became vital after the traditional rice-growing area in southern Myanmar had been lost to a Mon kingdom. The Kingdom of Ava flourished until it was destroyed by a rival group of Shans in 1527. In 1634 the city became the capital of the Taungu dynasty which had united the Ava and Taungu kingdoms in 1531.;;;;;;;;;;2597 MYA;Burma;;;;;;;;;;2598 MWVPSUCCESS;Victory Points:;;;;;;;;;;2599 MWVPFAILURE;Penalty Points:;;;;;;;;;;2600 MWFINISHED;Time Limit:;;;;;;;;;;2601 MWCURRENT;Current Missions;;;;;;;;;;2602 MWCLOSE;Cancel;;;;;;;;;;2603 MWAVAILABLE;Available Missions;;;;;;;;;;2604 MWACCEPT;Accept;;;;;;;;;;2605 MUS_DESC;No description available.;;;;;;;;;;2606 MUS;An Unknown Country;;;;;;;;;;2607 MUN_DESC;The Berg dynasty, named after its castle Berge an der Dhün, emerged in the second part of the 11th century, acquiring vast holdings between the Sieg and Lippe rivers. Originally closely related to the Archbishopric of Cologne, with five Archbishops coming from the Berg family, the Counts of Berg were among the primary princes in Low Rhine area in the late Middle Ages, despite several hereditary divisions and two counts dying without a male heir, causing their holdings to pass first to the Counts of Limburg in 1225 and to a sidebranch of Jülich in 1348. Berg rose to further prominence by being raised to a Duchy in 1380 and inheriting Jülich 1423, however it failed to secure the successions to Geldre and Bar, both of which it claimed and attempted to get in the 15th century. A hereditary union with Kleve in 1496 led to the unification of Kleve, Mark, Jülich, Berg and Ravensberg, creating a hegemonial power in the area and even endangering the Hapsburgs' position in the Netherlands when Geldre and Zutphen were about to join the Unified Duchies in 1538, which was only prevented by a determined campaign of Emperor Charles V and the lack of support. The united Duchies were dissolved again in 1609, after Duke Johann Wilhelm's death without a son, and Jülich-Berg passed to the Palatinate-Neuburg dynasty. The new Wittelsbach Dukes managed to form a big territorial complex, with Berg's old residence Düsseldorf its capital, by inheriting the Rhine Palatinate in 1685. The reign of Johann Wilhelm II, or Jan Wellem, is kindly remembered as an age of prosperity for Berg and especially the city of Düsseldorf. When in 1716 Jan Wellem's successor moved his residence to Mannheim, Berg again became a sidecountry. For a last time Berg acquired independence as the Grand Duchy granted to Joachim Murad, one of Napoléon's generals. The Congress of Vienna made Berg and Jülich part of the Prussian Rhine province.;;;;;;;;;;2608 MUN;Berg;;;;;;;;;;2609 MTR_DESC;Despite the fact that Mataram was Islamic it still followed most of the Indo-Javanese traditions of the Hindu kingdoms of Java. In the royal palaces (kraton) of the reigning dynasties of Mataram an original model was developed combining animistic and Islamic rites and even European values. Mataram eventually had to face two new powers in order to unify the island: Bantam, the last coastal Sultanate, and the Dutch, who had landed for the first time on Java in 1596. The Dutch goal was mainly to gain control of the sealanes and ports of Java and Indonesia to thwart their main enemies - the Spanish and the Portuguese.;;;;;;;;;;2610 MTR;Mataram;;;;;;;;;;2611 MSWSEN;Send;;;;;;;;;;2612 MSWBAC;Cancel;;;;;;;;;;2613 MSW_TIME3;%d months;;;;;;;;;;2614 MSW_TIME2;OF CONVERSION;;;;;;;;;;2615 MSW_TIME;ESTIMATED TIME;;;;;;;;;;2616 MSW_SUC;SUCCESS CHANCE;;;;;;;;;;2617 MSW_SEND;Send Missionary to;;;;;;;;;;2618 MSW_REL;CURRENT RELIGION;;;;;;;;;;2619 MSW_POP;POPULATION;;;;;;;;;;2620 MSW_CUL;CULTURE;;;;;;;;;;2621 MSW_COST;COST;;;;;;;;;;2622 MP_WAITING;Connecting...;;;;;;;;;;2623 MP_OK;Status OK;;;;;;;;;;2624 MOYMARREJECT_SETUP;When a nation rejects your Royal Marriage proposal;;;;;;;;;;2625 MOYMARREJECT_LOG;%s rejected our Royal Marriage proposal.;;;;;;;;;;2626 MOYMARREJECT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2627 MOYMARREJECT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2628 MOYMARREJECT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2629 MOYMARREJECT_6;;;;;;;;;;;2630 MOYMARREJECT_5;Royal Marriage proposal;;;;;;;;;;2631 MOYMARREJECT_4;our kind;;;;;;;;;;2632 MOYMARREJECT_3;rejected;;;;;;;;;;2633 MOYMARREJECT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2634 MOYMARREJECT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2635 MOSLEM;Moslems;;;;;;;;;;2636 MOS_DESC;The city of Moscow was probably founded on a strategic site on the Moskva River as a military outpost of Vladimir-Suzdal. By the mid-12th century, when its existence is first mentioned in Russian chronicles, it had become a walled town. In 1271, the dukes of Vladimir-Suzdal took up residence in the city and assumed the title Grand Dukes of Muscowy. The adjacent areas were subdued or acquired one by one and Moscow's importance inexorably continued to increase, particularly under Dmitri Donskoi (1359–89), who was the first to bear the title Grand Duke of Moscow. Dmitri's successors, above all Ivan III and Vasily III, laid the foundation of Muscovite absolutism, built the most powerful Russian state, and broke free of their vassalage to the Golden Horde. When Novgorod was conquered in 1478, Muscowy had achieved its total supremacy of the Russian people.;;;;;;;;;;2637 MOS;Muscowy;;;;;;;;;;2638 MOR_DESC;As the many prehistoric remains show, Morocco has been inhabited since very early prehistoric times. Then came the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Berbers, Romans, Byzantines and Vandals before the final Arab invasion which took place in the 8th century. Morocco's strategic location has shaped its history. Beginning with the Phoenicians many foreigners have come to the area - some to trade or settle others as invaders sweeping the land and dominating it. Arab forces began occupying Morocco in the seventh century, bringing with them Arab culture and Islam. Other invasions followed. The Alaouite dynasty which has ruled Morocco since 1649 claims descent from the Prophet Muhammad. Morocco's location and resources led to early competition among European powers in Africa, beginning with the successful Portuguese efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century.;;;;;;;;;;2639 MOR;Morocco;;;;;;;;;;2640 MONOPOLYOTHER_SETUP;When another nation acquires a monopoly in a Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;2641 MONOPOLYOTHER_LOG;%s acquired a monopoly in %s.;;;;;;;;;;2642 MONOPOLYOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2643 MONOPOLYOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2644 MONOPOLYOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2645 MONOPOLYOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2646 MONOPOLYOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;2647 MONOPOLYOTHER_4;;;;;;;;;;;2648 MONOPOLYOTHER_3;monopoly in %s;;;;;;;;;;2649 MONOPOLYOTHER_2;%t, %s acquired a;;;;;;;;;;2650 MONOPOLYOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2651 MONOPOLY_YOUR;You will win the game when you have Monopoly status (=6 merchants) in ten Centers of Trade.;;;;;;;;;;2652 MONOPOLY_SETUP;When you acquire a monopoly in a Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;2653 MONOPOLY_OTHER;Will win by achieving Monopoly status in Centers of Trade.;;;;;;;;;;2654 MONOPOLY_LOG;We acquired a monopoly in %s.;;;;;;;;;;2655 MONOPOLY_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2656 MONOPOLY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2657 MONOPOLY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2658 MONOPOLY_6;;;;;;;;;;;2659 MONOPOLY_5;;;;;;;;;;;2660 MONOPOLY_4;;;;;;;;;;;2661 MONOPOLY_3;monopoly in %s;;;;;;;;;;2662 MONOPOLY_2;%t, we acquired a;;;;;;;;;;2663 MONOPOLY_1;A Monopoly!;;;;;;;;;;2664 MONARCH;Regent;;;;;;;;;;2665 MOL_DESC;Originally Moldova was part of the greater region of Moldavia but it has spent much of its history being the skinny kid pushed around by the bigger boys. It lies directly between the rock of Russia and the hard place of Romania and has always been the focal point for border disputes and expansionist policies. Prior to its tenuous unification it had been overrun, split up, reunited, conquered, annexed, renamed and taken back again more times than you can shake a stick at. It's been a long and bloody journey from the principality of Moldavia to the republic of Moldova and it seems fitting that the flag includes a band of red signifying the blood spilled in defending the country. During the mid-14th century, under the leadership of Stefan cel Mare (or Stephen the Great), the principality of Moldavia flourished, but by the time his son succeeded him the Turkish army had become too strong and Moldavia was subsumed under the Ottoman Empire. It remained under Turkish suzerainty until 1711 when the Russians appeared on the Moldavian borders for the first time. Although the Russian army was initially repelled, the next century saw Russia and Turkey going at it hammer and tongs. Annexations, partitions, skirmishes, invasions, and wars were the order of the day. Moldavia changed hands more times than a bent coin. In 1774 Austria acquired northern Moldavia, renaming it Bucovina in exchange for brokering a peace treaty between the warring Russians and Turks. In 1812 hostilities between Turkey and Russia were temporarily suspended by the signing of the Bucharest Treaty which gave the eastern half of Moldavia to the Russians (who renamed the region Bessarabia) and the rest of Moldavia and Wallachia to Romania.;;;;;;;;;;2666 MOL;Moldavia;;;;;;;;;;2667 MOG_DESC;The great Mongol heir Bâbur, founder of the Mughal Empire, was indeed very qualified for conquest. Descended from Timur by his father and from Genghis Khan by his mother he ruled the remains of the Timurid Empire from his capital in Kabul, constantly trying, and failing, to recapture the old capital of Samarkand from the Uzbeks. Disappointed, he turned to India, divided between several small kingdoms and sultanates which were constantly at each others necks. He took advantage of the situation and before his death in 1530 he had established a powerful Empire in northern India on the ruins of the Sultanate of Delhi. The Empire continued to grow until it dominated almost all of India at the beginning of the 17th century, before its long period of decline set in.;;;;;;;;;;2668 MOG;Mughal Empire;;;;;;;;;;2669 MODERATE;Moderate;;;;;;;;;;2670 MNTHLYINCM;Monthly Incomes: %d;;;;;;;;;;2671 MNTHLYEXP;Monthly Expenses: %d;;;;;;;;;;2672 MNTHLYBAL;Monthly Balance: %d;;;;;;;;;;2673 MLW_DESC;Following the decline of the Guptas in the 10th century, Malwa was ruled by King Bhoja II of the Paramaras. Internal rivalry between the various tribes and frequent wars with the Rajputs made it easy for the Muslims to establish their rule, which lasted until 1401. In 1562 Akbar made Malwa a part of the Mughal Empire and so it remained until the 18th century. The tribal Gonds gained control of Malwa after the decline of the Mughals, and then the region was shaped into the Maratha State of Indore from 1690. Though this area too fell under the British jurisdiction, it was administered by the Marathas, who ceded it to the British completely by 1817.;;;;;;;;;;2674 MLW;Malwa;;;;;;;;;;2675 MLO_DESC;In 1395 Galeazzo Visconti received the title of duke of Milan from the Holy Roman Emperor and under him the duchy became one of the most powerful states in Italy. Following the death of the last Visconti in 1447, the Sforzas took over as dukes of Milan. The city flourished, harboring great artists and thinkers like Leonardo Da Vinci until it became involved in the Italian Wars and passed under Spanish domination in 1535. At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, Austrian rule of Milan was established and lasted until Napoleon made the city the capital of the Cisalpine Republic in 1797. In 1815 Milan again came under Austrian rule.;;;;;;;;;;2676 MLO;Milan;;;;;;;;;;2677 MLC_DESC;Until the 17th century Malacca was one of the leading commercial centers of East Asia. It was founded around 1400 by a Malay prince who had been driven from Singapore after a brief reign there. The city quickly gained wealth as a center of trade with China, Indonesia, India and the Middle East. Its sultans, aided by the decline of the Madjapahit empire of Java and by the friendship of China, extended their power over the nearby coast of Sumatra and over the Malay Peninsula as far north as Kedah and Pattani. More importantly Gujarati traders introduced Islam to the Malay world through Malacca. In 1511 Malacca was captured by the Portuguese under Alfonso de Albuquerque. The Sultan fled first to Pahang and then to Johor. When the Dutch arrived in the early 17th century, they allied themselves with Johor and captured Malacca in 1641 after a drawn out siege.;;;;;;;;;;2678 MLC;Malacca;;;;;;;;;;2679 MKS_DESC;By the 16th century Makassar had become Sulawesi's major port and the center of the powerful Gowa and Tallo sultanates which between them held a series of 11 fortresses and strongholds and a fortified sea wall which extended along the coast. The arrival of the Dutch in the early 17th century altered events dramatically. The Dutch first objective was to create a hegemony over the spice trade, and their first move was to capture the fort of Makassar in 1667, which they rebuilt and renamed Fort Rotterdam. The Dutch proceeded to destroy the strongholds of the Sultan of Gowa who was forced to live in exile on the outskirts of Makassar. Prince Diponegoro, the national hero born in 1785 to Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta put up a great resistance against the Dutch in the Java wars of 1825-30. After his capture he was exiled to Fort Rotterdam until his death in 1855.;;;;;;;;;;2680 MKS;Makassar;;;;;;;;;;2681 MISSUCCOTHER_SETUP;When another country succeeds with a mission;;;;;;;;;;2682 MISSUCCOTHER_LOG;%s succeeded with their mission to %s.;;;;;;;;;;2683 MISSUCCOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2684 MISSUCCOTHER_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;2685 MISSUCCOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2686 MISSUCCOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2687 MISSUCCOTHER_5;%s.;;;;;;;;;;2688 MISSUCCOTHER_4;with their mission to;;;;;;;;;;2689 MISSUCCOTHER_3;succeeded;;;;;;;;;;2690 MISSUCCOTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2691 MISSUCCOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2692 MISSUCC_SETUP;When you succeed with a mission;;;;;;;;;;2693 MISSUCC_LOG;We succeeded with the mission to %s (+%s VP:s);;;;;;;;;;2694 MISSUCC_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2695 MISSUCC_BTN2;View;;;;;;;;;;2696 MISSUCC_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2697 MISSUCC_6;We have been awarded %s Victory Points.;;;;;;;;;;2698 MISSUCC_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2699 MISSUCC_4;with the mission to;;;;;;;;;;2700 MISSUCC_3;succeeded;;;;;;;;;;2701 MISSUCC_2;%t, we;;;;;;;;;;2702 MISSUCC_1;Success!;;;;;;;;;;2703 MISSOSUCC_SETUP;When you succeed in converting a province.;;;;;;;;;;2704 MISSOSUCC_LOG;We converted the heretics and heathens in %s to the one true faith.;;;;;;;;;;2705 MISSOSUCC_HEADER;Our Archbishop reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2706 MISSOSUCC_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2707 MISSOSUCC_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2708 MISSOSUCC_6;;;;;;;;;;;2709 MISSOSUCC_5;;;;;;;;;;;2710 MISSOSUCC_4;;;;;;;;;;;2711 MISSOSUCC_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2712 MISSOSUCC_2;%t, we are happy to announce that we have eradicated all heathens and heretics in;;;;;;;;;;2713 MISSOSUCC_1;Inquisition Succesful!;;;;;;;;;;2714 MISSOFAIL_SETUP;When you fail in your attempts to convert a province.;;;;;;;;;;2715 MISSOFAIL_LOG;We failed to convert the heretics and heathens in %s;;;;;;;;;;2716 MISSOFAIL_HEADER;Our Archbishop reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2717 MISSOFAIL_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2718 MISSOFAIL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2719 MISSOFAIL_6;;;;;;;;;;;2720 MISSOFAIL_5;;;;;;;;;;;2721 MISSOFAIL_4;;;;;;;;;;;2722 MISSOFAIL_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2723 MISSOFAIL_2;%t, we failed in our attempt to convert the heretics and heathens in;;;;;;;;;;2724 MISSOFAIL_1;Inquisition Failed;;;;;;;;;;2725 MISSNEW_SETUP;When you have been assigned a new mission;;;;;;;;;;2726 MISSNEW_LOG;Our beloved monarch wants you to do the following mission. %s;;;;;;;;;;2727 MISSNEW_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2728 MISSNEW_BTN2;View;;;;;;;;;;2729 MISSNEW_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2730 MISSNEW_6;;;;;;;;;;;2731 MISSNEW_5;;;;;;;;;;;2732 MISSNEW_4;;;;;;;;;;;2733 MISSNEW_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2734 MISSNEW_2;%t, our beloved Monarch has several missions that he wishes to be carried out!;;;;;;;;;;2735 MISSNEW_1;Reminder!;;;;;;;;;;2736 MISSIONNOPE;Mission has already expired.;;;;;;;;;;2737 MISSION_TITLE_K;Establish trade in %s;;;;;;;;;;2738 MISSION_TITLE_J;Colonize %s;;;;;;;;;;2739 MISSION_TITLE_I;Discover %s;;;;;;;;;;2740 MISSION_TITLE_H;Build shipyard in %s;;;;;;;;;;2741 MISSION_TITLE_G;Keep %s;;;;;;;;;;2742 MISSION_TITLE_F;Conquer %s;;;;;;;;;;2743 MISSION_TITLE_E;Royal Marriage with %s;;;;;;;;;;2744 MISSION_TITLE_D;Alliance with %s;;;;;;;;;;2745 MISSION_TITLE_C;Annex %s;;;;;;;;;;2746 MISSION_TITLE_B;Vasallize %s;;;;;;;;;;2747 MISSION_TITLE_A;No %s in %s;;;;;;;;;;2748 MISSION_DESC_K;To succeed you must have established a tradingpost in %s %s within five years.;;;;;;;;;;2749 MISSION_DESC_J;To succeed you must have established a colony in %s %s within five years.;;;;;;;;;;2750 MISSION_DESC_I;To succeed, you must have discovered %s in %s within five years.;;;;;;;;;;2751 MISSION_DESC_H;To succeed, you must have built a shipyard in %s in five years.;;;;;;;;;;2752 MISSION_DESC_G;To succeed, you must own and control the province of %s in five years.;;;;;;;;;;2753 MISSION_DESC_F;To succeed, you must conquer the province of %s from %s and not have lost it in five years.;;;;;;;;;;2754 MISSION_DESC_E;To succeed, you must have arranged a Royal Marriage with %s in five years. Improve relations to increase the chance they will accept.;;;;;;;;;;2755 MISSION_DESC_D;To succeed, you must have a military alliance with %s within five years. Improve relations to increase the chance they will accept.;;;;;;;;;;2756 MISSION_DESC_C;To succeed, you must have annexed %s in five years.;;;;;;;;;;2757 MISSION_DESC_B;To succeed, %s must be your vassal in five years.;;;;;;;;;;2758 MISSION_DESC_A;To succeeed, there should be no provinces owned by %s in %s in five years.;;;;;;;;;;2759 MISSFAIL_SETUP;When you fail to succeed with a mission;;;;;;;;;;2760 MISSFAIL_LOG;We failed in our mission to %s (–%s VP:s).;;;;;;;;;;2761 MISSFAIL_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2762 MISSFAIL_BTN2;View;;;;;;;;;;2763 MISSFAIL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2764 MISSFAIL_6;You have been penalized %s Victory Points.;;;;;;;;;;2765 MISSFAIL_5;%s.;;;;;;;;;;2766 MISSFAIL_4;with your mission to;;;;;;;;;;2767 MISSFAIL_3;failed;;;;;;;;;;2768 MISSFAIL_2;%t, you;;;;;;;;;;2769 MISSFAIL_1;Failure!;;;;;;;;;;2770 MISS_INFO;Mission Information;;;;;;;;;;2771 MINIMAP_DRO;Left-click to center main map over clicked area. Right-click to view locate function or give move order to selected unit.;;;;;;;;;;2772 MINERALDESC;Copper also includes other non-iron metals like lead tin and some highly prized minerals such as silver. Copper a main component of brass was essential in the early foundry techniques and used widely for guns and armors. Along with other minerals it was used also for currency production and most pieces of arts (such as jewelry). It also includes precious stones and gems.;;;;;;;;;;2773 MINERALDEMAND;The global demand for Copper will increase as more §YWeapons §YManufactories and §YShipyards§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;2774 MINERAL;Copper;;;;;;;;;;2775 MIN_DESC;The history of Masovia can be traced back to the first half of the 11th century when one of the Polish nobles, called Maslaw, declared Masovia his own state. It lasted only about two decades. The Duchy of Masovia was created in 1138 when Poland was broken down into 4 princedoms. In theory the Grand Duke was the ruler of all Polish provinces but he met strong opposition led by other remnants of the Piast dynasty. The feudal process of dividing the country into small political entities progressed, granting independence to the strongest of the princedoms. During the renewal of the Kingdom of Poland in the late 13th century and early 14th century, part of Masovia was vassalized by the Bohemian king, Jan Luxembourg, in 1329. The remaining part became a vassal of Poland in 1351. The Masovian princes were in a dire position. All surrounding forces - the Teutonic Order, Poland, and Bohemia - were interested in annexing these terrains. Moreover, Lithuania was not an easy neighbour and some wars were fought. Playing a delicate political game, Masovia maintained its independence into the 15th century, allying with Poland against the Teutons during the Great War of 1409-1411. The last Masovian princes led the happy life of squanderers. The parts of Masovia, like Duchy of Plock (once a vassal of Bohemia), County of Rawa, and others, were annexed by Poland at the deaths of their rulers in the second half of the 15th century. The whole line eventually died out in 1526 and the main Duchy of Czersk-Warsaw was annexed by Poland.;;;;;;;;;;2776 MIN;Masovia;;;;;;;;;;2777 MILWSHOCK;SHOCK;;;;;;;;;;2778 MILWRESEARCH;Research:;;;;;;;;;;2779 MILWNAVTOG;VIEW NAVAL;;;;;;;;;;2780 MILWMORALE;MORALE;;;;;;;;;;2781 MILWLANDTOG;VIEW LAND;;;;;;;;;;2782 MILWFIRE;FIRE;;;;;;;;;;2783 MILWCLOSE;CLOSE;;;;;;;;;;2784 MILTOTALS;Totals:;;;;;;;;;;2785 MILNAVALMA;Supportable Amount;;;;;;;;;;2786 MILNAVAL_WAR;We are paying %.3f$ for each warship.\nWe are paying %.2f$ extra for being above the support limit.\n;;;;;;;;;;2787 MILNAVAL_TRA;We are paying %.3f$ for each transport.\nWe are paying %.2f$ extra for being above the support limit.\n;;;;;;;;;;2788 MILNAVAL_GAL;We are paying %.3f$ for each galley.\nWe are paying %.2f$ extra for being above the support limit.\n;;;;;;;;;;2789 MILNAVAL;NAVAL MILITARY;;;;;;;;;;2790 MILMAIN;MAINTENANCE LEVEL;;;;;;;;;;2791 MILLANDMA;Supportable Amount;;;;;;;;;;2792 MILLAND_INF;We are paying %.3f$ for each 1000 infantry.\nWe are paying %.2f$ extra for being above the support limit.\n;;;;;;;;;;2793 MILLAND_CAV;We are paying %.3f$ for each 1000 cavalry.\nWe are paying %.2f$ extra for being above the support limit.\n;;;;;;;;;;2794 MILLAND_ART;We are paying %.3f$ for each 10 artillery.\nWe are paying %.2f$ extra for being above the support limit.\n;;;;;;;;;;2795 MILLAND;LAND MILITARY;;;;;;;;;;2796 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_SETUP;When a nation declines another nation's request to join its military alliance;;;;;;;;;;2797 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_LOG;%s declined %s's request to join their Military Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;2798 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2799 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2800 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2801 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2802 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_5;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2803 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_4;to join their;;;;;;;;;;2804 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_3;declined %s's request;;;;;;;;;;2805 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2806 MILLALLJOINREJECTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2807 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_SETUP;When a nation declines a military alliance offer from another nation;;;;;;;;;;2808 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_LOG;%s declined an offer from %s to join a Military Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;2809 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2810 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2811 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2812 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_6;with %s;;;;;;;;;;2813 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_5;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2814 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_4;from %s to join their;;;;;;;;;;2815 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_3;declined an offer;;;;;;;;;;2816 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2817 MILLALLINVDECLINEOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2818 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_SETUP;When a nation accepts an invitation to a military alliance with another nation;;;;;;;;;;2819 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_LOG;%s entered a Military Alliance with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2820 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2821 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2822 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2823 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2824 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2825 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_4;with their new ally;;;;;;;;;;2826 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_3;entered a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2827 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2828 MILLALLINVACCEPTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2829 MILCOST;Monthly Maintenance Cost;;;;;;;;;;2830 MILALLREJECT_SETUP;When a nation rejects your Military Alliance proposal;;;;;;;;;;2831 MILALLREJECT_LOG;%s rejected our Military Alliance proposal.;;;;;;;;;;2832 MILALLREJECT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2833 MILALLREJECT_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;2834 MILALLREJECT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2835 MILALLREJECT_6;proposal.;;;;;;;;;;2836 MILALLREJECT_5;military alliance;;;;;;;;;;2837 MILALLREJECT_4;rejected our;;;;;;;;;;2838 MILALLREJECT_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;2839 MILALLREJECT_2;%t, we bring serious news to your court:;;;;;;;;;;2840 MILALLREJECT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2841 MILALLPROP_SETUP;When a nation sends you a Military Alliance proposal;;;;;;;;;;2842 MILALLPROP_LOG;%s invited us to a Military Alliance directed against %s.;;;;;;;;;;2843 MILALLPROP_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2844 MILALLPROP_BTN2;No thanks;;;;;;;;;;2845 MILALLPROP_BTN1;Accept;;;;;;;;;;2846 MILALLPROP_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;2847 MILALLPROP_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2848 MILALLPROP_4;directed against;;;;;;;;;;2849 MILALLPROP_3;military alliance;;;;;;;;;;2850 MILALLPROP_2;%t, %s invites us to enter a;;;;;;;;;;2851 MILALLPROP_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2852 MILALLLEAVE_SETUP;When a nation leaves a war or military alliance with another nation;;;;;;;;;;2853 MILALLLEAVE_LOG;%s left a Military Alliance with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2854 MILALLLEAVE_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2855 MILALLLEAVE_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2856 MILALLLEAVE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2857 MILALLLEAVE_6;;;;;;;;;;;2858 MILALLLEAVE_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2859 MILALLLEAVE_4;with their former allies in;;;;;;;;;;2860 MILALLLEAVE_3;left a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2861 MILALLLEAVE_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2862 MILALLLEAVE_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2863 MILALLJOINPROP_SETUP;When a nation wants to join your Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2864 MILALLJOINPROP_LOG;%s want to join our Military Alliance directed against %s.;;;;;;;;;;2865 MILALLJOINPROP_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2866 MILALLJOINPROP_BTN2;No way!;;;;;;;;;;2867 MILALLJOINPROP_BTN1;Welcome!;;;;;;;;;;2868 MILALLJOINPROP_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;2869 MILALLJOINPROP_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2870 MILALLJOINPROP_4;directed against;;;;;;;;;;2871 MILALLJOINPROP_3;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2872 MILALLJOINPROP_2;%t, %s wishes to join our;;;;;;;;;;2873 MILALLJOINPROP_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2874 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_SETUP;When a nation joins a war or military alliance with another nation;;;;;;;;;;2875 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_LOG;%s entered a Military Alliance with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2876 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2877 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2878 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2879 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2880 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2881 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_4;with their new allies in;;;;;;;;;;2882 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_3;joined a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2883 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2884 MILALLJOINACCEPTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2885 MILALLINVREJECT_SETUP;When a nation rejects your invitation to a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2886 MILALLINVREJECT_LOG;%s refused to join our Military Alliance with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2887 MILALLINVREJECT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2888 MILALLINVREJECT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2889 MILALLINVREJECT_BTN1;Bastards...;;;;;;;;;;2890 MILALLINVREJECT_6;with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2891 MILALLINVREJECT_5;military alliance;;;;;;;;;;2892 MILALLINVREJECT_4;to join our;;;;;;;;;;2893 MILALLINVREJECT_3;refused;;;;;;;;;;2894 MILALLINVREJECT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2895 MILALLINVREJECT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2896 MILALLINVPROP_SETUP;When a nation invites you to a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2897 MILALLINVPROP_LOG;%s invited us to a Military Alliance directed against %s;;;;;;;;;;2898 MILALLINVPROP_HEADER;Diplomat from;;;;;;;;;;2899 MILALLINVPROP_BTN2;No thanks;;;;;;;;;;2900 MILALLINVPROP_BTN1;Accept;;;;;;;;;;2901 MILALLINVPROP_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;2902 MILALLINVPROP_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2903 MILALLINVPROP_4;along with %s, directed against;;;;;;;;;;2904 MILALLINVPROP_3;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2905 MILALLINVPROP_2;%t, %s invites us to enter a;;;;;;;;;;2906 MILALLINVPROP_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2907 MILALLINVACCEPT_SETUP;When a nation accepts your invitation to a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2908 MILALLINVACCEPT_LOG;%s joined our Military Alliance with %s;;;;;;;;;;2909 MILALLINVACCEPT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2910 MILALLINVACCEPT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2911 MILALLINVACCEPT_BTN1;Super!;;;;;;;;;;2912 MILALLINVACCEPT_6;with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2913 MILALLINVACCEPT_5;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2914 MILALLINVACCEPT_4;to join our;;;;;;;;;;2915 MILALLINVACCEPT_3;accepted;;;;;;;;;;2916 MILALLINVACCEPT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2917 MILALLINVACCEPT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2918 MILALLHONORWISH_SETUP;When a nation wishes you to honor a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2919 MILALLHONORWISH_LOG;%s asked that we honored our Military Alliance and declare war upon %s;;;;;;;;;;2920 MILALLHONORWISH_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2921 MILALLHONORWISH_BTN2;Dishonor alliance;;;;;;;;;;2922 MILALLHONORWISH_BTN1;Declare war;;;;;;;;;;2923 MILALLHONORWISH_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;2924 MILALLHONORWISH_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2925 MILALLHONORWISH_4;and declare war upon;;;;;;;;;;2926 MILALLHONORWISH_3;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2927 MILALLHONORWISH_2;%t, %s asks that we honor our;;;;;;;;;;2928 MILALLHONORWISH_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2929 MILALLEXPIRY_SETUP;When a military alliance expires;;;;;;;;;;2930 MILALLEXPIRY_LOG;Our Military Alliance with %s expired.;;;;;;;;;;2931 MILALLEXPIRY_HEADER;Our Herald reports%s;;;;;;;;;;2932 MILALLEXPIRY_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;2933 MILALLEXPIRY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2934 MILALLEXPIRY_6;;;;;;;;;;;2935 MILALLEXPIRY_5;has expired.;;;;;;;;;;2936 MILALLEXPIRY_4;with %s;;;;;;;;;;2937 MILALLEXPIRY_3;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2938 MILALLEXPIRY_2;%t, Our;;;;;;;;;;2939 MILALLEXPIRY_1;Alliance Expired!;;;;;;;;;;2940 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_SETUP;When a nation dishonors a military alliance that it has with another nation;;;;;;;;;;2941 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_LOG;%s dishonored a Military Alliance she had with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2942 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2943 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2944 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2945 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2946 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2947 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_4;she had with her former allies in;;;;;;;;;;2948 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_3;dishonored a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2949 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2950 MILALLDISHONOROTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2951 MILALLDISHONOR_SETUP;When a nation dishonors a military alliance that it has with you;;;;;;;;;;2952 MILALLDISHONOR_LOG;%s dishonored your Military Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;2953 MILALLDISHONOR_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2954 MILALLDISHONOR_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2955 MILALLDISHONOR_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2956 MILALLDISHONOR_6;You now have a Casus Belli on them.;;;;;;;;;;2957 MILALLDISHONOR_5;Military Alliance!;;;;;;;;;;2958 MILALLDISHONOR_4;your;;;;;;;;;;2959 MILALLDISHONOR_3;dared to dishonor;;;;;;;;;;2960 MILALLDISHONOR_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2961 MILALLDISHONOR_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2962 MILALLBREAK_SETUP;When a nation breaks a military alliance;;;;;;;;;;2963 MILALLBREAK_LOG;%s left the Military Alliance she had with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2964 MILALLBREAK_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2965 MILALLBREAK_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2966 MILALLBREAK_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2967 MILALLBREAK_6;she had with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2968 MILALLBREAK_5;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2969 MILALLBREAK_4;the;;;;;;;;;;2970 MILALLBREAK_3;has broken;;;;;;;;;;2971 MILALLBREAK_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2972 MILALLBREAK_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2973 MILALLBANOTHER_SETUP;When a nation is banned from a military alliance by its leader;;;;;;;;;;2974 MILALLBANOTHER_LOG;%s was banned from a Military Alliance by %s.;;;;;;;;;;2975 MILALLBANOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2976 MILALLBANOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2977 MILALLBANOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2978 MILALLBANOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;2979 MILALLBANOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;2980 MILALLBANOTHER_4;by their former ally;;;;;;;;;;2981 MILALLBANOTHER_3;banned from their Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2982 MILALLBANOTHER_2;%t, %s was;;;;;;;;;;2983 MILALLBANOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2984 MILALLBAN_SETUP;When a nation bans you from a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2985 MILALLBAN_LOG;%s banned us from their Military Alliance with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2986 MILALLBAN_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2987 MILALLBAN_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;2988 MILALLBAN_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;2989 MILALLBAN_6;with %s.;;;;;;;;;;2990 MILALLBAN_5;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;2991 MILALLBAN_4;us from their;;;;;;;;;;2992 MILALLBAN_3;banned;;;;;;;;;;2993 MILALLBAN_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;2994 MILALLBAN_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;2995 MILALLACCEPT_SETUP;When a nation accepts your Military Alliance proposal;;;;;;;;;;2996 MILALLACCEPT_LOG;%s entered our Military Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;2997 MILALLACCEPT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;2998 MILALLACCEPT_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;2999 MILALLACCEPT_BTN1;Perfect!;;;;;;;;;;3000 MILALLACCEPT_6;;;;;;;;;;;3001 MILALLACCEPT_5;military alliance;;;;;;;;;;3002 MILALLACCEPT_4;to enter our;;;;;;;;;;3003 MILALLACCEPT_3;accepted;;;;;;;;;;3004 MILALLACCEPT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;3005 MILALLACCEPT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3006 MILALL;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;3007 MILACC_ROLL;%s asks for military access.;;;;;;;;;;3008 MEX_DESC;Most of present-day Mexico and the former Spanish holdings in what is now the United States were occupied early. At the end of the 16th century California was thoroughly explored, but it was not until the middle and late 18th century that north-eastern Mexico and Texas were occupied by Europeans in large numbers. Many of the administrative evils were ended by the reforms (especially that of 1786) of José de Gálvez, but discontentment with Spanish rule continued to grow among the creoles. Mexican independence (recognized in 1821) came about almost by accident when constitutionalists in Spain led a rebellion that, in 1820, forced Ferdinand VII to reinstate the liberal constitution of 1812.;;;;;;;;;;3009 MEX;Mexico;;;;;;;;;;3010 METALDESC;Iron covers mostly iron and other similar metals but copper lead and the few highly prized minerals. Iron formed the basis of the metallurgical industry and was the most necessary raw material for all weapons tools and more generally a lot of pieces of equipment.;;;;;;;;;;3011 METALDEMAND;The global demand for Iron will increase as more §YWeapons §YManufactories §Wand §YConscription §YCenters§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;3012 METAL;Iron;;;;;;;;;;3013 MESSAGE_HEADER_PROPERTIES;§YMESSAGE PROPERTIES;;;;;;;;;;3014 MESSAGE_HEADER;§YINGAME MESSAGES;;;;;;;;;;3015 MESS_RANK6;Regent;;;;;;;;;;3016 MESS_RANK5;Duke;;;;;;;;;;3017 MESS_RANK4;Marquis;;;;;;;;;;3018 MESS_RANK3;Count;;;;;;;;;;3019 MESS_RANK2;Viscount;;;;;;;;;;3020 MESS_RANK1;Baron;;;;;;;;;;3021 MESS_RANK0;Baronet;;;;;;;;;;3022 MESS_MASTERCALL6;Honorable Lord;;;;;;;;;;3023 MESS_MASTERCALL5;My Lord Duke;;;;;;;;;;3024 MESS_MASTERCALL4;My Lord Marquis;;;;;;;;;;3025 MESS_MASTERCALL3;My Lord;;;;;;;;;;3026 MESS_MASTERCALL2;My Lord;;;;;;;;;;3027 MESS_MASTERCALL1;My Lord;;;;;;;;;;3028 MESS_BADWORDS4;the traitors;;;;;;;;;;3029 MESS_BADWORDS3;the infidels;;;;;;;;;;3030 MESS_BADWORDS2;the rotten swines;;;;;;;;;;3031 MESS_BADWORDS1;the bastards;;;;;;;;;;3032 MERCSUCC_SETUP;When your merchant(s) expanded your trade in a Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;3033 MERCSUCC_LOG;Our merchants successfully expanded our trade in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3034 MERCSUCC_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3035 MERCSUCC_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3036 MERCSUCC_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3037 MERCSUCC_6;;;;;;;;;;;3038 MERCSUCC_5;;;;;;;;;;;3039 MERCSUCC_4;If you manage to get SIX merchants in a Center of Trade (requires Trade Level 3) you will get a Monopoly drastically increasing your incomes.;;;;;;;;;;3040 MERCSUCC_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3041 MERCSUCC_2;%t, our merchant(s) successfully expanded our trade in;;;;;;;;;;3042 MERCSUCC_1;Merchants Successful!;;;;;;;;;;3043 MERCSEND_SETUP;When another automatic merchant has been sent.;;;;;;;;;;3044 MERCSEND_LOG;Our treasurer has sent another merchant to %s;;;;;;;;;;3045 MERCSEND_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3046 MERCSEND_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3047 MERCSEND_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3048 MERCSEND_6;;;;;;;;;;;3049 MERCSEND_5;;;;;;;;;;;3050 MERCSEND_4;(This was sent through the automatic merchant mechanism if you do not want more merchants sent this way turn it off in the trade interface.);;;;;;;;;;3051 MERCSEND_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3052 MERCSEND_2;%t, we have sent a merchant to expand out trade in;;;;;;;;;;3053 MERCSEND_1;Merchant sent;;;;;;;;;;3054 MERCOLOSS_SETUP;When you have competed away another country's merchant from a Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;3055 MERCOLOSS_LOG;We have competed for trade in %s and %s lost a merchant.;;;;;;;;;;3056 MERCOLOSS_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3057 MERCOLOSS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3058 MERCOLOSS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3059 MERCOLOSS_6;;;;;;;;;;;3060 MERCOLOSS_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3061 MERCOLOSS_4;has competed away a merchant from;;;;;;;;;;3062 MERCOLOSS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3063 MERCOLOSS_2;%t, one of our merchants in;;;;;;;;;;3064 MERCOLOSS_1;Market Share Increase;;;;;;;;;;3065 MERCLOSS_SETUP;When one of your merchants is competed away from a Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;3066 MERCLOSS_LOG;We lost a merchant in %s to %s.;;;;;;;;;;3067 MERCLOSS_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3068 MERCLOSS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3069 MERCLOSS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3070 MERCLOSS_6;in that Center of Trade.;;;;;;;;;;3071 MERCLOSS_5;%s merchants;;;;;;;;;;3072 MERCLOSS_4;has gone out of business due to fierce competition. From;;;;;;;;;;3073 MERCLOSS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3074 MERCLOSS_2;%t, one of our merchants in;;;;;;;;;;3075 MERCLOSS_1;Market Share Loss;;;;;;;;;;3076 MERCFAIL_SETUP;When your merchants failed to expand your trade in a Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;3077 MERCFAIL_LOG;Our merchants failed to expand our trade in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3078 MERCFAIL_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3079 MERCFAIL_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3080 MERCFAIL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3081 MERCFAIL_6;;;;;;;;;;;3082 MERCFAIL_5;;;;;;;;;;;3083 MERCFAIL_4;The chance of success primarily depends on your Trade Level and your Monarch's Administrative skills.;;;;;;;;;;3084 MERCFAIL_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3085 MERCFAIL_2;%t, our merchants failed to expand our trade in;;;;;;;;;;3086 MERCFAIL_1;Merchants Failed!;;;;;;;;;;3087 MER_DESC;No description needed.;;;;;;;;;;3088 MER;Mercenaries;;;;;;;;;;3089 MECENATROLLOVER;Settler from %s enroute to %s;;;;;;;;;;3090 MECENATPLACE2;SELECT A PROVINCE WHICH YOU OWN ON THE MAP TO SEND YOUR MISSIONARY TO;;;;;;;;;;3091 MECENATPLACE;SELECT A LEGAL (GREEN) PROVINCE ON THE MAP TO SEND A COLONIST OR TRADER TO;;;;;;;;;;3092 MEC_DESC;In 1621, the Duchy of Mecklenburg, was divided into two different duchies: Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Guestrow. The Westfalian peace contract from 1648 regulated that Wismar came under the power of Sweden, further splintering the old duchy. Two duchies of Mecklenburg were reformed once again as a result of the treaty of Hamburg in 1701, leaving Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1803 Wismar was returned to Mecklenburg. Both of the duchies joined the Rhine Federation in 1808. At the congress in Vienna the two duchies of Mecklenburg were reunited as a Grand Duchy.;;;;;;;;;;3093 MEC;Mecklenburg;;;;;;;;;;3094 MCH_DESC;The Manchu people were related to the Tungus and were descended from the Jurchen - a tribe known in Asia since the 7th century. They were first called Manchu in the early 17th century, when they began to threaten their neighbors in China and Korea. Originally pastoral nomads in Manchuria, the Manchu swept into northern China in the early 12th century but were forced by the Mongols to withdraw in the mid-13th century. The Manchu settled in the Songhua River valley and developed an agrarian civilization. Under the emperor Nurhachi (1559-1626) they secured the allegiance of many tribes and increased their territory. The sons of Nurhachi invaded China in the mid 17th century and established the Ch'ing dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;3095 MCH;Manchu;;;;;;;;;;3096 MAYS;MAY;;;;;;;;;;3097 MAY;May;;;;;;;;;;3098 MAXSHIP_TRADE;+%d (Naval Supplies traded)\n;;;;;;;;;;3099 MAXSHIP_SHIPYARDS;+%d (Shipyards)\n;;;;;;;;;;3100 MAXSHIP_PROD;+%d (Naval Supplies produced)\n;;;;;;;;;;3101 MAXSHIP_PORT;+%d (Number of Ports)\n;;;;;;;;;;3102 MAXSHIP_POOL;+%d (Manpower)\n;;;;;;;;;;3103 MAXSHIP_MERC;+%d (Merchants)\n;;;;;;;;;;3104 MAXSHIP_MANU;+%d (Naval Manufacturies)\n;;;;;;;;;;3105 MAXMAN_TRADE;+%d (Grain traded)\n;;;;;;;;;;3106 MAXMAN_PROD;+%d (Grain produced)\n;;;;;;;;;;3107 MAXMAN_POOL;+%d (Manpower)\n;;;;;;;;;;3108 MAXMAN_MINIMUM;+%d (Base Value)\n;;;;;;;;;;3109 MAXMAN_MANU;+%d (Weapon Manufacturies)\n;;;;;;;;;;3110 MAXMAN_ECO;+%d (Economical Resources)\n;;;;;;;;;;3111 MAXMAN_ECO;+%d (Economical Resources)\n;;;;;;;;;;3112 MAXMAN_BARRA;+%d (Conscript Centers)\n;;;;;;;;;;3113 MARCH;March;;;;;;;;;;3114 MAR;MAR;;;;;;;;;;3115 MANWEAP2;Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;3116 MANWEAP1;Weapons;;;;;;;;;;3117 MANULOAN_SETUP;When you manually take a loan;;;;;;;;;;3118 MANULOAN_LOG;We took a loan.;;;;;;;;;;3119 MANULOAN_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports;;;;;;;;;;3120 MANULOAN_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;3121 MANULOAN_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3122 MANULOAN_6;;;;;;;;;;;3123 MANULOAN_5;;;;;;;;;;;3124 MANULOAN_4;The loan must be repayed in five years. If you cannot repay a loan when it expires you will take a new loan to repay the old one. The more loans you have the higher the interest. If you cannot take another loan (five is maximum) you will go bankrupt.;;;;;;;;;;3125 MANULOAN_3;Effects:;;;;;;;;;;3126 MANULOAN_2;%t, we have taken a loan from the bank.;;;;;;;;;;3127 MANULOAN_1;Fresh Capital!;;;;;;;;;;3128 MANUFINISH_SETUP;When you finish a manufactory;;;;;;;;;;3129 MANUFINISH_LOG;%s completed in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3130 MANUFINISH_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3131 MANUFINISH_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3132 MANUFINISH_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3133 MANUFINISH_6;is complete.;;;;;;;;;;3134 MANUFINISH_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3135 MANUFINISH_4;in the province of;;;;;;;;;;3136 MANUFINISH_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3137 MANUFINISH_2;%t, our;;;;;;;;;;3138 MANUFINISH_1;Manufactory complete!;;;;;;;;;;3139 MANUFAILED_SETUP;When you failed to build a manufactory;;;;;;;;;;3140 MANUFAILED_LOG;The building of a %s failed in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3141 MANUFAILED_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3142 MANUFAILED_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3143 MANUFAILED_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3144 MANUFAILED_6;was a complete waste of money.;;;;;;;;;;3145 MANUFAILED_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3146 MANUFAILED_4;that we tried to build in;;;;;;;;;;3147 MANUFAILED_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3148 MANUFAILED_2;%t, the;;;;;;;;;;3149 MANUFAILED_1;Failure!;;;;;;;;;;3150 MANROLLWEAP_ERR;Requires %d$ and at least level 18 Land Technology.;;;;;;;;;;3151 MANROLLWEAP_COST;Cost: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3152 MANROLLWEAP;Weapons Manufactories will improve your §YLand §YTechnology.\n\nYearly bonus if built in a province with §Yiron §Yor §Ycopper: §Y%d$ §W(otherwise §W6$)\n\n Number that can be built at lower cost: §Y%d\n\nCost to build: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3153 MANROLLREF_ERR;Requires %d$ and at least level 3 Infrastructure.;;;;;;;;;;3154 MANROLLREF_COST;Cost: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3155 MANROLLREF;Each Refinery will improve your §YTrade Leve§Wl.\n\nYearly bonus if built in a province with §Ysugar§W or§Y wine§W: %d §W(otherwise §W6$)\n\n Number that can be built at lower cost and risk: §Y%d\n\nCost to build: §Y%d;;;;;;;;;;3156 MANROLLNAVAL_ERR;Requires %d$ and at least level 16 Naval Technology.;;;;;;;;;;3157 MANROLLNAVAL_COST;Cost: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3158 MANROLLNAVAL;Naval Equipment Manufactories will improve your §YNaval §YTechnology.\n\nYearly bonus if built in a province with §Yfish §Yor §Ynaval §Ysupplies: §Y%d$ §W(otherwise §W6$)\n\n Number that can be built at lower cost: §Y%d\n\nCost to build: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3159 MANROLLGOOD_ERR;Requires %d$ and at least level 6 Infrastructure.;;;;;;;;;;3160 MANROLLGOOD_COST;Cost: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3161 MANROLLGOOD;Each Goods Manufactory will improve your §YInfrastructure.\n\nYearly bonus if built in a province with §Ycloth, §Ycotton §Yor §Ytobacco: §Y%d$ §W(otherwise §W6$)\n\n Number that can be built at lower cost: §Y%d\n\nCost to build: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3162 MANROLLARTS_ERR;Requires %d$ and at least level 2 Infrastructure.;;;;;;;;;;3163 MANROLLARTS_COST;Cost: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3164 MANROLLARTS;Fine Arts Academies will increase your §YStability.\n\nYearly bonus if built in §Ya §YCapital §Yprovince: §Y%d$ §W(otherwise §W6$)\n\nNumber that can be built at lower cost: §Y%d\n\nCost to build: %d$;;;;;;;;;;3165 MANREF2;;;;;;;;;;;3166 MANREF1;Refinery;;;;;;;;;;3167 MANNAV2;Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;3168 MANNAV1;Naval Equipments;;;;;;;;;;3169 MANGOOD2;Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;3170 MANGOOD1;Goods;;;;;;;;;;3171 MANARTS2;Academy;;;;;;;;;;3172 MANARTS1;Fine Arts;;;;;;;;;;3173 MAN_DESC;Originally an Etruscan settlement, Mantua later became a Roman town and then a free commune. It flourished under the Gonzaga family (1328–1708), who were magnificent patrons of the arts. Mantua passed to Austria in 1708, was taken by Napoleon I in 1797, was retaken by Austria in 1815 and was finally returned to Italy in 1866 after the Risorgimento had succeeded in uniting most of the other Italian states. The Gonzaga palace is among the largest and finest in Europe, and contains marvellous frescoes by Mantegna and Giulio Romano and numerous other works of art.;;;;;;;;;;3174 MAN;Mantua;;;;;;;;;;3175 MAM_DESC;Since 1250, Egypt had been ruled by the great Mamluk dynasty, but toward the end of the 15th century they became embroiled in a devastating war with the Ottoman Turks, who captured Cairo in 1517. The Ottoman Sultan, Selim, put an end to the Mamluk Sultanate and established a small Ottoman garrison in Egypt. However he did not destroy the Mamluks as a class. They were allowed to keep their lands, and Mamluk governors remained in control of the Egyptian provinces. In 1769 one of their number, Ali Bey, even proclaimed himself Sultan and independent of Constantinople. Although he fell in 1772, the Ottomans felt compelled to concede an ever greater measure of autonomy to the Mamluks, appointing a series of them as governors of Egypt. The Mamluks were defeated by Napoleon I during his invasion of Egypt in 1798 but their power as a class was ended only in 1811 by Muhammad Ali.;;;;;;;;;;3176 MAM;Mamluks;;;;;;;;;;3177 MAL_DESC;The African medieval empire of Mali was a powerful state and one of the world's chief gold suppliers. It attained its peak in the early 14th century under Mansa Musa (1312-1337), who made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 laden with gold and slaves to proclaim Mali's prosperity and power. During his rule Muslim scholarship reached new heights in Mali and such cities as Timbuktu and Djenné became important centers of trade, learning and culture. For various reasons, the Mali empire disintegrated and was succeeded by the Songhai Empire of Gao, which rose to great power in the late 15th century.;;;;;;;;;;3178 MAL;Mali;;;;;;;;;;3179 MAI_DESC;In 746, the city of Mainz was made the seat of the first German archbishop - St. Boniface. Subsequent archbishops acquired considerable territory around Mainz and in Franconia on both sides of the Main which they ruled as princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Very early on they received a vote in the imperial elections and had precedence over the other electors - they crowned the Kings of Germany. From the 16th century the Archbishops-Elector of Mainz was the ex officio archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire. Under the rule of the Archbishops-Electors Mainz flourished as a commercial and cultural center. Johann Gutenberg (1397–1468) lived in Mainz which he founded the first printing enterprise in Europe.;;;;;;;;;;3180 MAI;Mainz;;;;;;;;;;3181 MAH_DESC;By the middle of the 16th century the Maharashtra region of India was fragmented among several independent Muslim rulers, who fought each other endlessly but paid tribute to either the Mughals, Bijapur or Golconda. It was in the midst of this chaos that a great leader, Sivaji Bhonsle, was born in 1627. Sivaji was outraged at the oppression that the mainly Hindu people had to suffer at the hands their Muslim overlords. In a long series of campaigns, he showed astonishing prowess, and eventually founded a large Maratha Empire that would shake the Mughal Empire to its foundations. During the 18th century almost all of western and central India, as well as large segments of the north and east, had been brought under Maratha suzerainty.;;;;;;;;;;3182 MAH;Mahrattis;;;;;;;;;;3183 MAG_DESC;Luwu is the oldest of the kingdoms of Sulawesi, having been founded in the 9th century. The kingdom rose quickly to prominance, and for a time dominated Sulawesi, though eventually losing the spotlight to the rising power of Gowa. Luwu allied with the Dutch to bring down Gowa during the 17th century, though this led to their own demise, as their kingdom soom become a part of the Dutch East Indies.;;;;;;;;;;3184 MAG;Luwu;;;;;;;;;;3185 MAA_DESC;The Spanish conquistadors found a number of small cities in northern Yucatán, but on their march into Central America encountered few inhabitants. The introduction of new diseases by the Spanish greatly contributed to the ongoing decimation of Maya population, leaving the region still more sparsely settled. For the remaining groups the Spanish conquest led to the imposition of Catholicism and the establishment of various European forms of political organization. Although this imposition was not completely effective, Spaniards either eliminated or incorporated the indigenous elite into the new colonial system leaving the Maya-speaking population a relatively undifferentiated mass of rural peasants. For the most part the Maya region was peripheral to the Spanish American colonies because of the lack of mineral wealth, the relatively sparse population and the lack of land suitable for the cultivation of export crops.;;;;;;;;;;3186 MAA;Maya;;;;;;;;;;3187 LWTITLE;You are about to offer a loan to;;;;;;;;;;3188 LWRATE;INTEREST RATE;;;;;;;;;;3189 LWMONTHS;MONTHS;;;;;;;;;;3190 LWLENGTH;LENGTH IN MONTHS;;;;;;;;;;3191 LWAMOUNT;AMOUNT;;;;;;;;;;3192 LUX_DESC;The city of Luxemburg was founded in the 10th century on the ruins of a Roman settlement. In the 14th century the Dukes of Luxemburg rose to become the most powerful noble family in Germany by acquiring Bohemia, Brandenbug, and Hungary. From 1347 on the family also held the office of Holy Roman Emperor. In 1437 Luxemburg's glory came to an abrupt end with the death of Sigismund, the last ruler of the House of Luxemburg. The city itself was soon conquered by Philip of Burgundy. In 1477 Burgundy and with it Luxemburg were inherited by Maximilian of Habsburg and the city remained under Habsburg control for the next three centuries. In 1795 Luxembourg was conquered by the armies of revolutionary France but in 1815 the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was reestablished ruled by the Kings of the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;3193 LUX;Luxembourg;;;;;;;;;;3194 LUA_DESC;The city of Luang Prabang was named after a sacred gold Buddha called 'Pra Bang' which was a gift from the Khmer court to Fa Ngum. Fa Ngum was a Lao prince raised in the court of Angkor Wat who carved out the kingdom of Lan Xang in 1353. It encompassed all of present-day Laos and most of northeast Thailand. Luang Prabang became the centre of Lao culture trade and religion for the next 200 years. When King Souligna Vongsa died in 1694 without an heir the leadership of Lan Xang was contested. In 1713 the nation split into three kingdoms: Luang Prabang, Vientiane and Champassak. This division attracted outside aggressors, and by the 1800s most of Lan Xang had become a satellite state of Siam, with the exception of Luang Prabang, which held on to a the remnants.;;;;;;;;;;3195 LUA;Luang Prabang;;;;;;;;;;3196 LU_ATTRITION_I5;–%d (attrition limit reached)\n;;;;;;;;;;3197 LU_ATTRITION_I4;–%d Leader\n;;;;;;;;;;3198 LU_ATTRITION_I3;–%d Province Supply\n;;;;;;;;;;3199 LU_ATTRITION_I2;+%d Unit Size\n;;;;;;;;;;3200 LU_ATTRITION_I1;+%d On Navy\n;;;;;;;;;;3201 LU_ATTRITION_I0;Attrition (monthly losses due to starvation diseases desertions etc. Minimum is 1 percent unless commanded by a Conquistador)\n;;;;;;;;;;3202 LTLEVEL_LTIW;Level 0: Allows infantry cavalry and level 1 Fortresses.\nLevel 2: Allows level 2 Fortresses.\nLevel 5: Allows Assaults.\nLevel 7: Allows Artillery.\nLevel 9: Arquebus Armament (Improved CRT).\nLevel 11: Allows level 3 Fortresses.\nLevel 14: Musket Armament (Improved CRT).\nLevel 18: Military-Industrial Complex (Allows Weapons Manufactories and Improved CRT).\nLevel 21: Allows level 4 Fortresses.\nLevel 26: Professional Armies (Allows level 5 Fortresses and Improved CRT).\nLevel 31: Military Entrepreneurs (Exploration with all armies).\nLevel 35: Maneuver Operations (Improved CRT).\nLevel 41: The Demographic Expansion (Allows Conscription Centers and level 6 Fortresses).\nLevel 51: Levée en Masse (Improved CRT).;;;;;;;;;;3203 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_9;We will be much more efficient in combat;;;;;;;;;;3204 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_8;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3205 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_7;We can now build Artillery.;;;;;;;;;;3206 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_60;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3207 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_6;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3208 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_59;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3209 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_58;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3210 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_57;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3211 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_56;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3212 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_55;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3213 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_54;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3214 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_53;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3215 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_52;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3216 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_51;We will be much more efficient in combat;;;;;;;;;;3217 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_50;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3218 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_5;We can now assault besieged Fortresses.;;;;;;;;;;3219 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_49;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3220 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_48;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3221 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_47;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3222 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_46;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3223 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_45;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3224 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_44;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3225 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_43;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3226 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_42;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3227 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_41;We can now build Conscription Centers and level 6 Fortresses.;;;;;;;;;;3228 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_40;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3229 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_4;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3230 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_39;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3231 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_38;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3232 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_37;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3233 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_36;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3234 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_35;We will be much more efficient in combat;;;;;;;;;;3235 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_34;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3236 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_33;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3237 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_32;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3238 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_31;We can now explore with all armies.;;;;;;;;;;3239 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_30;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3240 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_3;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3241 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_29;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3242 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_28;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3243 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_27;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3244 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_26;We can now build level 5 Fortresses and we will be much more efficient in combat.;;;;;;;;;;3245 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_25;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3246 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_24;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3247 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_23;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3248 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_22;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3249 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_21;We can now build level 4 Fortresses.;;;;;;;;;;3250 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_20;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3251 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_2;We can now build level 2 Fortresses.;;;;;;;;;;3252 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_19;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3253 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_18;We can now build Weapon Manufactories and we will be much more efficient in combat.;;;;;;;;;;3254 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_17;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3255 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_16;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3256 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_15;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3257 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_14;We will be much more efficient in combat;;;;;;;;;;3258 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_13;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3259 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_12;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3260 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_11;We can now build level 3 Fortresses.;;;;;;;;;;3261 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_10;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3262 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_1;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3263 LTLEVEL_IMPSTRING_0;We can build infantry cavalry and level 1 Fortresses.;;;;;;;;;;3264 LTLEVEL_9;Late Medieval (9);;;;;;;;;;3265 LTLEVEL_8;Late Medieval (8);;;;;;;;;;3266 LTLEVEL_7;Late Medieval (7);;;;;;;;;;3267 LTLEVEL_60;Revolutionary (60);;;;;;;;;;3268 LTLEVEL_6;Late Medieval (6);;;;;;;;;;3269 LTLEVEL_59;Revolutionary (59);;;;;;;;;;3270 LTLEVEL_58;Revolutionary (58);;;;;;;;;;3271 LTLEVEL_57;Revolutionary (57);;;;;;;;;;3272 LTLEVEL_56;Revolutionary (56);;;;;;;;;;3273 LTLEVEL_55;Revolutionary (55);;;;;;;;;;3274 LTLEVEL_54;Revolutionary (54);;;;;;;;;;3275 LTLEVEL_53;Revolutionary (53);;;;;;;;;;3276 LTLEVEL_52;Revolutionary (52);;;;;;;;;;3277 LTLEVEL_51;Revolutionary (51);;;;;;;;;;3278 LTLEVEL_50;War in Laces (50);;;;;;;;;;3279 LTLEVEL_5;Late Medieval (5);;;;;;;;;;3280 LTLEVEL_49;War in Laces (49);;;;;;;;;;3281 LTLEVEL_48;War in Laces (48);;;;;;;;;;3282 LTLEVEL_47;War in Laces (47);;;;;;;;;;3283 LTLEVEL_46;War in Laces (46);;;;;;;;;;3284 LTLEVEL_45;War in Laces (45);;;;;;;;;;3285 LTLEVEL_44;War in Laces (44);;;;;;;;;;3286 LTLEVEL_43;War in Laces (43);;;;;;;;;;3287 LTLEVEL_42;War in Laces (42);;;;;;;;;;3288 LTLEVEL_41;War in Laces (41);;;;;;;;;;3289 LTLEVEL_40;War of Maneuver (40);;;;;;;;;;3290 LTLEVEL_4;Late Medieval (4);;;;;;;;;;3291 LTLEVEL_39;War of Maneuver (39);;;;;;;;;;3292 LTLEVEL_38;War of Maneuver (38);;;;;;;;;;3293 LTLEVEL_37;War of Maneuver (37);;;;;;;;;;3294 LTLEVEL_36;War of Maneuver (36);;;;;;;;;;3295 LTLEVEL_35;War of Maneuver (35);;;;;;;;;;3296 LTLEVEL_34;War of Maneuver (34);;;;;;;;;;3297 LTLEVEL_33;War of Maneuver (33);;;;;;;;;;3298 LTLEVEL_32;War of Maneuver (32);;;;;;;;;;3299 LTLEVEL_31;War of Maneuver (31);;;;;;;;;;3300 LTLEVEL_30;Baroque (30);;;;;;;;;;3301 LTLEVEL_3;Late Medieval (3);;;;;;;;;;3302 LTLEVEL_29;Baroque (29);;;;;;;;;;3303 LTLEVEL_28;Baroque (28);;;;;;;;;;3304 LTLEVEL_27;Baroque (27);;;;;;;;;;3305 LTLEVEL_26;Baroque (26);;;;;;;;;;3306 LTLEVEL_25;Baroque (25);;;;;;;;;;3307 LTLEVEL_24;Baroque (24);;;;;;;;;;3308 LTLEVEL_23;Baroque (23);;;;;;;;;;3309 LTLEVEL_22;Baroque (22);;;;;;;;;;3310 LTLEVEL_21;Baroque (21);;;;;;;;;;3311 LTLEVEL_20;Renaissance (20);;;;;;;;;;3312 LTLEVEL_2;Late Medieval (2);;;;;;;;;;3313 LTLEVEL_19;Renaissance (19);;;;;;;;;;3314 LTLEVEL_18;Renaissance (18);;;;;;;;;;3315 LTLEVEL_17;Renaissance (17);;;;;;;;;;3316 LTLEVEL_16;Renaissance (16);;;;;;;;;;3317 LTLEVEL_15;Renaissance (15);;;;;;;;;;3318 LTLEVEL_14;Renaissance (14);;;;;;;;;;3319 LTLEVEL_13;Renaissance (13);;;;;;;;;;3320 LTLEVEL_12;Renaissance (12);;;;;;;;;;3321 LTLEVEL_11;Renaissance (11);;;;;;;;;;3322 LTLEVEL_10;Late Medieval (10);;;;;;;;;;3323 LTLEVEL_1;Late Medieval (1);;;;;;;;;;3324 LTLEVEL_0;Medieval (0);;;;;;;;;;3325 LTINCREASE_SETUP;When you have increased your land technology level;;;;;;;;;;3326 LTINCREASE_LOG;Our land technology increased to %s. %s;;;;;;;;;;3327 LTINCREASE_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3328 LTINCREASE_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;3329 LTINCREASE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3330 LTINCREASE_6;%s;;;;;;;;;;3331 LTINCREASE_5;BONUS EFFECT:;;;;;;;;;;3332 LTINCREASE_4;Our troops will now fight better.;;;;;;;;;;3333 LTINCREASE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3334 LTINCREASE_2;%t, our military land technology increased to;;;;;;;;;;3335 LTINCREASE_1;Technology Advance!;;;;;;;;;;3336 LOR_DESC;Lorraine, or Lothringen, as its name indicates, was originally part of the kingdom of Lotharingia, and became a duchy under the Holy Roman Empire. In 1048 it passed to the house of Alsace which then became the house of Lorraine and ruled the duchy until 1738. René II of Lorraine helped to defeat Charles the Bold of Burgundy at Nancy in 1477, successfully keeping his realm separate from Burgundy and bringing about its final downfall. In the 16th century a cadet branch of the house of Lorraine, the Guise family, gained tremendous influence in France while Lorraine itself enjoyed a period of relative order and prosperity amid a Europe torn by religious and imperialistic strife. Lorraine was occupied by France during the Thirty Years War (1618-48) and Duke Charles IV spent most of his life trying to recover his lands, but neither he nor his successor Charles V managed to recover the duchy. At last, in the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, Leopold I was recognized in possession of the duchy.;;;;;;;;;;3337 LOR;Lorraine;;;;;;;;;;3338 LOANSREPAY_SETUP;When a nation repays a loan that you gave them;;;;;;;;;;3339 LOANSREPAY_LOG;%s repaid our loan of %s$.;;;;;;;;;;3340 LOANSREPAY_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3341 LOANSREPAY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3342 LOANSREPAY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3343 LOANSREPAY_6;;;;;;;;;;;3344 LOANSREPAY_5;%s$;;;;;;;;;;3345 LOANSREPAY_4;of our generous loan of;;;;;;;;;;3346 LOANSREPAY_3;repayment;;;;;;;;;;3347 LOANSREPAY_2;%t, the Treasurer of %s is happy to bring us the;;;;;;;;;;3348 LOANSREPAY_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3349 LOANSREJECT_SETUP;When a nation rejects your loans proposal;;;;;;;;;;3350 LOANSREJECT_LOG;%s rejected our loans proposal.;;;;;;;;;;3351 LOANSREJECT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3352 LOANSREJECT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3353 LOANSREJECT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3354 LOANSREJECT_6;;;;;;;;;;;3355 LOANSREJECT_5;loans proposal;;;;;;;;;;3356 LOANSREJECT_4;our generous;;;;;;;;;;3357 LOANSREJECT_3;rejected;;;;;;;;;;3358 LOANSREJECT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;3359 LOANSREJECT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3360 LOANSPROP_SETUP;When a nation sends you a loans proposal;;;;;;;;;;3361 LOANSPROP_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;3362 LOANSPROP_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3363 LOANSPROP_BTN2;No thanks;;;;;;;;;;3364 LOANSPROP_BTN1;Accept;;;;;;;;;;3365 LOANSPROP_6;What is your response?;;;;;;;;;;3366 LOANSPROP_5;amount: %d$ duration: %d interest: %d;;;;;;;;;;3367 LOANSPROP_4;with the following terms:;;;;;;;;;;3368 LOANSPROP_3;a loan;;;;;;;;;;3369 LOANSPROP_2;%t, %s offers us;;;;;;;;;;3370 LOANSPROP_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3371 LOANSNOREPAY_SETUP;When a nation did not repay a loan that expired;;;;;;;;;;3372 LOANSNOREPAY_LOG;%s did not repay our loan of %s ducats! We now have a 12 month CB on them!;;;;;;;;;;3373 LOANSNOREPAY_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3374 LOANSNOREPAY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3375 LOANSNOREPAY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3376 LOANSNOREPAY_6;We now have a Casus Belli on them for 12 months.;;;;;;;;;;3377 LOANSNOREPAY_5;%s$;;;;;;;;;;3378 LOANSNOREPAY_4;our generous loan to them of;;;;;;;;;;3379 LOANSNOREPAY_3;refuses to repay;;;;;;;;;;3380 LOANSNOREPAY_2;%t, the Treasurer of %s;;;;;;;;;;3381 LOANSNOREPAY_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3382 LOANSACCEPT_SETUP;When a nation accepts your loans proposal;;;;;;;;;;3383 LOANSACCEPT_LOG;%s accepted our loans proposal.;;;;;;;;;;3384 LOANSACCEPT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3385 LOANSACCEPT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3386 LOANSACCEPT_BTN1;Fine.;;;;;;;;;;3387 LOANSACCEPT_6;;;;;;;;;;;3388 LOANSACCEPT_5;loans proposal;;;;;;;;;;3389 LOANSACCEPT_4;our generous;;;;;;;;;;3390 LOANSACCEPT_3;accepted;;;;;;;;;;3391 LOANSACCEPT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;3392 LOANSACCEPT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3393 LOANOUT_SETUP;When a loan runs out;;;;;;;;;;3394 LOANOUT_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;3395 LOANOUT_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3396 LOANOUT_BTN2;Pay Loan;;;;;;;;;;3397 LOANOUT_BTN1;Extend Loan;;;;;;;;;;3398 LOANOUT_6;;;;;;;;;;;3399 LOANOUT_5;;;;;;;;;;;3400 LOANOUT_4;has expired. What is your advice?;;;;;;;;;;3401 LOANOUT_3;%s of %d;;;;;;;;;;3402 LOANOUT_2;%t, our loan from;;;;;;;;;;3403 LOANOUT_1;Loan Expires;;;;;;;;;;3404 LOANEXPIRED4;has expired.;;;;;;;;;;3405 LOANEXPIRED3;Sire, our loan from;;;;;;;;;;3406 LOANEXPIRED2;Finances Reports;;;;;;;;;;3407 LOANEXPIRED1;Secretary of;;;;;;;;;;3408 LOADGAME;Load Game;;;;;;;;;;3409 LIT_DESC;The pagan Liths, or Lithuanians, may have settled along the Nemen as early as 1500 B.C. In the 13th century the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the Teutonic Knights conquered the region now comprising Estonia, Latvia, and parts of Lithuania. To protect themselves against the Knights who encroached from the north and the south the Lithuanians formed a strong unified state. Lithuania became one of the largest states of medieval Europe, including all of what is now Belarus, a large part of Ukraine, and sections of European Russia, touching the Black Sea at its furthest extent. Grand Duke Jagiello became king of Poland in 1386 as Ladislaus II through his marriage with Jadwiga, daughter of Louis I of Poland and Hungary. He converted to Christianity and made it the state religion in the Lithuanian part of the new Commonwealth as well.;;;;;;;;;;3410 LIT;Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;3411 LIBVAS_TITLE;§W%s. §YThey §Ywill §Yrecieve §Ythe §Yfollowing §Yprovince(s): §W;;;;;;;;;;3412 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_SETUP;When another nation liberates a province for one of their allies;;;;;;;;;;3413 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_LOG;%s has liberated the province of %s for their allies %s.;;;;;;;;;;3414 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3415 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3416 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3417 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_6;for their allies %s.;;;;;;;;;;3418 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3419 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_4;the province of;;;;;;;;;;3420 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_3;liberated;;;;;;;;;;3421 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_2;%t, the forces of %s have;;;;;;;;;;3422 LIBPROVOTHERALLY_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3423 LIBPROV_SETUP;When you liberate a province;;;;;;;;;;3424 LIBPROV_LOG;We liberated the province of %s from %s;;;;;;;;;;3425 LIBPROV_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3426 LIBPROV_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3427 LIBPROV_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3428 LIBPROV_6;;;;;;;;;;;3429 LIBPROV_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3430 LIBPROV_4;from the unlawful occupants of;;;;;;;;;;3431 LIBPROV_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3432 LIBPROV_2;%t, we liberated the province of;;;;;;;;;;3433 LIBPROV_1;Province Liberated!;;;;;;;;;;3434 LEFTMPGAME;<%s has left>;;;;;;;;;;3435 LEADERNEW_SETUP;When you receive a new leader;;;;;;;;;;3436 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_SETUP;When you receive a new Monarch as military leader;;;;;;;;;;3437 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_LOG;%s has assumed command of the army in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3438 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_HEADER;Our Marshal reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3439 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3440 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3441 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_6;;;;;;;;;;;3442 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3443 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_4;has assumed command of the army in;;;;;;;;;;3444 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3445 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;3446 LEADERNEW_MONARCH_1;The King has arrived!;;;;;;;;;;3447 LEADERNEW_LOG;%s awaits your command in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3448 LEADERNEW_HEADER;Our Marshal reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3449 LEADERNEW_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3450 LEADERNEW_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3451 LEADERNEW_6;;;;;;;;;;;3452 LEADERNEW_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3453 LEADERNEW_4;awaits your command in;;;;;;;;;;3454 LEADERNEW_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3455 LEADERNEW_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;3456 LEADERNEW_1;New Leader!;;;;;;;;;;3457 LEADERDIES_SETUP;When you lose the service of a leader;;;;;;;;;;3458 LEADERDIES_LOG;We have lost the service of %s as a military leader.;;;;;;;;;;3459 LEADERDIES_HEADER;Our Marshal reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3460 LEADERDIES_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;3461 LEADERDIES_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3462 LEADERDIES_6;as a military leader.;;;;;;;;;;3463 LEADERDIES_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3464 LEADERDIES_4;We have lost the service of;;;;;;;;;;3465 LEADERDIES_3;Bad news,;;;;;;;;;;3466 LEADERDIES_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;3467 LEADERDIES_1;We have lost the service of a leader!;;;;;;;;;;3468 LBWINOTHER_SETUP;When another nation wins a land battle;;;;;;;;;;3469 LBWINOTHER_LOG;%s won a battle against %s in %s;;;;;;;;;;3470 LBWINOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3471 LBWINOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3472 LBWINOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3473 LBWINOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;3474 LBWINOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3475 LBWINOTHER_4;in the province of;;;;;;;;;;3476 LBWINOTHER_3;won a battle against %s;;;;;;;;;;3477 LBWINOTHER_2;%t, the forces of %s have;;;;;;;;;;3478 LBWINOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3479 LBWIN_SETUP;When you win a land battle;;;;;;;;;;3480 LBWIN_LOG;We won a battle against %s in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3481 LBWIN_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3482 LBWIN_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3483 LBWIN_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3484 LBWIN_6;;;;;;;;;;;3485 LBWIN_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3486 LBWIN_4;in the province of;;;;;;;;;;3487 LBWIN_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3488 LBWIN_2;%t, our victorious armies have defeated an army from;;;;;;;;;;3489 LBWIN_1;Victory!;;;;;;;;;;3490 LBLOSS_SETUP;When you lose a land battle;;;;;;;;;;3491 LBLOSS_LOG;We lost a battle against %s in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3492 LBLOSS_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3493 LBLOSS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3494 LBLOSS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3495 LBLOSS_6;;;;;;;;;;;3496 LBLOSS_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3497 LBLOSS_4;in the province of;;;;;;;;;;3498 LBLOSS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3499 LBLOSS_2;%t, our brave armies lost a battle against superior forces of;;;;;;;;;;3500 LBLOSS_1;Failure!;;;;;;;;;;3501 LAT_GERC_VPTACT;Survival is your first initial goal. Your best chance is to create a strong alliance around the Baltic rim, staving off an early invasion by Poland. Your relationship with the Hansa League is at 60+ the highest you have as regards to any other countries. Kurland is your vassal at the start of the scenario it might a good idea to annex her politically the sooner the better. Especially since she is control of a COT. Don't be aggressive lay low maintain good relations with the Poles and Muscovites whilst building your defences and your armies. You may need to spend much of your earnings on land military technology in this way though your armies might be smaller they will prove harder to defeat especially against the 50 000+ men the Poles are likely to send at you. If you want to play it aggressively it is suggested you might try invading the principality of Pskov just to your east before relations between it and Muscovy get too close. Maintaining a large fleet might improve your chances on the sea but it will drain your coffers greatly choose your first few steps wisely.;;;;;;;;;;3502 LAT_GERC_HISTDESC;Historically the Teutonic Order was way past its prime in 1492. With their defeat in 1410 and the subsequent wars against Poland they became weaker and weaker as the decades wore on. Strategically you're in a difficult situation. A hungry Muscovy to the east attempting to get access into Ingermanland, the still weak Swedes to the north and the power of Poland-Lithuania to the south just waiting for the right moment to finish your state off. There are a few moves open to you however.;;;;;;;;;;3503 LAT_DESC;The Teutonic Order was a German military and religious order founded in 1190 during the siege of Acre in the Third Crusade. Under Hermann von Salza, its grand master in the early 13th century, the order moved to eastern Europe and rose to prominence. After a brief period in Transylvania the order responded to a call (1226) of the Polish Duke Conrad of Masovia for a crusade against the Slavic and heathen Prussians. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II granted it vast privileges and Conrad invested it with conquered lands. The disciplined and centralized Teutonic Knights colonized its new lands with Germans and laid the foundation of the German Prussian state. The Knights administered their lands from Marienburg, but they granted considerable freedom to their cities, many of which joined the Hanseatic League. The fatal blow to the order was delivered in 1525 by its own grand master, Albert of Brandenburg, who embraced the Reformation, declared Prussia a secular duchy and was invested as a vassal duke by Sigismund I of Poland.;;;;;;;;;;3504 LAT;Teutonic Order;;;;;;;;;;3505 LAP_DESC;When Carlos III rose to the throne in Spain a great reform of the Spanish American possesions was started. One of those reforms was the division of the 'Virreynato del Perú' for political reasons, creating a new Virreynato called 'de la Plata' with its capital in Buenos Aires. The new Virreynato included the territories of Charcas Tucumán Cuyo Paraguay and Buenos Aires. Later, in 1810 when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain and replaced Carlos V with his brother José Bonaparte, several 'juntas' were created in Spain and Spanish America to govern in the name of the true king. One of those was the 'Primera Junta' of Buenos Aires. First they swore loyalty to Fernando VII, the heir of Carlos V, but later they broke their links with Spain and declared independence in July 1816.;;;;;;;;;;3506 LAP;La Plata;;;;;;;;;;3507 LANGUAGE;English;;;;;;;;;;3508 LANDMORON;Sire this unit dares not travel to uncharted territories! Send an conquistador here or wait until we reach land technology level 31.;;;;;;;;;;3509 KZK_DESC;The Kazakhs were (and are) a people of Turkish and Mongol ancestry with a Khan descended from the Mongol conqueror Chenghis Khan. Originally part of the White Horde which inhabited the steppes of what is today northern Kazakhstan, they split with the group later known as the Uzbeks because of a dispute over the leadership of the White Horde, causing the disintegration of that Mongol Horde. The Kazakhs later settled in all parts of modern Kazakhstan and eventually became divided into three hordes - the Small, the Middle, and the Great, with the leaders of the Great and Middle Hordes fighting each other for overall supremacy.;;;;;;;;;;3510 KZK;Khazak Horde;;;;;;;;;;3511 KUR_DESC;The early Baltic tribes who inhabited the region, the Letts and Kurs, were subjugated in the 13th century by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. In 1561 the Order disbanded and its grand master became the first duke of Courland under Polish suzerainty. In the Northern War (1700-21) it was taken (1701) by Charles XII of Sweden. Empress Anna who was by marriage duchess of Courland before her accession in Russia forced (1737) the nobles of Courland to elect her favorite Ernst Johann von Biron their duke. Russian influence became paramount and with the third partition of Poland (1795) the duchy finally passed to Russia.;;;;;;;;;;3512 KUR;Courland;;;;;;;;;;3513 KSH_DESC;The Punjab region, situated athwart the main approaches to the Indian subcontinent, formed one of the centers of the prehistoric Indus valley civilization , and after c.1500 BC it was the site of the earliest Aryan settlements. The Punjab was occupied by Alexander the Great and then by the Maurya empire. Muslims occupied W Punjab by the 8th cent. and firmly implanted Islam. Not until the late 12th cent. did they conquer E Punjab, which even afterward remained predominantly Hindu. Under the Mughal empire the Punjab reached its cultural height. When the empire declined in the late 18th cent., the Sikhs rose to dominance. By the early 19th cent. their territorial aggrandizement brought conflict with the British, who emerged victorious in the two Sikh Wars (1846, 1849) and in 1849 annexed most of the Punjab and made it a province, though some of the princely states were retained.;;;;;;;;;;3514 KSH;Punjab;;;;;;;;;;3515 KOR_DESC;Squeezed in between China, Japan, and the warlike Manchu tribes, Korea was always in peril of becoming swallowed up by one of its great neighbors. Despite this precarious situation, Korea managed to survive and thrive under the Choson dynasty that was established in 1392 and lasted till 1910, although they did pay tribute to the Chinese Emperor. The peace was shattered in 1592, when Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the Japanese Shogun who had just reunified Japan, sent a large force to Korea in an alleged attempt to invade China. The Korean land forces suffered a series of defeats, but Korean naval forces, led by Admiral Yi Sun-shin, secured full control of the sea. With the help of China, the Japanese were finally driven out in 1598. The next serious threat appeared when the nomadic Manchu violated the borders of both Ming China and Korea in the early 17th century. Ming Chinese and Korean punitive attacks on Manchu strongholds in 1619 were beaten back, and in 1627 the Manchu overran northern Korea, forcing them to pay tribute to them instead of the Ming dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;3516 KOR;Korea;;;;;;;;;;3517 KONFUCIAN;Konfucian;;;;;;;;;;3518 KON_DESC;In the 15th century the kingdom of Congo stretched from the Congo River in the north to the Loje River in the south and from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to beyond the Kwango River in the east. Several smaller autonomous states to the south and east paid tribute to it. Kongo was ruled by the manikongo or king and was divided into six provinces each administered by a governor appointed by the manikongo. When the Portuguese arrived in the first years of the 16th century, the King of Kongo was so impressed that he took a Portuguese name (a custom upheld by all subsequent kings) and adopted Christianity. Of course, the 'Christianity' practised by the people would hardly have been called that by the Pope, but the Portuguese didn't bother to interfere.;;;;;;;;;;3519 KON;Kongo;;;;;;;;;;3520 KOL_DESC;Cologne was self-governing after 1288, became a free imperial city in 1475 and as a member of the Hanseatic League flourished as a commercial center until the 16th century. Its decline was hastened by the expulsion of the Jews in the 15th century and the restrictions imposed on Protestants in the following century. Cologne was seized by the French in 1794 and the archbishopric was officially secularized in 1801.;;;;;;;;;;3521 KOL;Cologne;;;;;;;;;;3522 KNI_DESC;The Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem originated in the Eleventh Century as a monastic brotherhood caring for the needs of Latin pilgrims in the Holy Land. Inevitably as the Crusader States found themselves in a state of perpetual war, the brethren of the Order were soon serving as medics and then as combatants, becoming (along with their rivals the Knights Templar) the most disciplined Christian military force in Holy Land and the mediæval equivalent of a multinational corporation. Following the ultimate failure of the Crusades the Order was relocated first to the Aegean and then to Malta, preying on Muslim trade. The Knights anachronistically kept control of Malta into the era of the French Revolution and still exist as a tiny nation in Rome.;;;;;;;;;;3523 KNI;Order of St John;;;;;;;;;;3524 KLE_DESC;The town of Kleve was the seat of the counts of Cleves from the 11th century. It was chartered in 1242. The county passed to the counts of La Marck in 1368 and was made a duchy in 1417. It expanded again in 1521 by acquiring the duchies of Jülich and Berg. Anne of Cleves, daughter of Duke John, was the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England. The town passed to the electors of Brandenburg by the Treaty of Xanten in 1614. Held by the French during the Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, it passed to Prussia in 1815.;;;;;;;;;;3525 KLE;Cleves;;;;;;;;;;3526 KHM_DESC;The first Thai king to control territory in northern Thailand had as his capital the town of Chiang Saen, established in 733 AD, on the banks of the Maekhong. Over the next two centuries, Chiang Saen was destroyed by an earthquake and seized for short periods by the Khmers and later by the Vietnamese, who were driven out and, in turn, had their territory seized by Chiang Saen, which also at times controlled most of Laos and Cambodia. In succeeding centuries, the royal families of Chiang Saen came to establish principalities in Phayao and Chiang Rai, the territory of northern Thailand was held by a powerful tribe, the Mons, who controlled large areas of Southeast Asia. In the 13th century, a Thai king, Mengrai, drove the Mons from their northern bastions, the empire known as Haripunchai, and extended his kingdom south to Lampang and the Haripunchai capital of Lamphun. He called his new enlarged kingdom ¡¥Lan-Na-Thai¡¦, meaning ¡§land of a million rice fields,¡¨ and brought prosperity and stability to the whole area. Many towns and temples were built, and arts and crafts were encouraged. Administration was organized around rice growing;each person was given enough land to grow 5 muen of rice (about 60 kilos). Nobles were given more land, a prince 1000 rice fields. Princes were given new lands on the edge of established territories and so acted as a bulwark against external attack. At the height of his power, Mengrai controlled a large kingdom in North Thailand and received tributes from many other kingdoms in Southeast Asia. He is said to have been killed at the age of eighty by a lightning bolt whilst visiting his son in Chiang Mai, the site marked by a statue which can still be seen in the centre of the city. Over the next centuries, the fortunes of Lan-Na-Thai waxed and waned, with a long list of battles with neighbouring states, led by heroic kings and princes mounted on elephants. Military might, deceit and treachery determined the outcome of these confrontations, aided or abetted by supernatural talismans and spirits. Despite these squabbles, Lan-Na continued to enjoy prosperity, the wars of the nobility usually affected the average inhabitant but little. Lan-Na enlarged, absorbing Phayao, Phrae and Nan, and resisting domination from the emerging state of the central plains - the Ayutthaya empire. However, in the 14th century the kingdom of Luang Prabang in Laos took territory from Lan-Na-Thai along the Maekhong, including the city of Chiang Khong, and caused the official capital of Lan-Na-Thai to be moved to Chiang Mai in 1345. The 15th century was the golden age of Chiang Mai, when Lan-Na art and power reached its peak during the reign of King Tilokaraja. He was a great warlord and a devout Buddhist, able in 1455 AD to arrange the eighth world Bhuddist council in Chiang Mai. The fact that this was feasible attests to the power, wealth, safety and communications that Lan-Na enjoyed. It was not to last long, though. Squabbling between pretenders to the throne by a succession of kings and princes weakened the nobility. In 1545 AD Chiang Mai suffered a devastating earthquake, and in 1558 AD Chiang Mai was taken by the Burmese empire of Pegu. Most of Lan-Na remained under Burmese control for over 200 years.;;;;;;;;;3527 KHM;Lan Na;;;;;;;;;;3528 KAZ_DESC;The Khanate of Kazan was a splinter faction of the Golden Horde that broke off in 1437 and became a power to be reckoned with in its own right. It lasted until Yadigar Muhammad's army was crushed by the forces of Ivan the Terrible in 1552.;;;;;;;;;;3529 KAZ;Kazan;;;;;;;;;;3530 KAR_DESC;The greatest Turkish principality to emerge from the ruins of the Seljuk Empire, the Beylik of Karaman was often in conflict with the upstart Ottomans whose initial subjugation of them was ended with the Ottoman defeat at Ankara in 1402 by the forces of Tamerlane. While the Ottoman defeat and subsequent civil wars allowed the Karamans to regain most of their previously lost territories in Anatolia, the Beylik never regained the upper hand and by 1470 was reduced to a province of the resurgent Ottoman Empire.;;;;;;;;;;3531 KAR;Karaman;;;;;;;;;;3532 KAL_DESC;The miniscule Taurian principality of Theodoros played a disproportionate role in the history of Crimea as both the last Christian bastion to fall to the Muslims, and taking with it the last remainder of Gothic civilization (Thus their other name, Gothica). Together with the Genoans they put up a fierce resistance to the Ottoman Empire, but in the end they were vanquished.;;;;;;;;;;3533 KAL;Theodoros;;;;;;;;;;3534 JUNE;June;;;;;;;;;;3535 JUN;JUN;;;;;;;;;;3536 JULY;July;;;;;;;;;;3537 JUL;JUL;;;;;;;;;;3538 JOINWAROTHER_SETUP;When a nation joins an ongoing war;;;;;;;;;;3539 JOINWAROTHER_LOG;%s joined the war on the same side as %s in their war against %s.;;;;;;;;;;3540 JOINWAROTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3541 JOINWAROTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;3542 JOINWAROTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3543 JOINWAROTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;3544 JOINWAROTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3545 JOINWAROTHER_4;on the same side as %s in their war against;;;;;;;;;;3546 JOINWAROTHER_3;joined the war;;;;;;;;;;3547 JOINWAROTHER_2;%t, %s has;;;;;;;;;;3548 JOINWAROTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3549 JOINWAR;war against ;;;;;;;;;;3550 JOINMPGAME;<%s has joined>;;;;;;;;;;3551 JOIN_ROLL;%s asks to join our Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;3552 JER_DESC;In the 11th century the Fatamids began to hinder Christian pilgrims and their destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher helped bring on the Crusades. Jerusalem was conquered by the Crusaders in 1099 and for most of the 12th century was the capital of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1187 Muslim forces under the great Saladin recaptured the city. Subsequently under Mamluk and then Ottoman rule, Jerusalem was rebuilt and restored but by the late 16th century it was declining as a commercial and religious center.;;;;;;;;;;3553 JER;Jerusalem;;;;;;;;;;3554 JANUARY;January;;;;;;;;;;3555 JAN;JAN;;;;;;;;;;3556 JAI_DESC;Rajputana was a region in north-western India made up of multiple principalities warring with both themselves and their neigbors. The Rajputanian religion, although Hindu in orgin, is considered by the Rajputs to be above the other Hindu religons which caused constant rebellion, espicially amongst the nobility. During the 15th century they acheived their greatest height of military power, greater than any other in the region until the arrival of the Mughul Empire under Babur..;;;;;;;;;;3557 JAI;Rajputana;;;;;;;;;;3558 IWPTOTAL;§WTOTAL COST: §Y;;;;;;;;;;3559 IWPTLIMIT;§YAvailable in Total;;;;;;;;;;3560 IWPTITLE;§YPURCHASE UNITS;;;;;;;;;;3561 IWPORD;§YUnits Ordered;;;;;;;;;;3562 IWPCOSTNAV;§YCost per ship;;;;;;;;;;3563 IWPCOST;§YCost per 1000 men (10 cannon);;;;;;;;;;3564 IWPAVIA;§YUnits Available in Province;;;;;;;;;;3565 IWBTRADE;Trading Income;;;;;;;;;;3566 IWBTOTAL;TOTAL:;;;;;;;;;;3567 IWBTE;Trade;;;;;;;;;;3568 IWBTAXATION;Tax Income;;;;;;;;;;3569 IWBSTB;Stability;;;;;;;;;;3570 IWBPRODUCTION;Goods Production;;;;;;;;;;3571 IWBPE;Infrastructure;;;;;;;;;;3572 IWBNTECH;Naval Technology;;;;;;;;;;3573 IWBMONTHLY;MONTHLY BALANCE;;;;;;;;;;3574 IWBMAINTEN;Military Maintenance;;;;;;;;;;3575 IWBLTECH;Land Technology;;;;;;;;;;3576 IWBINTEREST;Loans Interest;;;;;;;;;;3577 IWBINFLATION;INFLATION;;;;;;;;;;3578 IWBINCOME;INCOME CALCULATION;;;;;;;;;;3579 IWBGOLD;Gold Mines;;;;;;;;;;3580 IWBFEXPENSE;FIXED EXPENSES;;;;;;;;;;3581 IWBBEXP;INVESTMENTS;;;;;;;;;;3582 IVORDESC;Ivory was one of the key trading goods of African natives aside from slaves. It was highly sought by Europeans for use in various manufactured pieces and goods such as cutlery gifts small pieces of art furniture reliquaries etc.;;;;;;;;;;3583 IVORDEMAND;The global demand for Ivory will increase as more §YConscription §YCenters §YShipyards §Wand §YManufactories§W are built and as more cities get §YChief judges §Yand §YGovernors.;;;;;;;;;;3584 IVOR;Ivory;;;;;;;;;;3585 ITA_DESC;The notion of Italy dates back to the Greek colonization in the sixth century BC, and in those days referred to what is now Calabria in the South, while in Roman Empire times Italian provinces were roughly what we consider Italy now. In the Middle Ages, the crown of Italy was basically referring to the area north of the Papal Territory. After Frankish conquest of the Lombard Kingdom in 774 the Crown of Italy was held by Carolingian rulers until Berengar I of Friuli restored an almost autonomous Italian Kingdom. He reigned between 888 and 922, with other kings crowned in the period 891-905, and after 915 he was also Emperor. The Emperor Otto I in 961 killed Berengar II of Ivrea, last independent King of Italy, and since then the title of King of Italy was an attribute of the Holy Roman Emperor, even if the actual rule of the German emperors in Italy was always very loose and the political shape of the peninsula was highly fragmented. By the fifteenth century Italy was composed of small independent states owing no more than nominal allegiance to the Emperor. The Peace of Lodi in 1454 formalized the balance of power between the largest of these states. This balance was shattered by the invasion of Charles VIII of France in 1494. After this invasion Italy became the main theatre of the Franco-Spanish wars for supremacy. These wars ultimately ended in 1559 in Spanish domination of Italy, and was replaced by Austrian domination after 1700. The title of King of Itay was restored by Napoleon in 1805 and again the Kingdom included only a small part of the peninsula, notably Lombardy, Venice, Trent, Emilia, Romagna and Marche (roughly the area limited by the Alps and the Appennines). In any case the notion of Italy and its cultural identity was clear to everybody at least after Dante's Comedy (1300), but the country remained politically divided so that Matternich at the Vienna congress could say that it was just a geographical notion. The modern Italy was born in 1861 under the Savoy dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;3586 ITA;Italy;;;;;;;;;;3587 IRA_DESC;Iraq had been the site of a number of flourishing civilizations, including the Sumer, which developed one of the earliest known writing systems, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria. The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate was established at Baghdad in the 8th century and the city became a famous center for learning and the arts. However, the entire city was razed and the Caliphate crushed when the Mongol hordes arrived in 1258. Subsequently, the region was dominated by the Ilkhanate, the Timurids, the Kara Koyunlu, the Ak Koyunlu, the Persians and the Ottoman Empire.;;;;;;;;;;3588 IRA;Iraq;;;;;;;;;;3589 INWARWITH;They are at war with ;;;;;;;;;;3590 INVVAS;VASSALIZATION;;;;;;;;;;3591 INVTE;Invest in Trade;;;;;;;;;;3592 INVSTAB;Invest in Stability;;;;;;;;;;3593 INVPE;Invest in Infrastructure;;;;;;;;;;3594 INVNAVALTECH;Improve Naval Technology;;;;;;;;;;3595 INVMIL;MILITARY ALLIANCE;;;;;;;;;;3596 INVLANDTECH;Improve Land Technology;;;;;;;;;;3597 INVINCIBLE;Invincible;;;;;;;;;;3598 INVFAIL;Investment failed miserably;;;;;;;;;;3599 INVESTINPRODFAD;Build Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;3600 INVESTINCOT;Send Merchant;;;;;;;;;;3601 INVDYN;ROYAL MARRIAGE;;;;;;;;;;3602 INVDECLINE;DECLINE;;;;;;;;;;3603 INVAND; and ;;;;;;;;;;3604 INVALONG;along with ;;;;;;;;;;3605 INVAGAINST;directed against ;;;;;;;;;;3606 INVACCEPT;ACCEPT;;;;;;;;;;3607 INV_V_ROLL;Vassalization offer from %s;;;;;;;;;;3608 INV_M_ROLL;Military Alliance offer from %s;;;;;;;;;;3609 INV_D_ROLL;Royal Marriage offer from %s;;;;;;;;;;3610 INSUTOUS_SETUP;When another country sends us an insult.;;;;;;;;;;3611 INSUTOUS_LOG;%s has sent us an insult.;;;;;;;;;;3612 INSUTOUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3613 INSUTOUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;3614 INSUTOUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3615 INSUTOUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;3616 INSUTOUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;3617 INSUTOUS_4;We will now have a Casus Belli upon them, and our relations have deteriorated.;;;;;;;;;;3618 INSUTOUS_3;INSULT;;;;;;;;;;3619 INSUTOUS_2;%t, the untrustworthy scum of %s have sent us an;;;;;;;;;;3620 INSUTOUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3621 INSTDESC;Instruments were mostly the technical tools used principally for navigation and measures such as compasses binoculars clocks barometers thermometers etc... Such manufactured items would commend a high price from their very few but talented makers.;;;;;;;;;;3622 INST;Naval Equipment;;;;;;;;;;3623 INIT_SOUND;Initializing Sound…;;;;;;;;;;3624 INIT_SCRIPT;Initializing Script…;;;;;;;;;;3625 INIT_SCENARIO;Reading Scenario…;;;;;;;;;;3626 INIT_PROVINCES;Initializing Provinces…;;;;;;;;;;3627 INIT_INTERFACE;Initializing Interface…;;;;;;;;;;3628 INIT_GLOBALS;Initializing Globals…;;;;;;;;;;3629 INIT_GAMEMAP_SPRITES;Initializing Graphics…;;;;;;;;;;3630 INGAME_MESSAGES;MESSAGE SETTINGS;;;;;;;;;;3631 INFRATINCREASE_SETUP;When you have increased your infrastructure technology level;;;;;;;;;;3632 INFRATINCREASE_LOG;Our infrastructure was improved to %s. %s;;;;;;;;;;3633 INFRATINCREASE_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;3634 INFRATINCREASE_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;3635 INFRATINCREASE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3636 INFRATINCREASE_6;%s;;;;;;;;;;3637 INFRATINCREASE_5;BONUS EFFECT:;;;;;;;;;;3638 INFRATINCREASE_4;Our provinces will now generate more production incomes.;;;;;;;;;;3639 INFRATINCREASE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3640 INFRATINCREASE_2;%t, our infrastructure has been improved to;;;;;;;;;;3641 INFRATINCREASE_1;Good News!;;;;;;;;;;3642 INFLEVEL_INFIW;Level 0: Allows Colonists.\nLevel 1: Bailiffs can be promoted to Tax collectors.\nLevel 2: Allows Fine Arts Academies.\nLevel 3: Allows Breweries.\nLevel 4: Legal counsels can be promoted to Chief judges.\nLevel 5: Mayors can be promoted to Governors.\nLevel 6: Allows Goods Manufactories.;;;;;;;;;;3643 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_9;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3644 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_8;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3645 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_7;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3646 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_6;We can now build Goods Manufactories.;;;;;;;;;;3647 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_5;Our Mayors can now be promoted to Governors.;;;;;;;;;;3648 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_4;Our Legal counsels can now be promoted to Chief judges.;;;;;;;;;;3649 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_3;We can now build Refineries.;;;;;;;;;;3650 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_2;We can now build Fine Arts Academies.;;;;;;;;;;3651 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_10;(no bonus effect);;;;;;;;;;3652 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_1;Our Bailiffs can now be promoted to Tax collectors.;;;;;;;;;;3653 INFLEVEL_IMPSTRING_0;We can place Colonists.;;;;;;;;;;3654 INFLEVEL_9;Steam Power (9);;;;;;;;;;3655 INFLEVEL_8;Manufactories (8);;;;;;;;;;3656 INFLEVEL_7;Central Govt. (7);;;;;;;;;;3657 INFLEVEL_6;Late Baroque (6);;;;;;;;;;3658 INFLEVEL_5;High Baroque (5);;;;;;;;;;3659 INFLEVEL_4;Early Baroque (4);;;;;;;;;;3660 INFLEVEL_3;Late Renaissance (3);;;;;;;;;;3661 INFLEVEL_2;High Renaissance (2);;;;;;;;;;3662 INFLEVEL_10;Pre-Industrial (10);;;;;;;;;;3663 INFLEVEL_1;Early Renaissance (1);;;;;;;;;;3664 INFLEVEL_0;Medieval (0);;;;;;;;;;3665 INCREASE;increase;;;;;;;;;;3666 INCOMEVASSAL;Vassals;;;;;;;;;;3667 INCOMETRADE;Trade;;;;;;;;;;3668 INCOMETAX;Taxation;;;;;;;;;;3669 INCOMESOW;Peace;;;;;;;;;;3670 INCOMESHIPTAX;Ship Tax;;;;;;;;;;3671 INCOMEPRODUCTION;Production;;;;;;;;;;3672 INCOMEPRODFAC;Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;3673 INCOMELOAN;Interests;;;;;;;;;;3674 INCOMEHARBORFEES;Trade Tariffs;;;;;;;;;;3675 INCOMEGUNTAX;Gun Tax;;;;;;;;;;3676 INCOMEGOLD;Gold;;;;;;;;;;3677 INCOMEGIFT;Events;;;;;;;;;;3678 INCOMEEXPORTDUTIES;Tolls;;;;;;;;;;3679 INCOMEDTAX;Census taxes;;;;;;;;;;3680 INC_DESC;It was not until the reigns of Pachacuti (1440-1471) and his son Topa Inca or Tupac Yupanqui (died in 1493) that the Inca made their great conquests. Present-day Ecuador (then the kingdom of Quito) was subjugated by Huayna Capac, giving the empire its greatest extent and power ever. At his death it was divided between his sons Huáscar and Atahualpa, and a long civil war ensued from which Atahualpa emerged triumphant just as Francisco Pizarro landed on the shores of Peru and the Spanish conquest began.;;;;;;;;;;3681 INC;Inca Empire;;;;;;;;;;3682 HYD_DESC;In modern times the central Deccan has always been home to a succession of some of the most powerful nations in southern India. In the 15th century this nation was the Bahmanid Sultanate, in the 16th and 17th centuries Golconda dominated the area, while Hyderabad was the great nation in the area during the 18th century. In Europa Universalis II, Hyderabad represents this succession of nations, from the Sultans of Bahmanid Dynasty in 1419 to the Nizams of Hyderabad in 1820.;;;;;;;;;;3683 HYD;Hyderabad;;;;;;;;;;3684 HUR_DESC;The Huron, named so by the French, meaning 'Bristly Head', called themselves the Wyandot meaning 'Island People' in Iroquoian. Living in dense longhouse villages along the shores of the Great Lakes they raised vast crops of corn and tobacco that were traded to other tribes for meat, copper and furs. In the 1600s the Huron allied with the French, acting as middlemen for the fur trade and receiving French support against the Mohawk tribe. Around 1640 the Iroquois League launched the Beaver Wars against Christianized Huron towns and other tribes, forcing them from their traditional lands. In 1701 the governor of New France brought together the leaders of the Iroquois and other Great Lakes Indians to promote friendship among the tribes but it accomplished little in the end. Then, at Fort Pitt in 1763, the British traded blankets purposely infected with smallpox to the Indians. The disease almost annihilated many Indian tribes and the last full-blooded Huron died in the early nineteenth century.;;;;;;;;;;3685 HUR;Huron;;;;;;;;;;3686 HUN_DESC;After the death of king Louis I a series of foreign monarchs ruled Hungary: Sigismund and Albert II of Austria and Ladislaus III of Poland (Uladislaus I of Hungary). During their reigns the Ottoman Turks began to advance through the Balkans, defeating the Hungarians and their allies at Kosovo (1389), Nikopol (1396), and Varna (1444). The great John Hunyadi, acting after 1444 as regent for Albert II's son Ladislaus V, gave Hungary a brief respite through his victory at Belgrade in 1456. The reign of Hunyadi's son Matthias Corvinus, elected king in 1458, was a glorious period in Hungarian history. The period of relative peace was not to last. Louis II was defeated and killed by the Turks under Sulayman the Magnificent in the battle of Mohács in 1526. The date is commonly taken to mark the beginning of Ottoman domination over Hungary. Ferdinand of Austria, as brother-in-law of Louis II, claimed the Hungarian throne and was elected king by a faction of nobles while another faction chose Zapolya as John I.;;;;;;;;;;3687 HUN;Hungary;;;;;;;;;;3688 HSOFFRD;has offered you an;;;;;;;;;;3689 HSA_SB_VPTACTIC;To regain the might of the Hansa you have to befriend Denmark-Norway and balance the Teutonic Order and Poland-Lithuania off each other. Try to gain monopolies in Novgorod Danzig and Holstein early. They are your cashcows. Sooner or later you will have to expand and then try to retain territorial integrity. Lone provinces are just too hard to defend for the Hansa. However relatively isolated provinces like Jylland are good prey. Create a strong navy, for you will need it.;;;;;;;;;;3690 HSA_SB_MISSTACT;The Hansa is a militarily weak northern European merchant consortium slowly declining from the competition of the neighboring kingdoms. You are, however, benefitted with an extremely strong economy as well as the diplomatic strength to achieve through talks more than you could ever through direct warfare by yourself. Seek an alliance with the Teutonic Order and Prussia if you desire to make any significant moves into Danzig against Poland. This will give you significant strength in the Baltic Sea as well as the speed necessary when engaging in wars against the strongly fortified cities of Poland and the northern Baltic countries. Remember it is not recommended for you to engage in any extended wars against the Poles as they have extremely massive resources and they will wear you down in the long run no matter how many armies you are able to defeat in the early stages of a possible war.;;;;;;;;;;3691 HSA_SB_MISSNAME;Control the Baltic Trade Centers;;;;;;;;;;3692 HSA_SB_MISSDESC;You will gain victory progress by owning and controlling Holstein, Danzig and Novgorod.;;;;;;;;;;3693 HSA_SB_HISTDESC;The Hansa was once the mightiest power in Northern Europe. Now it is a militarily weak north European merchant consortium slowly declining from the competition of the neighboring kingdoms. By recovering her economy and once again striving for mercantile supremacy, the Hansa could have become a great power. However, the loose merchant federation turned into a feeble political organization for survival into the 17th century.;;;;;;;;;;3694 HSA_DESC;On the border of the Caspian sea, the populace of this mountainous region were fiercely indepedent, not converting to Islam until 854, when the fell under the domain of the Caliphate. During the 15th century, Mazandaran would fight itself the vassal of various Timurid factions. This bondage combined with its relative seclusion contribute to why Mazandaran did not take advantage of the falling Timurid Empire, and thus, why it did not expand like many of its neighbors. When the Safavids came to rule, Mazandaran was independent was independent for quite some time until it was annexed by Shah Abbas I of Persia in the year of 1596.;;;;;;;;;;3695 HSA;Mazandaran;;;;;;;;;;3696 HPWTRA;TRADE VENUES;;;;;;;;;;3697 HPWTAX;PROVINCE INCOME;;;;;;;;;;3698 HPWSUPPLY;Supply Limit:;;;;;;;;;;3699 HPWREVOLT;Revolt Risk:;;;;;;;;;;3700 HPWPOP;Population:;;;;;;;;;;3701 HPWMANPW_I;The amount of thousands of soldiers that this province can supply each year.;;;;;;;;;;3702 HPWMANPW;Manpower:;;;;;;;;;;3703 HPWGROWTH;Growth Rate:;;;;;;;;;;3704 HPWFORT;Fortress:;;;;;;;;;;3705 HPWCOT;CENTER OF TRADE;;;;;;;;;;3706 HPWCC;(City controlled by %s);;;;;;;;;;3707 HPWATTRITION;Max Attrition:;;;;;;;;;;3708 HPVLOW;Very Low (%d);;;;;;;;;;3709 HPVHIGH;Very High (%d);;;;;;;;;;3710 HPTP;Trading Post;;;;;;;;;;3711 HPTAXINFO;Yearly incomes from %s (taxes Trade Tariffs production incomes etc.);;;;;;;;;;3712 HPSUPPLY_IRO;Maximum unit weight that the province can supply without causing attrition. Actual attrition depends on various other factors as well. A red number indicates your units will be out of supply here (which increases attrition). Yellow numbers indicate provinces adjacent to supply sources.;;;;;;;;;;3713 HPREVOLT;The risk (checked each month) of a revolt in %s.;;;;;;;;;;3714 HPREL_IRO;Province Religion: %s;;;;;;;;;;3715 HPREL_DRO;If your state religion and the province's religion are different, the revolt risk may increase. Click for details.;;;;;;;;;;3716 HPPOPI2;The population will grow automatically as an effect of high Stability and peace and quiet. It will decrease as an effect of looting occupation poor stability etc.\n;;;;;;;;;;3717 HPPOPI1;The larger the population, the greater the production and tax income.;;;;;;;;;;3718 HPPGR;The yearly growth/decline of %s.;;;;;;;;;;3719 HPOWNI2;The owner gets all tax and production incomes from the province and can build troops fortresses and manufactories.;;;;;;;;;;3720 HPOWNI1;Province owned by %s;;;;;;;;;;3721 HPNONE;None (%d);;;;;;;;;;3722 HPMEDIUM;Medium (%d);;;;;;;;;;3723 HPLOW;Low (%d);;;;;;;;;;3724 HPINFOABOUT;(Click for information about %s);;;;;;;;;;3725 HPHIGH;High (%d);;;;;;;;;;3726 HPFORTSMALL;Small;;;;;;;;;;3727 HPFORTNONE;None;;;;;;;;;;3728 HPFORTMEDIUM;Medium;;;;;;;;;;3729 HPFORTMAX;Maximum;;;;;;;;;;3730 HPFORTI2;The stronger the fortress the longer will it take to defeat and the larger siege force is required.;;;;;;;;;;3731 HPFORTI1;A fortress forces an enemy to defeat your city in a siege before he can take control of a province.;;;;;;;;;;3732 HPFORTHEAVY;Heavy;;;;;;;;;;3733 HPEHIGH;Extremely High (%d);;;;;;;;;;3734 HPCOTINFO;The Center of Trade that collects the trading revenues of %s (click to center map);;;;;;;;;;3735 HPCONI2;If controlled by other nation than owner the province will not generate any tax incomes and cannot build any troops. To assume control of a province move a military unit into it and defeat all enemy forces.;;;;;;;;;;3736 HPCONI1;(province controlled by %s);;;;;;;;;;3737 HPATTRITON_IRO;Maximum attrition that one of your units can take in this province.;;;;;;;;;;3738 HOSTLEFT;The host has left the game!;;;;;;;;;;3739 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;3740 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_HEADER;;;;;;;;;;;3741 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_BTN2;Resume;;;;;;;;;;3742 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_BTN1;Quit;;;;;;;;;;3743 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_6;;;;;;;;;;;3744 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_5;;;;;;;;;;;3745 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_4;;;;;;;;;;;3746 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_3;;;;;;;;;;;3747 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_2;You have lost connection with the Game Host either because he quit the game or because he lost his network connection. If the Host saved the game you will be able to reconnect and continue that saved game. This game will however quit now (if you click RESUME you can inspect the realm).;;;;;;;;;;3748 HOST_DROP_MSG_CLIENT_1;Connection Lost;;;;;;;;;;3749 HONOR_ROLL;%s asks that we honor our Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;3750 HOLD_YOUR;You will increase your victory percentage on January 1 each year by owning the following provinces: %s.;;;;;;;;;;3751 HOLD_OTHER;Will win by holding ownership of these provinces: %s. Progress is calculated January 1 each year.;;;;;;;;;;3752 HOL_WOSS_MISSTACT;It is your mission to stop Louis XIV's grandson Philip from inheriting Spain. You do this by defeating both France and Spain and forcing them to accept peace. This is hard to achieve and you will have to forge a Grand Alliance with Austria and the Netherlands. Both your presumed allies are wary and have there own agendas among them colonial expansion and fostering catholic values in Europe so you have to be very cautious not to hurt their feelings. Strike at their colonies but foremost defend your borders. Do not let the Bourbons in.;;;;;;;;;;3753 HOL_WOSS_MISSNAME;Defeat the Bourbon Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;3754 HOL_WOSS_MISSDESC;You win automatically when you have forced France and Spain to sign a peace agreement.;;;;;;;;;;3755 HOL_TYW_MISSTACT;Since the independence Spain has been eagerly waiting for the right moment to attack and annex your lovely country. The best defense is the swift attack. You get victory points for every province in the Spanish Netherlands. By kicking out the Spaniards from this area the Netherlands is secured. Be sure though even if you successfully kick out the Spaniards, to garrison you country heavily. Neither the Austrians the French or the Swedes will allow you to win without a fight.;;;;;;;;;;3756 HOL_TYW_MISSNAME;Liberate the Spanish Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;3757 HOL_TYW_MISSDESC;You will gain victory progress for every province in the Spanish Netherlands that you control.;;;;;;;;;;3758 HOL_DESC;The counts of Holland emerged as the most powerful medieval lords of the region next to their southern neighbors, the dukes of Brabant and the counts of Flanders. In the 14th and 15th centuries Flanders, Holland, Zeeland, Gelderland and Brabant passed to the powerful dukes of Burgundy who controlled virtually all the Low Countries. Though the Dutch towns and ports were slower in economic development than the flourishing commercial and industrial centers of Flanders and Brabant they began to rival them in the 15th century. They nearly all belonged to the Hanseatic League and enjoyed vast autonomous privileges. When the Dutch Republic finally gained its independence from the Spanish, the province of Holland, with Amsterdam as capital, became the center of power.;;;;;;;;;;3759 HOL_1773_S;In 1773 the Dutch Republic was in decline. It still maintained a large empire but was no longer the most expansive financial center in the world. England had already eclipsed her glory and other countries were catching up. The Netherlands made unsuccessful attempts at reform while struggling with internal instability. With the advent of the revolutionary movement in France, the small Dutch republic was easily toppled by a nation at arms.;;;;;;;;;;3760 HOL_1773_C;The Dutch army and navy are in bad shape and her possessions are widely spread over the globe. If the Republic is going to have a chance to win you must reform her economy by achieving trade monopolies aggressively. To be a member of a strong alliance is important and it is advisable not to wage risky wars. Build up and defend your Asian colonies and expand in Africa to increase wealth and power. France is your greatest danger as she can strike at your home provinces. England is also a great threat as she can make invasions nearly anywhere in the world. See to it that you balance them against each other.;;;;;;;;;;3761 HOL_1617_VPTACTIC;Your country is small and rather weak. Your main enemies are France and Spain. Survival is the first goal expanding your colonial empire and sending merchants is your second only at third place comes territorial expansion in Europe. Try to ally England and Sweden early on and get some stronger Protestant principalities on your side. If the tide goes against you, accept seceding a province or two for peace. You can always make a comeback later.;;;;;;;;;;3762 HOL_1617_HISTDESC;The Netherlands was created as a result of a successful rebellion against their Spanish overlords. She virtually fought for her very existance from the 1580's until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, when her independence was internationally acknowledged. In 1617 the Netherlands had started its march toward economic supremacy in Europe, and was slowly building up a colonial empire based on newly acquired Portugese colonies. Her navy was building up and her army was small but very efficient. The Thirty Years War concerned Habsburg hegemony and freedom of religion and both questions were very important to the Dutch people. Fighting for the Protestant cause, the Netherlands was one of the biggest winners of the war. Getting freedom and removing the Habsburg threa, but also running past England as the number one commercial nation of Europe, only France was a potential enemy.;;;;;;;;;;3763 HOL;Netherlands;;;;;;;;;;3764 HISTORY;History;;;;;;;;;;3765 HISTEVENT_SETUP;When a historical event occurs;;;;;;;;;;3766 HISTEVENT_LOG;%s;;;;;;;;;;3767 HISTEVENT_HEADER;Historical Event;;;;;;;;;;3768 HISTEVENT_BTN2;History;;;;;;;;;;3769 HISTEVENT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3770 HISTEVENT_6;;;;;;;;;;;3771 HISTEVENT_5;;;;;;;;;;;3772 HISTEVENT_4;;;;;;;;;;;3773 HISTEVENT_3;;;;;;;;;;;3774 HISTEVENT_2;%s;;;;;;;;;;3775 HISTEVENT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3776 HINT_SHOWHINTS;Show tips at startup;;;;;;;;;;3777 HINT_HEADER;Game Hint #%d;;;;;;;;;;3778 HINT_BTN_PREVIOUS;Previous;;;;;;;;;;3779 HINT_BTN_NEXT;Next;;;;;;;;;;3780 HINT_BTN_CLOSE;Close;;;;;;;;;;3781 HINT_99;Visit regularly the EU2 forum on the web at http://www.europa-universalis.com/forum/index.php for answers to your questions and more tips and discussions.;;;;;;;;;;3782 HINT_98;Diplomatic Relation Values have no game effect between two human players. Let your actions speak for themselves!;;;;;;;;;;3783 HINT_97;Use the in-game help system. Hover the mouse over each number in every window and wait a bit. You'll almost always see a useful breakdown of the factors that affect it, or a suitable explanation.;;;;;;;;;;3784 HINT_96;If you don't get a message after an event or diplomatic action (e.g. map exchange), check that your message display option for that event is not suppressed.;;;;;;;;;;3785 HINT_95;After you reach a stability level of +3, all prior stability investment goes to the treasury and the treasury slider shifts accordingly to the right. Check that the resulting inflation is acceptable.;;;;;;;;;;3786 HINT_94;Double-click on a slider in the budget window to lock it in place (grayed out). This is useful if you want to move some sliders without affecting others. Double-click on the slider again to unlock it.;;;;;;;;;;3787 HINT_93;Use messages that pause action wisely, for example: To not waste time when colonizing, set message for colonist to pause, then hit go to and send another one immediately. When a province or sea is discovered, set the message to pause so you can give instructions to your explorer or conquistador without wasting time and thus extra attrition. Set the stability increase message to pause so that you remember to reset your treasury slider to your required inflation level.;;;;;;;;;;3788 HINT_92;Setting difficulty at Very hard results in more frequent declarations of war by the AI if you expand your country a lot.;;;;;;;;;;3789 HINT_91;If you find conquering the world too easy, try harder starting settings. Playing without pauses also brings new flavour to the game. Or you can try roleplaying, that is making sure that all your actions would have been plausible in historical terms.;;;;;;;;;;3790 HINT_90;The little square to the right of the status bar of a navy indicates it has troops loaded. Clicking that icon is a shortcut to the 'Unload Troops' button.;;;;;;;;;;3791 HINT_9;If you want to build a colonial empire far away overseas, build colonies in coastal provinces along the way so that your navies can resupply in their ports.;;;;;;;;;;3792 HINT_89;You can right-click on the mini-map to filter the display options.;;;;;;;;;;3793 HINT_88;You can hold down the 'shift' key to add additional destinations to a unit's movement path.;;;;;;;;;;3794 HINT_87;Selecting a friendly port as the final destination for a navy with troops loaded, will automatically unload the troops at the destination.;;;;;;;;;;3795 HINT_86;You cannot load troops on a navy in port. Move the navy to an adjacent sea zone.;;;;;;;;;;3796 HINT_85;While besieging you cannot reorganize your armies, but you can move individual armies by selecting them by pressing the appropriate morale bar.;;;;;;;;;;3797 HINT_84;You can switch countries in a saved scenario if you start a new scenario as the country in question and then reload your saved scenario without exiting EU2.;;;;;;;;;;3798 HINT_83;Your country cultures can be found in the monarch screen. Any province you control that doesn't belong to any of these cultures will be penalised by a 30% decrease in tax income and a higher revolt risk. A further 30% decrease in tax income is applied if the province religion is not your country religion.;;;;;;;;;;3799 HINT_82;Setting the religious tolerance sliders directly affects the revolt chances in each province. You can change these sliders by clicking on the sign of your country religion in the monarch window.;;;;;;;;;;3800 HINT_81;The chance of a successful religious conversion by a missionary is determined at the time he is sent to a province. This chance is higher if your monarch has a high Administrative Rating, the province has a country culture, and the population is low. Some religions (e.g. pagan) are more easier to convert from.;;;;;;;;;;3801 HINT_80;If your religion is Sunni you get a Casus Belli (cause for war) against all Shiite countries. Similarly, if your religion is Shiite, you get a Casus Belli against all Sunni countries.;;;;;;;;;;3802 HINT_8;If you want to increase your chance of getting an explorer go all Naval in your Domestic Policy settings. If you want to increase your chance of getting a conquistador go Narrow-Minded.;;;;;;;;;;3803 HINT_79;If your country religion is catholic, you get an automatic Casus Belli (cause for war) with any country that is at war with the Papal States. This Casus Belli lasts for the duration of the war.;;;;;;;;;;3804 HINT_78;An army consisting only of cavalry and headed by a Conquistador suffers less attrition because of the Conquistador presence and the high movement rate, and is thus the best way to explore Terra Incognita.;;;;;;;;;;3805 HINT_77;Having a Conquistador present in a province at the time of sending a colonist will increase the chance of success. The Conquistador does not have to wait for colonist to arrive.;;;;;;;;;;3806 HINT_76;You cannot change the Culture of a province unless it is of Pagan culture or does not contain a city, in which case sending a colonist (or a missionary) can change the Culture to one of your country Cultures. You can change the culture of a Pagan province even if it contains a city.;;;;;;;;;;3807 HINT_75;The armies of Reformed and Shiite countries receive a bonus in their fighting morale.;;;;;;;;;;3808 HINT_74;Countries having a Reformed religion get a bonus on their monthly stability investment.;;;;;;;;;;3809 HINT_73;Converting to Protestantism will give you a large one-time economical boost.;;;;;;;;;;3810 HINT_72;You can only annex an enemy country as a result of peace negotiations if it only consists of 1 province, the capital one (TPs and colonies do not count). Reduce the country to 1 province, then try again.;;;;;;;;;;3811 HINT_71;If you want to maximize your chances of successfully exchanging maps, make sure that you have close to +200 relations with the country, that you know of at least some provinces which they don't, and that your Monarch's diplomatic rating is as high as possible.;;;;;;;;;;3812 HINT_70;Entering a Royal Marriage with a country will remove the fog of war in it.;;;;;;;;;;3813 HINT_7;The most important factor in your technology costs is your Domestic Policy settings. Inflation as well as your country technology group (which cannot be changed) also affect these costs.;;;;;;;;;;3814 HINT_69;Just before declaring war make sure that the country(ies) that you are targeting have no new alliances since you last checked! Also check for independence guarantee, and enemy land and naval technology levels.;;;;;;;;;;3815 HINT_68;You cannot vassalize or diplomatically annex a country if either you or they are at war.;;;;;;;;;;3816 HINT_67;Diplomatically annexing a country is very difficult. The chance is higher if your monarch has a very high Diplomatic Rating, the country has lower relations with everyone else, and you have a much bigger country, a stronger economy and a bigger army.;;;;;;;;;;3817 HINT_66;Each alliance is valid for 10 years after the last war in which a member was involved has ended. If during these 10 years a new war starts, the alliance gets renewed for the next 10 years automatically.;;;;;;;;;;3818 HINT_65;Being the leader of an alliance gives you the power to negotiate terms on behalf of the alliance or to ban a member from it. It also prohibits you from leaving the alliance.;;;;;;;;;;3819 HINT_64;You cannot influence the number of diplomats available to you, except by going to war (+1) or shifting your relative domestic policy slider towards Aristocracy increasing the diplomatic rating of the Monarch.;;;;;;;;;;3820 HINT_63;Target your Letters of Recommendation and Personal and country Gifts carefully, they can be quite expensive. Create a nexus of friendly countries according to your strategy.;;;;;;;;;;3821 HINT_62;You cannot enter a Royal Marriage with The Papal States or The Knights as another country.;;;;;;;;;;3822 HINT_61;Sending merchants can be uneconomical if the CoT is far from your capital, very competitive or of low value. Check the report to see what the costs are versus the rewards for each CoT and decide accordingly. Sometimes it makes sense to let merchants expire.;;;;;;;;;;3823 HINT_60;Sending a merchant in a CoT can increase the number of merchants you have in it, kick out a merchant from another country creating an empty spot or simply fail. It pays to send merchants in batches rather than individually, since an empty spot can be filled immediately.;;;;;;;;;;3824 HINT_6;Every time you declare a war without a just cause (Casus Belli), annex a province or worse, militarily annex a country your reputation suffers. If your reputation (bad boy value) becomes bad, your relations with other countries will worsen and you may experience hostility and declarations of war. You can improve your reputation by freeing a vassal, or by just waiting for time to pass.;;;;;;;;;;3825 HINT_59;Use the merchant Auto-send function with caution, it may not be the optimal way of distributing merchants to Centers of Trade (CoT) and can be very expensive.;;;;;;;;;;3826 HINT_58;The trade value of a province is added only to the controlling Center of Trade, not your monthly income. In order to profit from this you need to send merchants to the appropriate Center of Trade. Keep this in mind when setting up trading posts, as they generally have high trade values but very low tax and production.;;;;;;;;;;3827 HINT_57;Any changes you make in the budget window are taken into account only when you close the window.;;;;;;;;;;3828 HINT_56;Your core (national) provinces have a small shield with your country's flag on them. If an enemy occupies any of these provinces, you get a Casus Belli (cause for war) against them. Never give your core provinces away.;;;;;;;;;;3829 HINT_55;Getting a Monopoly in a rich Center of Trade is by far the best way to make money.;;;;;;;;;;3830 HINT_54;Manufactories are worthwhile investments. Aside the monthly economic bonus, they contribute to the growth of the province, reduce the revolt risk and result in free budget investments in their respective disciplines.;;;;;;;;;;3831 HINT_53;If your neighbors produce much gold, your inflation will increase as well.;;;;;;;;;;3832 HINT_52;The trade value of provinces producing slaves increase as more cotton and tobacco provinces are colonized by all countries.;;;;;;;;;;3833 HINT_51;As trade embargoes last forever (or until you lose a war against the target country), you may want to embargo some countries while you are at war with them (thus not suffering the -1 stability hit) just in case you will gain one of their CoT in the war.;;;;;;;;;;3834 HINT_50;On the balance sheet screen, next to each source of your income (trade, production, tax) is a percentage. This is your efficiency for that source of income. Raise the efficiency of your higher income sources first to improve your economy effectively.;;;;;;;;;;3835 HINT_5;A Trade Posts does not contribute substantially to your production income. You only get a portion of its trade generated revenue if it belongs to a Center of Trade to which you have merchants posted.;;;;;;;;;;3836 HINT_49;Only take loans when there is no other way out of a crisis. Loans will raise your inflation, result in monthly interest payments and possibly eventually in bankruptcy, during which you will suffer lower army morale for 5 years. Bankrupt countries can reform, but are easy prey to enemies.;;;;;;;;;;3837 HINT_48;Each of your vassals surrenders to you, the suzerain, half of its monthly taxation revenue (not its full revenue). Your vassals cannot enter other alliances or Royal Marriages with other countries without breaking the vassalage.;;;;;;;;;;3838 HINT_47;Inflation is an index of cost relative to the start of each scenario. An inflation of 100% means that a unit, structure, action etc that used to cost e.g. 10 ducats at the start of the scenario, now costs 20 ducats.;;;;;;;;;;3839 HINT_46;Raising war taxes raises your tax income for six months and the troops you can raise in a province, but results in a stability hit of -1 and a higher chance of revolts.;;;;;;;;;;3840 HINT_45;Conscription centers, grain producing provinces and weapons manufactories increase your supportable manpower.;;;;;;;;;;3841 HINT_44;There is an optimal army size or number of ships supported at any moment by a country, above which support costs become very expensive. You can find these amounts on the army and navy maintenance windows.;;;;;;;;;;3842 HINT_43;When you annex a non core-province the revolt risk because of nationalist forces in the province will increase by +3. This risk will drop by one every decade.;;;;;;;;;;3843 HINT_42;Pirates will not appear in sea zones containing regular fleets.;;;;;;;;;;3844 HINT_41;If your stability is less than 0 and a country declares war at you, your stability will increase by 1.;;;;;;;;;;3845 HINT_40;Annexing a country as a result of a peace offer will give your country a one time +1 stability bonus. You will also obtain control of all of the other country's land and naval forces.;;;;;;;;;;3846 HINT_4;Establishing a Trading Posts is the fastest and easiest form of colonization. Establish Trading Posts to preempt your opponents from grabbing a province, or where low growth due to climate does not foster the creation of a Colony. Beware that a Trading Post can be burned to the ground.;;;;;;;;;;3847 HINT_39;Ten cannons per enemy fortification level in a province will give you a minimum sieging bonus.;;;;;;;;;;3848 HINT_38;A possible strategy for conducting war is to use cavalry for the first wave of attacks, then after the enemy's armies are mostly defeated, follow up with waves of infantry and cannon only forces to do the sieging!;;;;;;;;;;3849 HINT_37;Before declaring war, check the levels of enemy fortresses and plan accordingly. Seize unfortified provinces rapidly with blitzing cavalry if possible! An army wishing to siege a fortress must be at least as large as the garrison in the fortress (10 cannons count as 1000 infantry.;;;;;;;;;;3850 HINT_36;Move navies into ports regularly to cancel attrition effects. Although ships don't suffer attrition when next to a port, moving away from a port will keep the additive attrition effects of the time spend next to a port. Do not move galleys outside the Mediterranean, the Black Sea or Baltic Sea as they risk destruction.;;;;;;;;;;3851 HINT_35;The lower your maintenance level, the lower your troops' morale. It will take three months to increase your troops' morale to maximum if you pull the maintenance slider from 50 to 100 percent. Do not attack with troops that don't have maximum morale unless you have to.;;;;;;;;;;3852 HINT_34;If you are in a war together with another nation, your troops may walk through its provinces and your navies may enter its ports.;;;;;;;;;;3853 HINT_33;Transport ships do not inflict any damage in combat, but do take a share of the warships' losses.;;;;;;;;;;3854 HINT_32;The leader with the highest rank will automatically command a unit. If there are several historical leaders in a unit, split it to get the maximum effect of all the leaders values.;;;;;;;;;;3855 HINT_31;Cavalry never participates in assaults – they do however take losses. Cannon are almost essential to defeat larger fortresses.;;;;;;;;;;3856 HINT_30;Units commanded by a Conquistador or Explorer will suffer less attrition than other units.;;;;;;;;;;3857 HINT_3;Establishing a Colony is the most profitable long-term form of colonization. Establish Colonies where the climate allows the Colony to grow. A Colony achieves city status when it reaches 1000 inhabitants. The native population, if present, is added to the population at 900 inhabitants.;;;;;;;;;;3858 HINT_29;During the early period of the EU2 cavalry is more powerful than infantry but its importance wanes with time. Similarly, during the early period of the EU2 galleys are more powerful than warships, and remain quite competitive for the major part of the game. Cannons become more powerful during the late period of the EU2.;;;;;;;;;;3859 HINT_28;Refusing a peace negotiation that is 11% lower than the war percentage outcome results in a stability hit. Each stability point lost when at -3 will cause a revolt, which could lead to the fall of the government and all provinces falling in their controllers' hands.;;;;;;;;;;3860 HINT_27;Being elected as Holy Roman Emperor gives you 50 VP and the right to march your troops throughout the Holy Roman Empire land when at war, regardless of your alliances. The borders of the Holy Roman Empire can be seen on the religious map. To be elected Holly Roman Emperor, you need to be Catholic or Counter-Reformed Catholic and have the highest relationships with all elector countries, even those that are Protestant. Luck plays some part too.;;;;;;;;;;3861 HINT_26;When a fortress sieged by allied armies falls, the army with the highest ranked leader gets control of the province, irrespective of the size of the armies, otherwise control passes to the army that initiated the siege.;;;;;;;;;;3862 HINT_25;Deal with rebellions swiftly. Rebels can take over a fortress sometimes even without a siege, and increase the revolt risk in neighbouring provinces. Worse, rebel-controlled provinces can defect to an enemy country if their country religion or culture is close to the province ones.;;;;;;;;;;3863 HINT_24;Consider investing in a fire-brigade army consisting only of cavalry, if revolts pester your large empire. This army moves faster and has a high shock value that can succumb most revolts, especially those on plains or deserts terrain.;;;;;;;;;;3864 HINT_23;Observe the terrain which you are defending, attacking or simply passing through. Cavalry is worthless in mountains (brown), swamps (aqua) or forests (green), where the defender has an advantage and movement is slow. Cavalry is well suited to plains (white) or desert (yellow) terrain.;;;;;;;;;;3865 HINT_22;Make troop attrition due to winter weather or province size work for you. Wait until an enemy sieging army is depleted by attrition before striking at it, if the fortress can hold long enough.;;;;;;;;;;3866 HINT_21;Assaulting is costly in casualties, but may be the best way of conquering a fortress in the face of high attrition due to bad weather or low number of troops supported in the province. Assaults will be much more successful once the siege value (the defenders number on the siege screen) is below 0, and when the wall on the screen looks breached.;;;;;;;;;;3867 HINT_20;Use your military leaders wisely, they can be the difference between victory and defeat. Be careful going against an army headed by a historic leader (hover mouse over enemy army to see his name).;;;;;;;;;;3868 HINT_2;The stability recovery cost of your country directly relates to the stability cost of each province. These costs are higher for provinces that are of a different religion than your country religion. Stability cost is also modified by your Domestic Policy settings. If your stability costs are huge, slow your expansion down and use missionaries.;;;;;;;;;;3869 HINT_19;Cavalry is the fastest land unit followed by infantry followed by cannons. A mixed army moves at the speed of its slowest unit.;;;;;;;;;;3870 HINT_18;1000 Infantry = 1000 Cavalry = 10 Cannons. The in-game display of an army size is the weight of a unit for naval transport. All values are rounded up, so 1001 Infantry weighs 2. A transport can carry twice the amount of troops as a galley or a warship.;;;;;;;;;;3871 HINT_17;On the diplomatic map, you will see signs around other countries' shields when you click on your country. A 'cloud with lightning' means that you have Casus Belli (cause for war) against them, a 'crown' that you have a Royal Marriage with them, 'fire' that you're at war with them, a 'hand holding lightning' that you're allied with them, and 'two lions' that they are your vassal.;;;;;;;;;;3872 HINT_16;If your colony has negative growth because of location, try building a governor, increasing your country's stability, or colonising it to over 1000 inhabitants.;;;;;;;;;;3873 HINT_15;If you build a Shipyard you get +1 colonist per year. The number does not increase if you build more than one Shipyards though.;;;;;;;;;;3874 HINT_14;Your Monarch's Administration Value primarily affects budget investments in Trade Infrastructure and Stability and costs for sending merchants, colonists and missionaries.;;;;;;;;;;3875 HINT_13;Your Monarch's Military Value primarily affects budget investments in Land and Naval Technology.;;;;;;;;;;3876 HINT_12;Your Monarchs' Diplomacy Value primarily affects the chance to create alliances and getting favorable peace terms.;;;;;;;;;;3877 HINT_11;Promote Mayors to fight inflation. Each Mayor promotion results in a one-time drop of 1 percent of inflation.;;;;;;;;;;3878 HINT_100;;;;;;;;;;;3879 HINT_10;Promote Bailiffs, Legal counsels and Mayors to increase province Tax Incomes and Troop Build Capacity.;;;;;;;;;;3880 HINT_1;Stability is your number one indicator of governance. Stability above +1 results in tax bonuses and lower revolt risks.;;;;;;;;;;3881 HINDU;Hindu;;;;;;;;;;3882 HES_GERC_VPTACT;Being within the structure of the HRE has many comforts. Hannover is protected from many of its potential enemies at the start of the GC. Being a two province state will require you to protect yourself with large technically proficient armies. As always the most important task starting out is to build up your defences specifically in Oldenburg and your capital of Hannover. Having 35 000 men in your starting army is neither excessive nor completely restrictive when compared to the states surrounding your territory. To the north are the cities of the Hanseatic League at a relatively better than neutral relationship with you. To the east Brandenburg to the west the Spanish provinces in n.w Europe. Your chief enemy will be the state of Hessen on your southern border with which you have a rather frosty relationship of -80. Playing the game as another nation you will notice very regularly that Hessen and Hannover are usually at each other's throats for much of the game. Playing as Hannover will mean the same as regards to the wars you fight. To succeed against Hessen at the very start of the campaign you must have at least 3:1 odds numerically against her and/or a strong backing i.e. an alliance. Your best bet is to make overtures to the Hanseatic League and Saxony both neighbouring your northern and south-eastern borders. Play for time build up your relations and strike at the appropriate time. Who knows perhaps the annexation of the dreaded Hessens will in time lead to Hannover leading the HRE as one united state! Be careful what you order your researchers to spend your taxes on with regards to technological increases. It might be prudent to ease off naval research for a time at least until your land locked enemies are vanquished.;;;;;;;;;;3883 HES_GERC_HISTDESC;In 1492 Hessen was a country of mediocre power, but with great potentiality. Much to diplomatical skill she managed to either befriend the winning sides in wars or keep her neutrality and survived as an independent state for many many years.;;;;;;;;;;3884 HES_DESC;Hessen emerged in 1247 as a landgraviate immediately subject to the emperor under a branch of the house of Brabant. Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous, a leading figure in the German Reformation, was responsible for reuniting a territory that had been torn asunder by border disputes with neighboring principalities. At his death in 1567, Philip's lands were divided among his four sons with Kassel, Marburg, Rheinfels, and Darmstadt their respective capitals. Upon the demise shortly afterward of the Rheinfels (1583) and Marburg (1648) lines, the whole territory was held by the two remaining lines of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt.;;;;;;;;;;3885 HES;Hesse;;;;;;;;;;3886 HEL_DESC;The Franks conquered Helvetia in the 5th century and the Burgundians in the early 6th. The Franks introduced a new civilization based largely on Christianity. On the dissolution of the Frankish Carolingian Empire in the 9th century most of Switzerland became part of the duchy of Alemannia or Swabia, one of the great feudal states of the German Kingdom. In 1276 Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf I of the Habsburg dynasty attempted to assert feudal rights in Switzerland, making his power a threat to the traditional liberties of the Swiss. To resist Rudolf's aggression the three so-called forest cantons — Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden — around the Lake of Lucerne entered a league for mutual defense in 1291. In 1474 the Habsburgs, unable to cope with the militant Swiss mountaineers, abandoned their attempts to acquire the region as a family appanage, and the Swiss confederation became directly dependent on the Empire.;;;;;;;;;;3887 HEL;Switzerland;;;;;;;;;;3888 HEI_DESC;No description needed.;;;;;;;;;;3889 HEI;Holy Roman Empire;;;;;;;;;;3890 HEADER_RELIGION;RELIGION;;;;;;;;;;3891 HEADER_MISSIONS_AND_MONARCHS;MISSIONS AND MONARCHS;;;;;;;;;;3892 HEADER_ECONOMICAL;ECONOMIC;;;;;;;;;;3893 HEADER_DIPLOMATIC;DIPLOMATIC;;;;;;;;;;3894 HEADER_COLONIZATION_AND_EXPLORATION;COLONIZATION AND EXPLORATION;;;;;;;;;;3895 HEADER_BATTLES_AND_MILITARY;BATTLES AND MILITARY;;;;;;;;;;3896 HEAD_VASSAL;Grant Independence;;;;;;;;;;3897 HEAD_TP;Level %d Trading Post;;;;;;;;;;3898 HEAD_SIE;Siege;;;;;;;;;;3899 HEAD_RES;Resource Information;;;;;;;;;;3900 HEAD_REL;Religion;;;;;;;;;;3901 HEAD_PEA;Peace Resolution;;;;;;;;;;3902 HEAD_NAV;Naval Battle;;;;;;;;;;3903 HEAD_NATIONAL;National Province of %s;;;;;;;;;;3904 HEAD_NAC;Navy Construction;;;;;;;;;;3905 HEAD_MSW;Send Missionary to;;;;;;;;;;3906 HEAD_MIS;Missions;;;;;;;;;;3907 HEAD_LOA;Loans;;;;;;;;;;3908 HEAD_LAN;Land Battle;;;;;;;;;;3909 HEAD_INF;Information About;;;;;;;;;;3910 HEAD_FIN;Financial Summary;;;;;;;;;;3911 HEAD_DOMESTIC;Domestic Policies;;;;;;;;;;3912 HEAD_DIP;Diplomatic Actions;;;;;;;;;;3913 HEAD_COT;Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;3914 HEAD_COLP;Settler Placement;;;;;;;;;;3915 HEAD_COL;Level %d Colony;;;;;;;;;;3916 HEAD_CIW;Country Information;;;;;;;;;;3917 HEAD_CITY;City (Population: %d);;;;;;;;;;3918 HEAD_CAPITAL;Capital Province;;;;;;;;;;3919 HEAD_BUD;Budget;;;;;;;;;;3920 HEAD_ARC;Army Construction;;;;;;;;;;3921 HAU_DESC;In 1190, the duchy of Brabant emerged from the duchy of Lower Lorraine. In 1430 it passed to Philip the Good of Burgundy and in 1477 it was inherited by the Habsburgs. Like the rest of the southern Low Countries, Brabant owed its extraordinary prosperity during the Middle Ages to its wool and other textile industries and to the commercial enterprises of the inhabitants of its cities and towns. Brabant's greatest city, Antwerp, was for a time the financial capital of Europe.;;;;;;;;;;3922 HAU;Brabant;;;;;;;;;;3923 HAN_GERC_VPTACT;As with Hannover it is quite obvious to you that for the time being at least you are in a quite comfortable position with regards to any external threats. While this is true don't be fooled there is treachery everywhere! Your first challenge will be to tackle the rise of Hannover which will occur for the most part chiefly through your territory if youre not careful. Your Relationships with states around you are quite high;;;;;;;;;;3924 HAN_GERC_HISTDESC;In 1492 Hannover prospered from its position near the sea. Hannover (or originally Lüneburg) profited from good relations with its neighbours. Later on she defied Swedens political ambitions in the area, and later on succesfully allied with England and inherited the United Kingdoms of England and Scotland.;;;;;;;;;;3925 HAN_DESC;The city of Hanover was first mentioned in documents from the 12th century. It was chartered in 1241 and joined the Hanseatic League in 1386. In 1386 it joined the Hanseatic League, and in 1692 it became the capital of the Electorate of Hanover, which was soon joined to England in dynastic union.;;;;;;;;;;3926 HAN;Hanover;;;;;;;;;;3927 HAI_DESC;The island of Hispaniola was inhabited by the Arawaks prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1492. Disease, ill treatment and genocide by the Spaniards decimated the Arawaks who gave Haiti (land of mountains) its name. While establishing plantations in eastern Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic) the Spanish largely ignored the western part of the island which by the 17th century became a base for French and English buccaneers. Gradually French colonists importing African slaves developed sugar plantations on the northern coast. Unable to support its claim to the region Spain ceded Haiti (then called Saint-Dominque) to France in 1697. When the English invaded Haiti in 1793 during the Napoleonic Wars they maintained an uneasy alliance with the mulatto André Rigaud and cooperated with the remnant of French governmental authority. In 1795 Spain ceded its part of the island to France and in 1801 Toussaint conquered it, abolished slavery, and proclaimed himself governor-general of an autonomous government over all Hispaniola. Napoleon sent his brother-in-law Charles Leclerc with a huge punitive force to restore order in 1802 but he was unable to completely subdue the interior.;;;;;;;;;;3928 HAI;Haiti;;;;;;;;;;3929 HAB_WOSS_MISSTACT;It is your mission to stop Louis XIV's grandson Philip from inheriting Spain. You do this by defeating both France and Spain and forcing them to accept peace. This is hard to achieve and you will have to forge a Grand Alliance with England and the Netherlands. Both your presumed allies are wary and have there own agendas among them colonial expansion so you have to foster the alliance like a baby. You must stop France and Spain from taking Northern Italy and Western Germany as these areas are rich and eaisily won for the French juggernaut.;;;;;;;;;;3930 HAB_WOSS_MISSNAME;Defeat the Bourbon Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;3931 HAB_WOSS_MISSDESC;You win automatically when you have forced France and Spain to sign a peace agreement.;;;;;;;;;;3932 HAB_TYW_MISSTACT;Your country is fairly powerful in Germany and your mission to convert 5 Protestant countries would be a walk in the park if France did not have a mission to defeat your military. Thus you must see to it that you keep a strong alliance with Spain and help her against France. Also note that to get to the cream of small defenseless German Protestant countries you must march through Catholic countries. If you are the emperor this will not be a problem but if you are not then you need to ally Bavaria or Würtemberg and keep them happy so that you secure your marching through the area.;;;;;;;;;;3933 HAB_TYW_MISSNAME;Convert Protestants to the Catholic faith.;;;;;;;;;;3934 HAB_TYW_MISSDESC;You win automatically when you have converted 5 Protestant countries by force.;;;;;;;;;;3935 HAB_DESC;In 1419 Austria was not so much a nation as a political entity. Since the Privilegium Majus charter of the Habsburg Duke Rudolf IV in 1359, it was ruled by an Archduke, but essentially Austria simply represented the hereditary lands of the House of Habsburg. The 15th century saw the Habsburgs gaining ever more power. Albert V was elected Hungarian King in 1438 (but the title was lost again) and Maximilian I married the Burgundian heiress in 1477, thus aquiring the rich Low Countries. Though the last years of the century were hard for the Habsburgs, the next would see them more powerful than ever. The son of Maximilian, Philip, was married to the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1496, and their son Charles became King of Spain in 1516, thus adding that nation to the Habsburg realm. In 1526, the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand I was elected King of Bohemia and King of Hungary. House Habsburg was now the incomparably most powerful dynasty in Europe. However, the event of the reformation and the uncompromising catholicism of the Habsburgs brought Austria no end of trouble, eventually resulting in the catastrophic 30 Years War.;;;;;;;;;;3936 HAB_1773_S;In 1773 Austria was on parity with Prussia, but weaker than Russia. The threat of a reformed Poland-Lithuania, the hostility of the Ottoman Turks, and the enmity of Prussia were her main dangers. Austria chose to give priority to the partition of Poland and to maintain the balance of power in Eastern Europe. During the 1780's Austria fought Prussia in hopes of carving out a large section of Central Europe in what was called the War of Bavarian Succession. The anticipated Great War over supremacy in the east never occurred as the old regimes (Austria, Prussia and Russia) joined in an unholy alliance to fight French radicalism and republicanism. The Age of Revolution choked Europe.;;;;;;;;;;3937 HAB_1773_C;Austria is powerful and maintains the second largest army in Europe. To win, you must prevent Prussia from expanding in Germany, and Russia from expanding in the Balkans. At the same time you must ensure a partition of Poland-Lithuania which satisfies a balance of power in the Central East. This sounds easy, but it is not. It means war with the Ottoman Empire, Prussia and Poland-Lithuania. It might also mean war with Venice, Bavaria and a host of small German countries. As if this was not enough, you can be sure that France and Russia will try to slit your throat if you grow too strong. Do not ensnare yourself in long and costly wars. Instead, focus on devouring pieces of your enemies. How to spend your money? Build troops! Build troops! Build troops!;;;;;;;;;;3938 HAB_1700_VPTACTIC;Habsburg is growing stronger. There are many different approaches. Turkey is of course one of your main opponents, and if Venice is not cooperative she should go down first. Poland-Lithuania is a natural ally for you as she stops the Russians and can help you against the Turks. France can be very dangerous, but wait to attack her until she is at war with such Protestant enemies as England and the Netherlands because you will not be strong enough to beat her alone. Beware of what provinces you seize. Remember that too many religions inside your borders might make your domain very hard to rule.;;;;;;;;;;3939 HAB_1700_HISTDESC;In 1700 the Spanish king, Carlos II dies and his testament implies that the grandson of Louis XIV King of France Philip is to be King of Spain on the condition that the thrones of Spain and France are not united. Old King Louis XIV doesn't accept this and claims both thrones for his grandson. This starts the War of Spanish Succession between, on one side France Spain and Bavaria, and on the other side England the Netherlands and Austria. At the same time the Great Northern war is fought in the North and East. When the dynastical war ends in 1713 Austria get the Spanish Netherlands, and the Spanish possessions in Italy France and Spain, are not united but the Habsburg dynastical supremacy is lost. After the peace with France, Austria again attacks Turkey and gains vast lands but the Turks are not totally defeated and they will come back...;;;;;;;;;;3940 HAB_1617_VPTACTIC;Austria starts as a strong country but with a rather bad position. The best way of maximizing victory points is to turn Counter-reformed Catholic and force all Protestants to turn Catholic as a result of peace. However to get at them you will need to march through a lot of Catholic countries. Create these corridors of march through alliance, not conquest otherwise your relations will be damaged. See to it that you create strong alliances with Catholic countries especially if you are thinking of doing some annexations. Poland-Lithuania and Spain are excellent allies. Beware of the backstabbing Turks. It is dangerous to leave your back door open to the armies of the Sultan.;;;;;;;;;;3941 HAB_1617_HISTDESC;As early as the first decade of the 17th century Austria managed to get into a conflict with both its domestic Bohemian Protestant minority and the small Protestant principalities in the Holy Roman Empire. The German principalities joined into the Evangelic Union, a loosely organized federation combatting imperial efforts of recatholization and centralization of power. The Austrian Emperor swiftly created the Catholic League to oppose it. In 1618 the Protestants of Bohemia revolted and elected the Protestant elector of the Palatinates as its king, starting the Thirty Years War. This conflict quickly changed into a great power war which was mainly fought on German soil. Basically, Austria and Spain fought the Netherlands Sweden Denmark-Norway and France. The war became a war of attrition without real victors. Austria had won many great victories on the battlefield but the peace resolution raised several facts. First, the Protestant Sweden had become a great power. Second France was now the most powerful country in Europe. Third the Emperor had for all times lost his grip over the Holy Roman Empire. Fourth Spain had lost her capabilities to compete for hegemony in Europe. For Austria's part the war was a strategic defeat. However the government had managed to consolidate the hereditary lands and started a reform that would make her powerful in the future.;;;;;;;;;;3942 HAB;Austria;;;;;;;;;;3943 GUJ_DESC;Gujarat became an independent Sultanate in 1390. Its immense wealth invited attack and in 1509 the ever-enterprising Portuguese wrested the colony of Diu from the Sultan. In 1572 the Sultanate was annexed by the Mughal Empire. The Marathas were powerful in the area in the first half of the 18th century, but the British East India Company took over control of the region in 1818. Under the British overlords much of the region retained its various local princely rulers.;;;;;;;;;;3944 GUJ;Gujarat;;;;;;;;;;3945 GUARATOUS_SETUP;When another nation sends us a guarantee;;;;;;;;;;3946 GUARATOUS_LOG;%s will now guarantee our independence.;;;;;;;;;;3947 GUARATOUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3948 GUARATOUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;3949 GUARATOUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;3950 GUARATOUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;3951 GUARATOUS_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;3952 GUARATOUS_4;by;;;;;;;;;;3953 GUARATOUS_3;GUARANTEED;;;;;;;;;;3954 GUARATOUS_2;%t, we now have our independence;;;;;;;;;;3955 GUARATOUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3956 GRE_DESC;The restored Byzantine Empire (1261-1453) recovered only parts of Greece, most of which continued on under the rule of French and Italian princes until conquered by the Ottoman Turks (completed in 1456). Genoa held Khíos until 1566, Venice retained Crete until 1669 and the Ionian Islands until 1797. In its numerous wars with the Ottomans Venice also held Athens, Évvoia and several other ports and islands for brief intermittent periods prior to 1718. Under the Ottoman Empire Greece was merely one of many exploited territories. The Turks practiced religious tolerance but otherwise their regime was grasping and oppressive. Many Greek families (notably the Phanariots) were important in the administration of the Empire and the Greek merchants living in Constantinople and in the ports of Asia Minor, notably Izmir (Smyrna), were very prosperous, but Greece itself languished in obscurity and poverty.;;;;;;;;;;3957 GRE;Greece;;;;;;;;;;3958 GRAIDESC;Grain represents the vegetal foodstuff that was the first and foremost base of the everyday diet (with bread) both of humans and livestock. Lack of it would always lead to revolts and riots. Other cereals and vegetal foodstuff would later be augmented by tomatoes corn and even potatoes from America offering a wider choice both in food and agricultural production varieties.;;;;;;;;;;3959 GRAIDEMAND;The global demand for Grain will increase as more §YManufactories, §YConscription §YCenters §Wand §YShipyards§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;3960 GRAI;Grain;;;;;;;;;;3961 GRA_DESC;Heir to the splendid Kaliphate of Cordoba, the province of Granada became in 1238 the seat of the kingdom of Granada - last refuge of the Moors whom the Christian reconquest had driven south. The concentration of Moorish civilization in Granada gave the city great splendor and made it a center of commerce, industry, art and science. However, the kingdom was weakened by continuous feuds among noble families which prevented any attempt at restoring the Moorish power in the peninsula. It was conquered by Ferdinand V and Isabella I during the reign of Boabdil. With the surrender in January 1492 of the city of Granada the Moors lost their last hold in Spain and the kingdom was united with Castile.;;;;;;;;;;3962 GRA;Granada;;;;;;;;;;3963 GOTOTREAT;Go to Financial Summary;;;;;;;;;;3964 GOTOBUDGET;Go to Budget;;;;;;;;;;3965 GOTOBOX_FAIL;There is no such province, please enter the name of the province you wish to find.;;;;;;;;;;3966 GOTOBOX;Please enter the name of the province you wish to find.;;;;;;;;;;3967 GOLDDESC;Gold and silver were the basis of all formal currencies in Europe. The great gold mines of Central and South America would nearly multiply the currency supply tenfold leading to vast enrichment of some nations through cash and trade but also multiplying currency debasement and inflation.;;;;;;;;;;3968 GOLDDEMAND;The value of Gold is not affected by supply and demand. However the more Gold that is produced globally the more will all nations suffer from §Yinflation§W. Gold producing nations suffer even more from inflation.;;;;;;;;;;3969 GOLD;Gold;;;;;;;;;;3970 GIFTTOOTHER_SETUP;When you send a gift that improves relations;;;;;;;;;;3971 GIFTTOOTHER_LOG;%s greatly appreciates your help and our relations improved!;;;;;;;;;;3972 GIFTTOOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3973 GIFTTOOTHER_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;3974 GIFTTOOTHER_BTN1;He'd better...;;;;;;;;;;3975 GIFTTOOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;3976 GIFTTOOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;3977 GIFTTOOTHER_4;greatly appreciates your help and our relations improved!;;;;;;;;;;3978 GIFTTOOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3979 GIFTTOOTHER_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;3980 GIFTTOOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3981 GIFTREC_SETUP;When a nation sends you a gift;;;;;;;;;;3982 GIFTREC_LOG;%s sent us a generous gift of %s$.;;;;;;;;;;3983 GIFTREC_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;3984 GIFTREC_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;3985 GIFTREC_BTN1;God be praised!;;;;;;;;;;3986 GIFTREC_6;;;;;;;;;;;3987 GIFTREC_5;gift of %s$!;;;;;;;;;;3988 GIFTREC_4;sent us a generous;;;;;;;;;;3989 GIFTREC_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;3990 GIFTREC_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;3991 GIFTREC_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;3992 GETTPOST;Create Trading Post;;;;;;;;;;3993 GEO_DESC;In the 15th century King Alexander I divided Georgia into three kingdoms (Imertia, Kakhetia and Karthlia) among his sons and a period of decline set in. In the 16th century Georgia became an object of struggle between Turkey and Persia. In 1555 western Georgia passed under Turkish suzerainty and eastern Georgia (Kakhetia and Karthlia) under Persian rule. In the 18th century the kings of Kakhetia tried to unite Georgia, but, losing against the Turks and the Persians, accepted vassalage to Russia in 1783 in exchange for assistance. The last king, George XIII, threatened by Persia, abdicated in 1801 in favor of the Czar and ceded Kakhetia and Karthlia to Russia. Between 1803 and 1829 Russia also acquired from Turkey the western parts of Georgia (Abkhazia, Mingrelia, Imeritia and Guria).;;;;;;;;;;3994 GEO;Georgia;;;;;;;;;;3995 GENERAL;General;;;;;;;;;;3996 GEN_DESC;The Crusades brought Genoa great wealth and the Republic acquired possessions and trading privileges in areas from Spain to the Crimea. Genoa's expansion and its military defenses were largely financed by a group of merchants who in 1408 organized a powerful bank - the Banco San Giorgio. Genoese policy in the eastern Mediterranean clashed with the ambitions of Venice and long wars resulted ending with the Peace of Turin (1381) which slightly favored Venice. In 1339 the first doge (chief magistrate) for life was elected. As Genoa gradually gained control of the cities of Liguria it lost its outlying possessions. Rival factions in the city resorted to foreign aid. From the late 14th to the 16th century France and Milan in turn controlled the city although nominal independence was preserved. The power of Genoa was revived by the seaman and statesman Andrea Doria who wrote a new constitution in 1528. Later the city came under Spanish French and Austrian control. The Austrians were expelled by a popular uprising in 1746 but in 1768 Genoa had to cede Corsica - its last outlying possession to France. In 1797 French military pressure resulted in the end of aristocratic rule and the formation of the Ligurian Republic which Napoleon I formally added to France in 1805. The Congress of Vienna united (1814) Genoa and Liguria with the kingdom of Sardinia.;;;;;;;;;;3997 GEN;Genoa;;;;;;;;;;3998 GEL_DESC;The Duchy of Gelre was the part of the Netherlands that held out the longest against the unification process started by the Dukes of Burgundy. When Karl V added it to his possessions in 1543 the territorial unification process was completed. The Provinces of the Netherlands were united at last. It was conquered before in 1473 by Charles the Bold of Burgundy but after his death in 1477 it regained its independence. It passed to the House of Hapsburg in 1543 and joined (1579) the Union of Utrecht of the Netherlands against Spain. It was part of the Dutch Republic which gained its independence from Spain. Part of Gelre including Geldern, the ducal capital, was ceded in 1715 by the Netherlands to Prussia.;;;;;;;;;;3999 GEL;Gelderland;;;;;;;;;;4000 GARRISON;Garrison;;;;;;;;;;4001 GAMESPEED7;Game Speed set to Extremely Fast;;;;;;;;;;4002 GAMESPEED6;Game Speed set to Very Fast;;;;;;;;;;4003 GAMESPEED5;Game Speed set to Fast;;;;;;;;;;4004 GAMESPEED4;Game Speed set to Above Normal;;;;;;;;;;4005 GAMESPEED3;Game Speed set to Normal;;;;;;;;;;4006 GAMESPEED2;Game Speed set to Below Normal;;;;;;;;;;4007 GAMESPEED1;Game Speed set to Slow;;;;;;;;;;4008 GAMESPEED0;Game Speed set to Very Slow;;;;;;;;;;4009 GAME_WON;are declared WINNER!;;;;;;;;;;4010 GAME_WINNER_MISSION;;;;;;;;;;;4011 GAME_SURRENDER;You surrendered!;;;;;;;;;;4012 GAME_NORMAL;You got %d Victory Points and %s;;;;;;;;;;4013 GAME_MISSION;You got %d Gold Mines and %s;;;;;;;;;;4014 GAME_LOST;regrettably did not win.;;;;;;;;;;4015 GAME_LOSER_MISSION;;;;;;;;;;;4016 FURSDESC;Furs were one of the basic elements of high quality and warm clothing. Skins from all kind of animals were in strong demand initially from Russia but more and more from the endless wilderness ranges of North America where beavers would be the prize of choice at least till the late middle 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;4017 FURSDEMAND;The global demand for Furs will increase as more §YConscription §YCenters §YShipyards §Wand §YManufactories§W are built and as more cities get §YChief judges §Yand §YGovernors.;;;;;;;;;;4018 FURS;Furs;;;;;;;;;;4019 FUC_DESC;The French Ultra Catholics represent the faction led by the Dukes of Guise, who hated the huguenotts and were at times prepared to seize power in order to end the protestant threat.;;;;;;;;;;4020 FUC;French Catholics;;;;;;;;;;4021 FRI_DESC;In the early Middle Ages Friesland extended from the Scheldt River in the south to the Weser in the east. Later it was partly conquered by the counts of Holland. When Holland passed (1433) to the house of Burgundy the authority of the Burgundian dukes was not recognized by the independent-minded Frisians. In 1498 Emperor Maximilian I bestowed all of Friesland on Duke Albert of Saxony. Albert was unable to establish his authority and in 1515 his son, for a large sum, restored Friesland to Maximilian. Maximilian's grandson Emperor Charles V reduced the province by force in 1523. Friesland joined (1579) in the Union of Utrecht against Spanish domination but it continued to appoint its own stadtholders until 1748 when Prince William IV of Orange became the sole and hereditary stadtholder of all the United Provinces of the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;4022 FRI;Friesland;;;;;;;;;;4023 FRA_WOSS_MISSTACT;You must defend the inheritance of you grandson Young Philip. Austria England and the Netherlands defy you and you must defeat them all and force them to peace. You shouldn't take them all on at once but one at a time. Let Spain with whom you should forge a strong alliance spank the Netherlands while you start off against Austria. If you occupy the rich valleys of Northern Italy and Western Germany you will probably make it just by throwing money at your problems. Try to defend your overseas possessions, as England and the Netherlands will do anything to take them from you. When Austria and the Netherlands have been trashed your last opponent will be 'Perfidious Albion'. You see to it that the sneaky Prussians doesn't steal 'your victory' by gobbling Northern Germany.;;;;;;;;;;4024 FRA_WOSS_MISSNAME;Defeat the Grand Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;4025 FRA_WOSS_MISSDESC;You win automatically when you have forced Austria, England and the Netherlands to sign a peace agreement.;;;;;;;;;;4026 FRA_TYW_MISSTACT;You start off as one of the strongest powers in Europe. Use your excellent army to crush the Spaniards and the Austrians. You must force them to accept peace which could at bad times mean that you will have to occupy all of their European possessions. You must also check Sweden and the Netherlands as their conquest gives them victory points every month. The best way to stop them is to defeat them.;;;;;;;;;;4027 FRA_TYW_MISSNAME;Defeat the Habsburg Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;4028 FRA_TYW_MISSDESC;You win automatically when you have forced Austria and Spain to sign a peace agreement.;;;;;;;;;;4029 FRA_RG_VPTACTIC;1520: France has ended her last attempt at Italy with the glorious victory of King Francis I at Marignano (near Milan) in 1515 over the renowned pikemen phalanx of the Swiss Cantons. But the conflict for the Duchy of Milan still rages as the Habsburg (Spain and Austria) do not relinquish their claims to it. The permanent state of war over the peninsula would bring glory and disaster wealth and fame but also would blind the French monarchy to the growing strength of her Protestant minority paving the way for the Wars of Religion of the late 1560's.;;;;;;;;;;4030 FRA_RG_MISSTACT;Spain is wealthy but does not have as powerful an army as you -- attack them quickly and you may be able to strike an early decisive blow. Remember that Spain has many borders on your country watch out so that she does not take you in the back while concentrating your own military power in one direction.;;;;;;;;;;4031 FRA_RG_MISSNAME;Expand French Borders;;;;;;;;;;4032 FRA_RG_MISSDESC;You will gain Victory Progress by conquering your English and Spanish neighbor provinces. Calais is the jewel in the crown and will earn you almost as much as the Spanish provinces combined.;;;;;;;;;;4033 FRA_RG_HISTDESC;France combines the advantages of the largest army in Western Europe the biggest and wealthiest provinces excellent monarchs (especially in the military field) good stability and a lot of opportunities. If you maximize your strengths and manage to stay strong or take more provinces in Italy nobody except a coalition of other nations can stop you. However a strong Spano-Austrian coalition will be tough to match especially with the added gold coming from the New World. You still cannot dream of an early colonial empire but make sure your explorers pave the way for centuries to come and find new lands in the Americas.;;;;;;;;;;4034 FRA_GC_VPTACTIC;France combines the advantages of the largest army in Western Europe the biggest and wealthiest provinces excellent monarchs (especially in the military field) a good stability and a lot of opportunities. If you maximize your strengths and manage to march your armies into Italy nobody except a coalition of other nations could stop you. Just be aware of the strong Spano-Austrian coalition. However you should leave dreams of an early colonial empire to Spain and Portugal.;;;;;;;;;;4035 FRA_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;4036 FRA_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;4037 FRA_GC_HISTDESC;In 1485 France has survived the Hundred Years' War, strengthened and unified. In 1491 King Charles VIII marries Ann of Brittany as a prelude to the annexion of her Duchy. Charles has claims on the crown of Naples as a member of the Anjou family. However Naples is under control of the king of Aragon. France needs to expand and claims the wealth of the Italian city states and the disorganized political and military organization of the peninsula will lead to the various expeditions to Italy.;;;;;;;;;;4038 FRA_DESC;It is by no means easy to date France's birth as a nation. Was it 496 AD when King Clovis converted to Christianity, or 987 - the coronation of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty which was to reign for nine hundred years, or 1789 - the year of the Revolution in which France declared itself to be a nation as well as a state? Neither historians nor ordinary citizens seem able to agree, and all three occasions are celebrated by the French. Suffice it to say that France is one of the oldest states in Europe, which has gone through a great number of terrible crisis and usually emerged stronger. In 1419 France as an independent nation was threatened by complete annihilation. Henry V of England forcefully pressed his claim on the French throne, supported by a significant number of French nobles, notably the Duke of Burgundy. Against all odds, France rallied, defeating the English invaders and seeing the destruction of Burgundy in 1477. However, France was soon completely surrounded by the Habsburg dominions of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Through skillful diplomacy and numerous wars, this threat was finally neutralized in 1648 with the end of the 30 Years War. A golden age ensued, but the worst times were yet to come. The Enlightenment planted the seeds of rebellion, and the French Revolution in 1789 cast the nation into bloody anarchy, only to be followed by the disastrous reign of Napoleon. In 1820 France had lost her importance as a colonial nation, and had been humbled on the continent.;;;;;;;;;;4039 FRA_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;4040 FRA_1773_S;After the Seven Years War France was still struggling with her finances and her honor was still stained by defeat. France however was not a beaten country even thought her colonial might was broken. Instead France waited for a chance to revenge her honor and humiliate England. After sever mismanagement the English government faced a faced full uprising and revolution in her American colonies. France seized the opportunity and sided with the newly founded Republic in America. Yet, France would soon choke on the bone of revolution. In her case a rebellion against the very notion of a French Monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;4041 FRA_1773_C;France has a powerful navy and a world-class army, but she is relatively small, having lost the bulk of her colonies ten years before. This calls for a rapid expansion. North America, India, the Austrian Netherlands and northern Italy all present attractive areas for expansion. France begins the scenario allied with Spain. This could be a good partnership for wars against England. But watch out for Spanish victory points.;;;;;;;;;;4042 FRA_1700_VPTACTIC;France is one of the strongest powers on Earth in 1700 but she has to choose a sound strategy, which is not very easy. You can build ships and contest England's naval and colonial supremacy or you can make a strike for continental hegemony. Achieving both goals though might be very challenging. Always keep your investment rates in technology high and build manufactories.Your most dangerous opponents are England the Netherlands Austria and sometimes Spain.;;;;;;;;;;4043 FRA_1700_HISTDESC;In 1700 the Spanish king Carlos II dies and his testament implies that the grandson of Louis XIV King of France Philip is to be King of Spain on the condition that the thrones of Spain and France are not united. Old King Louis XIV doesn't accept this and claims both thrones for his grandson. This starts the War of Spanish Succession between, on one side France Spain and Bavaria, and on the other side England the Netherlands and Austria. At the same time the Great Northern war is fought in the North and East. When the dynastical war ends in 1713 France has managed to keep the two thrones within the Bourbon dynasty but failed to unite them. However, the war had been so costly that France was on the verge of bankrupcy.;;;;;;;;;;4044 FRA_1617_VPTACTIC;France is a strong country but the alliance between Spain and Austria is stronger. Bide your time and attack at the perfect time. Build up forces in France Proper but also in your colonies. You do not want to win a continental war just to see your victory be turned into a stalemate at the peace table as your enemies have occupied your overseas empire. If you attack Spain and Austria try to break their encirclement of your country. Taking Franché-Comte Spanish Netherlands and Northern Italy will highly improve your strategic position.;;;;;;;;;;4045 FRA_1617_HISTDESC;After the Wars of Religion France recovered and the foundation for the absolutism of Louis XIV was created. France had both domestic and external peace and its foreign policy was directed to attain good partners of cooperation on the continent. The overarching goal had not changed though thus Spain and Austria were considered the archenemies. Until 1635 France did not involve herself in costly wars but was instead biding her time. In 1636 however the time was right as most of Europe was exhausted from many years of war and France joined the Thirty Years War. French commitment was in fact the decisive factor deciding the conclusion of the war. French ducats and weapons defeated the Habsburgs within a decade. After the Peace of Westphalia France was the most powerful nation in Europe.;;;;;;;;;;4046 FRA;France;;;;;;;;;;4047 FPR_DESC;Prior to Calvin's publication in 1536 of his Institutes of the Christian Religion a reform movement already existed in France. Despite persecution the movement grew. Under King Henry II reprisals became more severe. Nevertheless in 1559 the first French national synod was held and a Presbyterian church modeled on Calvin's reform in Geneva was founded. The adherence of a large number of the nobility to the movement gave it political meaning and added fuel to persecution.;;;;;;;;;;4048 FPR;Huguenots;;;;;;;;;;4049 FLEETATT_SETUP;When the attrition suffered by one of your fleets gets too high and returns to port.;;;;;;;;;;4050 FLEETATT_LOG;%s has set sail for %s to replenish their supplies.;;;;;;;;;;4051 FLEETATT_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;4052 FLEETATT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;4053 FLEETATT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4054 FLEETATT_6;;;;;;;;;;;4055 FLEETATT_5;;;;;;;;;;;4056 FLEETATT_4;;;;;;;;;;;4057 FLEETATT_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4058 FLEETATT_2;has too high attrition and is returning to.;;;;;;;;;;4059 FLEETATT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;4060 FLEETARRIVE_SETUP;When one of your fleets reach its destination.;;;;;;;;;;4061 FLEETARRIVE_LOG;%s has arrived in %s.;;;;;;;;;;4062 FLEETARRIVE_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;4063 FLEETARRIVE_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;4064 FLEETARRIVE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4065 FLEETARRIVE_6;;;;;;;;;;;4066 FLEETARRIVE_5;;;;;;;;;;;4067 FLEETARRIVE_4;;;;;;;;;;;4068 FLEETARRIVE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4069 FLEETARRIVE_2;has reached its final destination;;;;;;;;;;4070 FLEETARRIVE_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;4071 FLA_DESC;The County of Flanders was a French fief grown from the area around Brugge which first stepped into the foreground under count Baldwin Iron Arm. This rich county fought for centuries to break free from France with changing fortunes but eventually were able to get out from under French wings. They enjoyed their Golden Age when cities which were all-powerful in Flanders, like Brugge and Gent, were at the height of their power in the late Middle Ages before the merchants, due to various reasons, turned to Antwerpen as their new center in the late 15th and early 16th century. In 1419 Flanders had been under Burgundian rule for over 3 decades and was enjoying a prosperous age in the arts and, while in decline, was still a major commercial center. It was still easily the richest, most densely populated and most important county in the Low Countries. Together with the rest of the Burgundian inheritance they passed eventually to Spain, against whom they revolted as part of the Dutch Revolt. But Flanders succumbed to Farnese's Reconquista, which effectively ended its glory days.;;;;;;;;;;4072 FLA;Flanders;;;;;;;;;;4073 FISHDESC;Fish not only provided one of the most basic foods for the European population in this age (as meat was more than a luxury for the great majority), but also generated a good industrial activity for shipyards. Fishermen made the basic recruiting pool of the merchant and military navies of most nations.;;;;;;;;;;4074 FISHDEMAND;The global demand for Fish will increase as more §YManufactories, §YConscription §YCenters §Wand §YShipyards§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;4075 FISH;Fish;;;;;;;;;;4076 FINVP_TOTAL;Total;;;;;;;;;;4077 FINVP_RESOURCE;Economy;;;;;;;;;;4078 FINVP_MISSION;Mission;;;;;;;;;;4079 FINVP_MILITARY;Military;;;;;;;;;;4080 FINVP_DIPLOMACY;Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;4081 FIN_DESC;From the mid 11th century Christian missionaries from Sweden were active in Finland, and in 1249 the Swedish king Birger Jarl mounted a 'crusade' against the wild men of the forests, which was more of an expedition of conquest. Finland soon became an integrated part of Sweden, and the frontier was constantly pushed further east, until the Swedes came into conflict with Great Novgorod. For almost six centuries, Sweden fought off the constant encroachments of Novgorod and later Muscovy and Russia, but the defeat in the Great Northern War initiated a period of decline that was to cost Sweden its eastern half in 1809. Finland now became a Russian Grand Duchy with a certain measure of independence in order to avoid offending the bitter Swedes too much.;;;;;;;;;;4082 FIN;Finland;;;;;;;;;;4083 FEZ_DESC;The Sus region houses the important city of Taroudant. Taroudant was a trading post that developed remarkably during the 11th century. In the 16th century, it was the capital of the Saadian dynasty. The Sus region was also home to rebel princes and various southern tribes. Although it was hardly a nation in its own right, it was the birthplace of power for various Moroccan factions.;;;;;;;;;;4084 FEZ;Sus;;;;;;;;;;4085 FEVIC_SUPREMACY_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;4086 FEVIC_SUPREMACY_DESC;The first country to reach specified number of Victory Points wins.;;;;;;;;;;4087 FEVIC_SUPREMACY;SUPREMACY;;;;;;;;;;4088 FEVIC_STANDARD_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;4089 FEVIC_STANDARD_DESC;Most victory points at the end of the Scenario wins.;;;;;;;;;;4090 FEVIC_STANDARD;STANDARD;;;;;;;;;;4091 FEVIC_MISSION_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;4092 FEVIC_MISSION_DESC;The country that first succeeds with its Scenario Mission wins.;;;;;;;;;;4093 FEVIC_MISSION;MISSION;;;;;;;;;;4094 FEVIC_HEADER;VICTORY CONDITIONS;;;;;;;;;;4095 FEVIC_DEATHMATCH_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;4096 FEVIC_DEATHMATCH_DESC;The first nation to conquer the specified number of new provinces wins.;;;;;;;;;;4097 FEVIC_DEATHMATCH;DEATHMATCH;;;;;;;;;;4098 FETUTORIAL_9;Information;;;;;;;;;;4099 FETUTORIAL_8;Development;;;;;;;;;;4100 FETUTORIAL_7;Economy;;;;;;;;;;4101 FETUTORIAL_6;Colonisation;;;;;;;;;;4102 FETUTORIAL_5;Religion;;;;;;;;;;4103 FETUTORIAL_4;Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;4104 FETUTORIAL_3;Combat;;;;;;;;;;4105 FETUTORIAL_2;Units;;;;;;;;;;4106 FETUTORIAL_10;BACK TO MAIN;;;;;;;;;;4107 FETUTORIAL_1;Interface;;;;;;;;;;4108 FETCPIPXBTN_JOIN;JOIN;;;;;;;;;;4109 FETCPIPXBTN_HOST;HOST;;;;;;;;;;4110 FETCPIPX_IPADDRESS;ENTER IP;;;;;;;;;;4111 FETCPIPX_CHOOSEGAME;CHOOSE GAME;;;;;;;;;;4112 FETCP_FAILTEXT;No game host found at IP address %s. Please check the address and Internet connection and try again.;;;;;;;;;;4113 FETCP_FAIL;Failed to find game;;;;;;;;;;4114 FESTR_WAITSCENARIO;No scenario chosen by host.;;;;;;;;;;4115 FESTR_STRATEGY;STRATEGY;;;;;;;;;;4116 FESTR_SCENARIOS;SCENARIOS;;;;;;;;;;4117 FESTR_SAVEDGAMES;SAVED GAMES;;;;;;;;;;4118 FESTR_PLAYERS;PLAYERS;;;;;;;;;;4119 FESTR_NOSELECTION;(no selection);;;;;;;;;;4120 FESTR_NOSCENARIO;Please select a scenario in the list to the left.;;;;;;;;;;4121 FESTR_NOCOUNTRY;Please select a country among the shields above.;;;;;;;;;;4122 FESTR_MILITARY;MILITARY:;;;;;;;;;;4123 FESTR_HISTORICALINFO;Historical info;;;;;;;;;;4124 FESTR_ECONOMY;ECONOMY:;;;;;;;;;;4125 FESTR_DIPLOMACY;DIPLOMACY:;;;;;;;;;;4126 FESTR_DIFFICULTY;DIFFICULTY:;;;;;;;;;;4127 FESTR_CHANGECOUNTRY;RIGHT-CLICK ON A SHIELD TO CHANGE IT.;;;;;;;;;;4128 FEOPT_RANDOM;Random Events;;;;;;;;;;4129 FEOPT_ON;ON;;;;;;;;;;4130 FEOPT_OK;OK;;;;;;;;;;4131 FEOPT_OFF;OFF;;;;;;;;;;4132 FEOPT_MONARCH;Historical Events;;;;;;;;;;4133 FEOPT_MISSIONS;DYNAMIC MISSIONS;;;;;;;;;;4134 FEOPT_HEADER;OPTIONS;;;;;;;;;;4135 FEOPT_GAMESPEED7;Extremely Fast;;;;;;;;;;4136 FEOPT_GAMESPEED6;Very Fast;;;;;;;;;;4137 FEOPT_GAMESPEED5;Fast;;;;;;;;;;4138 FEOPT_GAMESPEED4;Above Normal;;;;;;;;;;4139 FEOPT_GAMESPEED3;Normal;;;;;;;;;;4140 FEOPT_GAMESPEED2;Below Normal;;;;;;;;;;4141 FEOPT_GAMESPEED1;Slow;;;;;;;;;;4142 FEOPT_GAMESPEED0;Very Slow;;;;;;;;;;4143 FEOPT_GAMESPEED;GAME SPEED;;;;;;;;;;4144 FEOPT_GAMEEVENTS;GAME EVENTS;;;;;;;;;;4145 FEOPT_FOGOFWAR;FOG OF WAR;;;;;;;;;;4146 FEOPT_EVENTS_RANDOM;Random Events Only;;;;;;;;;;4147 FEOPT_EVENTS_HISTORICAL;Historical Events Only;;;;;;;;;;4148 FEOPT_EVENTS_BOTH;Random & Historical Events;;;;;;;;;;4149 FEOPT_EVENS_NO;None;;;;;;;;;;4150 FEOPT_DIFFICULTY;DIFFICULTY;;;;;;;;;;4151 FEOPT_CONQCAP;FORCED ANNEXATION;;;;;;;;;;4152 FEOPT_BASEVP;BASE VICTORY POINTS;;;;;;;;;;4153 FEOPT_AUTOSAVE5;Once every ten years;;;;;;;;;;4154 FEOPT_AUTOSAVE4;Once every five years;;;;;;;;;;4155 FEOPT_AUTOSAVE3;Once every three years;;;;;;;;;;4156 FEOPT_AUTOSAVE2;Yearly;;;;;;;;;;4157 FEOPT_AUTOSAVE1;Never;;;;;;;;;;4158 FEOPT_AUTOSAVE;AUTOSAVE;;;;;;;;;;4159 FEOPT_AIAGGRE;A.I. AGGRESSIVENESS;;;;;;;;;;4160 FEOPT_AI_LEVEL5;Furious;;;;;;;;;;4161 FEOPT_AI_LEVEL4;Aggressive;;;;;;;;;;4162 FEOPT_AI_LEVEL3;Normal;;;;;;;;;;4163 FEOPT_AI_LEVEL2;Weakling;;;;;;;;;;4164 FEOPT_AI_LEVEL1;Coward;;;;;;;;;;4165 FEMAINBTN_TUTORIAL;TUTORIAL;;;;;;;;;;4166 FEMAINBTN_SINGLE;SINGLE PLAYER;;;;;;;;;;4167 FEMAINBTN_REPLAYINTRO;REPLAY INTRO;;;;;;;;;;4168 FEMAINBTN_MULTIPLAYER;MULTIPLAYER;;;;;;;;;;4169 FEMAINBTN_EXIT;EXIT;;;;;;;;;;4170 FEMAINBTN_CREDITS;CREDITS;;;;;;;;;;4171 FECONNBTN_TCPIP;INTERNET;;;;;;;;;;4172 FECONNBTN_IPX;LOCAL AREA;;;;;;;;;;4173 FECONNBTN_EURONET;VALKYRIENET;;;;;;;;;;4174 FECONN_ENTERNAME;ENTER YOUR NAME;;;;;;;;;;4175 FECLI_HOSTSET2;to %s>;;;;;;;;;;4176 FECLI_HOSTSET1;<%s changed;;;;;;;;;;4177 FEBTN_VICTORY;VICTORY;;;;;;;;;;4178 FEBTN_STRATEGY;STRATEGY;;;;;;;;;;4179 FEBTN_START;START;;;;;;;;;;4180 FEBTN_OPTIONS;OPTIONS;;;;;;;;;;4181 FEBTN_INFO;INFO;;;;;;;;;;4182 FEBTN_CANCEL;CANCEL;;;;;;;;;;4183 FEBTN_BAN;BAN;;;;;;;;;;4184 FEBTN_BACK;BACK;;;;;;;;;;4185 FEBTN_ACCEPT;ACCEPT;;;;;;;;;;4186 FEBRUARY;February;;;;;;;;;;4187 FEB;FEB;;;;;;;;;;4188 FE_STAT5;Very Strong;;;;;;;;;;4189 FE_STAT4;Strong;;;;;;;;;;4190 FE_STAT3;Medium;;;;;;;;;;4191 FE_STAT2;Weak;;;;;;;;;;4192 FE_STAT1;Very Weak;;;;;;;;;;4193 FE_DIFFI5;Very Easy;;;;;;;;;;4194 FE_DIFFI4;Easy;;;;;;;;;;4195 FE_DIFFI3;Normal;;;;;;;;;;4196 FE_DIFFI2;Hard;;;;;;;;;;4197 FE_DIFFI1;Very Hard;;;;;;;;;;4198 FACILITY_WEAPONS;Weapons Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;4199 FACILITY_REFINERY;Refinery;;;;;;;;;;4200 FACILITY_NAVALEQUIPMENTS;Naval Equipment Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;4201 FACILITY_MANUFACTUREDGOODS;Goods Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;4202 FACILITY_LUXURYGOODS;Fine Arts Academy;;;;;;;;;;4203 EYRYES;Yes;;;;;;;;;;4204 EYRWSHP;Warships;;;;;;;;;;4205 EYRWEALTH;Wealth;;;;;;;;;;4206 EYRWARS;Current Wars;;;;;;;;;;4207 EYRWAR;War between;;;;;;;;;;4208 EYRVPSOURCE;Source;;;;;;;;;;4209 EYRVPOOR;Very Poor;;;;;;;;;;4210 EYRVPINPROGRESS;In Progress;;;;;;;;;;4211 EYRVPEARNED;Total;;;;;;;;;;4212 EYRVPCOMPLETED;Completed Missions;;;;;;;;;;4213 EYRVP;Victory Points;;;;;;;;;;4214 EYRVGOOD;Very Good;;;;;;;;;;4215 EYRTSREGION;Region;;;;;;;;;;4216 EYRTSPROVINCES;Our Non-Colonial Territory;;;;;;;;;;4217 EYRTSPROVINCE;Province;;;;;;;;;;4218 EYRTSPOP;Population;;;;;;;;;;4219 EYRTSMP;Manpower;;;;;;;;;;4220 EYRTSIZE;Territory Size;;;;;;;;;;4221 EYRTSFORTLEVEL;Fortress;;;;;;;;;;4222 EYRTSCONTROL;Control;;;;;;;;;;4223 EYRTSCITY;City;;;;;;;;;;4224 EYRTSAREA;Area;;;;;;;;;;4225 EYRTRANSPORTS;Transports;;;;;;;;;;4226 EYRTRADEVALUE;Trade Value;;;;;;;;;;4227 EYRTRADETOTAL;Competition;;;;;;;;;;4228 EYRTRADEOUR;Our Activity;;;;;;;;;;4229 EYRTRADE;Trade Information;;;;;;;;;;4230 EYRTOTAL;Total;;;;;;;;;;4231 EYRTHISYEAR;This Year;;;;;;;;;;4232 EYRTE;Trade Level;;;;;;;;;;4233 EYRTCOST;Placement Cost;;;;;;;;;;4234 EYRSTRUSHIPYARD;Shipyard;;;;;;;;;;4235 EYRSTRUPROV;Province;;;;;;;;;;4236 EYRSTRUMANU;Manufactory;;;;;;;;;;4237 EYRSTRUCTURES;Structures;;;;;;;;;;4238 EYRSTRUCOURT;Chief Judge;;;;;;;;;;4239 EYRSTRUCITYR;Governor;;;;;;;;;;4240 EYRSTRUBARRACK;Con. Center;;;;;;;;;;4241 EYRSTRUBAILIFF;Tax Collector;;;;;;;;;;4242 EYRSOURCE;Source;;;;;;;;;;4243 EYRSORTBY;Sort by;;;;;;;;;;4244 EYRRECWARSHIPS;Warships;;;;;;;;;;4245 EYRRECTRANSPORTS;Transports;;;;;;;;;;4246 EYRRECRUITS;Under Development;;;;;;;;;;4247 EYRRECREGION;Region;;;;;;;;;;4248 EYRRECREADY;Ready;;;;;;;;;;4249 EYRRECLOCATION;Location;;;;;;;;;;4250 EYRRECINF;Infantry;;;;;;;;;;4251 EYRRECGALLEYS;Galleys;;;;;;;;;;4252 EYRRECCAV;Cavalry;;;;;;;;;;4253 EYRRECART;Artillery;;;;;;;;;;4254 EYRRECAREA;Area;;;;;;;;;;4255 EYRPVTAX;Taxation;;;;;;;;;;4256 EYRPVPROVINCE;Province;;;;;;;;;;4257 EYRPVPRODVAL;Production;;;;;;;;;;4258 EYRPVPRODUCTION;Resource;;;;;;;;;;4259 EYRPVMP;Manpower;;;;;;;;;;4260 EYRPROVINCEVALUE;Taxation & Production;;;;;;;;;;4261 EYRPREVMON;Monarchs;;;;;;;;;;4262 EYRPOOR;Poor;;;;;;;;;;4263 EYRPERMANENT;Permanent;;;;;;;;;;4264 EYRPERCENTAGEE;Percentage of Total Expenses;;;;;;;;;;4265 EYRPERCENTAGE;Percentage of Total Income;;;;;;;;;;4266 EYRPE;Infrastructure;;;;;;;;;;4267 EYRNOPES;–;;;;;;;;;;4268 EYRNMY;Hostile Relations of %s;;;;;;;;;;4269 EYRNAVALTECH;Naval Technology;;;;;;;;;;4270 EYRMONVPS;VP:s;;;;;;;;;;4271 EYRMONSTART;Start;;;;;;;;;;4272 EYRMONNAME;Name;;;;;;;;;;4273 EYRMONMIL;Military;;;;;;;;;;4274 EYRMONEND;End;;;;;;;;;;4275 EYRMONDIP;Diplomatic;;;;;;;;;;4276 EYRMONADM;Administrative;;;;;;;;;;4277 EYRMILALLIANCE;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;4278 EYRMAINTENANCE;Maintenance;;;;;;;;;;4279 EYRLTYPE;Type;;;;;;;;;;4280 EYRLRANK;Rank;;;;;;;;;;4281 EYRLOTYPE;Type;;;;;;;;;;4282 EYRLOTOTAL;Total Losses;;;;;;;;;;4283 EYRLOSSES;Our Total Losses;;;;;;;;;;4284 EYRLODIS;Due to Disbanding;;;;;;;;;;4285 EYRLOCOMBAT;Due to Combat;;;;;;;;;;4286 EYRLOATT;Due to Attrition;;;;;;;;;;4287 EYRLOANS;Loans;;;;;;;;;;4288 EYRLNAME;Name;;;;;;;;;;4289 EYRLENDER;Lender;;;;;;;;;;4290 EYRLEADERS;Leaders;;;;;;;;;;4291 EYRLCOMMISION;Commission;;;;;;;;;;4292 EYRLASTYEAR;Last Year;;;;;;;;;;4293 EYRLANDTECH;Land Technology;;;;;;;;;;4294 EYRLACTIVE;Active;;;;;;;;;;4295 EYRINTERESTPERC;Interest;;;;;;;;;;4296 EYRINTERESTCASH;Yearly Cost;;;;;;;;;;4297 EYRINFLATION;Inflation;;;;;;;;;;4298 EYRINF;Infantry;;;;;;;;;;4299 EYRINCOMES;Income;;;;;;;;;;4300 EYRINCOME;Income;;;;;;;;;;4301 EYRHISTVP;Missions;;;;;;;;;;4302 EYRHISTORY;History;;;;;;;;;;4303 EYRGOOD;Good;;;;;;;;;;4304 EYRGALLEYS;Galleys;;;;;;;;;;4305 EYRFRWP;War Pact;;;;;;;;;;4306 EYRFRVAS;Vassal;;;;;;;;;;4307 EYRFRTR;Trade Embargo;;;;;;;;;;4308 EYRFRTA;Trade Agreement;;;;;;;;;;4309 EYRFRRM;Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;4310 EYRFRNATION;Nation;;;;;;;;;;4311 EYRFRMIL;Alliance;;;;;;;;;;4312 EYRFRMA;Military Access;;;;;;;;;;4313 EYRFRIEND;Friendly Relations of %s;;;;;;;;;;4314 EYRFREGION;Region;;;;;;;;;;4315 EYRFREEMAIN;Free Maintenance Level;;;;;;;;;;4316 EYRFRCB;Casus Belli;;;;;;;;;;4317 EYRFPROV;Seazone;;;;;;;;;;4318 EYRFORTS;Fortress Levels;;;;;;;;;;4319 EYRFORT6;Maximum;;;;;;;;;;4320 EYRFORT5;Mighty;;;;;;;;;;4321 EYRFORT4;Large;;;;;;;;;;4322 EYRFORT3;Medium;;;;;;;;;;4323 EYRFORT2;Small;;;;;;;;;;4324 EYRFORT1;Minimal;;;;;;;;;;4325 EYRFORT0;None;;;;;;;;;;4326 EYRFNAME;Name;;;;;;;;;;4327 EYRFMAIN;Maintenance;;;;;;;;;;4328 EYRFLEETS;Our Current Navies;;;;;;;;;;4329 EYRFAREA;Area;;;;;;;;;;4330 EYREXPENSES;Expense;;;;;;;;;;4331 EYREXPENSE;Expenses;;;;;;;;;;4332 EYREXCELLENT;Excellent;;;;;;;;;;4333 EYRENWAR;War;;;;;;;;;;4334 EYRENTRADE;Refusing Trade;;;;;;;;;;4335 EYRENNATION;Nation;;;;;;;;;;4336 EYRENCB;Casus Belli;;;;;;;;;;4337 EYRENAGAINST;Hostile Alliance;;;;;;;;;;4338 EYRDUE;Due;;;;;;;;;;4339 EYRDUCATS;Amount;;;;;;;;;;4340 EYRCURRENTNUM;Current Numbers;;;;;;;;;;4341 EYRCOT;Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;4342 EYRCOST;Current Monthly Cost;;;;;;;;;;4343 EYRCOMPARISON;Comparison Table;;;;;;;;;;4344 EYRCOLTP;Trading Post;;;;;;;;;;4345 EYRCOLSIZE;Size;;;;;;;;;;4346 EYRCOLREG;Region;;;;;;;;;;4347 EYRCOLPROV;Province;;;;;;;;;;4348 EYRCOLONIES;Our Colonial Possessions;;;;;;;;;;4349 EYRCOLCONTROL;Control;;;;;;;;;;4350 EYRCOLCONTINENT;Continent;;;;;;;;;;4351 EYRCOLCOL;Colony;;;;;;;;;;4352 EYRCOLCAT;Category;;;;;;;;;;4353 EYRCAV;Cavalry;;;;;;;;;;4354 EYRCATEGORY;Category;;;;;;;;;;4355 EYRBORROWER;Borrower;;;;;;;;;;4356 EYRBASEVP;Basic Victory Points;;;;;;;;;;4357 EYRBANK;Bank;;;;;;;;;;4358 EYRAVERAGE;Average;;;;;;;;;;4359 EYRART;Artillery;;;;;;;;;;4360 EYRARMYSIZE;Land Forces;;;;;;;;;;4361 EYRARMIES;Our Current Armies;;;;;;;;;;4362 EYRAREGION;Region;;;;;;;;;;4363 EYRAPROV;Province;;;;;;;;;;4364 EYRANAME;Name;;;;;;;;;;4365 EYRALLIANCES;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;4366 EYRALEXPIRY;Expires %s %d;;;;;;;;;;4367 EYRALAGAINST;against;;;;;;;;;;4368 EYRAAREA;Area;;;;;;;;;;4369 EYR_EXIT_ROLLOVER;Back to Game;;;;;;;;;;4370 EXTENDLOAN_ROLL;Loan has expired;;;;;;;;;;4371 EXTBANKLOAN;Our National Bank of %d$;;;;;;;;;;4372 EXPLORESTEAL_SETUP;When you steal the rutters of another nation.;;;;;;;;;;4373 EXPLORESTEAL_LOG;We have stolen the rutters of %s.;;;;;;;;;;4374 EXPLORESTEAL_HEADER;Our Admiral reports%s;;;;;;;;;;4375 EXPLORESTEAL_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;4376 EXPLORESTEAL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4377 EXPLORESTEAL_6;;;;;;;;;;;4378 EXPLORESTEAL_5;;;;;;;;;;;4379 EXPLORESTEAL_4;We now have access to all their explorations!;;;;;;;;;;4380 EXPLORESTEAL_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4381 EXPLORESTEAL_2;%t, our victorious navies have stolen the rutters of;;;;;;;;;;4382 EXPLORESTEAL_1;Stolen Rutters;;;;;;;;;;4383 EXPLORESPEC_SETUP;When you explore a new area;;;;;;;;;;4384 EXPLORESPEC_LOG;We discovered %s. You are awarded %s victory points.;;;;;;;;;;4385 EXPLORESPEC_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;4386 EXPLORESPEC_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;4387 EXPLORESPEC_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4388 EXPLORESPEC_6;;;;;;;;;;;4389 EXPLORESPEC_5;;;;;;;;;;;4390 EXPLORESPEC_4;You are awarded %s victory points;;;;;;;;;;4391 EXPLORESPEC_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4392 EXPLORESPEC_2;%t, we discovered;;;;;;;;;;4393 EXPLORESPEC_1;New Exploits!;;;;;;;;;;4394 EXPLORER;Explorer;;;;;;;;;;4395 EXPLOREOTHER_SETUP;When another nation explores a new province or sea zone;;;;;;;;;;4396 EXPLOREOTHER_LOG;%s discovered %s.;;;;;;;;;;4397 EXPLOREOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;4398 EXPLOREOTHER_BTN2;Goto/sea zone;;;;;;;;;;4399 EXPLOREOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4400 EXPLOREOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;4401 EXPLOREOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;4402 EXPLOREOTHER_4;discovered;;;;;;;;;;4403 EXPLOREOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4404 EXPLOREOTHER_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;4405 EXPLOREOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;4406 EXPLOREAUTO_SETUP;When you receive rumors of another nation's establishments;;;;;;;;;;4407 EXPLOREAUTO_LOG;We received rumors of a foreign establishment called %s.;;;;;;;;;;4408 EXPLOREAUTO_HEADER;Our Governor reports;;;;;;;;;;4409 EXPLOREAUTO_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;4410 EXPLOREAUTO_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4411 EXPLOREAUTO_6;;;;;;;;;;;4412 EXPLOREAUTO_5;;;;;;;;;;;4413 EXPLOREAUTO_4;;;;;;;;;;;4414 EXPLOREAUTO_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4415 EXPLOREAUTO_2;%t, our merchants have picked up rumours of a foreign establishment called;;;;;;;;;;4416 EXPLOREAUTO_1;Merchant Rumors;;;;;;;;;;4417 EXPLORE_SETUP;When you explore a new province or sea zone;;;;;;;;;;4418 EXPLORE_LOG;We discovered %s;;;;;;;;;;4419 EXPLORE_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;4420 EXPLORE_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;4421 EXPLORE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4422 EXPLORE_6;;;;;;;;;;;4423 EXPLORE_5;;;;;;;;;;;4424 EXPLORE_4;;;;;;;;;;;4425 EXPLORE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4426 EXPLORE_2;%t, we discovered;;;;;;;;;;4427 EXPLORE_1;New Exploits!;;;;;;;;;;4428 EXPENSETRA;Building Trading Posts;;;;;;;;;;4429 EXPENSESTAB;Stability;;;;;;;;;;4430 EXPENSESPOILS;Peace;;;;;;;;;;4431 EXPENSERSR;Technology;;;;;;;;;;4432 EXPENSEPE;Trade & Infrastructure;;;;;;;;;;4433 EXPENSEMIS;Missionaries;;;;;;;;;;4434 EXPENSEMER;Merchants;;;;;;;;;;4435 EXPENSEMAN;Building Manufactories;;;;;;;;;;4436 EXPENSELOAN;Repaid Loans;;;;;;;;;;4437 EXPENSEINTEREST;Interests;;;;;;;;;;4438 EXPENSEGIFT;Events;;;;;;;;;;4439 EXPENSEFORT;Building Fortress;;;;;;;;;;4440 EXPENSEFOM;Fortress Maintenance;;;;;;;;;;4441 EXPENSEFM;Fleet, maintenance;;;;;;;;;;4442 EXPENSEFLEET;Building Fleets;;;;;;;;;;4443 EXPENSECOL;Building Colonies;;;;;;;;;;4444 EXPENSEARMY;Raising Armies;;;;;;;;;;4445 EXPENSEAM;Army, maintenance;;;;;;;;;;4446 EXCHANGE_ROLL;%s wish to share explorations;;;;;;;;;;4447 EWTITLE;Previous Events;;;;;;;;;;4448 EVENTWINDOW_GOTO;Goto;;;;;;;;;;4449 EVENTWINDOW_CLOSE;Close;;;;;;;;;;4450 EVENTOTHERS_SETUP;When an historical event with multiple choice happens to another country.;;;;;;;;;;4451 EVENTOTHERS_LOG;%s went with %s in %s. ;;;;;;;;;;4452 EVENTOTHERS_HEADER;Herald from%s;;;;;;;;;;4453 EVENTOTHERS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;4454 EVENTOTHERS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4455 EVENTOTHERS_6;;;;;;;;;;;4456 EVENTOTHERS_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;4457 EVENTOTHERS_4;in;;;;;;;;;;4458 EVENTOTHERS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4459 EVENTOTHERS_2;They tell us that they selected;;;;;;;;;;4460 EVENTOTHERS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;4461 EVENTOTHER_SETUP;When an historical event happens to another country.;;;;;;;;;;4462 EVENTOTHER_LOG;%s had %s . ;;;;;;;;;;4463 EVENTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from%s;;;;;;;;;;4464 EVENTOTHER_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;4465 EVENTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;4466 EVENTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;4467 EVENTOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;4468 EVENTOTHER_4;which happened to them recently.;;;;;;;;;;4469 EVENTOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;4470 EVENTOTHER_2;They tell us about ;;;;;;;;;;4471 EVENTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;4472 EVENTNAME88019;Jan loses control of the Schieringers;;;;;;;;;;4473 EVENTNAME88018;Jan and the Schieringers;;;;;;;;;;4474 EVENTNAME88017;Schieringers request aid;;;;;;;;;;4475 EVENTNAME88016;Creation of the Dutch Republic;;;;;;;;;;4476 EVENTNAME88014;The Death of Jan VI;;;;;;;;;;4477 EVENTNAME88013;Jacqueline's Ransom;;;;;;;;;;4478 EVENTNAME88011;Jean Calvin in Holland;;;;;;;;;;4479 EVENTNAME88008;The Death of Jacoba;;;;;;;;;;4480 EVENTNAME88006;The Succession of Holland;;;;;;;;;;4481 EVENTNAME88005;The Annexation of Holland;;;;;;;;;;4482 EVENTNAME88003;Jacqueline is Countess of Hainaut;;;;;;;;;;4483 EVENTNAME88002;Jacqueline's invasion of Hainaut;;;;;;;;;;4484 EVENTNAME88001;Jacqueline's displeasure of John IV of Brabant;;;;;;;;;;4485 EVENTNAME88000;The Treaty of Woudrichem;;;;;;;;;;4486 EVENTNAME82017;The European Rule in Tehuantepec;;;;;;;;;;4487 EVENTNAME82016;The European Rule in Atlixico;;;;;;;;;;4488 EVENTNAME82015;The European Rule in Zacatecas;;;;;;;;;;4489 EVENTNAME82014;The European Rule in Michoagan;;;;;;;;;;4490 EVENTNAME82013;The European Rule in Saltillo;;;;;;;;;;4491 EVENTNAME82012;The European Rule in Jalisco;;;;;;;;;;4492 EVENTNAME82011;The European Rule in Tlaxcala;;;;;;;;;;4493 EVENTNAME82009;Smallpox!;;;;;;;;;;4494 EVENTNAME82008;The Conquest of the Zapotecs;;;;;;;;;;4495 EVENTNAME82007;The Fall of Atlixico;;;;;;;;;;4496 EVENTNAME82006;The Aztecs surrender to Spain;;;;;;;;;;4497 EVENTNAME82005;The Conquest of the Aztecs;;;;;;;;;;4498 EVENTNAME82004;The Fall of Tenochtitlan;;;;;;;;;;4499 EVENTNAME82003;The Zapotecs become our clients;;;;;;;;;;4500 EVENTNAME82002;The Alliance with Spain;;;;;;;;;;4501 EVENTNAME82001;Tlaxcala goes over to Spain;;;;;;;;;;4502 EVENTNAME82000;The Tlaxcalan Revolt;;;;;;;;;;4503 EVENTNAME8;Heretics;;;;;;;;;;4504 EVENTNAME75016;French claim on Gelre ignored;;;;;;;;;;4505 EVENTNAME75015;France inherits Gelre;;;;;;;;;;4506 EVENTNAME75009;Habsburg claim on Gelre ignored;;;;;;;;;;4507 EVENTNAME75008;Habsburg inherits Gelre;;;;;;;;;;4508 EVENTNAME75007;Kleve inherited Gelre;;;;;;;;;;4509 EVENTNAME75006;Wilhelm was elected Duke of Gelre;;;;;;;;;;4510 EVENTNAME75005;Death of Charles of Egmont;;;;;;;;;;4511 EVENTNAME75004;Charles the Rash is offered Gelre;;;;;;;;;;4512 EVENTNAME75003;The sale of Gelre;;;;;;;;;;4513 EVENTNAME75002;Civil war in Gelre;;;;;;;;;;4514 EVENTNAME75000;Death of the last Duke of Jülich-Gelre;;;;;;;;;;4515 EVENTNAME7160;Santa Hermandad;;;;;;;;;;4516 EVENTNAME7158;The City of Tripoli;;;;;;;;;;4517 EVENTNAME7156;Supremacy in North Africa;;;;;;;;;;4518 EVENTNAME7155;Sultan refuses to help us;;;;;;;;;;4519 EVENTNAME7154;Sultan sends troops to help us;;;;;;;;;;4520 EVENTNAME7153;Sultan sends us money;;;;;;;;;;4521 EVENTNAME7152;The ideas of the Enlightenment;;;;;;;;;;4522 EVENTNAME7151;The succession of Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;4523 EVENTNAME7150;Joan de Serrallonga;;;;;;;;;;4524 EVENTNAME7149;Mediterranean or Atlantic?;;;;;;;;;;4525 EVENTNAME7145;Tirant lo Blanc;;;;;;;;;;4526 EVENTNAME7144;Ausiàs March;;;;;;;;;;4527 EVENTNAME7140;El Palau de la Generalitat;;;;;;;;;;4528 EVENTNAME7138;France has refused!!;;;;;;;;;;4529 EVENTNAME7136;The Treaty of Barcelona;;;;;;;;;;4530 EVENTNAME7135;A collection of kings;;;;;;;;;;4531 EVENTNAME7134;Juana Enríquez and the Civil War;;;;;;;;;;4532 EVENTNAME7133;The prince Carles de Viana;;;;;;;;;;4533 EVENTNAME7132;The Interlocutory Sentence;;;;;;;;;;4534 EVENTNAME7131;La Busca i la Biga;;;;;;;;;;4535 EVENTNAME7130;Revolta dels Forans;;;;;;;;;;4536 EVENTNAME7129;The florentine merchants in our kingdom;;;;;;;;;;4537 EVENTNAME7128;No more foreign clothes!;;;;;;;;;;4538 EVENTNAME7127;The Regency of Fernando II of Aragon in Castille;;;;;;;;;;4539 EVENTNAME7125;As if it wasn't already known!;;;;;;;;;;4540 EVENTNAME7123;The emir requests aid;;;;;;;;;;4541 EVENTNAME7122;The emir falls in love with a christian!;;;;;;;;;;4542 EVENTNAME7121;The christians request submission!;;;;;;;;;;4543 EVENTNAME7120;Conflict with Granada;;;;;;;;;;4544 EVENTNAME7117;Civil war!;;;;;;;;;;4545 EVENTNAME7116;The two crowns;;;;;;;;;;4546 EVENTNAME7115;The execution of the will;;;;;;;;;;4547 EVENTNAME7114;The will of king Alfons;;;;;;;;;;4548 EVENTNAME7113;Juan of Aragon inherits Navarra;;;;;;;;;;4549 EVENTNAME7112;The death of Benedicto XIII;;;;;;;;;;4550 EVENTNAME7110;Reconciliation of Isabel and Enrique;;;;;;;;;;4551 EVENTNAME7109;Cancellation of the Pact of Guisando;;;;;;;;;;4552 EVENTNAME7108;Princess Isabel marries;;;;;;;;;;4553 EVENTNAME7107;The pact of Guisando;;;;;;;;;;4554 EVENTNAME7106;Anarchy in Castile;;;;;;;;;;4555 EVENTNAME7105;The troubles of Enrique;;;;;;;;;;4556 EVENTNAME7104;The divorce of prince Enrique;;;;;;;;;;4557 EVENTNAME7103;The fall of Alvaro de Luna;;;;;;;;;;4558 EVENTNAME7102;The king's Constable;;;;;;;;;;4559 EVENTNAME7101;The coup of Enrique of Aragon;;;;;;;;;;4560 EVENTNAME71000;The value of Gold;;;;;;;;;;4561 EVENTNAME70002;The State of Franklin;;;;;;;;;;4562 EVENTNAME70001;Loyalist refugees from the United States;;;;;;;;;;4563 EVENTNAME70000;Treatment of the Loyalists;;;;;;;;;;4564 EVENTNAME7;Conversion of Heretics;;;;;;;;;;4565 EVENTNAME6988;Akechi Mitsuhide kills Oda;;;;;;;;;;4566 EVENTNAME6987;Oda Status;;;;;;;;;;4567 EVENTNAME6986;Uesugi Status;;;;;;;;;;4568 EVENTNAME6985;Date Status;;;;;;;;;;4569 EVENTNAME6984;Chosokabe Status;;;;;;;;;;4570 EVENTNAME6983;Mori Status;;;;;;;;;;4571 EVENTNAME6982;Shimazu Status;;;;;;;;;;4572 EVENTNAME6981;Sekigahara;;;;;;;;;;4573 EVENTNAME6980;Last Ashikaga Shogun deposed by Oda;;;;;;;;;;4574 EVENTNAME6979;Assasination of Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru;;;;;;;;;;4575 EVENTNAME6978;Ashikaga Yoshitane chases out Shogun Ashikaga Yoshizumi;;;;;;;;;;4576 EVENTNAME6977;Hosokawa Masamoto chases out the Shogun Ashikaga Yoshitane;;;;;;;;;;4577 EVENTNAME6976;Assasination of Hosokawa Masamoto;;;;;;;;;;4578 EVENTNAME6975;The fate of Enryakuji;;;;;;;;;;4579 EVENTNAME6974;Toyotomi carries out the Taikokenchi;;;;;;;;;;4580 EVENTNAME6973;Ryoanji stone garden built;;;;;;;;;;4581 EVENTNAME6972;Rennyo becomes headpriest;;;;;;;;;;4582 EVENTNAME6971;Ikkyu Sojun becomes head priest;;;;;;;;;;4583 EVENTNAME6970;Sesshu returns to Japan;;;;;;;;;;4584 EVENTNAME6969;Three devils graffiti;;;;;;;;;;4585 EVENTNAME6968;Francis Xavier arrives in Japan;;;;;;;;;;4586 EVENTNAME6967;Kitagawa Utamaro completes Selected Poems on Love;;;;;;;;;;4587 EVENTNAME6966;First mawaributai built by Namiki Shozo;;;;;;;;;;4588 EVENTNAME6965;Incident of the 47 Ronin;;;;;;;;;;4589 EVENTNAME6964;Basho Matsuo develops haiku poetry;;;;;;;;;;4590 EVENTNAME6963;First Sewamono written by Chikamatsu Monzaemon;;;;;;;;;;4591 EVENTNAME6962;Kabuki banned again by authorities;;;;;;;;;;4592 EVENTNAME6961;Musashi Miyamoto writes the Book of Five Rings;;;;;;;;;;4593 EVENTNAME6960;Okuni creates Kabuki;;;;;;;;;;4594 EVENTNAME6959;Sen no Rikyu perfects Tea Ceremony;;;;;;;;;;4595 EVENTNAME6958;Ginkakuji construction starts;;;;;;;;;;4596 EVENTNAME6957;Ise Shinkuro slays the murderer;;;;;;;;;;4597 EVENTNAME6956;Ashikaga Masatomo murdered by his own son!;;;;;;;;;;4598 EVENTNAME6955;Floods and famine in 1459;;;;;;;;;;4599 EVENTNAME6954;Hyogokita tax and toll reforms;;;;;;;;;;4600 EVENTNAME6953;War against the Yuki;;;;;;;;;;4601 EVENTNAME6952;Yoshinori orders the collection of waka;;;;;;;;;;4602 EVENTNAME6951;Zeami Motokiyo writes Nohsakusho;;;;;;;;;;4603 EVENTNAME6950;The Murder of Togashi Mitsushige;;;;;;;;;;4604 EVENTNAME6949;Kyushu Daimyo Win!;;;;;;;;;;4605 EVENTNAME6948;Kyushu Daimyo start reunification;;;;;;;;;;4606 EVENTNAME6947;Takeda Alliance Wins!;;;;;;;;;;4607 EVENTNAME6946;Takeda Alliance begins reunification;;;;;;;;;;4608 EVENTNAME6945;Ise Shinkuro takes Odawara Castle;;;;;;;;;;4609 EVENTNAME6944;Kaga Ikko-ikki;;;;;;;;;;4610 EVENTNAME6943;The Onin War ends;;;;;;;;;;4611 EVENTNAME6942;The Onin War cools down;;;;;;;;;;4612 EVENTNAME6941;The Onin War;;;;;;;;;;4613 EVENTNAME6940;The Onin War;;;;;;;;;;4614 EVENTNAME6939;The Onin War;;;;;;;;;;4615 EVENTNAME6938;Koshamain;;;;;;;;;;4616 EVENTNAME6937;The Kyotoku War;;;;;;;;;;4617 EVENTNAME6936;Infighting in the Hatakeyama family;;;;;;;;;;4618 EVENTNAME6935;Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori assassinated!;;;;;;;;;;4619 EVENTNAME6934;The final act in the Eikyo war;;;;;;;;;;4620 EVENTNAME6933;The final act in the Eikyo war;;;;;;;;;;4621 EVENTNAME6932;The Eikyo war;;;;;;;;;;4622 EVENTNAME6931;Harima Ikki;;;;;;;;;;4623 EVENTNAME6930;Shocho Ikki;;;;;;;;;;4624 EVENTNAME6929;A Daimyo has made agricultural reforms in his domain;;;;;;;;;;4625 EVENTNAME6928;Daimyo are fighting in a province destroying it in the process;;;;;;;;;;4626 EVENTNAME6927;A vassal betrays his lord and takes over his lands;;;;;;;;;;4627 EVENTNAME6926;The Ezo are rebelling;;;;;;;;;;4628 EVENTNAME6925;A daimyo demands rights and better position;;;;;;;;;;4629 EVENTNAME6924;Ikko-ikki;;;;;;;;;;4630 EVENTNAME6923;Tokusei Ikki;;;;;;;;;;4631 EVENTNAME6922;Oda has taken capital;;;;;;;;;;4632 EVENTNAME6921;Uesugi Kenshin Wins!;;;;;;;;;;4633 EVENTNAME6920;Uesugi and Date drive south;;;;;;;;;;4634 EVENTNAME6919;A Daimyo has built a manufactury;;;;;;;;;;4635 EVENTNAME6918;Daimyo alliance has formed against you;;;;;;;;;;4636 EVENTNAME6917;A Daimyo has attacked you;;;;;;;;;;4637 EVENTNAME6916;Vermillion Seal Ships;;;;;;;;;;4638 EVENTNAME6915;Kakitsu Ikki;;;;;;;;;;4639 EVENTNAME6914;The great sword hunt;;;;;;;;;;4640 EVENTNAME6913;King Ekit'at's Incompetence;;;;;;;;;;4641 EVENTNAME6912;Prasat T'ang's Economic Reforms;;;;;;;;;;4642 EVENTNAME6911;Maha Chakkrap'at's Army Reforms;;;;;;;;;;4643 EVENTNAME6910;Boromo Trailokanat's Reforms;;;;;;;;;;4644 EVENTNAME6909;The Succession Crisis of 1712;;;;;;;;;;4645 EVENTNAME6908;The Afghan Rebellions End;;;;;;;;;;4646 EVENTNAME6907;The Afghan Rebellions;;;;;;;;;;4647 EVENTNAME6906;The Afghan Rebellions End;;;;;;;;;;4648 EVENTNAME6905;The Afghan Rebellions;;;;;;;;;;4649 EVENTNAME6904;The Succession Crisis of 1707;;;;;;;;;;4650 EVENTNAME6903;The Sikh Rebellions;;;;;;;;;;4651 EVENTNAME6902;Aurangzib's Religious Intolerance;;;;;;;;;;4652 EVENTNAME6901;The Taj Mahal;;;;;;;;;;4653 EVENTNAME6900;Akbar's Religious Tolerance;;;;;;;;;;4654 EVENTNAME65156;Islam spreads in Java;;;;;;;;;;4655 EVENTNAME65155;Court Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;4656 EVENTNAME65154;Famine of 1674;;;;;;;;;;4657 EVENTNAME65153;Incompetence of Amangkurat I;;;;;;;;;;4658 EVENTNAME65152;Court Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;4659 EVENTNAME65151;Adoption of Islam;;;;;;;;;;4660 EVENTNAME65150;Lovek is Captured;;;;;;;;;;4661 EVENTNAME65149;Cambodia asks for aid;;;;;;;;;;4662 EVENTNAME65146;Destruction of The Kingdom of Champa;;;;;;;;;;4663 EVENTNAME65144;Cambodia Has Switched Allegiances;;;;;;;;;;4664 EVENTNAME65143;Lovek is Captured;;;;;;;;;;4665 EVENTNAME65142;Capture of Lovek of 1594;;;;;;;;;;4666 EVENTNAME65141;Angkor is Sacked;;;;;;;;;;4667 EVENTNAME65140;Invasion of Cambodia;;;;;;;;;;4668 EVENTNAME65138;Loss of Mekong Delta and Access to the Sea;;;;;;;;;;4669 EVENTNAME65137;Cambodian-Vietnamese Marriage;;;;;;;;;;4670 EVENTNAME65136;Cham Refugees;;;;;;;;;;4671 EVENTNAME65134;Spanish Refusal;;;;;;;;;;4672 EVENTNAME65133;Spanish Intervention;;;;;;;;;;4673 EVENTNAME65132;Thai Threat;;;;;;;;;;4674 EVENTNAME65131;Lovek;;;;;;;;;;4675 EVENTNAME65130;Foreign Envoys Visit Angkor;;;;;;;;;;4676 EVENTNAME65129;The Splendour of Angkor;;;;;;;;;;4677 EVENTNAME65128;Khmer Internal Development and Consolidation;;;;;;;;;;4678 EVENTNAME65127;Phnom Penh: A New Cambodia;;;;;;;;;;4679 EVENTNAME65126;The Revival of the Khmer Empire;;;;;;;;;;4680 EVENTNAME65125;Fall of the Khmer Empire;;;;;;;;;;4681 EVENTNAME65124;Sack of Angkor;;;;;;;;;;4682 EVENTNAME65123;Peaceful reign of king Ekat'otsarat;;;;;;;;;;4683 EVENTNAME65122;Capture of Ayutthaya;;;;;;;;;;4684 EVENTNAME65121;Capture of Ayutthaya;;;;;;;;;;4685 EVENTNAME65120;Unification of Burma;;;;;;;;;;4686 EVENTNAME65119;Expansionism policies of Tabinshwehti;;;;;;;;;;4687 EVENTNAME65118;Rama T'ibodi III reorganizes the Army;;;;;;;;;;4688 EVENTNAME65117;Burmese Aggression;;;;;;;;;;4689 EVENTNAME65116;Prince Ekaracha;;;;;;;;;;4690 EVENTNAME65115;Prince Ekaracha;;;;;;;;;;4691 EVENTNAME65114;Queen the Kingmaker;;;;;;;;;;4692 EVENTNAME65113;Economic Recovery;;;;;;;;;;4693 EVENTNAME65112;The rule of Suriyawongsa;;;;;;;;;;4694 EVENTNAME65111;Civil war in Lan Xang;;;;;;;;;;4695 EVENTNAME65109;A letter from Mecca;;;;;;;;;;4696 EVENTNAME65108;Women at the helm;;;;;;;;;;4697 EVENTNAME65107;Peaceful rule of Iskandar Thani;;;;;;;;;;4698 EVENTNAME65106;Expansionist Policy of Iskandar Muda;;;;;;;;;;4699 EVENTNAME65105;Sultan al-Mukammil;;;;;;;;;;4700 EVENTNAME65104;Rise of Merchant Aristocracy;;;;;;;;;;4701 EVENTNAME65103;Ottomans support al-Qahhar;;;;;;;;;;4702 EVENTNAME65102;Crusade of Ala-ud-Din Ri'ayat Shah al-Qahhar;;;;;;;;;;4703 EVENTNAME65101;Centralization efforts of Ali Mughayat Shah;;;;;;;;;;4704 EVENTNAME65100;Settlement of Sumatra;;;;;;;;;;4705 EVENTNAME65055;Karim Khan;;;;;;;;;;4706 EVENTNAME65052;Shia Takeover;;;;;;;;;;4707 EVENTNAME65051;Death of Sultan Yaqub;;;;;;;;;;4708 EVENTNAME65050;Move to Qazvin;;;;;;;;;;4709 EVENTNAME65031;Death of Shaibani;;;;;;;;;;4710 EVENTNAME65030;Death of Abul' Khair;;;;;;;;;;4711 EVENTNAME65029;Ex-Shah of Afghanistan begs for help;;;;;;;;;;4712 EVENTNAME65028;Guerilla uprisings!;;;;;;;;;;4713 EVENTNAME65027;Ascension of Ubaid'Allah II;;;;;;;;;;4714 EVENTNAME65026;Ascension of Baqi Muhammad;;;;;;;;;;4715 EVENTNAME65025;Succession of Abd'al Mum'in;;;;;;;;;;4716 EVENTNAME65024;Prepare to defend;;;;;;;;;;4717 EVENTNAME65023;Independence of Khiva;;;;;;;;;;4718 EVENTNAME65022;Bukhara-Khivan tensions;;;;;;;;;;4719 EVENTNAME65021;Rahim Bi Regency;;;;;;;;;;4720 EVENTNAME65020;Danial Ataliq's Regency;;;;;;;;;;4721 EVENTNAME65019;Siberian Puzzle;;;;;;;;;;4722 EVENTNAME65018;International Policies of Abd'Allah;;;;;;;;;;4723 EVENTNAME65017;Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;4724 EVENTNAME65016;Economical Policies of Abd'Allah;;;;;;;;;;4725 EVENTNAME65015;Kazakh nation born;;;;;;;;;;4726 EVENTNAME65014;Prince Tawakkul and Abd'Allah;;;;;;;;;;4727 EVENTNAME65013;Kazakh Honeymoon;;;;;;;;;;4728 EVENTNAME65012;Anthony Jenkinson travels to Bukhara;;;;;;;;;;4729 EVENTNAME65011;Deposition of Pir Muhammad;;;;;;;;;;4730 EVENTNAME65010;Succession of 1549;;;;;;;;;;4731 EVENTNAME65009;Death of Ubaid'Allah Khan;;;;;;;;;;4732 EVENTNAME65008;Bukhara;;;;;;;;;;4733 EVENTNAME65007;Shaibani's Ambition;;;;;;;;;;4734 EVENTNAME65006;Uzbegs on Offensive;;;;;;;;;;4735 EVENTNAME65000;Afghan Succession to the Throne;;;;;;;;;;4736 EVENTNAME62008;Khorasan becomes Afghanistan;;;;;;;;;;4737 EVENTNAME62007;Mughals annex Khorasan;;;;;;;;;;4738 EVENTNAME62004;Persia annexes Khorasan;;;;;;;;;;4739 EVENTNAME62003;Khorasan submits to our might;;;;;;;;;;4740 EVENTNAME62002;Khorasan asks for protection;;;;;;;;;;4741 EVENTNAME62000;Death of last ruler of Khorasan;;;;;;;;;;4742 EVENTNAME60013;Independence of Perak;;;;;;;;;;4743 EVENTNAME60012;Prime Minister Tun Mutahir;;;;;;;;;;4744 EVENTNAME60008;The Fall of Malacca;;;;;;;;;;4745 EVENTNAME60007;Hindu Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;4746 EVENTNAME60006;Tun Seri Lanang writes the Malay Annals;;;;;;;;;;4747 EVENTNAME60005;Settlement of the Malay islands;;;;;;;;;;4748 EVENTNAME60004;St. Francis Xavier visits Malacca;;;;;;;;;;4749 EVENTNAME60003;The Portuguese covet Malacca;;;;;;;;;;4750 EVENTNAME60002;The traitor Hang Jebat;;;;;;;;;;4751 EVENTNAME60001;The Chinese Wedding Planner;;;;;;;;;;4752 EVENTNAME60000;Prime Minister Tun Perak;;;;;;;;;;4753 EVENTNAME5902;Leonhard Euler comes to our Academy;;;;;;;;;;4754 EVENTNAME5901;Leonhard Euler remains in our country;;;;;;;;;;4755 EVENTNAME5900;The Russian Academy of Sciences;;;;;;;;;;4756 EVENTNAME59;Conquistador;;;;;;;;;;4757 EVENTNAME5848;Norway Requests Annexation;;;;;;;;;;4758 EVENTNAME58;Explorer;;;;;;;;;;4759 EVENTNAME57;Fortification Effort;;;;;;;;;;4760 EVENTNAME5254;The Royal Expedition for smallpox vaccination;;;;;;;;;;4761 EVENTNAME5253;The 'novatores' bring their fruits;;;;;;;;;;4762 EVENTNAME5252;The 'novatores';;;;;;;;;;4763 EVENTNAME5251;Torquemada;;;;;;;;;;4764 EVENTNAME5250;Cervantes publishes 'Don Quixote';;;;;;;;;;4765 EVENTNAME5241;Volta and the first battery;;;;;;;;;;4766 EVENTNAME5240;Leonardo da Vinci;;;;;;;;;;4767 EVENTNAME5227;Galileo Galilei publishes the 'Dialogues';;;;;;;;;;4768 EVENTNAME5226;Galileo Galilei: the modern science is born;;;;;;;;;;4769 EVENTNAME5225;The trial against Galileo;;;;;;;;;;4770 EVENTNAME5224;Accademia dei Lincei;;;;;;;;;;4771 EVENTNAME5223;The Duomo is completed!;;;;;;;;;;4772 EVENTNAME5222;Brunelleschi and the Duomo of Florence;;;;;;;;;;4773 EVENTNAME5221;Michelangelo;;;;;;;;;;4774 EVENTNAME5220;Machiavelli publishes 'The Prince';;;;;;;;;;4775 EVENTNAME5191;Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart;;;;;;;;;;4776 EVENTNAME5190;Ludwig van Beethoven;;;;;;;;;;4777 EVENTNAME5170;Johann Sebastian Bach;;;;;;;;;;4778 EVENTNAME5160;Leibniz;;;;;;;;;;4779 EVENTNAME5140;Immanuel Kant;;;;;;;;;;4780 EVENTNAME5123;The first wind powered sawmills;;;;;;;;;;4781 EVENTNAME5122;Cristiaan Huygens;;;;;;;;;;4782 EVENTNAME5121;Hugo Grotius;;;;;;;;;;4783 EVENTNAME5120;Erasmus;;;;;;;;;;4784 EVENTNAME51028;Independence of Tripoli;;;;;;;;;;4785 EVENTNAME51027;Death of Abu Amr Uthman;;;;;;;;;;4786 EVENTNAME51026;Abu Amr Uthman comes to rule;;;;;;;;;;4787 EVENTNAME51024;Arudj and Khayr al-Din Barbarossa;;;;;;;;;;4788 EVENTNAME51023;The Barbarossas;;;;;;;;;;4789 EVENTNAME51022;Ismaill and Meknes;;;;;;;;;;4790 EVENTNAME51021;Muhammad II;;;;;;;;;;4791 EVENTNAME51020;Muhammad III recognizes the U.S. independence;;;;;;;;;;4792 EVENTNAME51019;Interference of the Dila'iyya;;;;;;;;;;4793 EVENTNAME51018;Price to Pay;;;;;;;;;;4794 EVENTNAME51017;Abd al-Malik and the Ottomans;;;;;;;;;;4795 EVENTNAME51015;Death of Muhammad al-Jazuli;;;;;;;;;;4796 EVENTNAME51014;Muhammad al-Jazuli;;;;;;;;;;4797 EVENTNAME51013;The infirmity of the Wattasid Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;4798 EVENTNAME51003;The Sa'di dynasty;;;;;;;;;;4799 EVENTNAME51000;The Fate of Morocco;;;;;;;;;;4800 EVENTNAME5100;Nicolaus Copernicus and the heliocentric theory;;;;;;;;;;4801 EVENTNAME5082;Johannes Kepler meets Tycho Brahe;;;;;;;;;;4802 EVENTNAME5081;Tycho Brahe offers his services;;;;;;;;;;4803 EVENTNAME5080;Tycho Brahe;;;;;;;;;;4804 EVENTNAME5065;The consequences of the industrialization;;;;;;;;;;4805 EVENTNAME5064;James Watt and the industrialization;;;;;;;;;;4806 EVENTNAME5063;Newcomen and the steam engine;;;;;;;;;;4807 EVENTNAME5062;Darby and the coke process;;;;;;;;;;4808 EVENTNAME5061;A new planet!;;;;;;;;;;4809 EVENTNAME5060;The first vaccines;;;;;;;;;;4810 EVENTNAME5059;The longitude problem has been solved!;;;;;;;;;;4811 EVENTNAME5058;Finding the longitude at sea;;;;;;;;;;4812 EVENTNAME5057;The Royal Society and Royal Greenwich Observatory;;;;;;;;;;4813 EVENTNAME5056;The great scientists of the 17th century;;;;;;;;;;4814 EVENTNAME5055;William Shakespeare;;;;;;;;;;4815 EVENTNAME5054;Isaac Newton;;;;;;;;;;4816 EVENTNAME5053;John Locke;;;;;;;;;;4817 EVENTNAME5052;David Hume;;;;;;;;;;4818 EVENTNAME5051;Adam Smith publishes 'The Wealth of Nations';;;;;;;;;;4819 EVENTNAME5050;Hobbes publishes 'Leviathan';;;;;;;;;;4820 EVENTNAME5033;Carl von Linné;;;;;;;;;;4821 EVENTNAME5032;Emanuel Swedenborg;;;;;;;;;;4822 EVENTNAME5031;Olof Rudbeck publishes 'Atlantica';;;;;;;;;;4823 EVENTNAME5030;Erik Dahlberg;;;;;;;;;;4824 EVENTNAME5010;Leibniz in Paris;;;;;;;;;;4825 EVENTNAME5009;Cassini's Map of France;;;;;;;;;;4826 EVENTNAME5007;Miguel Servet;;;;;;;;;;4827 EVENTNAME5006;The great physicists of the 18th century;;;;;;;;;;4828 EVENTNAME5005;L'Académie des Sciences de Paris;;;;;;;;;;4829 EVENTNAME5004;Vauban;;;;;;;;;;4830 EVENTNAME5003;René Descartes;;;;;;;;;;4831 EVENTNAME50020;Tunisia - Episode Three;;;;;;;;;;4832 EVENTNAME5002;Montesquieu publishes 'The Spirit of Laws';;;;;;;;;;4833 EVENTNAME50019;The Ottoman incorporation of Al-Djazair;;;;;;;;;;4834 EVENTNAME50018;The Jews of France and Hungary are oppressed;;;;;;;;;;4835 EVENTNAME50017;The Capitulations;;;;;;;;;;4836 EVENTNAME50016;Dulkadir Troubles;;;;;;;;;;4837 EVENTNAME50015;Rebels are successful;;;;;;;;;;4838 EVENTNAME50014;Revolt of the Grand-Vezier;;;;;;;;;;4839 EVENTNAME5001;Voltaire publishes 'Philosophical Letters';;;;;;;;;;4840 EVENTNAME50008;Power of Sheikh-ul-Islam;;;;;;;;;;4841 EVENTNAME50007;Fazil Ahmed Köprülü;;;;;;;;;;4842 EVENTNAME500047;Frisian event;;;;;;;;;;4843 EVENTNAME50004;Fiscal Policies of Mehmed II;;;;;;;;;;4844 EVENTNAME50000;Navy and Administrative Reforms of Bayezid II;;;;;;;;;;4845 EVENTNAME5000;Rousseau Publishes 'The Social Contract';;;;;;;;;;4846 EVENTNAME50;Diplomatic Insult;;;;;;;;;;4847 EVENTNAME4996;We are successful!;;;;;;;;;;4848 EVENTNAME4995;The Treaty of Paris;;;;;;;;;;4849 EVENTNAME4994;The Treaty of Paris;;;;;;;;;;4850 EVENTNAME4993;The Declaration of Independence;;;;;;;;;;4851 EVENTNAME4992;Continental Congress Territorial Consequences;;;;;;;;;;4852 EVENTNAME4990;The Continental Congress;;;;;;;;;;4853 EVENTNAME4987;Colonial dissatisfaction cools;;;;;;;;;;4854 EVENTNAME4986;The Continental Congress Fails;;;;;;;;;;4855 EVENTNAME4985;The Destruction of the Tax Revolt;;;;;;;;;;4856 EVENTNAME4984;The Treaty of Paris;;;;;;;;;;4857 EVENTNAME4983;The Treaty of Paris;;;;;;;;;;4858 EVENTNAME4982;The Continental Congress Succeeds;;;;;;;;;;4859 EVENTNAME4981;Effect of regressive tax policies in North America;;;;;;;;;;4860 EVENTNAME4980;Effect of regressive tax policies in North America;;;;;;;;;;4861 EVENTNAME49;Deflation;;;;;;;;;;4862 EVENTNAME48033;Claim the English Throne;;;;;;;;;;4863 EVENTNAME48032;George Will Be Our New King!;;;;;;;;;;4864 EVENTNAME48031;The Return of the Stuarts;;;;;;;;;;4865 EVENTNAME48026;A school for our children;;;;;;;;;;4866 EVENTNAME48025;William Pitt the Elder;;;;;;;;;;4867 EVENTNAME48024;An excellent minister;;;;;;;;;;4868 EVENTNAME48015;Our King sends financial aid;;;;;;;;;;4869 EVENTNAME48012;There is No Protestant Heir!;;;;;;;;;;4870 EVENTNAME48011;Claim the English Throne;;;;;;;;;;4871 EVENTNAME48010;The Act of Settlement;;;;;;;;;;4872 EVENTNAME48009;The Inheritance of Luneburg;;;;;;;;;;4873 EVENTNAME48008;At last the opposition is overthrown;;;;;;;;;;4874 EVENTNAME48007;Hannover needs your support to become Elector!;;;;;;;;;;4875 EVENTNAME48006;The Claim for the Electorat;;;;;;;;;;4876 EVENTNAME48005;The banquet of Hildesheim;;;;;;;;;;4877 EVENTNAME48004;Georg reforms the Army;;;;;;;;;;4878 EVENTNAME48003;Economic Reforms of Julius;;;;;;;;;;4879 EVENTNAME48002;The Feud is won!;;;;;;;;;;4880 EVENTNAME48001;The Hildesheimer Stiftsfeud;;;;;;;;;;4881 EVENTNAME48000;Erich I and the battle of Regensburg;;;;;;;;;;4882 EVENTNAME48;Corruption;;;;;;;;;;4883 EVENTNAME47;Political Crisis;;;;;;;;;;4884 EVENTNAME46;New Valuable Mineral;;;;;;;;;;4885 EVENTNAME45;Unhappiness among the Merchants;;;;;;;;;;4886 EVENTNAME4446;Mysore Revolts!;;;;;;;;;;4887 EVENTNAME44;Unhappiness among the Peasantry;;;;;;;;;;4888 EVENTNAME43;Unhappiness among the Artisans;;;;;;;;;;4889 EVENTNAME42;Unhappiness among the Clergy;;;;;;;;;;4890 EVENTNAME41;Poor Government Policies;;;;;;;;;;4891 EVENTNAME40215;A question of religion;;;;;;;;;;4892 EVENTNAME40213;Succession of Grand Duke Michailis;;;;;;;;;;4893 EVENTNAME40212;Casimir, king of Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;4894 EVENTNAME40211;Succession of Grand Duke Svitrigaila;;;;;;;;;;4895 EVENTNAME40209;Murder of Zygmantas;;;;;;;;;;4896 EVENTNAME40208;Submission of Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;4897 EVENTNAME40207;Zygmantas or Svitrigaila;;;;;;;;;;4898 EVENTNAME40206;Zygmantas;;;;;;;;;;4899 EVENTNAME40204;Death of Vitautas;;;;;;;;;;4900 EVENTNAME40203;Jagiello agrees to the Emperor's offer;;;;;;;;;;4901 EVENTNAME40200;Meeting in Lutsk;;;;;;;;;;4902 EVENTNAME40132;Victory in the Livonian War;;;;;;;;;;4903 EVENTNAME40131;Death of Ivan Godunov;;;;;;;;;;4904 EVENTNAME40130;Third Army is formed;;;;;;;;;;4905 EVENTNAME40129;Second Army is formed;;;;;;;;;;4906 EVENTNAME40128;First Army is formed;;;;;;;;;;4907 EVENTNAME40127;Russo-Polish alliance;;;;;;;;;;4908 EVENTNAME40126;End of Polish oppression and election of new tsar;;;;;;;;;;4909 EVENTNAME40125;Russia agrees to crown Vladislav;;;;;;;;;;4910 EVENTNAME40124;Tsar Vladislav;;;;;;;;;;4911 EVENTNAME40123;Punish the traitors!;;;;;;;;;;4912 EVENTNAME40122;War or peace?;;;;;;;;;;4913 EVENTNAME40121;Polish reaction to the treaty;;;;;;;;;;4914 EVENTNAME40120;Russia signs the treaty;;;;;;;;;;4915 EVENTNAME40118;Treaty of Vyborg;;;;;;;;;;4916 EVENTNAME40117;Poland refuses to sign the treaty;;;;;;;;;;4917 EVENTNAME40116;Poland signs the treaty;;;;;;;;;;4918 EVENTNAME40115;Russo-Polish truce;;;;;;;;;;4919 EVENTNAME40114;Dmitry retakes the throne;;;;;;;;;;4920 EVENTNAME40113;Bolotnikov surrenders;;;;;;;;;;4921 EVENTNAME40112;Bolotnikov's uprising;;;;;;;;;;4922 EVENTNAME40111;Boyar conspiracy against Dmitry;;;;;;;;;;4923 EVENTNAME40110;Death of Boris Godunov;;;;;;;;;;4924 EVENTNAME40109;Succession of Fedor Godunov;;;;;;;;;;4925 EVENTNAME40108;Poland returns the pretender;;;;;;;;;;4926 EVENTNAME40107;Russian pretender receives cautious support;;;;;;;;;;4927 EVENTNAME40106;Pretender!!!;;;;;;;;;;4928 EVENTNAME40105;Russian pretender finds support at Polish Court;;;;;;;;;;4929 EVENTNAME40104;Russian pretender;;;;;;;;;;4930 EVENTNAME40103;Famine of 1570;;;;;;;;;;4931 EVENTNAME40100;Plague in Pskov;;;;;;;;;;4932 EVENTNAME40099;Plague in Novgorod;;;;;;;;;;4933 EVENTNAME40098;Famine in Kazan;;;;;;;;;;4934 EVENTNAME40096;Agreement with Ryazan;;;;;;;;;;4935 EVENTNAME40095;Agreement with Tver;;;;;;;;;;4936 EVENTNAME40094;Elections of the New Metropolitan;;;;;;;;;;4937 EVENTNAME40093;Metropolitan Isidore Accepts the Council of Florence;;;;;;;;;;4938 EVENTNAME40092;Hansa Back in Novgorod;;;;;;;;;;4939 EVENTNAME40091;Agreement with Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;4940 EVENTNAME40090;Novgorod refuses;;;;;;;;;;4941 EVENTNAME40089;Novgorod agrees;;;;;;;;;;4942 EVENTNAME40087;Submission of Novgorod;;;;;;;;;;4943 EVENTNAME40086;Ryazan refuses;;;;;;;;;;4944 EVENTNAME40085;Ryazan agrees;;;;;;;;;;4945 EVENTNAME40083;Submission of Ryazan;;;;;;;;;;4946 EVENTNAME40082;Tver refuses;;;;;;;;;;4947 EVENTNAME40081;Tver agrees;;;;;;;;;;4948 EVENTNAME40079;Submission of Tver;;;;;;;;;;4949 EVENTNAME40074;Peace of Stolbovo;;;;;;;;;;4950 EVENTNAME40073;Growth of Russian Trade;;;;;;;;;;4951 EVENTNAME40072;Mikhail Lomonosov;;;;;;;;;;4952 EVENTNAME40071;Dionysius the Fresco Painter;;;;;;;;;;4953 EVENTNAME40070;Trade Agreement with Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;4954 EVENTNAME40069;The Strigolnik Heresy;;;;;;;;;;4955 EVENTNAME40068;Vodka Monopoly;;;;;;;;;;4956 EVENTNAME40067;Fire destroys Moscow;;;;;;;;;;4957 EVENTNAME40065;Lithuanian Nobles Defect to Our Crown;;;;;;;;;;4958 EVENTNAME40064;Lithuanian Nobles Defect to Russia;;;;;;;;;;4959 EVENTNAME40063;Cessation of Crimea;;;;;;;;;;4960 EVENTNAME40062;Cessation of Astrakhan;;;;;;;;;;4961 EVENTNAME40061;Death of Ulugh Muhammad;;;;;;;;;;4962 EVENTNAME40059;Independence of Kazan;;;;;;;;;;4963 EVENTNAME40058;Ulugh Muhammad flees;;;;;;;;;;4964 EVENTNAME40057;Return of Ulugh Muhammad;;;;;;;;;;4965 EVENTNAME40056;Court Intrigues;;;;;;;;;;4966 EVENTNAME40054;An Excellent Year;;;;;;;;;;4967 EVENTNAME40053;Take a more decisive stand!;;;;;;;;;;4968 EVENTNAME40052;React to Natural Disasters!;;;;;;;;;;4969 EVENTNAME40051;Famine of 1602;;;;;;;;;;4970 EVENTNAME40050;Flooding of 1601;;;;;;;;;;4971 EVENTNAME40049;Islamic Resurgence;;;;;;;;;;4972 EVENTNAME40048;Peter's Ambition;;;;;;;;;;4973 EVENTNAME40047;Zemsky Sobor elects Mikhail Romanov;;;;;;;;;;4974 EVENTNAME40044;Closing of Novgorod to Hansa merchants;;;;;;;;;;4975 EVENTNAME40042;Prince Menshikov;;;;;;;;;;4976 EVENTNAME40040;Emelyan Pugatchev is captured!;;;;;;;;;;4977 EVENTNAME40038;Cabinet of Ministers;;;;;;;;;;4978 EVENTNAME40037;Miloslavskys' and Golitsyn's Advisory;;;;;;;;;;4979 EVENTNAME40036;Prince Vasili Golitsyn's Advisory;;;;;;;;;;4980 EVENTNAME40035;Reforms of Prince Vasili Golitsyn;;;;;;;;;;4981 EVENTNAME40034;Mercantilist policies of Tsar Alexei I;;;;;;;;;;4982 EVENTNAME40033;Stepan Rasin is captured!;;;;;;;;;;4983 EVENTNAME40030;Military Reforms of Mikhail I;;;;;;;;;;4984 EVENTNAME40029;Boris Godunov's Advisory;;;;;;;;;;4985 EVENTNAME40028;Death of Tsarevitch Dmitry;;;;;;;;;;4986 EVENTNAME40027;Sacking of Moscow and Abolition of Oprichnina;;;;;;;;;;4987 EVENTNAME40026;Introduction of Oprichnina;;;;;;;;;;4988 EVENTNAME40025;Military Reforms of Ivan IV;;;;;;;;;;4989 EVENTNAME40024;New Sudebnik and Stoglav Church Council;;;;;;;;;;4990 EVENTNAME40023;Reformation of the local judiciary system;;;;;;;;;;4991 EVENTNAME40022;Reformation of local administration;;;;;;;;;;4992 EVENTNAME40021;Let's colonize these lands!;;;;;;;;;;4993 EVENTNAME40020;Russian claims on the Urals;;;;;;;;;;4994 EVENTNAME40015;Pskov asks for protection;;;;;;;;;;4995 EVENTNAME40014;Famine has struck us;;;;;;;;;;4996 EVENTNAME40013;Pskov decided to remain independent;;;;;;;;;;4997 EVENTNAME40011;Pskov switches allegiance;;;;;;;;;;4998 EVENTNAME40008;Vasili II appoints his son Ivan co-ruler;;;;;;;;;;4999 EVENTNAME40007;Shemiaka claims his right to rule;;;;;;;;;;5000 EVENTNAME40006;Shemiaka claims his right to rule;;;;;;;;;;5001 EVENTNAME40005;Vasili II has been captured by Tartars!;;;;;;;;;;5002 EVENTNAME40004;Start of the Feud;;;;;;;;;;5003 EVENTNAME40003;Insult at the Royal Wedding;;;;;;;;;;5004 EVENTNAME40002;Vassalization of Suzdal;;;;;;;;;;5005 EVENTNAME40001;Yuri claims his right to rule;;;;;;;;;;5006 EVENTNAME40000;Death of Grand Duke Vasili I;;;;;;;;;;5007 EVENTNAME40;Good Government Policies;;;;;;;;;;5008 EVENTNAME3999;The Safavid Heresy;;;;;;;;;;5009 EVENTNAME3998;Tribesmen Join the Safavid Cause;;;;;;;;;;5010 EVENTNAME3921;The Battle of Panipat;;;;;;;;;;5011 EVENTNAME3920;Ulugh Beg's Observatory;;;;;;;;;;5012 EVENTNAME3919;The Battle of Panipat;;;;;;;;;;5013 EVENTNAME3918;The Incompetence of the Lodis;;;;;;;;;;5014 EVENTNAME3917;The Lodi Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;5015 EVENTNAME3916;The Taungu Inheritance;;;;;;;;;;5016 EVENTNAME3915;The Mon revolt;;;;;;;;;;5017 EVENTNAME3914;The Foundation of Modern Burma;;;;;;;;;;5018 EVENTNAME3912;The Foundation of the Modern Vietnamese State;;;;;;;;;;5019 EVENTNAME3911;The Foundation of the Modern Vietnamese State;;;;;;;;;;5020 EVENTNAME3910;The Foundation of the Modern Vietnamese State;;;;;;;;;;5021 EVENTNAME3909;The Tay Son Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5022 EVENTNAME3908;The Revolt of Annam;;;;;;;;;;5023 EVENTNAME3907;The Rivalry of the Mac and Trinh Families;;;;;;;;;;5024 EVENTNAME3906;Le Nghi Dan's Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5025 EVENTNAME3905;The Foundation of the Empire of Dai Viet;;;;;;;;;;5026 EVENTNAME3904;The Vietnamese Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5027 EVENTNAME3903;The Succession Crisis;;;;;;;;;;5028 EVENTNAME3902;The Move to Vientiane;;;;;;;;;;5029 EVENTNAME3901;The Foundation of the Modern Thai State;;;;;;;;;;5030 EVENTNAME3900;Creation of the Dutch Republic;;;;;;;;;;5031 EVENTNAME39;Devastating Fire;;;;;;;;;;5032 EVENTNAME3899;Akbar's Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5033 EVENTNAME3898;Civil War in Muscovy;;;;;;;;;;5034 EVENTNAME3897;The Algerian Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5035 EVENTNAME3896;The Pommern Inheritance;;;;;;;;;;5036 EVENTNAME3895;The Pomeranian Inheritance;;;;;;;;;;5037 EVENTNAME3894;The Treaty of Arras;;;;;;;;;;5038 EVENTNAME3893;The Duke of Gloucester and the Countess of Hainaut;;;;;;;;;;5039 EVENTNAME3892;Hyo-jong's Northern Expedition;;;;;;;;;;5040 EVENTNAME3891;Construction of Turtle Ships;;;;;;;;;;5041 EVENTNAME3890;Creation of Hangul characters;;;;;;;;;;5042 EVENTNAME3889;Introduction of Uniform Land Tax Law;;;;;;;;;;5043 EVENTNAME3888;Third Literati Purge;;;;;;;;;;5044 EVENTNAME3887;Second Literati Purge;;;;;;;;;;5045 EVENTNAME3886;First Literati Purge;;;;;;;;;;5046 EVENTNAME3885;Chiphyonjon, the hall of assembled worthies, founded;;;;;;;;;;5047 EVENTNAME3882;The Gunpowder Plot;;;;;;;;;;5048 EVENTNAME3881;Toyotomi Hideyoshi Plans to Invade Korea;;;;;;;;;;5049 EVENTNAME3880;Policy of Sakoku Implemented;;;;;;;;;;5050 EVENTNAME3879;Tokugawa's Edict of Expulsion;;;;;;;;;;5051 EVENTNAME3878;Tokugawa's Edict of Expulsion;;;;;;;;;;5052 EVENTNAME3877;Hideyoshi's Anti-Christian Edict;;;;;;;;;;5053 EVENTNAME3876;Welsh Act of Union;;;;;;;;;;5054 EVENTNAME3875;The Restoration of Byzantium;;;;;;;;;;5055 EVENTNAME3874;The Restoration of Byzantium;;;;;;;;;;5056 EVENTNAME3873;The Bogumil Heresy;;;;;;;;;;5057 EVENTNAME3872;The Dutch Independence;;;;;;;;;;5058 EVENTNAME3871;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;;;;;;;;;;5059 EVENTNAME3870;The Earl of Wessex and the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;5060 EVENTNAME3869;The Duke of York and the Edict of Blood;;;;;;;;;;5061 EVENTNAME3868;Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;;;;;;;;;;5062 EVENTNAME3867;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;;;;;;;;;;5063 EVENTNAME3866;The Count of Maçon and the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;5064 EVENTNAME3865;The Count of Charolais and the Edict of Blood;;;;;;;;;;5065 EVENTNAME3864;Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;;;;;;;;;;5066 EVENTNAME3863;Muhammad Ali's Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5067 EVENTNAME3862;The Massacre of the Mameluks;;;;;;;;;;5068 EVENTNAME3861;The Mameluk Nobility;;;;;;;;;;5069 EVENTNAME3856;The Kleve Inheritance;;;;;;;;;;5070 EVENTNAME3855;The Kleve Inheritance;;;;;;;;;;5071 EVENTNAME3854;The Kleve Inheritance;;;;;;;;;;5072 EVENTNAME3853;The Archbishop in Cologne;;;;;;;;;;5073 EVENTNAME3852;The Bavarian Archbishops;;;;;;;;;;5074 EVENTNAME3851;The Death of King Vaclav IV;;;;;;;;;;5075 EVENTNAME3850;Carlos I inherits the Spanish throne;;;;;;;;;;5076 EVENTNAME3849;Carlos I inherits the Spanish throne;;;;;;;;;;5077 EVENTNAME3848;The Crowns of Spain are United;;;;;;;;;;5078 EVENTNAME3847;Norway Declares Independence;;;;;;;;;;5079 EVENTNAME3846;The End of the Kalmar Union;;;;;;;;;;5080 EVENTNAME3845;The Two Queens of Cyprus;;;;;;;;;;5081 EVENTNAME3844;The Two Queens of Cyprus;;;;;;;;;;5082 EVENTNAME3843;The Inheritance of Cyprus;;;;;;;;;;5083 EVENTNAME3842;The Two Queens;;;;;;;;;;5084 EVENTNAME3841;Charlotte's Web;;;;;;;;;;5085 EVENTNAME3840;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;;;;;;;;;;5086 EVENTNAME3839;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;;;;;;;;;;5087 EVENTNAME3838;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;;;;;;;;;;5088 EVENTNAME3837;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;;;;;;;;;;5089 EVENTNAME3836;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;;;;;;;;;;5090 EVENTNAME3835;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;;;;;;;;;;5091 EVENTNAME3834;Revocation of the Union;;;;;;;;;;5092 EVENTNAME3833;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;;;;;;;;;;5093 EVENTNAME3832;Vlad the Impaler;;;;;;;;;;5094 EVENTNAME3831;The City on the Silk Road;;;;;;;;;;5095 EVENTNAME3830;The Kalmyk Conquest;;;;;;;;;;5096 EVENTNAME3829;Hugh O'Neill's Irish Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5097 EVENTNAME3828;King Henry's Offer;;;;;;;;;;5098 EVENTNAME3827;King Henry's Offer;;;;;;;;;;5099 EVENTNAME3826;King Henry's Offer;;;;;;;;;;5100 EVENTNAME3825;The Dalai Lama takes control;;;;;;;;;;5101 EVENTNAME3824;Tiger on the Border;;;;;;;;;;5102 EVENTNAME3823;The Fall of The City of Victory;;;;;;;;;;5103 EVENTNAME3822;The Collapse of the Mughal Empire;;;;;;;;;;5104 EVENTNAME3821;The Marathi Revolt;;;;;;;;;;5105 EVENTNAME3820;The Marathi Revolt;;;;;;;;;;5106 EVENTNAME3819;The Dutch Independence;;;;;;;;;;5107 EVENTNAME3818;The Persian Resurrection;;;;;;;;;;5108 EVENTNAME3817;The Persian Resurrection;;;;;;;;;;5109 EVENTNAME3816;The Dutch Independence;;;;;;;;;;5110 EVENTNAME3815;The Dutch Independence;;;;;;;;;;5111 EVENTNAME3814;The Dutch Independence;;;;;;;;;;5112 EVENTNAME3813;Brabant joins the Republic;;;;;;;;;;5113 EVENTNAME3812;The Dutch Republic;;;;;;;;;;5114 EVENTNAME3811;Flandres joins the Republic;;;;;;;;;;5115 EVENTNAME3810;The Dutch Republic;;;;;;;;;;5116 EVENTNAME3809;Friesland joins the Republic;;;;;;;;;;5117 EVENTNAME3808;The Dutch Republic;;;;;;;;;;5118 EVENTNAME3807;Gelre joins the Republic;;;;;;;;;;5119 EVENTNAME3806;The Dutch Republic;;;;;;;;;;5120 EVENTNAME3805;The Conquest of Delhi;;;;;;;;;;5121 EVENTNAME3804;Babur's Ambition;;;;;;;;;;5122 EVENTNAME3803;Jiriz the Heretic King;;;;;;;;;;5123 EVENTNAME3802;Zigmunt makes concessions;;;;;;;;;;5124 EVENTNAME3801;Vaclav IV has died!;;;;;;;;;;5125 EVENTNAME38;Agricultural Revolution;;;;;;;;;;5126 EVENTNAME3793;The Treaty of Nerchiinsk;;;;;;;;;;5127 EVENTNAME3792;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;;;;;;;;;;5128 EVENTNAME3791;The Return of Napoleon;;;;;;;;;;5129 EVENTNAME3790;The French Gamble for Supremacy;;;;;;;;;;5130 EVENTNAME3789;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5131 EVENTNAME3788;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5132 EVENTNAME3787;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5133 EVENTNAME3786;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5134 EVENTNAME3785;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5135 EVENTNAME3784;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5136 EVENTNAME3783;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5137 EVENTNAME3782;The Archduke of Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5138 EVENTNAME3781;The Directory;;;;;;;;;;5139 EVENTNAME3780;The French Revolution: Constitutional Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5140 EVENTNAME3779;The French Revolution: Republican Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5141 EVENTNAME3778;The Succession in Brabant;;;;;;;;;;5142 EVENTNAME3777;The Succession in Brabant;;;;;;;;;;5143 EVENTNAME3776;The Succession in Brabant;;;;;;;;;;5144 EVENTNAME3775;The Succession in Brabant;;;;;;;;;;5145 EVENTNAME3774;At the Walls of Paris;;;;;;;;;;5146 EVENTNAME3773;Revolutionary fever strikes;;;;;;;;;;5147 EVENTNAME3772;Pieter Paul Rubens;;;;;;;;;;5148 EVENTNAME3771;King Charles and the New Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5149 EVENTNAME3756;The Rebellion Spreads;;;;;;;;;;5150 EVENTNAME3755;The Purge of the Archbishop of Salzburg;;;;;;;;;;5151 EVENTNAME3754;The Threat to Protestantism in Germany;;;;;;;;;;5152 EVENTNAME3753;The Royal Army;;;;;;;;;;5153 EVENTNAME3752;Bosworth Field;;;;;;;;;;5154 EVENTNAME3751;Bosworth Field;;;;;;;;;;5155 EVENTNAME3750;Fate of the Patriarchate;;;;;;;;;;5156 EVENTNAME3749;The Abdication of Charles V;;;;;;;;;;5157 EVENTNAME3748;The Abdication of Charles V;;;;;;;;;;5158 EVENTNAME3747;The Abdication of Charles V;;;;;;;;;;5159 EVENTNAME3746;The Sejm veto all your policies;;;;;;;;;;5160 EVENTNAME3745;The Sejm veto all your policies;;;;;;;;;;5161 EVENTNAME3744;The Sejm veto all your policies;;;;;;;;;;5162 EVENTNAME3743;The Sejm comply to your policies;;;;;;;;;;5163 EVENTNAME3742;The Sejm veto all your policies;;;;;;;;;;5164 EVENTNAME3741;The Sejm refuse to allow the mobilization of more troops;;;;;;;;;;5165 EVENTNAME3740;The Sejm refuse to allow the mobilization of more troops;;;;;;;;;;5166 EVENTNAME3739;The Sejm refuse to allow the mobilization of more troops;;;;;;;;;;5167 EVENTNAME3738;The Sejm refuse to allow the mobilization of more troops;;;;;;;;;;5168 EVENTNAME3737;August the Strong returns to the Throne of Poland;;;;;;;;;;5169 EVENTNAME3736;French Inheritance of Lothringen;;;;;;;;;;5170 EVENTNAME3735;French Inheritance of Lothringen;;;;;;;;;;5171 EVENTNAME3734;The Polish Succession of 1697;;;;;;;;;;5172 EVENTNAME3733;The Habsburg Inheritance of Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;5173 EVENTNAME3732;The Zapolya Inheritance of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5174 EVENTNAME3731;The Habsburg Wedding;;;;;;;;;;5175 EVENTNAME3730;Moor Exodus from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5176 EVENTNAME3729;Moor Exodus from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5177 EVENTNAME3728;Moor Exodus from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5178 EVENTNAME3726;Genoa decline offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5179 EVENTNAME3725;Genoa accepts offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5180 EVENTNAME3724;Genoa decline offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5181 EVENTNAME3723;Genoa accepts offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5182 EVENTNAME3722;Genoa decline offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5183 EVENTNAME3721;Genoa accepts offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5184 EVENTNAME3720;Genoa decline offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5185 EVENTNAME3719;Genoa accepts offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5186 EVENTNAME3718;The French Inheritance of Milano;;;;;;;;;;5187 EVENTNAME3717;The Iberian Wedding;;;;;;;;;;5188 EVENTNAME3716;The Iberian Wedding;;;;;;;;;;5189 EVENTNAME3715;The Veneto-Turkish Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5190 EVENTNAME3714;Hensius;;;;;;;;;;5191 EVENTNAME3713;DeWitt;;;;;;;;;;5192 EVENTNAME3712;Alberoni;;;;;;;;;;5193 EVENTNAME3711;Olivares;;;;;;;;;;5194 EVENTNAME3710;The Sale of Corsica to Savoy;;;;;;;;;;5195 EVENTNAME3709;The Sale of Corsica to Spain;;;;;;;;;;5196 EVENTNAME3708;The Sale of Corsica to England;;;;;;;;;;5197 EVENTNAME3707;The Sale of Corsica to France;;;;;;;;;;5198 EVENTNAME3706;The Inheritance of Milano;;;;;;;;;;5199 EVENTNAME3705;The Treaty of Nerchiinsk;;;;;;;;;;5200 EVENTNAME3704;The Closure of China;;;;;;;;;;5201 EVENTNAME3703;The Strategic Decision after Zheng He's Journey;;;;;;;;;;5202 EVENTNAME3701;Manchu Dynasty in China;;;;;;;;;;5203 EVENTNAME3700;The Eastern Mongols Assimilated;;;;;;;;;;5204 EVENTNAME3699;Nurhachi's Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5205 EVENTNAME3698;The Incan Civil War;;;;;;;;;;5206 EVENTNAME3697;Guru Givind Singh installs Sikh Confederacy;;;;;;;;;;5207 EVENTNAME3696;Militarization of Sikh Society;;;;;;;;;;5208 EVENTNAME3695;Guru Nanak reform Sikh Religion;;;;;;;;;;5209 EVENTNAME3689;The Disintegration of the Golden Horde;;;;;;;;;;5210 EVENTNAME3688;The Disintegration of the Timurid Empire;;;;;;;;;;5211 EVENTNAME3687;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5212 EVENTNAME3686;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5213 EVENTNAME3685;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5214 EVENTNAME3684;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5215 EVENTNAME3683;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5216 EVENTNAME3682;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5217 EVENTNAME3681;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5218 EVENTNAME3680;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5219 EVENTNAME3679;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5220 EVENTNAME3678;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5221 EVENTNAME3677;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5222 EVENTNAME3676;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5223 EVENTNAME3675;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5224 EVENTNAME3674;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5225 EVENTNAME3673;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5226 EVENTNAME3672;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5227 EVENTNAME3671;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5228 EVENTNAME3670;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5229 EVENTNAME3669;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5230 EVENTNAME3668;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5231 EVENTNAME3667;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5232 EVENTNAME3666;The Bavarian Succession of 1777;;;;;;;;;;5233 EVENTNAME3665;The Winter king of Prague;;;;;;;;;;5234 EVENTNAME3664;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5235 EVENTNAME3663;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5236 EVENTNAME3662;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5237 EVENTNAME3661;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;5238 EVENTNAME3660;The Aragon Inheritance of Napoli;;;;;;;;;;5239 EVENTNAME3659;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5240 EVENTNAME3658;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5241 EVENTNAME3657;Moor Refugees from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5242 EVENTNAME3656;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5243 EVENTNAME3655;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5244 EVENTNAME3654;Moor Refugees from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5245 EVENTNAME3653;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5246 EVENTNAME3652;Moor Refugees from Al-Andalus;;;;;;;;;;5247 EVENTNAME3651;The Ottoman Vassalization of Al-Djazaïr;;;;;;;;;;5248 EVENTNAME3650;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;5249 EVENTNAME3649;The League of Cambrai;;;;;;;;;;5250 EVENTNAME3648;The Sale of Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5251 EVENTNAME3647;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;5252 EVENTNAME3646;The Death of Johan Zapolya;;;;;;;;;;5253 EVENTNAME3645;The Death of King Lajos of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5254 EVENTNAME3644;The Death of King Lajos of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5255 EVENTNAME3643;The Winter king in Prague;;;;;;;;;;5256 EVENTNAME3642;The Death of King Lajos of Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;5257 EVENTNAME3641;Religious Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5258 EVENTNAME3640;The Death of Johan Zapolya;;;;;;;;;;5259 EVENTNAME3639;The Death of King Lajos of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5260 EVENTNAME3638;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;5261 EVENTNAME3637;The Veneto-Turkish Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5262 EVENTNAME3636;The incorporation of Prussia into Brandenburg;;;;;;;;;;5263 EVENTNAME3635;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5264 EVENTNAME3634;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5265 EVENTNAME3633;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5266 EVENTNAME3632;Habsburg Inheritance of Lothringen;;;;;;;;;;5267 EVENTNAME3631;The Great Northern Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5268 EVENTNAME3630;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5269 EVENTNAME3629;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5270 EVENTNAME3628;The Polish Succession of 1733;;;;;;;;;;5271 EVENTNAME3627;The Polish Succession of 1697;;;;;;;;;;5272 EVENTNAME3626;The Polish Succession of 1733;;;;;;;;;;5273 EVENTNAME3625;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanctions;;;;;;;;;;5274 EVENTNAME3624;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5275 EVENTNAME3623;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5276 EVENTNAME3622;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5277 EVENTNAME3621;The Great Northern Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5278 EVENTNAME3620;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5279 EVENTNAME3619;Hohenzollern Prussia become Polish Duchy;;;;;;;;;;5280 EVENTNAME3618;The Kurland Succession of 1726;;;;;;;;;;5281 EVENTNAME3617;The Bavarian Succession of 1777;;;;;;;;;;5282 EVENTNAME3616;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5283 EVENTNAME3615;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5284 EVENTNAME3614;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5285 EVENTNAME3613;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5286 EVENTNAME3612;The Hannover Dynasty in England;;;;;;;;;;5287 EVENTNAME3611;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5288 EVENTNAME3610;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5289 EVENTNAME3609;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5290 EVENTNAME3608;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5291 EVENTNAME3607;The Succession in Provence;;;;;;;;;;5292 EVENTNAME3606;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5293 EVENTNAME3605;The Succession in Luxembourg;;;;;;;;;;5294 EVENTNAME3604;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5295 EVENTNAME3603;The Marriage of Anne of Brittany;;;;;;;;;;5296 EVENTNAME3602;The Marriage of Anne of Brittany;;;;;;;;;;5297 EVENTNAME3601;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5298 EVENTNAME3600;The Succession in Luxembourg;;;;;;;;;;5299 EVENTNAME36;Enthusiasm for the Navy;;;;;;;;;;5300 EVENTNAME3599;The Succession in Luxembourg;;;;;;;;;;5301 EVENTNAME3598;The Succession in Luxembourg;;;;;;;;;;5302 EVENTNAME3597;The Marriage of Mary of Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;5303 EVENTNAME3596;Foundation of the Verenigde Oostendse Compagnie;;;;;;;;;;5304 EVENTNAME3595;Pieter Roose;;;;;;;;;;5305 EVENTNAME3594;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5306 EVENTNAME3593;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5307 EVENTNAME3592;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5308 EVENTNAME3591;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5309 EVENTNAME3590;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5310 EVENTNAME3589;The Crown of France;;;;;;;;;;5311 EVENTNAME3587;The Empire of Russia;;;;;;;;;;5312 EVENTNAME3586;The Empire of Russia;;;;;;;;;;5313 EVENTNAME3585;The Empire of Russia;;;;;;;;;;5314 EVENTNAME3584;The Empire of Russia;;;;;;;;;;5315 EVENTNAME3583;Civil War in Novgorod;;;;;;;;;;5316 EVENTNAME3582;The Empire of Russia;;;;;;;;;;5317 EVENTNAME3581;Political Fragmentation;;;;;;;;;;5318 EVENTNAME3580;Political Fragmentation;;;;;;;;;;5319 EVENTNAME3579;Political Fragmentation;;;;;;;;;;5320 EVENTNAME3578;Political Fragmentation;;;;;;;;;;5321 EVENTNAME3577;Political Fragmentation;;;;;;;;;;5322 EVENTNAME3576;Political Fragmentation;;;;;;;;;;5323 EVENTNAME3575;Political Fragmentation;;;;;;;;;;5324 EVENTNAME3574;Political Fragmentation;;;;;;;;;;5325 EVENTNAME3573;Political Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5326 EVENTNAME3572;Political Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5327 EVENTNAME3571;Political Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5328 EVENTNAME3570;Political Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5329 EVENTNAME3569;Political Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5330 EVENTNAME3568;Political Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5331 EVENTNAME3567;Political Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5332 EVENTNAME3566;Political Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5333 EVENTNAME3565;The Advisors of Abbas the Great;;;;;;;;;;5334 EVENTNAME3564;The Reforms of Abbas the Great;;;;;;;;;;5335 EVENTNAME3563;Turko-Persian Tension;;;;;;;;;;5336 EVENTNAME3562;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Murad III's campaigns against Persia;;;;;;;;;;5337 EVENTNAME3561;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Prince Beyazid flees to Persia;;;;;;;;;;5338 EVENTNAME3560;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Shiite rebels;;;;;;;;;;5339 EVENTNAME3559;The Reforms of Ismaïl;;;;;;;;;;5340 EVENTNAME3558;Ismail's Resurrection of Persia;;;;;;;;;;5341 EVENTNAME3557;Civil War in Castile;;;;;;;;;;5342 EVENTNAME3556;Viva España;;;;;;;;;;5343 EVENTNAME3555;The Aragon Inheritance of Napoli;;;;;;;;;;5344 EVENTNAME3554;Viva España;;;;;;;;;;5345 EVENTNAME3553;The Counter-Reformation and the Reformation of the Catholic Faith;;;;;;;;;;5346 EVENTNAME3552;The Cleansing of the Pontinian Marches;;;;;;;;;;5347 EVENTNAME3551;The Saint Peter's Basilica stand in Unearthly Glory;;;;;;;;;;5348 EVENTNAME3550;Giordano Bruno;;;;;;;;;;5349 EVENTNAME3549;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;5350 EVENTNAME3548;Reorganization of the Holy Inquisition;;;;;;;;;;5351 EVENTNAME3547;The Foundation of Societas Jesu;;;;;;;;;;5352 EVENTNAME3546;The Commissioning of the Saint Peter's Basilica;;;;;;;;;;5353 EVENTNAME3545;The League of Cambrai;;;;;;;;;;5354 EVENTNAME3544;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;;;;;;;;;;5355 EVENTNAME3542;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;5356 EVENTNAME3541;Jean Parisot de la Valette;;;;;;;;;;5357 EVENTNAME3540;Spain gives Malta to the Order;;;;;;;;;;5358 EVENTNAME3539;Gabriele Tadini de Martinengo;;;;;;;;;;5359 EVENTNAME3537;The Great Carrack of Alexandria;;;;;;;;;;5360 EVENTNAME3536;Rhodians and other Greeks accepted into the Order;;;;;;;;;;5361 EVENTNAME3535;Pierre d'Aubusson;;;;;;;;;;5362 EVENTNAME3534;The Partition of Poland;;;;;;;;;;5363 EVENTNAME3533;The Partition of Poland;;;;;;;;;;5364 EVENTNAME3532;Von Scharnhorst's and Von Stein's Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5365 EVENTNAME3531;The Bavarian Succession of 1777;;;;;;;;;;5366 EVENTNAME3530;The Enlightened Reforms of Frederick the Great;;;;;;;;;;5367 EVENTNAME3529;The Kurland Succession of 1726;;;;;;;;;;5368 EVENTNAME3528;The Polish Succession of 1733;;;;;;;;;;5369 EVENTNAME3527;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5370 EVENTNAME3526;The Great Prussian Military Reform;;;;;;;;;;5371 EVENTNAME3525;Frederick William's Absolutism;;;;;;;;;;5372 EVENTNAME3524;The Kingdom of Prussia;;;;;;;;;;5373 EVENTNAME3523;The Prussian African Trade Company;;;;;;;;;;5374 EVENTNAME3522;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5375 EVENTNAME3521;Protestants expelled from France;;;;;;;;;;5376 EVENTNAME3518;Reform of the Brandenburg Army;;;;;;;;;;5377 EVENTNAME3517;Prussian incorporation into Brandenburg;;;;;;;;;;5378 EVENTNAME3516;Hohenzollern Prussia become Polish Duchy;;;;;;;;;;5379 EVENTNAME3515;The Revolution in Holland;;;;;;;;;;5380 EVENTNAME3514;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5381 EVENTNAME3513;Statholder office is made Hereditary in Oranien Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;5382 EVENTNAME3512;Charles of Habsburg succeeds Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5383 EVENTNAME3511;Phillip of Bourbon succeeds Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5384 EVENTNAME3510;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5385 EVENTNAME3509;Protestants expelled from France;;;;;;;;;;5386 EVENTNAME3508;Calvinism in the Netherlands;;;;;;;;;;5387 EVENTNAME3507;Dutch Military Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5388 EVENTNAME3506;Veerinigte Westindische Compagnie;;;;;;;;;;5389 EVENTNAME3505;Creation of the Bank of Amsterdam;;;;;;;;;;5390 EVENTNAME3504;Creation of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange;;;;;;;;;;5391 EVENTNAME3503;Veerinigte Oostindische Companie;;;;;;;;;;5392 EVENTNAME3502;Constitutionalism and the General Estates;;;;;;;;;;5393 EVENTNAME3501;The Return of August the Strong;;;;;;;;;;5394 EVENTNAME3500;Ending the Stagnation;;;;;;;;;;5395 EVENTNAME35;Enthusiasm for the Army;;;;;;;;;;5396 EVENTNAME3499;Ending the Stagnation;;;;;;;;;;5397 EVENTNAME3498;Ending the Stagnation;;;;;;;;;;5398 EVENTNAME3497;Ending the Stagnation;;;;;;;;;;5399 EVENTNAME3496;The Kurland Succession of 1726;;;;;;;;;;5400 EVENTNAME3495;The Polish Succession of 1733;;;;;;;;;;5401 EVENTNAME3494;Stanislaus Poniatowski-'The Last King';;;;;;;;;;5402 EVENTNAME3493;The Horrible Plague in Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;5403 EVENTNAME3492;The Dethronement of August the Strong;;;;;;;;;;5404 EVENTNAME3491;The Great Northern Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5405 EVENTNAME3490;Turko-Polish Tension;;;;;;;;;;5406 EVENTNAME3489;Turko-Polish Tension;;;;;;;;;;5407 EVENTNAME3488;Turko-Polish Tension;;;;;;;;;;5408 EVENTNAME3487;Friedrich Augustus Wettin backs down!;;;;;;;;;;5409 EVENTNAME3486;The Polish Succession of 1697;;;;;;;;;;5410 EVENTNAME3485;The Sobieskian Army Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5411 EVENTNAME3484;The Abdication of Charles V;;;;;;;;;;5412 EVENTNAME3483;Liberum Veto in Poland;;;;;;;;;;5413 EVENTNAME3482;Liberum Veto in Poland;;;;;;;;;;5414 EVENTNAME3481;The Struggle for Royal Power;;;;;;;;;;5415 EVENTNAME3480;The Pact Conventa and the Henrykian Articles;;;;;;;;;;5416 EVENTNAME3479;Warszawa;;;;;;;;;;5417 EVENTNAME3478;Emperor Wladislav of Russia;;;;;;;;;;5418 EVENTNAME3477;The Jesuit King;;;;;;;;;;5419 EVENTNAME3476;The Act of Union-'Rzeczpospolita Polska';;;;;;;;;;5420 EVENTNAME3475;The Act of Union-'Rzeczpospolita Polska';;;;;;;;;;5421 EVENTNAME3474;Hohenzollern Prussia become Polish Duchy;;;;;;;;;;5422 EVENTNAME3473;The Polish Inheritance of Masovia;;;;;;;;;;5423 EVENTNAME3472;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5424 EVENTNAME3471;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5425 EVENTNAME3470;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5426 EVENTNAME3469;The Constitution of Radom-'Nihil Novo';;;;;;;;;;5427 EVENTNAME3468;The Statute of Piotrkow;;;;;;;;;;5428 EVENTNAME3467;The Nieszawa Privileges-'Conventiones Particulares';;;;;;;;;;5429 EVENTNAME3466;The Brzesc Privileges-'Nemiem Captivabus';;;;;;;;;;5430 EVENTNAME3465;The Murder of Karol II Stanislovas;;;;;;;;;;5431 EVENTNAME3464;Pietism;;;;;;;;;;5432 EVENTNAME3463;The Anti-Russian Pact;;;;;;;;;;5433 EVENTNAME3462;The Horrible Plague in Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;5434 EVENTNAME3461;Civil War in Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;5435 EVENTNAME3460;Royal Reaction on the Polish Librum Veto;;;;;;;;;;5436 EVENTNAME3459;Magnates crave 'Polish Rights';;;;;;;;;;5437 EVENTNAME3458;Magnates crave 'Polish Rights';;;;;;;;;;5438 EVENTNAME3457;Magnates crave 'Polish Rights';;;;;;;;;;5439 EVENTNAME3456;Conflict over Religious Tolerance;;;;;;;;;;5440 EVENTNAME3455;Conflict over Religious Tolerance;;;;;;;;;;5441 EVENTNAME3454;Conflict over Religious Tolerance;;;;;;;;;;5442 EVENTNAME3453;Strategic Axis with Austria;;;;;;;;;;5443 EVENTNAME3452;Strategic Axis with Austria;;;;;;;;;;5444 EVENTNAME3451;Strategic Axis with Prussia;;;;;;;;;;5445 EVENTNAME3450;Strategic Axis with Sweden;;;;;;;;;;5446 EVENTNAME3449;Wave of Calvinism;;;;;;;;;;5447 EVENTNAME3448;Wave of Protestantism;;;;;;;;;;5448 EVENTNAME3447;The Act of Union with Poland;;;;;;;;;;5449 EVENTNAME3446;Nemiem Captivabus extended to Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;5450 EVENTNAME3445;The Statute of Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;5451 EVENTNAME3444;In the Face of Napoleon;;;;;;;;;;5452 EVENTNAME3443;The Contest with Poland;;;;;;;;;;5453 EVENTNAME3442;The Silent Sejm of Poland;;;;;;;;;;5454 EVENTNAME3441;The Partition of Poland;;;;;;;;;;5455 EVENTNAME3440;The Partition of Poland;;;;;;;;;;5456 EVENTNAME3439;The Anjala League;;;;;;;;;;5457 EVENTNAME3438;Czar Alexander I:s Liberal Legislation;;;;;;;;;;5458 EVENTNAME3437;Czar Paul I:s Liberal Legislation;;;;;;;;;;5459 EVENTNAME3436;The Reactionary Policy;;;;;;;;;;5460 EVENTNAME3435;The Pugatchev Uprising;;;;;;;;;;5461 EVENTNAME3434;Mercantilist Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5462 EVENTNAME3433;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;;;;;;;;;;5463 EVENTNAME3432;The Duma and the Legislative Reform;;;;;;;;;;5464 EVENTNAME3431;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5465 EVENTNAME3430;The Kurland Succession of 1726;;;;;;;;;;5466 EVENTNAME3429;The Polish Succession of 1733;;;;;;;;;;5467 EVENTNAME3428;The Abolishment of the System of Precedence;;;;;;;;;;5468 EVENTNAME3427;The State takes control of the Russian Church;;;;;;;;;;5469 EVENTNAME3426;Governmental Reforms and the Absolutism;;;;;;;;;;5470 EVENTNAME3425;Mazepa's Ukrainian Uprising;;;;;;;;;;5471 EVENTNAME3424;St. Petersburg;;;;;;;;;;5472 EVENTNAME3423;Peter the Great and the Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;5473 EVENTNAME3422;The Great Northern Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5474 EVENTNAME3421;The Treaty of Nerchiinsk;;;;;;;;;;5475 EVENTNAME3420;Stenka Razin's Cossack Uprising;;;;;;;;;;5476 EVENTNAME3419;Fyodor Baikov's Diplomatic Intermezzo;;;;;;;;;;5477 EVENTNAME3418;Nikons Reform and the Raskolniks;;;;;;;;;;5478 EVENTNAME3417;Full Serfdom enforced by Sobornoye Ulozheniye;;;;;;;;;;5479 EVENTNAME3416;The Peasantry is brought into Serfdom;;;;;;;;;;5480 EVENTNAME3415;The Russian Orthodox Church declared independent of Constantinople;;;;;;;;;;5481 EVENTNAME3414;The Time of Trouble;;;;;;;;;;5482 EVENTNAME3413;The Treasury Reform and the Abolition of the Kormlenije System;;;;;;;;;;5483 EVENTNAME3412;The Terror of the Oprichnina;;;;;;;;;;5484 EVENTNAME3411;The Sacking of Moscow;;;;;;;;;;5485 EVENTNAME3410;The Chosen Council;;;;;;;;;;5486 EVENTNAME3409;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5487 EVENTNAME3408;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5488 EVENTNAME3407;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5489 EVENTNAME3406;Russian claims on the Steppes;;;;;;;;;;5490 EVENTNAME3405;Russian claims on Poland-Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;5491 EVENTNAME3404;Russian claims in the East;;;;;;;;;;5492 EVENTNAME3403;The Empire of Russia;;;;;;;;;;5493 EVENTNAME3402;The Subednik Laws;;;;;;;;;;5494 EVENTNAME3401;The Pomjestija Reform;;;;;;;;;;5495 EVENTNAME3400;Proposal for an Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;5496 EVENTNAME34;Reformation of the Navy;;;;;;;;;;5497 EVENTNAME3399;Serbian Independence;;;;;;;;;;5498 EVENTNAME3398;The Independence of the Mameluks in Egypt;;;;;;;;;;5499 EVENTNAME3397;The End of Lale Devri;;;;;;;;;;5500 EVENTNAME3396;The Horrible Plague in Anatolia;;;;;;;;;;5501 EVENTNAME3395;The Horrible Plague in Anatolia;;;;;;;;;;5502 EVENTNAME3394;Ali Bey's Rebellion in Egypt;;;;;;;;;;5503 EVENTNAME3393;Lale Devri - The Tulip Era);;;;;;;;;;5504 EVENTNAME3392;The Tripolitanian Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5505 EVENTNAME3391;The Tunisian Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5506 EVENTNAME3390;Turko-Polish Tensions;;;;;;;;;;5507 EVENTNAME3389;Turko-Polish Tensions;;;;;;;;;;5508 EVENTNAME3388;Turko-Polish Tensions;;;;;;;;;;5509 EVENTNAME3387;The Treaty of Kasr-i Sirin;;;;;;;;;;5510 EVENTNAME3386;The Reforms of Kemankes;;;;;;;;;;5511 EVENTNAME3385;The Age of the Köprülüs;;;;;;;;;;5512 EVENTNAME3384;The Murder of Kösem;;;;;;;;;;5513 EVENTNAME3383;Proposal for an Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;5514 EVENTNAME3382;The 5th Celali Uprising;;;;;;;;;;5515 EVENTNAME3381;The De-centralizing Effect of the Provincial System;;;;;;;;;;5516 EVENTNAME3380;The De-centralizing Effect of the Provincial System;;;;;;;;;;5517 EVENTNAME3379;The De-centralizing Effect of the Provincial System;;;;;;;;;;5518 EVENTNAME3378;The Shuf Mountain Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5519 EVENTNAME3377;Kösem Sultana;;;;;;;;;;5520 EVENTNAME3376;The Spahi Uprisings;;;;;;;;;;5521 EVENTNAME3375;The Great Legal Reform;;;;;;;;;;5522 EVENTNAME3374;Mimar Sinan's Great Constructions;;;;;;;;;;5523 EVENTNAME3373;Mameluk Uprising;;;;;;;;;;5524 EVENTNAME3372;The Ottoman Vassalization of Al-Djazaïr;;;;;;;;;;5525 EVENTNAME3371;The Sultan become 'Khalifa';;;;;;;;;;5526 EVENTNAME3370;The Celali Uprising;;;;;;;;;;5527 EVENTNAME3369;Ismail's Resurrection of Persia;;;;;;;;;;5528 EVENTNAME3368;Cem Sultan's Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5529 EVENTNAME3367;The Great Naval Reform;;;;;;;;;;5530 EVENTNAME3366;The Expansion of the Royal Bureaucracy;;;;;;;;;;5531 EVENTNAME3365;The Great Carrack of Alexandria;;;;;;;;;;5532 EVENTNAME3364;The Great Carrack of Alexandria;;;;;;;;;;5533 EVENTNAME3363;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Persians take advantage of Ottoman instability;;;;;;;;;;5534 EVENTNAME3362;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Murad III's campaigns;;;;;;;;;;5535 EVENTNAME3361;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Prince Bayezid flees to Persia;;;;;;;;;;5536 EVENTNAME3360;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Shiite rebels;;;;;;;;;;5537 EVENTNAME3359;The Veneto-Turkish Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5538 EVENTNAME3358;Atam-Dedem Kanunu Codified;;;;;;;;;;5539 EVENTNAME3357;Imperial College Instituted;;;;;;;;;;5540 EVENTNAME3356;Sheikh-ul-Islam Office instituted;;;;;;;;;;5541 EVENTNAME3355;Military Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5542 EVENTNAME3354;Military Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5543 EVENTNAME3353;The City of Men's Desire;;;;;;;;;;5544 EVENTNAME3352;The Economic Reforms of Mehmed II;;;;;;;;;;5545 EVENTNAME3351;American Self-assurance Increase;;;;;;;;;;5546 EVENTNAME3350;American Self-assurance Increase;;;;;;;;;;5547 EVENTNAME3349;American Self-assurance Increase;;;;;;;;;;5548 EVENTNAME3348;Native Raids;;;;;;;;;;5549 EVENTNAME3347;Native Raids;;;;;;;;;;5550 EVENTNAME3346;Native Raids;;;;;;;;;;5551 EVENTNAME3345;Colonial Defense;;;;;;;;;;5552 EVENTNAME3344;Colonial Defense;;;;;;;;;;5553 EVENTNAME3343;Colonial Defense;;;;;;;;;;5554 EVENTNAME3342;The French Revolution: Radical Republic;;;;;;;;;;5555 EVENTNAME3341;Bernadotte inherit the Swedish Throne;;;;;;;;;;5556 EVENTNAME3340;The Reactionary Reforms of 1789;;;;;;;;;;5557 EVENTNAME3339;Serfdom is formally abolished;;;;;;;;;;5558 EVENTNAME3338;The Partition of Poland;;;;;;;;;;5559 EVENTNAME3337;The Partition of Poland;;;;;;;;;;5560 EVENTNAME3336;The Reform of the Bureaucracy;;;;;;;;;;5561 EVENTNAME3335;Alessandro Farnese and the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;5562 EVENTNAME3334;The Duke of Alba and the Edict of Blood;;;;;;;;;;5563 EVENTNAME3333;The Insurrection of Duke Imre Tököll;;;;;;;;;;5564 EVENTNAME3332;The Chastening of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5565 EVENTNAME3331;Hofkriegsrat;;;;;;;;;;5566 EVENTNAME3330;The Martial Inheritance of Brittany;;;;;;;;;;5567 EVENTNAME3329;The Martial Inheritance of Brittany;;;;;;;;;;5568 EVENTNAME3328;Hofkanzlei, Hofkammer and Hofrat;;;;;;;;;;5569 EVENTNAME3327;The Duke of Mayenne and the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;5570 EVENTNAME3326;The Duke of Guise and the Edict of Blood;;;;;;;;;;5571 EVENTNAME3325;Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;;;;;;;;;;5572 EVENTNAME3324;The Succession in Provence;;;;;;;;;;5573 EVENTNAME3323;The Succession in Provence;;;;;;;;;;5574 EVENTNAME3322;The Martial Inheritance of Brittany;;;;;;;;;;5575 EVENTNAME3321;The Martial Inheritance of Brittany;;;;;;;;;;5576 EVENTNAME3320;Austria inherits Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;5577 EVENTNAME3319;France inherits Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;5578 EVENTNAME3318;Jacques Coer's Economic Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5579 EVENTNAME3317;The Trial of Gilles de Rais;;;;;;;;;;5580 EVENTNAME3316;Alessandro Farnese and the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;5581 EVENTNAME3315;The Duke of Alba and the Edict of Blood;;;;;;;;;;5582 EVENTNAME3314;The Succession in Provence;;;;;;;;;;5583 EVENTNAME3313;The Regency of A.P.Bernstorff;;;;;;;;;;5584 EVENTNAME3312;The Regency of Ove Høegh-Guldberg;;;;;;;;;;5585 EVENTNAME3311;The Great Agricultural Reform;;;;;;;;;;5586 EVENTNAME3310;The Landbo Commission;;;;;;;;;;5587 EVENTNAME3309;The Regency of Struensee;;;;;;;;;;5588 EVENTNAME3308;The Regency of J.H.E. Bernstorff;;;;;;;;;;5589 EVENTNAME3307;Pietism;;;;;;;;;;5590 EVENTNAME3306;Stavnsbåndet;;;;;;;;;;5591 EVENTNAME3305;The Mercantile Reforms of Christian VI;;;;;;;;;;5592 EVENTNAME3304;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;;;;;;;;;;5593 EVENTNAME3303;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;;;;;;;;;;5594 EVENTNAME3302;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5595 EVENTNAME3301;Den Danske Lov;;;;;;;;;;5596 EVENTNAME3300;The Great Northern Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5597 EVENTNAME33;Reformation of the Army;;;;;;;;;;5598 EVENTNAME3299;Peder Griffenfeld;;;;;;;;;;5599 EVENTNAME3298;The Modernisation of the Navy;;;;;;;;;;5600 EVENTNAME3297;The Absolutism;;;;;;;;;;5601 EVENTNAME3296;The Mercantile Reforms of Christian IV;;;;;;;;;;5602 EVENTNAME3295;Danish East Indian Company;;;;;;;;;;5603 EVENTNAME3294;Peder Oxe;;;;;;;;;;5604 EVENTNAME3293;The Count's Feud;;;;;;;;;;5605 EVENTNAME3292;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5606 EVENTNAME3291;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5607 EVENTNAME3290;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5608 EVENTNAME3289;The End of the Kalmar Union;;;;;;;;;;5609 EVENTNAME3288;The Great Naval Reform;;;;;;;;;;5610 EVENTNAME3287;The Scandinavian Constitution;;;;;;;;;;5611 EVENTNAME3286;Vornedskab;;;;;;;;;;5612 EVENTNAME3285;The Pluralistic Reforms of Christian II;;;;;;;;;;5613 EVENTNAME3284;The Sound Due;;;;;;;;;;5614 EVENTNAME3283;The Engelbrekt Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5615 EVENTNAME3282;The Liberal Opposition;;;;;;;;;;5616 EVENTNAME3281;The Expulsion of Marquis de Pombal;;;;;;;;;;5617 EVENTNAME3280;The Tavoras Conspiracy;;;;;;;;;;5618 EVENTNAME3279;Marquis de Pombal;;;;;;;;;;5619 EVENTNAME3278;Earthquake destroy Lisboa;;;;;;;;;;5620 EVENTNAME3277;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5621 EVENTNAME3276;Count da Ericeira;;;;;;;;;;5622 EVENTNAME3275;The Meuthen Agreement;;;;;;;;;;5623 EVENTNAME3274;Filipe II:s claims to the Throne;;;;;;;;;;5624 EVENTNAME3273;Epidemic Plague;;;;;;;;;;5625 EVENTNAME3272;King Sebastião's Expedition;;;;;;;;;;5626 EVENTNAME3271;Governor Martim Afonso de Sousa in Brazil;;;;;;;;;;5627 EVENTNAME3270;The Societas Jesu;;;;;;;;;;5628 EVENTNAME3269;The Holy Inquisition;;;;;;;;;;5629 EVENTNAME3268;Commercial Conflict in the Indian Ocean;;;;;;;;;;5630 EVENTNAME3267;The Duke of Coimbra;;;;;;;;;;5631 EVENTNAME3266;The Afonsine Ordinances;;;;;;;;;;5632 EVENTNAME3265;The Social Revolution of João I;;;;;;;;;;5633 EVENTNAME3264;The Great Agricultural Reform;;;;;;;;;;5634 EVENTNAME3263;The Act of Union and Security;;;;;;;;;;5635 EVENTNAME3262;The Coup d'Etat and the Enlightened Despot;;;;;;;;;;5636 EVENTNAME3261;The Reforms of Gustav IV Adolf;;;;;;;;;;5637 EVENTNAME3260;The Dethronement of Gustav IV Adolf;;;;;;;;;;5638 EVENTNAME3259;The Anjala League;;;;;;;;;;5639 EVENTNAME3258;Swedish Parliament of 1765;;;;;;;;;;5640 EVENTNAME3257;Swedish Parliament of 1760;;;;;;;;;;5641 EVENTNAME3256;The Coup of 1756;;;;;;;;;;5642 EVENTNAME3255;Swedish Parliament of 1746;;;;;;;;;;5643 EVENTNAME3254;Swedish Parliament of 1738;;;;;;;;;;5644 EVENTNAME3253;The Mercantile Reforms of the Hats;;;;;;;;;;5645 EVENTNAME3252;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;;;;;;;;;;5646 EVENTNAME3251;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5647 EVENTNAME3250;The Kurland Succession of 1726;;;;;;;;;;5648 EVENTNAME3249;The Polish Succession of 1733;;;;;;;;;;5649 EVENTNAME3248;Pietism and the Conventicle Edict;;;;;;;;;;5650 EVENTNAME3247;The Product Act;;;;;;;;;;5651 EVENTNAME3246;Arvid Horn and the Age of Freedom;;;;;;;;;;5652 EVENTNAME3245;The Oriental Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;5653 EVENTNAME3244;The Great Army Reorganisation;;;;;;;;;;5654 EVENTNAME3243;The Great Reduction;;;;;;;;;;5655 EVENTNAME3242;The Dethronement of August the Strong;;;;;;;;;;5656 EVENTNAME3241;The Great Northern Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5657 EVENTNAME3240;De La Gardie's Regency;;;;;;;;;;5658 EVENTNAME3239;Queen Christina-The Catholic Maiden;;;;;;;;;;5659 EVENTNAME3238;The Quarter Reduction of Christina;;;;;;;;;;5660 EVENTNAME3237;The Quarter Reduction of Charles X;;;;;;;;;;5661 EVENTNAME3236;Oxenstierna's Regency;;;;;;;;;;5662 EVENTNAME3235;The Court of Appeals;;;;;;;;;;5663 EVENTNAME3234;The End of the Kalmar Union;;;;;;;;;;5664 EVENTNAME3233;Axel Oxenstierna;;;;;;;;;;5665 EVENTNAME3232;The Absolutism;;;;;;;;;;5666 EVENTNAME3231;The Mercantile Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5667 EVENTNAME3230;Emperor Charles Philip of Russia;;;;;;;;;;5668 EVENTNAME3229;King Sigismund and Duke Charles;;;;;;;;;;5669 EVENTNAME3228;The Military Reforms of Gustavus Adolphus;;;;;;;;;;5670 EVENTNAME3227;The Walloons in Sweden;;;;;;;;;;5671 EVENTNAME3226;The Parliament of Västerås;;;;;;;;;;5672 EVENTNAME3225;The Sons of Gustav Vasa;;;;;;;;;;5673 EVENTNAME3224;The Dacke Feud;;;;;;;;;;5674 EVENTNAME3223;The Centralization Reforms of Gustav Vasa;;;;;;;;;;5675 EVENTNAME3222;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5676 EVENTNAME3221;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5677 EVENTNAME3220;The Fate of the Livonian Order;;;;;;;;;;5678 EVENTNAME3219;The End of the Kalmar Union;;;;;;;;;;5679 EVENTNAME3218;The Kalmar Recess;;;;;;;;;;5680 EVENTNAME3217;The Engelbrekt Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5681 EVENTNAME3216;The Enlightened Reforms of Josef II;;;;;;;;;;5682 EVENTNAME3209;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5683 EVENTNAME3208;Metternich;;;;;;;;;;5684 EVENTNAME3207;The Bavarian Succession of 1777;;;;;;;;;;5685 EVENTNAME3206;Kaunitz;;;;;;;;;;5686 EVENTNAME3205;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5687 EVENTNAME3204;The Polish Succession of 1733;;;;;;;;;;5688 EVENTNAME3203;The Purge of the Archbishop of Salzburg;;;;;;;;;;5689 EVENTNAME3202;The Oostende Company;;;;;;;;;;5690 EVENTNAME3201;Noble Revolt in Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5691 EVENTNAME3200;Charles of Habsburg succeeds Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5692 EVENTNAME3199;Phillip of Bourbon succeeds Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5693 EVENTNAME3198;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5694 EVENTNAME3197;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;;;;;;;;;;5695 EVENTNAME3196;The Edict of Restitution;;;;;;;;;;5696 EVENTNAME3195;Peasant Revolt in Austria;;;;;;;;;;5697 EVENTNAME3194;The Defenstration of Prague;;;;;;;;;;5698 EVENTNAME3193;The Royal Letter of Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;5699 EVENTNAME3192;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5700 EVENTNAME3191;The Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;;;;;;;;;;5701 EVENTNAME3190;The Abdication of Charles V;;;;;;;;;;5702 EVENTNAME3189;The Religious Peace of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5703 EVENTNAME3188;The Imperial Parliament at Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5704 EVENTNAME3187;The Habsburg Inheritance of Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;5705 EVENTNAME3186;The Habsburg Inheritance of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5706 EVENTNAME3185;The Habsburg Inheritance of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5707 EVENTNAME3184;The Habsburg Inheritance of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5708 EVENTNAME3183;The Fuggers;;;;;;;;;;5709 EVENTNAME3182;The League of Cambrai;;;;;;;;;;5710 EVENTNAME3181;The Habsburg Inheritance of Milano;;;;;;;;;;5711 EVENTNAME3180;France inherits Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;5712 EVENTNAME3179;The Spanish Wedding;;;;;;;;;;5713 EVENTNAME3178;The Habsburg Inheritance of Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;5714 EVENTNAME3177;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5715 EVENTNAME3176;The American Colonial Policy;;;;;;;;;;5716 EVENTNAME3175;The Sale of Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5717 EVENTNAME3174;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5718 EVENTNAME3173;The Succession of Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5719 EVENTNAME3172;France opens Chambers of Reunion;;;;;;;;;;5720 EVENTNAME3171;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;;;;;;;;;;5721 EVENTNAME3170;The Italian Revolts;;;;;;;;;;5722 EVENTNAME3169;The Iberian Revolts;;;;;;;;;;5723 EVENTNAME3168;National revolt in Portugal;;;;;;;;;;5724 EVENTNAME3167;The Expulsion of the Morisques;;;;;;;;;;5725 EVENTNAME3166;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5726 EVENTNAME3165;Epidemic Plague;;;;;;;;;;5727 EVENTNAME3164;State Bankruptcy;;;;;;;;;;5728 EVENTNAME3163;The Portuguese Crown;;;;;;;;;;5729 EVENTNAME3162;The Portuguese Crown;;;;;;;;;;5730 EVENTNAME3161;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;5731 EVENTNAME3160;The Purge of the Morisques;;;;;;;;;;5732 EVENTNAME3159;Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;;;;;;;;;;5733 EVENTNAME3158;State Bankruptcy;;;;;;;;;;5734 EVENTNAME3157;The Abdication of Charles V;;;;;;;;;;5735 EVENTNAME3156;The Knights of St: John of Jerusalem;;;;;;;;;;5736 EVENTNAME3155;The Communeros;;;;;;;;;;5737 EVENTNAME3154;The Fuggers;;;;;;;;;;5738 EVENTNAME3153;The Trade Center of Sevilla;;;;;;;;;;5739 EVENTNAME3152;The Quest for the New World;;;;;;;;;;5740 EVENTNAME3151;The Habsburg Wedding;;;;;;;;;;5741 EVENTNAME3150;Torquemada and the Expulsion of the Moors;;;;;;;;;;5742 EVENTNAME3149;The Empire of France;;;;;;;;;;5743 EVENTNAME3148;Napoleon Bonaparte;;;;;;;;;;5744 EVENTNAME3147;The Chouan Revolt;;;;;;;;;;5745 EVENTNAME3146;The Execution of King Louis;;;;;;;;;;5746 EVENTNAME3145;The Reign of Terror;;;;;;;;;;5747 EVENTNAME3144;The General Estates;;;;;;;;;;5748 EVENTNAME3143;The Eden Agreement;;;;;;;;;;5749 EVENTNAME3142;Necker announce the Budget Deficiet;;;;;;;;;;5750 EVENTNAME3141;Turgot and the Economic Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5751 EVENTNAME3140;The Sale of Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5752 EVENTNAME3139;Machault and the 5 percent tax;;;;;;;;;;5753 EVENTNAME3138;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5754 EVENTNAME3137;Fleury;;;;;;;;;;5755 EVENTNAME3136;The Polish Succession of 1733;;;;;;;;;;5756 EVENTNAME3135;Charles de Broglie;;;;;;;;;;5757 EVENTNAME3134;Bank de France and New Financial Legislation;;;;;;;;;;5758 EVENTNAME3133;State Bankruptcy;;;;;;;;;;5759 EVENTNAME3132;The Mississippi Trade Company;;;;;;;;;;5760 EVENTNAME3131;Charles of Habsburg succeeds Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5761 EVENTNAME3130;Phillip of Bourbon succeeds Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5762 EVENTNAME3129;Catholics rights revoked;;;;;;;;;;5763 EVENTNAME3128;Protestants expelled from France;;;;;;;;;;5764 EVENTNAME3127;Chambers of Reunion;;;;;;;;;;5765 EVENTNAME3126;Versailles stands in Unearthly Glory;;;;;;;;;;5766 EVENTNAME3125;The Commissioning of Versailles;;;;;;;;;;5767 EVENTNAME3124;Colbert;;;;;;;;;;5768 EVENTNAME3123;Academie Francaisé;;;;;;;;;;5769 EVENTNAME3122;The Fronde in France;;;;;;;;;;5770 EVENTNAME3121;War of Religion in France;;;;;;;;;;5771 EVENTNAME3120;Richelieu;;;;;;;;;;5772 EVENTNAME3119;Protestant Revolt in Navarra;;;;;;;;;;5773 EVENTNAME3118;Revolt in France;;;;;;;;;;5774 EVENTNAME3117;The Evangelic Union;;;;;;;;;;5775 EVENTNAME3116;The Catholic League;;;;;;;;;;5776 EVENTNAME3115;Samuel de Champlain and the Hurons;;;;;;;;;;5777 EVENTNAME3114;Le Tellier and Louvios;;;;;;;;;;5778 EVENTNAME3113;At the Walls of Paris;;;;;;;;;;5779 EVENTNAME3112;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;5780 EVENTNAME3111;At the Walls of Paris;;;;;;;;;;5781 EVENTNAME3110;War of Religion in France;;;;;;;;;;5782 EVENTNAME3109;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5783 EVENTNAME3108;French claims in Italy weakened;;;;;;;;;;5784 EVENTNAME3107;The League of Cambrai;;;;;;;;;;5785 EVENTNAME3106;The State takes control of the Guilds;;;;;;;;;;5786 EVENTNAME3105;The Inheritance of Anjou;;;;;;;;;;5787 EVENTNAME3104;The End of the Hundred Year War;;;;;;;;;;5788 EVENTNAME3103;The Creation of the First Permanent Army;;;;;;;;;;5789 EVENTNAME3102;The Birth of a Permanent Taxation System;;;;;;;;;;5790 EVENTNAME3101;Jean D'Arc and the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5791 EVENTNAME3100;Habsburg Inheritance of Lothringen;;;;;;;;;;5792 EVENTNAME3099;The Protestant Rebellion in Hungary;;;;;;;;;;5793 EVENTNAME3098;The Death of Johan Zapolya;;;;;;;;;;5794 EVENTNAME3097;The Winter king of Prague;;;;;;;;;;5795 EVENTNAME3096;The Reaction of 1813;;;;;;;;;;5796 EVENTNAME3095;The Constitution of 1812;;;;;;;;;;5797 EVENTNAME3094;José Monino's Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5798 EVENTNAME3093;The Meuthen Agreement;;;;;;;;;;5799 EVENTNAME3092;The United States declined the offer of Florida;;;;;;;;;;5800 EVENTNAME3091;Adam-Onís Treaty;;;;;;;;;;5801 EVENTNAME3090;The Sale of Florida to the United States;;;;;;;;;;5802 EVENTNAME3089;The United States declined the offer of Louisiana;;;;;;;;;;5803 EVENTNAME3088;The United States bought the Louisiana Territory;;;;;;;;;;5804 EVENTNAME3087;Offer Louisiana to the United States;;;;;;;;;;5805 EVENTNAME3086;Restoration of the French Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;5806 EVENTNAME3085;The Glasgow Chamber of Commerce;;;;;;;;;;5807 EVENTNAME3084;Major Road Constructions in the Highlands;;;;;;;;;;5808 EVENTNAME3083;The Scottish East Indian Company;;;;;;;;;;5809 EVENTNAME3082;The Glorious Revolution;;;;;;;;;;5810 EVENTNAME3081;The Restoration of the Stuarts;;;;;;;;;;5811 EVENTNAME3080;The Civil War down South;;;;;;;;;;5812 EVENTNAME3079;The Civil War down South;;;;;;;;;;5813 EVENTNAME3078;The Crown of England;;;;;;;;;;5814 EVENTNAME3077;The Time of the Regents;;;;;;;;;;5815 EVENTNAME3076;The Fate of Mary Stuart;;;;;;;;;;5816 EVENTNAME3075;The First Covenant;;;;;;;;;;5817 EVENTNAME3074;John Knox and the Religious Strife;;;;;;;;;;5818 EVENTNAME3073;Cardinal Beaton;;;;;;;;;;5819 EVENTNAME3072;The Auld Alliance;;;;;;;;;;5820 EVENTNAME3071;The Breaking of the Douglases;;;;;;;;;;5821 EVENTNAME3070;The assassination of James I;;;;;;;;;;5822 EVENTNAME3069;The Ransoming of the king and Purge of the Highland Chiefs;;;;;;;;;;5823 EVENTNAME3068;The Economic Dependency on England is broken;;;;;;;;;;5824 EVENTNAME3067;Adam-Onís Treaty;;;;;;;;;;5825 EVENTNAME3066;US. Presidential Election of 1816;;;;;;;;;;5826 EVENTNAME3065;US. Presidential Election of 1812;;;;;;;;;;5827 EVENTNAME3064;Hawks and Doves of 1812;;;;;;;;;;5828 EVENTNAME3063;US. Presidential Election of 1808;;;;;;;;;;5829 EVENTNAME3062;US. Presidential Election of 1804;;;;;;;;;;5830 EVENTNAME3061;The Louisiana Purchase;;;;;;;;;;5831 EVENTNAME3060;US. Presidential Election of 1800;;;;;;;;;;5832 EVENTNAME3059;Federal Taxes on Property;;;;;;;;;;5833 EVENTNAME3058;US. Presidential Election of 1796;;;;;;;;;;5834 EVENTNAME3057;The US Constitution;;;;;;;;;;5835 EVENTNAME3056;The Congress' Printing Machine;;;;;;;;;;5836 EVENTNAME3055;The Creation of the Continental Army;;;;;;;;;;5837 EVENTNAME3054;The Corn Laws;;;;;;;;;;5838 EVENTNAME3053;The Bank Restriction Act;;;;;;;;;;5839 EVENTNAME3052;The North American Union;;;;;;;;;;5840 EVENTNAME3051;Loyalists to Canada;;;;;;;;;;5841 EVENTNAME3050;William Pitt the Younger;;;;;;;;;;5842 EVENTNAME3049;The American Revolution;;;;;;;;;;5843 EVENTNAME3048;The American Colonial Policy;;;;;;;;;;5844 EVENTNAME3047;Tax Revolt in America;;;;;;;;;;5845 EVENTNAME3046;The Sale of Corsica;;;;;;;;;;5846 EVENTNAME3045;The East India Company;;;;;;;;;;5847 EVENTNAME3044;William Pitt the Elder;;;;;;;;;;5848 EVENTNAME3043;Jacobite Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5849 EVENTNAME3042;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;;;;;;;;;;5850 EVENTNAME3041;Captain Jenkins Ear;;;;;;;;;;5851 EVENTNAME3040;Sir Robert Walpole;;;;;;;;;;5852 EVENTNAME3039;Jacobite Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5853 EVENTNAME3038;The Hannover Dynasty in England;;;;;;;;;;5854 EVENTNAME3037;The Act of Union;;;;;;;;;;5855 EVENTNAME3036;Charles of Habsburg succeeds Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5856 EVENTNAME30352;Struggle for power;;;;;;;;;;5857 EVENTNAME30350;Rise of the Mahrattis;;;;;;;;;;5858 EVENTNAME3035;Phillip of Bourbon succeeds Carlos II in Spain;;;;;;;;;;5859 EVENTNAME30349;Massacre of the newcomers!;;;;;;;;;;5860 EVENTNAME30348;Newcomers spout treachery!;;;;;;;;;;5861 EVENTNAME30347;Nobles Rebellion!;;;;;;;;;;5862 EVENTNAME30346;Death of the last ruler;;;;;;;;;;5863 EVENTNAME30345;Ali Adil Shah returns to one true faith;;;;;;;;;;5864 EVENTNAME30344;Ibrahim Adil Shah ponders a question;;;;;;;;;;5865 EVENTNAME30343;Sunni or Shia?;;;;;;;;;;5866 EVENTNAME30342;Succession crisis of 1529;;;;;;;;;;5867 EVENTNAME30341;Policies of Krishna Deva Raya;;;;;;;;;;5868 EVENTNAME30340;Muslims and the army;;;;;;;;;;5869 EVENTNAME3034;The Creation of Bank of England;;;;;;;;;;5870 EVENTNAME30335;Execution of Mahmud Gawan;;;;;;;;;;5871 EVENTNAME30334;Prime Minister Mahmud Gawan;;;;;;;;;;5872 EVENTNAME30333;Independence of Ahmadnagar;;;;;;;;;;5873 EVENTNAME30332;Disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate;;;;;;;;;;5874 EVENTNAME30331;Policies of Sikandar Lodi;;;;;;;;;;5875 EVENTNAME3033;Personal union with Holland;;;;;;;;;;5876 EVENTNAME30327;Nobles ally with Babur;;;;;;;;;;5877 EVENTNAME30326;Fortification efforts;;;;;;;;;;5878 EVENTNAME30325;Bengal introduces its own currency;;;;;;;;;;5879 EVENTNAME30324;Sher Shah's Reforms;;;;;;;;;;5880 EVENTNAME30323;Kingdom of Arakan;;;;;;;;;;5881 EVENTNAME30321;Independence of Arakan;;;;;;;;;;5882 EVENTNAME30320;Grateful king of Arakan;;;;;;;;;;5883 EVENTNAME3032;The Glorious Revolution;;;;;;;;;;5884 EVENTNAME30318;End of vassalship;;;;;;;;;;5885 EVENTNAME30317;Chittagong;;;;;;;;;;5886 EVENTNAME30316;War over Chittagong?;;;;;;;;;;5887 EVENTNAME3031;The Glorious Revolution;;;;;;;;;;5888 EVENTNAME3030;The League of Augsburg;;;;;;;;;;5889 EVENTNAME3029;The Decree of Indulgence and the Bill of Test;;;;;;;;;;5890 EVENTNAME3028;The Restoration of the Stuarts;;;;;;;;;;5891 EVENTNAME3027;The Act of Navigation;;;;;;;;;;5892 EVENTNAME3026;Cromwell and the Republic;;;;;;;;;;5893 EVENTNAME3025;The English Civil War;;;;;;;;;;5894 EVENTNAME3024;The Parliamentary Conflict;;;;;;;;;;5895 EVENTNAME3023;The Petition of Rights;;;;;;;;;;5896 EVENTNAME3022;Hugh O'Neill's Irish Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5897 EVENTNAME3021;The Canceling of Royal Monopolies;;;;;;;;;;5898 EVENTNAME3020;The Beheading of Mary of Scots;;;;;;;;;;5899 EVENTNAME302;Edict of Tolerance;;;;;;;;;;5900 EVENTNAME3019;The Creation of the London Stock Exchange;;;;;;;;;;5901 EVENTNAME3018;The Northern Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;5902 EVENTNAME3017;Sir Thomas Greshams Currency Reform;;;;;;;;;;5903 EVENTNAME3016;Sir Francis Walsingham;;;;;;;;;;5904 EVENTNAME3015;The Muscowy Trade Company;;;;;;;;;;5905 EVENTNAME3014;Bloody Mary and King Felipe of England;;;;;;;;;;5906 EVENTNAME3013;Jane Grey and the Revolt against Northumberland;;;;;;;;;;5907 EVENTNAME3012;The Merchant Adventures;;;;;;;;;;5908 EVENTNAME3011;The Admiralty;;;;;;;;;;5909 EVENTNAME30105;Adoption of Islam;;;;;;;;;;5910 EVENTNAME30104;Reforms of Tunipallanga;;;;;;;;;;5911 EVENTNAME30103;Unification of Makassar;;;;;;;;;;5912 EVENTNAME3010;The League of Schmalkalden;;;;;;;;;;5913 EVENTNAME3009;The Act of Supremacy;;;;;;;;;;5914 EVENTNAME3008;The Enclosure Movement;;;;;;;;;;5915 EVENTNAME3007;Court of the Star Chamber;;;;;;;;;;5916 EVENTNAME3006;Support Middle-class Bureaucrats;;;;;;;;;;5917 EVENTNAME3005;The Justices of Peace;;;;;;;;;;5918 EVENTNAME3004;The End of the Hundred Year War;;;;;;;;;;5919 EVENTNAME3003;Bosworth Field;;;;;;;;;;5920 EVENTNAME3002;The War of the Roses;;;;;;;;;;5921 EVENTNAME3001;The Lollard Heresy;;;;;;;;;;5922 EVENTNAME30;Plague!;;;;;;;;;;5923 EVENTNAME3;Religious Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;5924 EVENTNAME29016;Reformation of the University;;;;;;;;;;5925 EVENTNAME29015;Castle Damage;;;;;;;;;;5926 EVENTNAME29014;Building of the Wine Fass;;;;;;;;;;5927 EVENTNAME29013;The frozen winter;;;;;;;;;;5928 EVENTNAME29012;Publishing of the Heidelberg Catechism;;;;;;;;;;5929 EVENTNAME29011;Opening of the University;;;;;;;;;;5930 EVENTNAME29010;The recapturing of the Bibiotheca Palatina;;;;;;;;;;5931 EVENTNAME29009;Bibliotheca Palatina stolen;;;;;;;;;;5932 EVENTNAME29008;The taking of the Bibiotheca Palatina;;;;;;;;;;5933 EVENTNAME29007;The destruction of the University;;;;;;;;;;5934 EVENTNAME29006;The destruction of the University;;;;;;;;;;5935 EVENTNAME29005;Closing of the University;;;;;;;;;;5936 EVENTNAME29004;The Palace;;;;;;;;;;5937 EVENTNAME29003;Castle Damage;;;;;;;;;;5938 EVENTNAME29002;Fortification of Heidelberg;;;;;;;;;;5939 EVENTNAME29001;Creation of the municipalities;;;;;;;;;;5940 EVENTNAME28012;Unrest in Liege;;;;;;;;;;5941 EVENTNAME28011;The defeat of Ghent;;;;;;;;;;5942 EVENTNAME28010;Unrest in Ghent;;;;;;;;;;5943 EVENTNAME28009;Unrest in Bruges;;;;;;;;;;5944 EVENTNAME28006;Long Live King Philip!!;;;;;;;;;;5945 EVENTNAME28005;Philip the Good requests the Lotharingian crown;;;;;;;;;;5946 EVENTNAME28004;Philip the Good parleys with Emperor Frederick III;;;;;;;;;;5947 EVENTNAME28000;Creation of the Dutch Republic;;;;;;;;;;5948 EVENTNAME28;Rush of Merchants;;;;;;;;;;5949 EVENTNAME27;Unexpected Invention;;;;;;;;;;5950 EVENTNAME26;Colonial Dynamism;;;;;;;;;;5951 EVENTNAME25105;Greenland colonized by royal decree;;;;;;;;;;5952 EVENTNAME25104;Colonization of Greenland continues;;;;;;;;;;5953 EVENTNAME25102;Colonization of Greenland begins;;;;;;;;;;5954 EVENTNAME25100;Greenland is reclaimed;;;;;;;;;;5955 EVENTNAME25006;The Ukrainians seek to return to the fold;;;;;;;;;;5956 EVENTNAME25005;The Ukrainians seek our protection;;;;;;;;;;5957 EVENTNAME25004;The Periaslav agreement;;;;;;;;;;5958 EVENTNAME25003;The Tatar alliance;;;;;;;;;;5959 EVENTNAME25002;The End of the Revolts;;;;;;;;;;5960 EVENTNAME25001;Khmelnytsky's Revolt;;;;;;;;;;5961 EVENTNAME25000;The Union of Brest;;;;;;;;;;5962 EVENTNAME25;Great Reputation;;;;;;;;;;5963 EVENTNAME24060;The founding of Gondor;;;;;;;;;;5964 EVENTNAME24056;Our Garrison in Tripoli;;;;;;;;;;5965 EVENTNAME24052;Charles V and Tripoli;;;;;;;;;;5966 EVENTNAME24051;The emir of Granada asks for help;;;;;;;;;;5967 EVENTNAME24050;Rule of Sultan al-Ghawri;;;;;;;;;;5968 EVENTNAME24049;Succession of sultan Qa'itbay;;;;;;;;;;5969 EVENTNAME24048;Famine of 1494;;;;;;;;;;5970 EVENTNAME24047;Plague of 1492;;;;;;;;;;5971 EVENTNAME24046;Sultan Cem asks for asylum;;;;;;;;;;5972 EVENTNAME24045;Policies of sultan Qa'itbay;;;;;;;;;;5973 EVENTNAME24044;Succession of sultan Khushkadam;;;;;;;;;;5974 EVENTNAME24043;Arab uprisings;;;;;;;;;;5975 EVENTNAME24042;Succession of sultan Inal;;;;;;;;;;5976 EVENTNAME24041;Plague of 1460;;;;;;;;;;5977 EVENTNAME24040;Succession of sultan Caqmaq;;;;;;;;;;5978 EVENTNAME24039;Pacification;;;;;;;;;;5979 EVENTNAME24038;Policies of Sultan Barsbay;;;;;;;;;;5980 EVENTNAME24037;Plague and Syrian Revolt;;;;;;;;;;5981 EVENTNAME24035;Pepper Monopoly;;;;;;;;;;5982 EVENTNAME24034;Cyprus Expedition;;;;;;;;;;5983 EVENTNAME24033;Anarchy;;;;;;;;;;5984 EVENTNAME24031;Order moves to Malta;;;;;;;;;;5985 EVENTNAME24030;Russian Offer Rejected;;;;;;;;;;5986 EVENTNAME24029;Russian Offer Accepted;;;;;;;;;;5987 EVENTNAME24028;A New Protector;;;;;;;;;;5988 EVENTNAME24027;The Knights Stand at Malta;;;;;;;;;;5989 EVENTNAME24026;The Knights Leave Malta;;;;;;;;;;5990 EVENTNAME24025;Loss of French Grand Priories;;;;;;;;;;5991 EVENTNAME24024;Schools of Mathematics and Nautical Sciences Opened;;;;;;;;;;5992 EVENTNAME24023;Magnificent Public Library Completed;;;;;;;;;;5993 EVENTNAME24022;Grand Master Created a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire;;;;;;;;;;5994 EVENTNAME24021;Jesuit Medical School;;;;;;;;;;5995 EVENTNAME24020;Sacra Infermeria Built;;;;;;;;;;5996 EVENTNAME24019;Knight's Inquisition;;;;;;;;;;5997 EVENTNAME24018;Dissolution of English Langue;;;;;;;;;;5998 EVENTNAME24017;Dragut's Raid;;;;;;;;;;5999 EVENTNAME24016;Andreas d'Amaral;;;;;;;;;;6000 EVENTNAME24015;Capture of the Morgarbina;;;;;;;;;;6001 EVENTNAME24014;Paolo's Angels;;;;;;;;;;6002 EVENTNAME24013;Grant of Wealth from Knightly Orders;;;;;;;;;;6003 EVENTNAME24012;We've Captured Dublin?;;;;;;;;;;6004 EVENTNAME24011;Earthquake in Rhodes;;;;;;;;;;6005 EVENTNAME24010;The Crusade that Never Was;;;;;;;;;;6006 EVENTNAME24009;Knights of Rhodes;;;;;;;;;;6007 EVENTNAME24008;Giovanni da Verrazzano;;;;;;;;;;6008 EVENTNAME24007;Amerigo Vespucci;;;;;;;;;;6009 EVENTNAME24006;Columbus;;;;;;;;;;6010 EVENTNAME24005;Western route to India;;;;;;;;;;6011 EVENTNAME24004;Tripoli gamble;;;;;;;;;;6012 EVENTNAME24;Diplomatic Move;;;;;;;;;;6013 EVENTNAME23021;Baleful Consequences;;;;;;;;;;6014 EVENTNAME23019;The Akritai;;;;;;;;;;6015 EVENTNAME23018;The Gambit Worked;;;;;;;;;;6016 EVENTNAME23017;Tease the Turk;;;;;;;;;;6017 EVENTNAME23016;The Fall of Constantinople;;;;;;;;;;6018 EVENTNAME23014;It's not the size of the cannon, but who owns it;;;;;;;;;;6019 EVENTNAME23013;Fool me once...;;;;;;;;;;6020 EVENTNAME23012;The Hexamilium;;;;;;;;;;6021 EVENTNAME23011;Tuscany inherits the Duchy of Athens;;;;;;;;;;6022 EVENTNAME23010;Byzantium inherits the Duchy of Athens;;;;;;;;;;6023 EVENTNAME23009;Succession to the Duchy of Athens;;;;;;;;;;6024 EVENTNAME23008;Siege of Thessalonica;;;;;;;;;;6025 EVENTNAME23007;Fall of Thessalonica;;;;;;;;;;6026 EVENTNAME23004;Treaty of 1424;;;;;;;;;;6027 EVENTNAME23000;Pretender to the Ottoman Throne;;;;;;;;;;6028 EVENTNAME22024;The annexation of Friesland by Karl V;;;;;;;;;;6029 EVENTNAME22023;The Frisians call upon us to assist them;;;;;;;;;;6030 EVENTNAME22022;The sale of Friesland to Karl V;;;;;;;;;;6031 EVENTNAME22021;The execution of Mockema and Herjuwsma;;;;;;;;;;6032 EVENTNAME22020;Georg and the 'Ordonnantie van Saksen';;;;;;;;;;6033 EVENTNAME22019;The revolt of 1500;;;;;;;;;;6034 EVENTNAME22018;Albrecht von Sachsen;;;;;;;;;;6035 EVENTNAME22017;Ratification of the Charlemagne-privilege;;;;;;;;;;6036 EVENTNAME22016;Publication of the 'Coronike van Vrieslant';;;;;;;;;;6037 EVENTNAME22014;Jan appoints a rentmeester;;;;;;;;;;6038 EVENTNAME22013;Jan of Bavaria becomes lord of Frisia;;;;;;;;;;6039 EVENTNAME22012;Vetkoper reaction to the Schieringer pact with Jan VI;;;;;;;;;;6040 EVENTNAME22011;Reconciliation effort of the Schieringers;;;;;;;;;;6041 EVENTNAME22010;Schieringers and Vetkopers;;;;;;;;;;6042 EVENTNAME22009;Karl V bought Friesland;;;;;;;;;;6043 EVENTNAME22007;The sale of Friesland;;;;;;;;;;6044 EVENTNAME22005;The lordship of Friesland;;;;;;;;;;6045 EVENTNAME22;Creation of Company of Trade;;;;;;;;;;6046 EVENTNAME21132;The Wail of the Pipes;;;;;;;;;;6047 EVENTNAME21131;The Pilgramage of Grace;;;;;;;;;;6048 EVENTNAME21128;War Again;;;;;;;;;;6049 EVENTNAME21126;The English Response;;;;;;;;;;6050 EVENTNAME21125;Sabre Rattling;;;;;;;;;;6051 EVENTNAME21124;The Situation Calms in New England;;;;;;;;;;6052 EVENTNAME21123;Dominion of New England Revolts;;;;;;;;;;6053 EVENTNAME21122;The Confederation of New England;;;;;;;;;;6054 EVENTNAME21121;The Council of New England;;;;;;;;;;6055 EVENTNAME21120;Buckingham Aids the Huguenots;;;;;;;;;;6056 EVENTNAME21119;The Raid on Cadiz;;;;;;;;;;6057 EVENTNAME21118;Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France;;;;;;;;;;6058 EVENTNAME21117;Buckingham and Prince Charles embarrass the Crown;;;;;;;;;;6059 EVENTNAME21116;Raleigh's Orinoco Expedition;;;;;;;;;;6060 EVENTNAME21115;Raleigh's Second Colonial Effort in North America;;;;;;;;;;6061 EVENTNAME21114;Raleigh's First Colonial Effort in North America;;;;;;;;;;6062 EVENTNAME21113;Battle of Stoke;;;;;;;;;;6063 EVENTNAME21111;The Lancastrian Succession;;;;;;;;;;6064 EVENTNAME21110;Usurpation of Richard Duke of Gloucester;;;;;;;;;;6065 EVENTNAME21109;Trial of George Duke of Clarence;;;;;;;;;;6066 EVENTNAME21108;Battle of Tewkesbury;;;;;;;;;;6067 EVENTNAME21107;The Readeption;;;;;;;;;;6068 EVENTNAME21106;Battle of Hexham;;;;;;;;;;6069 EVENTNAME21105;Battle of Towton;;;;;;;;;;6070 EVENTNAME21104;Battle of St. Albans;;;;;;;;;;6071 EVENTNAME21103;Cade's Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6072 EVENTNAME21098;My Dear Friends at Home;;;;;;;;;;6073 EVENTNAME21097;Ultra-Catholic Refugees;;;;;;;;;;6074 EVENTNAME21096;Huguenot Refugees;;;;;;;;;;6075 EVENTNAME21094;Post-Reformation French Colonists;;;;;;;;;;6076 EVENTNAME21093;The Situation in Bretagne Calms;;;;;;;;;;6077 EVENTNAME21092;The Situation in Leinster Calms;;;;;;;;;;6078 EVENTNAME21091;The Leinster Plantation;;;;;;;;;;6079 EVENTNAME21090;The Bretagne Resettlement;;;;;;;;;;6080 EVENTNAME21089;The Morbihan Resettlement;;;;;;;;;;6081 EVENTNAME21088;The Armor Resettlement;;;;;;;;;;6082 EVENTNAME21086;French Colonists Overseas;;;;;;;;;;6083 EVENTNAME21085;French Colonists;;;;;;;;;;6084 EVENTNAME21084;The Abandonment of Tangiers;;;;;;;;;;6085 EVENTNAME21083;The Spurning of Charles II;;;;;;;;;;6086 EVENTNAME21082;The Dowry of Ducats from Catherine of Bragança;;;;;;;;;;6087 EVENTNAME21081;The Dowry of Territory from Catherine of Bragança;;;;;;;;;;6088 EVENTNAME21079;The Dowry of Catherine of Bragança;;;;;;;;;;6089 EVENTNAME21078;The Transportation of Convicts to Australia;;;;;;;;;;6090 EVENTNAME21077;Rebellion in British North America;;;;;;;;;;6091 EVENTNAME21076;Highland Scots Find Refuge in British North America;;;;;;;;;;6092 EVENTNAME21075;Lowland Scots Arrive in British North America;;;;;;;;;;6093 EVENTNAME21072;Skilled Migrants Flock to the New World;;;;;;;;;;6094 EVENTNAME21069;Transported Convicts Arrive in British North America;;;;;;;;;;6095 EVENTNAME21068;The Transportation of Convicts;;;;;;;;;;6096 EVENTNAME21065;Indentured Servants Emigrate to British North America;;;;;;;;;;6097 EVENTNAME21064;Puritan Refugees From the English Civil War;;;;;;;;;;6098 EVENTNAME21063;The Puritan Migration to the New World;;;;;;;;;;6099 EVENTNAME21062;Exemptions to the Navigation Act;;;;;;;;;;6100 EVENTNAME21061;The Hudson's Bay Company;;;;;;;;;;6101 EVENTNAME21060;The Colonial Chartered Companies;;;;;;;;;;6102 EVENTNAME21059;Richard Hakluyt;;;;;;;;;;6103 EVENTNAME21057;Guinness Brewery Founded in Dublin;;;;;;;;;;6104 EVENTNAME21056;John Wilkes;;;;;;;;;;6105 EVENTNAME21055;The South Seas Bubble;;;;;;;;;;6106 EVENTNAME21054;Samuel Pepys at the Admiralty;;;;;;;;;;6107 EVENTNAME21053;Spain Tires of England's Interference;;;;;;;;;;6108 EVENTNAME21052;England Aids the Enemies of Catholic France;;;;;;;;;;6109 EVENTNAME21051;English Aid Arrives for the French Huguenots;;;;;;;;;;6110 EVENTNAME21050;English Support for the French Huguenots;;;;;;;;;;6111 EVENTNAME21049;England Again Sides with the Enemies of Spain;;;;;;;;;;6112 EVENTNAME21048;England Aids the Dutch Against Spain;;;;;;;;;;6113 EVENTNAME21047;English Support for the Dutch War of Independence;;;;;;;;;;6114 EVENTNAME21046;English Aid Arrives in the Dutch Provinces;;;;;;;;;;6115 EVENTNAME21045;English Support for the Dutch Rebels;;;;;;;;;;6116 EVENTNAME21044;Drake Strikes in Spain and the Americas;;;;;;;;;;6117 EVENTNAME21043;Drake's Triumphs;;;;;;;;;;6118 EVENTNAME21042;Drake in the Pacific;;;;;;;;;;6119 EVENTNAME21041;Drake's Circumnavigation;;;;;;;;;;6120 EVENTNAME21040;Drake Strikes the Panamanian Silver Train;;;;;;;;;;6121 EVENTNAME21039;The Panamanian Silver Train;;;;;;;;;;6122 EVENTNAME21038;English Privateering;;;;;;;;;;6123 EVENTNAME21037;Elizabeth's Support for the Privateering of Sir Francis Drake;;;;;;;;;;6124 EVENTNAME21036;The Prayer Book Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6125 EVENTNAME21035;The Church Missionary Society;;;;;;;;;;6126 EVENTNAME21034;The Great Awakening Spreads to the South;;;;;;;;;;6127 EVENTNAME21032;The Great Awakening;;;;;;;;;;6128 EVENTNAME21031;The Evangelical Revival;;;;;;;;;;6129 EVENTNAME21030;The Elizabethian Religious Settlement;;;;;;;;;;6130 EVENTNAME21029;George Canning;;;;;;;;;;6131 EVENTNAME21028;Charles Grey;;;;;;;;;;6132 EVENTNAME21027;William Wyndham Grenville;;;;;;;;;;6133 EVENTNAME21026;Charles Grey;;;;;;;;;;6134 EVENTNAME21025;Earl of Liverpool;;;;;;;;;;6135 EVENTNAME21024;Spencer Percival;;;;;;;;;;6136 EVENTNAME21023;Duke of Portland;;;;;;;;;;6137 EVENTNAME21022;William Wyndham Grenville;;;;;;;;;;6138 EVENTNAME21021;William Pitt the Younger;;;;;;;;;;6139 EVENTNAME21020;Henry Addington;;;;;;;;;;6140 EVENTNAME21019;The Rise of Napoleon;;;;;;;;;;6141 EVENTNAME21018;Pitt the Younger Continues as Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;6142 EVENTNAME21017;Fox is Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;6143 EVENTNAME21016;Pitt is Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;6144 EVENTNAME21015;Parliamentary Reform;;;;;;;;;;6145 EVENTNAME21014;War Erupts Between England and France;;;;;;;;;;6146 EVENTNAME21013;Fox Expresses Support for the English Radicals;;;;;;;;;;6147 EVENTNAME21012;Reaction to the Rise of Napoleon;;;;;;;;;;6148 EVENTNAME21011;Reaction to the Reign of Terror;;;;;;;;;;6149 EVENTNAME21010;Pitt's Taxation Reforms;;;;;;;;;;6150 EVENTNAME21009;The Raising of the Volunteer Militias;;;;;;;;;;6151 EVENTNAME21008;The Trial of the Leading Radicals;;;;;;;;;;6152 EVENTNAME21007;English Radicals Support the French Revolution;;;;;;;;;;6153 EVENTNAME21006;Pitt the Younger or Charles James Fox as Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;6154 EVENTNAME21005;Catholic Emancipation;;;;;;;;;;6155 EVENTNAME21004;Irish Act of Union;;;;;;;;;;6156 EVENTNAME21003;Grattan's Parliament;;;;;;;;;;6157 EVENTNAME21002;The Cromwellian Massacres;;;;;;;;;;6158 EVENTNAME21001;The Ulster Plantation;;;;;;;;;;6159 EVENTNAME21000;The Plantations of Ireland;;;;;;;;;;6160 EVENTNAME21;Creation of Stock Exchange;;;;;;;;;;6161 EVENTNAME20605;The Dublin Society;;;;;;;;;;6162 EVENTNAME20600;Elimination of the Irish Tax Diversion;;;;;;;;;;6163 EVENTNAME20402;The Stone of Destiny;;;;;;;;;;6164 EVENTNAME204;Jean Calvin;;;;;;;;;;6165 EVENTNAME20320;Phillip of Burgundy made King of Lotharingia;;;;;;;;;;6166 EVENTNAME20319;Burgundian Claims on Helvetia;;;;;;;;;;6167 EVENTNAME20318;Burgundian Claims on Provence;;;;;;;;;;6168 EVENTNAME20317;Burgundian Claims on Munster;;;;;;;;;;6169 EVENTNAME20316;Burgundian Claims on the Palatinate;;;;;;;;;;6170 EVENTNAME20315;Burgundian Claims on Oldenburg;;;;;;;;;;6171 EVENTNAME20314;Burgundian Claims on Cleves;;;;;;;;;;6172 EVENTNAME20313;Burgundian Claims on Cologne;;;;;;;;;;6173 EVENTNAME20312;A new constitution;;;;;;;;;;6174 EVENTNAME20311;A troubled period begins;;;;;;;;;;6175 EVENTNAME20310;The Massacre of the Swiss guards;;;;;;;;;;6176 EVENTNAME20309;Protestants expelled from France;;;;;;;;;;6177 EVENTNAME20308;Jean Calvin settles in Geneva;;;;;;;;;;6178 EVENTNAME20307;5 new cantons;;;;;;;;;;6179 EVENTNAME20306;The Swiss Guard;;;;;;;;;;6180 EVENTNAME20305;The Swiss must have a master;;;;;;;;;;6181 EVENTNAME20304;The Swiss must have a master!;;;;;;;;;;6182 EVENTNAME20303;The Empire strikes back;;;;;;;;;;6183 EVENTNAME20302;Unhappiness against Louis XII;;;;;;;;;;6184 EVENTNAME20301;Grandson and Morat;;;;;;;;;;6185 EVENTNAME20300;Unrest in Alsace;;;;;;;;;;6186 EVENTNAME20096;The French Revolt Against Northumberland;;;;;;;;;;6187 EVENTNAME20091;English Ownership of Bearn;;;;;;;;;;6188 EVENTNAME20082;English Ownership of Bourgogne;;;;;;;;;;6189 EVENTNAME20081;English Ownership of Picardie;;;;;;;;;;6190 EVENTNAME20080;English Ownership of Artois;;;;;;;;;;6191 EVENTNAME20077;Provence Retains Maine;;;;;;;;;;6192 EVENTNAME20076;England Has Inherited Maine;;;;;;;;;;6193 EVENTNAME20075;The Inheritance of Maine;;;;;;;;;;6194 EVENTNAME20073;English Claims on Brittany;;;;;;;;;;6195 EVENTNAME20072;The Marriage of Anne of Brittany;;;;;;;;;;6196 EVENTNAME20070;Provence has become our vassal;;;;;;;;;;6197 EVENTNAME20062;Orleanais has become our vassal;;;;;;;;;;6198 EVENTNAME20060;Bourbonais has become our vassal;;;;;;;;;;6199 EVENTNAME20058;Auvergne has become our vassal;;;;;;;;;;6200 EVENTNAME20056;Aquitaine has become our vassal;;;;;;;;;;6201 EVENTNAME20055;A new king in Paris;;;;;;;;;;6202 EVENTNAME20050;Surienne's Disobedience;;;;;;;;;;6203 EVENTNAME20049;The Marriage of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou;;;;;;;;;;6204 EVENTNAME20048;The Austrian Annexation of Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;6205 EVENTNAME20047;The Marriage of Anne of Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;6206 EVENTNAME20046;Phillipe the Good;;;;;;;;;;6207 EVENTNAME20045;Phillipe the Fool;;;;;;;;;;6208 EVENTNAME20044;Titles, and the such...;;;;;;;;;;6209 EVENTNAME20028;English Victory in the Hundred Years' War;;;;;;;;;;6210 EVENTNAME20024;The End of the Wars of Religion in the French Provinces;;;;;;;;;;6211 EVENTNAME20023;Huguenots Remain Independent;;;;;;;;;;6212 EVENTNAME20022;Ultra-Catholics Remain Independent;;;;;;;;;;6213 EVENTNAME20021;Huguenots Strike Out on their Own;;;;;;;;;;6214 EVENTNAME20020;Ultra-Catholics Strike Out on their Own;;;;;;;;;;6215 EVENTNAME20019;Huguenots Fight Off English Repression;;;;;;;;;;6216 EVENTNAME20018;Ultra-Catholics Fight Off English Repression;;;;;;;;;;6217 EVENTNAME20017;Ultra-Catholics and Huguenots Declare Independence;;;;;;;;;;6218 EVENTNAME20016;Huguenots Declare Independence;;;;;;;;;;6219 EVENTNAME20015;Ultra-Catholics Declare Independence;;;;;;;;;;6220 EVENTNAME20014;Foreign Support for the Ultra-Catholics;;;;;;;;;;6221 EVENTNAME20013;St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre;;;;;;;;;;6222 EVENTNAME20009;The Wars of Religion in the French Provinces;;;;;;;;;;6223 EVENTNAME20008;France Rises Again;;;;;;;;;;6224 EVENTNAME20007;The Glory of France is Reborn!;;;;;;;;;;6225 EVENTNAME20006;The End of the Wars of the Roses in France;;;;;;;;;;6226 EVENTNAME20005;The War of the Roses in France;;;;;;;;;;6227 EVENTNAME20002;The League of the Public Weal;;;;;;;;;;6228 EVENTNAME20000;The Revolt of Joan of Arc;;;;;;;;;;6229 EVENTNAME20;Creation of Bank;;;;;;;;;;6230 EVENTNAME2;Colonial Uprising;;;;;;;;;;6231 EVENTNAME19027;The Hapsburg Inheritence of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;6232 EVENTNAME19025;The Death of King Lajos of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;6233 EVENTNAME19022;The Turks Respond;;;;;;;;;;6234 EVENTNAME19019;The Death of János Zápolya;;;;;;;;;;6235 EVENTNAME19018;The Habsburg rule Hungary;;;;;;;;;;6236 EVENTNAME19016;Electing a New King;;;;;;;;;;6237 EVENTNAME19015;The Assassination of Lajos II;;;;;;;;;;6238 EVENTNAME19014;The Battle of Mohacs;;;;;;;;;;6239 EVENTNAME19013;The Turks Approach!;;;;;;;;;;6240 EVENTNAME19011;Lajos submits to Suleyman;;;;;;;;;;6241 EVENTNAME19010;Lajos insults Suleyman;;;;;;;;;;6242 EVENTNAME19009;Suleyman Demands Our Submission;;;;;;;;;;6243 EVENTNAME19008;Suleyman demands the keys to Hungary;;;;;;;;;;6244 EVENTNAME19007;Fire In Prague Castle;;;;;;;;;;6245 EVENTNAME19006;Vassalage of Wallachia;;;;;;;;;;6246 EVENTNAME19005;Contested Throne;;;;;;;;;;6247 EVENTNAME19004;Son of the Dragon;;;;;;;;;;6248 EVENTNAME19003;Hostage from Wallachia;;;;;;;;;;6249 EVENTNAME19002;Vassalage of Wallachia;;;;;;;;;;6250 EVENTNAME19001;The Dragon in Chains;;;;;;;;;;6251 EVENTNAME19000;The Dragon;;;;;;;;;;6252 EVENTNAME18106;A Famosa;;;;;;;;;;6253 EVENTNAME18105;Malacca is ours!;;;;;;;;;;6254 EVENTNAME18104;Sultan has bowed to our demands;;;;;;;;;;6255 EVENTNAME18103;Sultan has defied our demands;;;;;;;;;;6256 EVENTNAME18065;Maharaja refuses our offer;;;;;;;;;;6257 EVENTNAME18064;Maharaja agrees to our offer;;;;;;;;;;6258 EVENTNAME18063;Portuguese offer;;;;;;;;;;6259 EVENTNAME18043;Goa is ours!;;;;;;;;;;6260 EVENTNAME18042;Goa is lost;;;;;;;;;;6261 EVENTNAME18041;The infidel refuses our offer;;;;;;;;;;6262 EVENTNAME18040;The infidel yield to our demands;;;;;;;;;;6263 EVENTNAME18039;Portuguese demand Goa;;;;;;;;;;6264 EVENTNAME18038;The gates of India;;;;;;;;;;6265 EVENTNAME18037;Settlement of Nampuia;;;;;;;;;;6266 EVENTNAME18036;Fort Jesus;;;;;;;;;;6267 EVENTNAME18035;Capture of Mombasa;;;;;;;;;;6268 EVENTNAME18034;Sultan refuses our demands;;;;;;;;;;6269 EVENTNAME18033;Sultan agrees to our demands;;;;;;;;;;6270 EVENTNAME18032;Portuguese demand submission;;;;;;;;;;6271 EVENTNAME18031;The lands of Zanj;;;;;;;;;;6272 EVENTNAME18030;The cessation of Macao;;;;;;;;;;6273 EVENTNAME18029;The conquest of Macao;;;;;;;;;;6274 EVENTNAME18028;The succession in Castile;;;;;;;;;;6275 EVENTNAME18027;Enterprise of the Indies;;;;;;;;;;6276 EVENTNAME18026;Sugar in Azores;;;;;;;;;;6277 EVENTNAME18025;Brazilian Independence;;;;;;;;;;6278 EVENTNAME18024;Return to Lisbon;;;;;;;;;;6279 EVENTNAME18023;Move Court to Brazil;;;;;;;;;;6280 EVENTNAME18020;Dutch Ambitions Realized;;;;;;;;;;6281 EVENTNAME18019;Dutch Conflict with Portugal;;;;;;;;;;6282 EVENTNAME18018;Trade Restrictions;;;;;;;;;;6283 EVENTNAME18016;House of Bragança;;;;;;;;;;6284 EVENTNAME18015;Dynastic Conflict;;;;;;;;;;6285 EVENTNAME18012;Commercial Conflict in Asian Seas;;;;;;;;;;6286 EVENTNAME18010;Treaty of Alcacovas Rejected;;;;;;;;;;6287 EVENTNAME18008;Treaty of Alcacovas;;;;;;;;;;6288 EVENTNAME18006;Colonial Pact;;;;;;;;;;6289 EVENTNAME18005;Expedition to Tangiers;;;;;;;;;;6290 EVENTNAME18004;Royal Charters;;;;;;;;;;6291 EVENTNAME18003;Henry's Captains;;;;;;;;;;6292 EVENTNAME18002;Cape Bojador;;;;;;;;;;6293 EVENTNAME18001;Enrique the Navigator;;;;;;;;;;6294 EVENTNAME18000;Enrique the Crusader;;;;;;;;;;6295 EVENTNAME17440;Francesco IV Duke of Modena;;;;;;;;;;6296 EVENTNAME17439;Francesco IV;;;;;;;;;;6297 EVENTNAME17436;The Castro War;;;;;;;;;;6298 EVENTNAME17435;The loss of Ferrara;;;;;;;;;;6299 EVENTNAME17434;The Duchy of Modena;;;;;;;;;;6300 EVENTNAME17432;Savoy joins our alliance;;;;;;;;;;6301 EVENTNAME17431;Savoy seeks our protection;;;;;;;;;;6302 EVENTNAME17430;Savoy betrays our alliance;;;;;;;;;;6303 EVENTNAME17429;Savoy defies us;;;;;;;;;;6304 EVENTNAME17428;Savoy allies with us;;;;;;;;;;6305 EVENTNAME17427;The Order of Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro;;;;;;;;;;6306 EVENTNAME17426;Return to Italy;;;;;;;;;;6307 EVENTNAME17425;Move Court to Sicily;;;;;;;;;;6308 EVENTNAME17424;Move Court to Sardinia;;;;;;;;;;6309 EVENTNAME17423;The Kingdom of Sicily;;;;;;;;;;6310 EVENTNAME17422;The Kingdom of Sardinia;;;;;;;;;;6311 EVENTNAME17421;La Glorieuse Rentree;;;;;;;;;;6312 EVENTNAME17420;The Expulsion of the Vaudois;;;;;;;;;;6313 EVENTNAME17419;The Reforms of Charles Emmanuel III;;;;;;;;;;6314 EVENTNAME17418;The Absolutist Reforms of Victor Amadeus II;;;;;;;;;;6315 EVENTNAME17417;Reforms of Emmanuel Philibert;;;;;;;;;;6316 EVENTNAME17416;Civil Wars in Savoy;;;;;;;;;;6317 EVENTNAME17415;The Escalade;;;;;;;;;;6318 EVENTNAME17414;Genevan Independence;;;;;;;;;;6319 EVENTNAME17413;Swiss expansion;;;;;;;;;;6320 EVENTNAME17412;Civil War in Savoy;;;;;;;;;;6321 EVENTNAME17411;The Last Anti-Pope;;;;;;;;;;6322 EVENTNAME17410;A General Statute of Laws;;;;;;;;;;6323 EVENTNAME17409;Civil chaos in Savoy;;;;;;;;;;6324 EVENTNAME17406;Charles V's Mercenary Army Sacks Rome;;;;;;;;;;6325 EVENTNAME17405;Callixtus's Gold;;;;;;;;;;6326 EVENTNAME17404;The Warrior Pope;;;;;;;;;;6327 EVENTNAME17403;Cesare Borgia;;;;;;;;;;6328 EVENTNAME17402;Jubilee 1500;;;;;;;;;;6329 EVENTNAME17401;Lucrezia Borgia;;;;;;;;;;6330 EVENTNAME17400;The Borgias;;;;;;;;;;6331 EVENTNAME17399;Jubilee 1775;;;;;;;;;;6332 EVENTNAME17398;Jubilee 1750;;;;;;;;;;6333 EVENTNAME17397;Jubilee 1725;;;;;;;;;;6334 EVENTNAME17396;Jubilee 1700;;;;;;;;;;6335 EVENTNAME17395;Jubilee 1675;;;;;;;;;;6336 EVENTNAME17394;Jubilee 1650;;;;;;;;;;6337 EVENTNAME17393;Jubilee 1625;;;;;;;;;;6338 EVENTNAME17392;Jubilee 1600;;;;;;;;;;6339 EVENTNAME17391;Jubilee 1575;;;;;;;;;;6340 EVENTNAME17390;Jubilee 1550;;;;;;;;;;6341 EVENTNAME17389;Jubilee 1475;;;;;;;;;;6342 EVENTNAME17388;Jubilee 1450;;;;;;;;;;6343 EVENTNAME17387;Jubilee 1423;;;;;;;;;;6344 EVENTNAME17386;Louis XII invasion of Italy;;;;;;;;;;6345 EVENTNAME17385;A Spanish Pope;;;;;;;;;;6346 EVENTNAME17384;The Assasination of Allessandro de' Medici;;;;;;;;;;6347 EVENTNAME17382;The Duchy of Tuscany;;;;;;;;;;6348 EVENTNAME17381;Establishment of the Republic;;;;;;;;;;6349 EVENTNAME17380;Rage of Louis;;;;;;;;;;6350 EVENTNAME17379;Wrath of God;;;;;;;;;;6351 EVENTNAME17378;Council of Pisa;;;;;;;;;;6352 EVENTNAME17377;Florentine Militia;;;;;;;;;;6353 EVENTNAME17376;The Knights of Santo Stefano;;;;;;;;;;6354 EVENTNAME17375;Unification of Tuscany;;;;;;;;;;6355 EVENTNAME17373;Cosimo I's fortifications;;;;;;;;;;6356 EVENTNAME17372;Reforms of Pietro Leopoldo I;;;;;;;;;;6357 EVENTNAME17371;Francesco II Grand Duke of Tuscany;;;;;;;;;;6358 EVENTNAME17370;The Emperor Francis;;;;;;;;;;6359 EVENTNAME17368;Election of Clement VII;;;;;;;;;;6360 EVENTNAME17367;Pope Clement VII;;;;;;;;;;6361 EVENTNAME17366;Florence attacked;;;;;;;;;;6362 EVENTNAME17364;The Mine in Volterra;;;;;;;;;;6363 EVENTNAME17363;The Return of the Medici;;;;;;;;;;6364 EVENTNAME17362;The Albizzi;;;;;;;;;;6365 EVENTNAME17361;Donatello;;;;;;;;;;6366 EVENTNAME17360;The Pazzi Conspiracy;;;;;;;;;;6367 EVENTNAME17359;Revolt in Siena;;;;;;;;;;6368 EVENTNAME17355;Burnt Siena;;;;;;;;;;6369 EVENTNAME17354;Sienese request;;;;;;;;;;6370 EVENTNAME17352;Sienese defiance;;;;;;;;;;6371 EVENTNAME17350;The fall of the Petrucci;;;;;;;;;;6372 EVENTNAME17349;Pandolfo Petrucci;;;;;;;;;;6373 EVENTNAME17348;Civil unrest;;;;;;;;;;6374 EVENTNAME17347;Death of Pius II;;;;;;;;;;6375 EVENTNAME17345;Election of Pius II;;;;;;;;;;6376 EVENTNAME17344;Isabella d'Este;;;;;;;;;;6377 EVENTNAME17343;Murder of Gonzaga;;;;;;;;;;6378 EVENTNAME17342;Andrea Mantegna;;;;;;;;;;6379 EVENTNAME17341;The Marquisate of Mantua;;;;;;;;;;6380 EVENTNAME17338;The Guastalla Succession;;;;;;;;;;6381 EVENTNAME17337;The Guastalla Succession Denied;;;;;;;;;;6382 EVENTNAME17335;Our claims on Montferrat ignored;;;;;;;;;;6383 EVENTNAME17334;The Guastalla Succession in Mantua;;;;;;;;;;6384 EVENTNAME17333;The Nevers Succession in Mantua;;;;;;;;;;6385 EVENTNAME17330;The Nevers Succession Denied;;;;;;;;;;6386 EVENTNAME17329;The Nevers Succession;;;;;;;;;;6387 EVENTNAME17327;Second Mantuan Sucession;;;;;;;;;;6388 EVENTNAME17326;Montferrat Inheritance;;;;;;;;;;6389 EVENTNAME17324;First Mantuan Sucession Crisis;;;;;;;;;;6390 EVENTNAME17323;The Reggia di Caserta in all it's glory;;;;;;;;;;6391 EVENTNAME17322;The Commissioning of Reggia di Caserta;;;;;;;;;;6392 EVENTNAME17321;A new capital?;;;;;;;;;;6393 EVENTNAME17320;The Needle of the Italian Compass;;;;;;;;;;6394 EVENTNAME17319;Reforms of Cosimo de Medici;;;;;;;;;;6395 EVENTNAME17318;Savonarola Challenged;;;;;;;;;;6396 EVENTNAME17317;The Rise of Savonarola;;;;;;;;;;6397 EVENTNAME17316;Charles Borromeo;;;;;;;;;;6398 EVENTNAME17315;The Duchy of Mantua;;;;;;;;;;6399 EVENTNAME17314;The Duchy of Montferrat;;;;;;;;;;6400 EVENTNAME17313;The Last Paleologus;;;;;;;;;;6401 EVENTNAME17312;The recovery of Montferrat;;;;;;;;;;6402 EVENTNAME17311;Mantuan Inheritance of Montferrat;;;;;;;;;;6403 EVENTNAME17310;Inheritance of Montferrat;;;;;;;;;;6404 EVENTNAME17309;Death of Maria Paleogus of Montferrat, former wife of the Monarch;;;;;;;;;;6405 EVENTNAME17308;Death of Maria of Montferrat, wife of the Duke;;;;;;;;;;6406 EVENTNAME17307;A death in Montferrat;;;;;;;;;;6407 EVENTNAME17306;An Imperial Offer;;;;;;;;;;6408 EVENTNAME17305;Montferrato Conspiracy;;;;;;;;;;6409 EVENTNAME17304;Vincenzo Gonzaga's virility;;;;;;;;;;6410 EVENTNAME17303;The Congress of Venice;;;;;;;;;;6411 EVENTNAME17302;The Test;;;;;;;;;;6412 EVENTNAME17301;Death of Chrichton;;;;;;;;;;6413 EVENTNAME17300;Vincenzo Gonzaga marries Elizabeth Farnese;;;;;;;;;;6414 EVENTNAME17030;Goldoni's plays;;;;;;;;;;6415 EVENTNAME17029;Tintoretto;;;;;;;;;;6416 EVENTNAME17024;The Holy League;;;;;;;;;;6417 EVENTNAME17018;Realizing Great Danger;;;;;;;;;;6418 EVENTNAME17017;Seeing a Chance;;;;;;;;;;6419 EVENTNAME17016;Copper coins;;;;;;;;;;6420 EVENTNAME17015;Silver Crisis;;;;;;;;;;6421 EVENTNAME17014;Carmagnola's acquitted;;;;;;;;;;6422 EVENTNAME17013;Admiral Emo's Naval Reforms;;;;;;;;;;6423 EVENTNAME17012;Morosini's Cat;;;;;;;;;;6424 EVENTNAME17011;Zen Against the Ten;;;;;;;;;;6425 EVENTNAME17010;The Spanish Conspiracy;;;;;;;;;;6426 EVENTNAME17009;Paolo Sarpi;;;;;;;;;;6427 EVENTNAME17008;Daughter of Venice;;;;;;;;;;6428 EVENTNAME17007;Inquisitori di Stato;;;;;;;;;;6429 EVENTNAME17006;Council of Ten;;;;;;;;;;6430 EVENTNAME17005;Rossi Appeal;;;;;;;;;;6431 EVENTNAME17004;An Entrenched Maritime Republic;;;;;;;;;;6432 EVENTNAME17002;Carmagnola's Trial;;;;;;;;;;6433 EVENTNAME17001;Carmagnola;;;;;;;;;;6434 EVENTNAME17000;The Prophetic Doge;;;;;;;;;;6435 EVENTNAME17;Rush of Colonists;;;;;;;;;;6436 EVENTNAME16;Exceptional Year;;;;;;;;;;6437 EVENTNAME15;Wave of Obscurantism;;;;;;;;;;6438 EVENTNAME13;Gift to the State;;;;;;;;;;6439 EVENTNAME12148;The silk of Lyon;;;;;;;;;;6440 EVENTNAME12145;The cessation of Roussillon;;;;;;;;;;6441 EVENTNAME12143;Anti-French Coalition;;;;;;;;;;6442 EVENTNAME12140;Rebellion in Haiti;;;;;;;;;;6443 EVENTNAME12139;Assignats;;;;;;;;;;6444 EVENTNAME12138;The Sale of the French Church;;;;;;;;;;6445 EVENTNAME12137;Fresh Conscripts;;;;;;;;;;6446 EVENTNAME12136;Napoleon's Marshals;;;;;;;;;;6447 EVENTNAME12135;Code Napoleon;;;;;;;;;;6448 EVENTNAME12134;Lycees;;;;;;;;;;6449 EVENTNAME12133;The Légion d'Honneur;;;;;;;;;;6450 EVENTNAME12132;Civil Reform;;;;;;;;;;6451 EVENTNAME12131;Unrest Quelled;;;;;;;;;;6452 EVENTNAME12130;Toussaint Louverture;;;;;;;;;;6453 EVENTNAME12125;War Again;;;;;;;;;;6454 EVENTNAME12124;First Consul;;;;;;;;;;6455 EVENTNAME12123;Slavery Again;;;;;;;;;;6456 EVENTNAME12122;Slavery is abolished;;;;;;;;;;6457 EVENTNAME12121;Maximilien Robespierre;;;;;;;;;;6458 EVENTNAME12120;The Counter Revolution;;;;;;;;;;6459 EVENTNAME12114;Sabre Rattling;;;;;;;;;;6460 EVENTNAME12113;The Night of August 4th;;;;;;;;;;6461 EVENTNAME12112;The Storming of the Bastille;;;;;;;;;;6462 EVENTNAME12111;Announce intent to convoke the Estates-General;;;;;;;;;;6463 EVENTNAME12110;Reaction to Absolutism;;;;;;;;;;6464 EVENTNAME12109;Recalling the Parlement;;;;;;;;;;6465 EVENTNAME12108;Nobles response to the exile of the Parlement;;;;;;;;;;6466 EVENTNAME12107;Exile of the Parlement of Paris;;;;;;;;;;6467 EVENTNAME12106;The Diamond-Necklace Affair;;;;;;;;;;6468 EVENTNAME12105;The Assembly of Notables;;;;;;;;;;6469 EVENTNAME12104;Mild Winter;;;;;;;;;;6470 EVENTNAME12103;Exceptional Winter;;;;;;;;;;6471 EVENTNAME12102;First Flight in a Balloon;;;;;;;;;;6472 EVENTNAME12101;Charles-Alexandre de Calonne;;;;;;;;;;6473 EVENTNAME12100;French Assistance;;;;;;;;;;6474 EVENTNAME12099;The American Revolution;;;;;;;;;;6475 EVENTNAME12098;Convoking the Assembly of Notables;;;;;;;;;;6476 EVENTNAME12097;Appoint Necker's Replacement;;;;;;;;;;6477 EVENTNAME12096;Dismiss Necker;;;;;;;;;;6478 EVENTNAME12095;Jaques Necker;;;;;;;;;;6479 EVENTNAME12094;New Minister of Finance;;;;;;;;;;6480 EVENTNAME12093;The Reforms of Turgot;;;;;;;;;;6481 EVENTNAME12092;Appoint another Chancellor;;;;;;;;;;6482 EVENTNAME12091;Dismissal of Turgot;;;;;;;;;;6483 EVENTNAME12090;The Grain Riots;;;;;;;;;;6484 EVENTNAME12089;Public Pressure against Maupeou;;;;;;;;;;6485 EVENTNAME12088;Rene-Nicolas de Maupeou;;;;;;;;;;6486 EVENTNAME12087;Appoint a new chancellor;;;;;;;;;;6487 EVENTNAME12086;Make the Vingtieme Permanent;;;;;;;;;;6488 EVENTNAME12085;The Vingtieme Tax;;;;;;;;;;6489 EVENTNAME12084;The Provincial Estates;;;;;;;;;;6490 EVENTNAME12083;Toulon Shipyard;;;;;;;;;;6491 EVENTNAME12082;French Enlightenment;;;;;;;;;;6492 EVENTNAME12081;Brest Shipyard;;;;;;;;;;6493 EVENTNAME12077;Louis XIV's Extravagance;;;;;;;;;;6494 EVENTNAME12076;Gobelins Tapestry Manufacture;;;;;;;;;;6495 EVENTNAME12075;Jean-Baptiste Colbert;;;;;;;;;;6496 EVENTNAME12074;Controller-General Appointment;;;;;;;;;;6497 EVENTNAME12073;Investigation of False Nobles;;;;;;;;;;6498 EVENTNAME12071;Sale of Monopoly;;;;;;;;;;6499 EVENTNAME12069;Bureaucratic Expansion;;;;;;;;;;6500 EVENTNAME12068;The 1648 Uprising;;;;;;;;;;6501 EVENTNAME12065;Invention of Lemonade;;;;;;;;;;6502 EVENTNAME12064;Bassompierre;;;;;;;;;;6503 EVENTNAME12063;Seige of La Rochelle;;;;;;;;;;6504 EVENTNAME12062;French Encirclement by the Habsburgs;;;;;;;;;;6505 EVENTNAME12061;Day of Dupes;;;;;;;;;;6506 EVENTNAME12060;Cardinal Richelieu's Districts;;;;;;;;;;6507 EVENTNAME12059;Cardinal's Appointment;;;;;;;;;;6508 EVENTNAME12058;Maximillian de Bethune;;;;;;;;;;6509 EVENTNAME12057;Appointing a new minister of finance;;;;;;;;;;6510 EVENTNAME12056;The Paulette;;;;;;;;;;6511 EVENTNAME12055;Inflation Problems;;;;;;;;;;6512 EVENTNAME12054;Horrible Year;;;;;;;;;;6513 EVENTNAME12053;Funding Crisis;;;;;;;;;;6514 EVENTNAME12052;Edict of Nantes;;;;;;;;;;6515 EVENTNAME12051;Bearn;;;;;;;;;;6516 EVENTNAME12042;Assassination of the Duke of Guise;;;;;;;;;;6517 EVENTNAME12037;Treaty of Cateau-Cabresis;;;;;;;;;;6518 EVENTNAME12036;The Burning Chamber;;;;;;;;;;6519 EVENTNAME12035;Institutes of the Christian Religion;;;;;;;;;;6520 EVENTNAME12034;The Followers of Erasmus;;;;;;;;;;6521 EVENTNAME12033;Affair of the Placards;;;;;;;;;;6522 EVENTNAME12032;Lutheran writings becoming a threat;;;;;;;;;;6523 EVENTNAME12031;Concordat of Bologna;;;;;;;;;;6524 EVENTNAME12030;College de France;;;;;;;;;;6525 EVENTNAME12029;Peace in Milan;;;;;;;;;;6526 EVENTNAME12028;Peace of Cambrai;;;;;;;;;;6527 EVENTNAME12027;Francis I is captured;;;;;;;;;;6528 EVENTNAME12026;French Meddling in Italy;;;;;;;;;;6529 EVENTNAME12025;French withdrawl from Milan;;;;;;;;;;6530 EVENTNAME12024;Louis XII's Invasion of Milan;;;;;;;;;;6531 EVENTNAME12023;French Inheritance of Napoli;;;;;;;;;;6532 EVENTNAME12022;Naples' Response to French Aggression;;;;;;;;;;6533 EVENTNAME12021;The Inheritance of Anjou;;;;;;;;;;6534 EVENTNAME12020;The Reforms of Louis XI;;;;;;;;;;6535 EVENTNAME12019;Military Reforms of Charles VII;;;;;;;;;;6536 EVENTNAME12018;Administrative Reforms of Charles VII;;;;;;;;;;6537 EVENTNAME12010;Jeanne is exonerated by the Pope;;;;;;;;;;6538 EVENTNAME12000;The Scots assist the Dauphin;;;;;;;;;;6539 EVENTNAME12;Scandal at the Court;;;;;;;;;;6540 EVENTNAME1131;End of a great Feud;;;;;;;;;;6541 EVENTNAME1130;Commissioning of a great Mosque;;;;;;;;;;6542 EVENTNAME1129;A Heir to the Crown;;;;;;;;;;6543 EVENTNAME1103;Great royal hunt;;;;;;;;;;6544 EVENTNAME1102;Commissioning of a Cathedral;;;;;;;;;;6545 EVENTNAME1101;Chartering of a University;;;;;;;;;;6546 EVENTNAME11;Temporary Insanity of Monarch;;;;;;;;;;6547 EVENTNAME10435;Emperor Chongzhen Commits Suicide;;;;;;;;;;6548 EVENTNAME10434;The Eight Trigrams Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6549 EVENTNAME103;Treaty of Tordesillas;;;;;;;;;;6550 EVENTNAME102;Council of Trent;;;;;;;;;;6551 EVENTNAME101;Reformation;;;;;;;;;;6552 EVENTNAME10043;The Manchu Takeover of China;;;;;;;;;;6553 EVENTNAME10041;The Eight Trigrams Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6554 EVENTNAME10040;The Celestial Order Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6555 EVENTNAME10039;The White Lotus Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6556 EVENTNAME10038;Lord Macartney's Mission;;;;;;;;;;6557 EVENTNAME10037;The Appointment of Heshen;;;;;;;;;;6558 EVENTNAME10036;The Expulsion of the Jesuits;;;;;;;;;;6559 EVENTNAME10035;The Manchu Advance;;;;;;;;;;6560 EVENTNAME10034;More Repairs for the Great Wall;;;;;;;;;;6561 EVENTNAME10033;The Celestial Order Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6562 EVENTNAME10032;The White Lotus Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6563 EVENTNAME10031;Lord Macartney's Mission;;;;;;;;;;6564 EVENTNAME10030;The Appointment of Heshen;;;;;;;;;;6565 EVENTNAME10029;The Expulsion of the Jesuits;;;;;;;;;;6566 EVENTNAME10028;The Move to Beijing;;;;;;;;;;6567 EVENTNAME10027;The End of the Ming Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;6568 EVENTNAME10026;The End of the Ming Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;6569 EVENTNAME10025;The Chinese Collapse;;;;;;;;;;6570 EVENTNAME10024;The Empire of China;;;;;;;;;;6571 EVENTNAME10023;The Revolt of the Three Feudatories;;;;;;;;;;6572 EVENTNAME10022;The Coastal Evacuation;;;;;;;;;;6573 EVENTNAME10021;The End of the Ming Rebellions in the South;;;;;;;;;;6574 EVENTNAME10020;The Manchu Army Reforms;;;;;;;;;;6575 EVENTNAME10019;The Manchu Takeover of China;;;;;;;;;;6576 EVENTNAME10018;The Manchu Takeover of China;;;;;;;;;;6577 EVENTNAME10017;The Manchu Takeover of China;;;;;;;;;;6578 EVENTNAME10016;The Manchu Takeover of China;;;;;;;;;;6579 EVENTNAME10015;The Takeover of China;;;;;;;;;;6580 EVENTNAME10014;The Fall of the Ming Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;6581 EVENTNAME10013;Li Zechang's Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6582 EVENTNAME10012;The Financial Crisis;;;;;;;;;;6583 EVENTNAME10011;The Cult of the White Lotus;;;;;;;;;;6584 EVENTNAME10010;The Manchu Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;6585 EVENTNAME10009;Famine!;;;;;;;;;;6586 EVENTNAME10008;The arrival of the Jesuits;;;;;;;;;;6587 EVENTNAME10007;Qi Jiguang's Army Reforms;;;;;;;;;;6588 EVENTNAME10006;Pirates besiege Nanjing;;;;;;;;;;6589 EVENTNAME10005;Japanese Pirates Attack!;;;;;;;;;;6590 EVENTNAME10004;The Perfection of Ming Porcelain;;;;;;;;;;6591 EVENTNAME10003;Repairing the Great Wall;;;;;;;;;;6592 EVENTNAME10002;Zhengtong Returns to the Throne;;;;;;;;;;6593 EVENTNAME10001;The Emperor Has Been Captured!;;;;;;;;;;6594 EVENTNAME10000;The Move to Beijing;;;;;;;;;;6595 EVENTNAME10;Excellent Minister;;;;;;;;;;6596 EVENTNAME1;Unprovoked Revolt;;;;;;;;;;6597 EVENTNAME_A9;Assassination of Noble;;;;;;;;;;6598 EVENTNAME_A8;Nobles Ally with Foreign Power;;;;;;;;;;6599 EVENTNAME_A7;Noble Families Feud;;;;;;;;;;6600 EVENTNAME_A6;Regulation of the medical profession;;;;;;;;;;6601 EVENTNAME_A5;Saint Performs Miracle;;;;;;;;;;6602 EVENTNAME_A42;Moslem influence in south-east Asia;;;;;;;;;;6603 EVENTNAME_A41;Protestant influence in America;;;;;;;;;;6604 EVENTNAME_A40;Catholic influence in America;;;;;;;;;;6605 EVENTNAME_A4;Fire Control Ordinances Succeed;;;;;;;;;;6606 EVENTNAME_A39;Moslem influence in Nubia;;;;;;;;;;6607 EVENTNAME_A38;Moslem influence in Africa;;;;;;;;;;6608 EVENTNAME_A37;Mali returns to paganism;;;;;;;;;;6609 EVENTNAME_A36;Christian influence in southern Africa;;;;;;;;;;6610 EVENTNAME_A35;Catholic influence in Africa;;;;;;;;;;6611 EVENTNAME_A34;Exceptional Court Painter Available;;;;;;;;;;6612 EVENTNAME_A33;Foreign Trade Competition Rises;;;;;;;;;;6613 EVENTNAME_A32;Support for Dissidents Abroad;;;;;;;;;;6614 EVENTNAME_A31;Great Noble Family Requests Aid;;;;;;;;;;6615 EVENTNAME_A30;Petition for Redress;;;;;;;;;;6616 EVENTNAME_A3;Meteor Sighted;;;;;;;;;;6617 EVENTNAME_A29;Regional Population Boom;;;;;;;;;;6618 EVENTNAME_A28;Merchants Harassed;;;;;;;;;;6619 EVENTNAME_A27;Boundary Dispute;;;;;;;;;;6620 EVENTNAME_A26;Regional Heresy;;;;;;;;;;6621 EVENTNAME_A25;Uncooperative Philosopher;;;;;;;;;;6622 EVENTNAME_A24;Indulgence Peddler in Your Domain;;;;;;;;;;6623 EVENTNAME_A23;Build a Great Palace;;;;;;;;;;6624 EVENTNAME_A22;Foreign Drill Instructor Available;;;;;;;;;;6625 EVENTNAME_A21;Italian Engineer Available;;;;;;;;;;6626 EVENTNAME_A20;Bourgeoisie Request Privileges;;;;;;;;;;6627 EVENTNAME_A2;Internal Trade Ordinance;;;;;;;;;;6628 EVENTNAME_A19;Non-enforcement of Ordinances;;;;;;;;;;6629 EVENTNAME_A18;Cities Demand Old Rights;;;;;;;;;;6630 EVENTNAME_A17;Nobles Demand Old Rights;;;;;;;;;;6631 EVENTNAME_A16;Establish Cantonments;;;;;;;;;;6632 EVENTNAME_A15;New Land Claimed;;;;;;;;;;6633 EVENTNAME_A14;Grant Export Licences;;;;;;;;;;6634 EVENTNAME_A13;Nobles Demand Increased Pensions;;;;;;;;;;6635 EVENTNAME_A12;Monopoly Company Formed;;;;;;;;;;6636 EVENTNAME_A11;Sale of Offices;;;;;;;;;;6637 EVENTNAME_A10;Cessation of Church Functions to Nobility;;;;;;;;;;6638 EVENTNAME_A1;Trading Company Bubble Bursts;;;;;;;;;;6639 EVENTNAME_A0;Nobles demand recovery of former rights;;;;;;;;;;6640 EVENTHIST88019;After stepping on the Shieringers' toes once too many times, Jan lost control of the Schieringers. After losing Dokkum, his last foothold in Friesland, on the 29th (or the 30th) of May 1422, the treaty ending his Frisian adventure was signed on the 17th of August.;;;;;;;;;;6641 EVENTHIST88018;Despite their previous reconciliation effort, the Schieringers came to Jan once more, this time Jan accepted and became lord over Friesland.;;;;;;;;;;6642 EVENTHIST88017;From 1392 to 1498, civil war between two parties, the Schieringers and the Vetkopers raged in Friesland. In june 1420, the Schieringers asked Jan of Bavaria to aid them in their civil war against the Vetkopers, Jan was too busy with internal affairs.;;;;;;;;;;6643 EVENTHIST88016;The monopoly on positions of authority by those born in Holland, many of whom abused their positions for personal profit, has become a source of resentment in the remainder of the low countries. Demands for power to be devolved to the cities were presented by the burghers of Amsterdam, Haarlem and Delft. Most of the remaining cities outside Holland and some of the rural nobility soon signed up to this League of Holland. We have two courses of action to choose between. Firstly, we could replace our some of officials with wavering individuals from within the League, thus dividing the League, removing one of their key greivances and cleansing our bureaucracy of graft. Alternatively, we might have to acceed to the League's demand to share power.;;;;;;;;;;6644 EVENTHIST88014;Jan VI of Holland died in 1428, leaving Jacqueline and Philip III of Burgundy as possible heirs. Jacqueline had stepped aside years before however, so the obvious choice was Philip.;;;;;;;;;;6645 EVENTHIST88013;Jacqueline was imprisoned at Ghent by Philip III of Burgundy after her failed invasion of Hainaut. Philip decided to let her go however, after a hefty ransom was paid. The Hoeks contributed to her ransom, to lessen the burden on the treasury.;;;;;;;;;;6646 EVENTHIST88012;Jacqueline and Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, the brother of King Henry V, invaded Hainaut in an attempt to restore her title as Countess of Holland. They captured Hainaut and Jaqueline drove her uncle away, and was once again countess of Hainaut.;;;;;;;;;;6647 EVENTHIST88011;Calvinism swept through the Low Countries creating many zealous followers, who were swept up not only in religious reformation but nationalism as well.;;;;;;;;;;6648 EVENTHIST88009;Philip inherited Holland after Jacqueline's death, and annexed it into Burgundy proper.;;;;;;;;;;6649 EVENTHIST88008;Jacoba died in 1436 of teburculosis, leaving no heirs. Her closest blood relative was Philip III of Burgundy, but she never cared much for Philip. If she designates no heir, the Emperor will designate the Duke of Nassau, Engelbrecht, the Count of Holland.;;;;;;;;;;6650 EVENTHIST88005;In 1433 Jacqueline of Wittelsbach, known as Jacoba to the Dutch, attempted to throw off Burgundian domination with a revolt, mostly supported by the Hoeks, nobles who supported Jacqueline. The Kabeljauws, with Burgundian support, and the efforts of Philip III of Burgundy, quickly saw the rebellion fail.;;;;;;;;;;6651 EVENTHIST88003;Jacqueline and Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, the brother of King Henry V, invaded Hainaut in an attempt to restore her title as Countess of Holland. They captured Hainaut and Jaqueline drove her uncle away, and was once again countess of Hainaut.;;;;;;;;;;6652 EVENTHIST88002;Jacqueline and Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, the brother of King Henry V, invaded Hainaut in an attempt to restore her title as Countess of Holland. They failed, and Jacqueline was abandoned by Humphrey, and captured by Philip III of Burgundy.;;;;;;;;;;6653 EVENTHIST88001;Jacqueline had married her cousin, John IV duke of Brabant, nephew of Philip the Good of Burgundy, but found him useless in helping her recover Hainaut. John then pledged all of Jacqueline's territories to her uncle Jan. Jacqueline found this intolerable, and she sought refuge in England. Although her previous marriage had been dubiously annulled, there she married Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, and brother to King Henry V of England.;;;;;;;;;;6654 EVENTHIST88000;From 1417 to 1419, Jacqueline feuded with her uncle, Jan VI of Bavaria, over who would inherit the County of Holland. Jan gathered support from the Kabeljauws, the Pope, and the Emperor Sigismund to force Jacqueline from the county. In the end, a treaty drafted by Philip III of Burgundy ended the fighting, by seceding Hainaut to Jan, and making Jan her 'tutor', basically forcing Jacqueline to be a puppet of Jan. The County of Hainaut was essentially now a part of Burgundy.;;;;;;;;;;6655 EVENTHIST82011;As the Europeans extended their rule in the Americas, the native economies and societies faced dramatic upheaval. The new masters would reduce the natives to serfdom, if not outright slavery, compounding the misery wrought by waves of epidemic disease. While destroying the native economy was not in the long-term interest of the state, there was no way to prevent the new masters from doing as they would.;;;;;;;;;;6656 EVENTHIST82009;Sire, a deadly disease is sweeping through our towns! Perhaps it comes from the strangers from over the sea...;;;;;;;;;;6657 EVENTHIST82008;Sire, our soldiers have conquered the Zapotecs!;;;;;;;;;;6658 EVENTHIST82007;The Spanish invaders have taken our capitol, my lord. Our soldiers cannot withstand their magical weapons! What will you do?;;;;;;;;;;6659 EVENTHIST82006;Sire, the Aztec emperor has agreed to accept you as his overlord, and to lead his people into the Christian faith. He will make an excellent puppet ruler. (Oh, and did I mention the gold?);;;;;;;;;;6660 EVENTHIST82005;Sire, our soldiers in the Americas have won an astounding victory! The Aztec Empire has fallen to our conquistadores!;;;;;;;;;;6661 EVENTHIST82004;The Spanish invaders have taken our capitol, my lord. Our soldiers cannot withstand their magical weapons! What will you do?;;;;;;;;;;6662 EVENTHIST82003;The Zapotecs have agreed to put themselves under your protection, my lord. With our advisers firmly entrenched in their court, we will soon be able to bring them fully under our rule.;;;;;;;;;;6663 EVENTHIST82002;The Spanish wish to aid us against our enemies. All we must do is grant them a base from which to operate, and swear fealty to their king -- whatever that might mean.;;;;;;;;;;6664 EVENTHIST82001;The people of Tlaxcala have decided to join us in overthrowing their Aztec overlords, sire!;;;;;;;;;;6665 EVENTHIST82000;The people of Tlaxcala have gone over to the strangers from the sea! Others of our subjects are willing to side with them as well. (Perhaps we shouldn't have sacrificed and eaten so many of them).;;;;;;;;;;6666 EVENTHIST8;Despite official Church policy to eradicate heresy the population of some provinces was sometimes strongly attached to their faith and resisted conversion. Similarly new faith would also engage in missionary activity and manage to convert whole regions to their own church.;;;;;;;;;;6667 EVENTHIST75021;In 1423 Reinald, the last Duke of Jülich-Gelre, died. The estates elected Arnold, the Count of Egmont as new Duke, and Gelre was again independent of german rule. In order to get the estates' support the new Duke had to make large concessions to them limiting the ducal prerogatives, and granting large powers to a council consisting of representatives of the nobles and the four most important cities.;;;;;;;;;;6668 EVENTHIST75018;In 1538 Duke Charles died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected the King of France who had inherited the claim from Burgundy.;;;;;;;;;;6669 EVENTHIST75017;In 1538 Duke Charles died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected Karl of Habsburg who had inherited the claim from Burgundy.;;;;;;;;;;6670 EVENTHIST75016;In 1538 Duke Charles of Gelre died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected a local noble, ignoring the claim that France has inherited from Charles the Rash.;;;;;;;;;;6671 EVENTHIST75015;In 1538 Duke Charles of Gelre died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected the King of France who had inherited a claim on the country from Charles the Rash and who was always looking to increase his dutch possessions.;;;;;;;;;;6672 EVENTHIST75014;In 1538 Duke Charles of Gelre died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected the protestant Duke Wilhelm of Kleve who had just unified Kleve and Berg. However, the King of France who had inherited the claim from Burgundy interfered, and after defeating Kleve annexed Gelre.;;;;;;;;;;6673 EVENTHIST75013;Our Duke Wilhelm was elected Duke by the estates of Gelre. If we accept the election, we can increase our territory significantly, but it will probably infuriate the King of France who claims the Duchy, too.;;;;;;;;;;6674 EVENTHIST75012;In 1538 Duke Charles died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected the protestant Duke Wilhelm of Kleve who had just unified Kleve and Berg. However, the King of France who had inherited the claim from Burgundy interfered, and after defeating Kleve annexed Gelre.;;;;;;;;;;6675 EVENTHIST75011;Our Duke Wilhelm was elected Duke by the estates of Gelre. This is a great opportunity to increase our territory and to connect Kleve with Jülich.;;;;;;;;;;6676 EVENTHIST75010;In 1538 Duke Charles died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected the protestant Duke of Kleves who had just unified Kleve and Berg.;;;;;;;;;;6677 EVENTHIST75009;In 1538 Duke Charles of Gelre died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected a local noble, ignoring the claim that Habsburg has inherited from Charles the Rash.;;;;;;;;;;6678 EVENTHIST75008;In 1538 Duke Charles of Gelre died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected Emperor Charles V. who had inherited a claim on the country from Charles the Rash and who was always looking to increase his dutch possessions.;;;;;;;;;;6679 EVENTHIST75007;In 1538 Duke Charles of Gelre died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected the protestant Duke Wilhelm of Kleve who had just unified Kleve and Berg. However, the Habsburgs who had inherited the claim from Burgundy interfered, and after defeating Kleve annexed Gelre.;;;;;;;;;;6680 EVENTHIST75006;Our Duke Wilhelm was elected Duke by the estates of Gelre. If we accept the election, we can increase our territory significantly, but it will probably infuriate the Habsburgs who claim the Duchy, too.;;;;;;;;;;6681 EVENTHIST75005;In 1538 Duke Charles died without an heir. Once again the estates of Gelre had to choose a successor. They elected the protestant Duke Wilhelm of Kleve who had just unified Kleve and Berg. However, the Habsburgs who had inherited the claim from Burgundy interfered, and after defeating Kleve annexed Gelre.;;;;;;;;;;6682 EVENTHIST75004;After several years of conflict between father and son in Gelre, Charles the Rash, the Duke of Burgundy, was asked to be arbitrarian. Charles decided that Adolf would become stateholder of Gelre and that Arnold would officially remain the Duke and receive a pension of 3000 Gulden. But Adolf did not accept this judgement and continued to fight until he was arrested by Charles. The old Duke was restored to the throne, yet could not consolidate his rule. Therefore he offered the Duchy to Charles the Rash for 300000 Gulden.;;;;;;;;;;6683 EVENTHIST75003;After several years of conflict between father and son, Charles the Rash, the Duke of Burgundy, was asked to be arbitrarian. Charles decided that Adolf would become stateholder of Gelre and that Arnold would officially remain the Duke and receive a pension of 3000 Gulden. But Adolf did not accept this judgement and continued to fight until he was arrested by Charles. The old Duke was restored to the throne, yet could not consolidate his rule. Therefore he offered the Duchy to Charles the Rash for 300000 Gulden.;;;;;;;;;;6684 EVENTHIST75002;In 1459 the Duke's son Adolf demanded his father's abdication. However Duke Arnold refused and Adolf tried to claim the throne by force. He imprisoned his father and took control of the Duchy which caused the Duke of Kleve, Arnolds brother in law, to intervene.;;;;;;;;;;6685 EVENTHIST75001;In 1423 Reinald, the last Duke of Jülich-Gelre, died. The duke of Berg who had already annexed Jülich, inherited the Duchy, too.;;;;;;;;;;6686 EVENTHIST75000;In 1423 Reinald, the last Duke of Jülich-Gelre, died. The estates elected Arnold, the Count of Egmont as new Duke, defying the claims of the duke of Berg, and Gelre was again independent of german rule. In order to get the estates' support the new Duke had to make large concessions to them limiting the ducal prerogatives, and granting large powers to a council consisting of representatives of the nobles and the four most important cities.;;;;;;;;;;6687 EVENTHIST7160;During the volatile 1460s a number of Castillian towns and villages had revived an earlier tradition of forming a hermandad, a brotherhood, for self-protection against the gangs, and policing the roads. In 1476, the Crown of Castile has authorized the formation of the Santa Hermandad, a state-sponsored well-armed police force, and encouraged the formation of similar units all over Castile. The Hermandad had brought peace and order to the central and northern parts of Castile, which made the country one of the most orderly in the Western Europe.;;;;;;;;;;6688 EVENTHIST7159;After his acension into power, Emperor Charles V was faced with what to do with the city of Tripoli. Conquered in 1510, the city had been a drain on Spain's resources. Although, he wanted Tripoli to stay free of Turkish control, he had no desire to use Spanish forces to protect the city. Eventually, he decided to leave the burden of Tripoli to the Knights of St. John.;;;;;;;;;;6689 EVENTHIST7158;After his acension into power, Carlos I was faced with what to do with the city of Tripoli. Conquered in 1510, the city had been a drain on Castile's resources. Although, he wanted Tripoli to stay free of Turkish control, he had no desire to use Castilian forces to protect the city. Eventually, he decided to leave the burden of Tripoli to the Knights of St. John.;;;;;;;;;;6690 EVENTHIST7157;During the sixteenth century, Hapsburg Spain and the Ottoman Empire were pitted in a struggle for supremacy in the Mediterranean. Spanish forces had already occupied a number of other North African ports when in 1510 they captured Tripoli, destroyed the city, and constructed a fortified naval base from the rubble. Tripoli was only another stepping stone in the Spanish bid for supremacy.;;;;;;;;;;6691 EVENTHIST7156;During the sixteenth century, Castile and the Ottoman Empire were pitted in a struggle for supremacy in the Mediterranean. Castilian forces had already occupied a number of other North African ports when in 1510 they captured Tripoli, destroyed the city, and constructed a fortified naval base from the rubble. Tripoli was only another stepping stone in the Castilian bid for supremacy.;;;;;;;;;;6692 EVENTHIST7155;My Lord, that unfaithful sultan has rejected our request for military aid. He will send nothing.;;;;;;;;;;6693 EVENTHIST7154;My Lord, the sultan has accepted our request. His best troops are coming!;;;;;;;;;;6694 EVENTHIST7153;My Lord, the sultan has rejected our petition of military aid. Nevertheless, he has sent some sumptuous presents instead.;;;;;;;;;;6695 EVENTHIST7152;My Lord, the ideas of the french philosophers are gaining more and more adepts in our lands. Even some ministers think that it would be a good idea to introduce great reforms in our administration.;;;;;;;;;;6696 EVENTHIST7151;The death of Carlos II of Spain led to a void in the equilibrium of European powers. The struggle for his succession involved nearly all european nations and it was difficult to decide to whom of the candidates a country must give support. What will we do?;;;;;;;;;;6697 EVENTHIST7150;During the 17th century, due to the difficulties in the rural life, gangs of bandits abounded in the interior of Catalonia and Valencia, specially in mountanious and densely forested zones. They were usually divided in two rival groups: the 'nyerros' and the 'cadells' according to their political ideas. The most famous of these bandits, origin of many legends, was Joan de Serrallonga, and his faithful fiancée Joana Torrelles. These gangs were sometimes very dangerous and caused havoc to the economy and trade of the country.;;;;;;;;;;6698 EVENTHIST7149;After the discovery of America and the new routes opened by portuguese sailors to India and China, the once very dynamical and mercantile Mediterranean lose progressively its role as the economical heart of Europe. The interest and the money shifted to the Atlantic and to the Atlantic countries. This was a hard blow to the Crown of Aragon and its Mediterranean-based economy.;;;;;;;;;;6699 EVENTHIST7145;In 1490 the first edition of the book 'Tirant lo Blanc' was published in València. The book had been written by Joanot Martorell and finished by his friend Martí Joan de Galba after his death. In it, the old chivalry ideals are reinterpreted in a more bourgeois manner, and the typical supernatural and magical elements of older chivalry adventure books are substituted by realism and a more humanistic scenario, and even by a certain degree of irony and autoparody. The 'Tirant lo Blanc' is one of the masterworks of catalan literature, and years later the spanish writer Cervantes (the author of the 'Don Quixote') qualified it as 'the best book in the world'.;;;;;;;;;;6700 EVENTHIST7144;During the 15th century the poetry in the old style of the provençal trobadours was still cultivated. But the new humanistic styles were gaining ground, thanks to the great italian influence. Ausiàs March was the first catalan poet to break radically with the ancient tradition, and he is considered one of the graetest european poets in the line of Petrarca and Chaucer.;;;;;;;;;;6701 EVENTHIST7140;In 1596 the Generalitat (the permanent delegation of the Catalan Corts) decided to enlarge his old gothic offices in Barcelona with a new building in a more modern italian-like style. The decision was not only practical but also with the aim of boosting the prestige of the institution.;;;;;;;;;;6702 EVENTHIST7138;France has refused our payment for the Roussillon and will not return our lands.;;;;;;;;;;6703 EVENTHIST7136;During the Civil War, the king Joan II had ceded the Roussillon and Cerdanya to the king of France, in exchange of military help. The treaty established a mortgage of 300.000 ducats for these territories. In 1493, the king Ferran II decided to recover them and to pay the price.;;;;;;;;;;6704 EVENTHIST7135;After the outbreak of the war the Generalitat looked for a king to whom offer the crown. They offered the kingdom successively to Enrique IV of Castilla, to Pedro of Portugal and to Renat of Provence. Enrique IV hesitated but finally declined the offer. Pedro accepted and he was, in fact, proclaimed king for a brief period until he died in 1466. Finally, Renat of Provence accepted as well, but after some military successes against the king Joan II he also gave up. These 'kings' offered some military help to the armies of the Generalitat, but nevertheless, the royalist forces were gaining the upper hand.;;;;;;;;;;6705 EVENTHIST7134;After the death of the prince Carles de Viana, who supported the Corts and the oligarchy, the post of 'lieutenant of the king' went to the king's wife, Juana Enríquez, a faithful supporter of the royalist cause. The relation with the Corts became more difficult than ever as the queen worked hard to restablish royalist power. The Corts and the Generalitat, afraid of possible reprisals against them for the previous events, began a persecution of royalist supporters and raised an army, with which they besieged the city of Girona, where the queen and her son were at that very moment. The war seemed inevitable.;;;;;;;;;;6706 EVENTHIST7133;With the new king Joan II, the confrontation between the king and the oligarchy went on, reaching new heights. Carles de Viana was the son of the king Joan II. By 1450 there had already been various problems between father and son, which led the king, in 1456, to dispossess his son of his inheritance. But Carles won some support in Sicily and among the members of the Parliament, and the king imprisoned him in Barcelona in 1460. The Corts held in Lleida in the same year, dominated by the oligarchy, who opposed the king and supported the prince Carles, entrusted the Generalitat (permanent delegation of the Corts) the raising of an army in order to eventually fight the king in case he didn't accept their reivindications.;;;;;;;;;;6707 EVENTHIST7132;After having given the municipal power in Barcelona to 'La Busca', the king went on in his policy of confrontation against the wealthy urban oligarchy. The next step was the 'Sentència Interlocutòria' (Interlocutory Sentence), that abolished some peasant servitudes, 'els mals usos', against the will of the nobility.;;;;;;;;;;6708 EVENTHIST7131;One of the ever-present realities during the reign of Alfons V was the confrontation between the king, supported by the popular factions, and the oligarchy. This resulted in tumultuous parlamentary sessions during his reign. The situation was especially critical in Barcelona, where the municipal power (the 'Consell de Cent' which had great influence throughout the kingdom) was in the hands of the oligarchic faction, called 'La Biga', formed by the wealthy urban patricians. Its power was opposed by the popular faction, called 'La Busca', supported by the king and formed by middle-class merchants and artisans. In 1453, the lieutenant of the king, Galceran de Requesens, removed the municipal power from 'La Biga' and gave it to 'La Busca'. The political situation was stressed nearly to the point of no-return.;;;;;;;;;;6709 EVENTHIST7130;During the first 50 years of the 15th century, the relations between peasants and urban citizens in Mallorca deteriorated progressively, leading eventually to peasant revolts against the capital, Palma de Mallorca. In 1450 there was a great peasant revolt, called 'la Revolta dels Forans' (the 'Forans' were the population living outside the capital, Palma), that lasted for three years.;;;;;;;;;;6710 EVENTHIST7129;In 1447, following the protectionist policies demanded by the merchants, the king ordered the expulsion of all florentine merchants from the kingdom.;;;;;;;;;;6711 EVENTHIST7128;From the middle of the 14th century on, the kings, upon request from the mercantile institutions, adopted protectionist measures, the first of which was a limitation on foreign ships insurances in 1345. In 1422 the importation of foreign clothes was forbidden, in an attempt to keep the competiveness of local products.;;;;;;;;;;6712 EVENTHIST7127;The will of Isabel gave the regency of Castille to her husband Fernando the king of Aragon, as their daughter Juana was mad. However, Fernando could no longer call himself 'King of Aragon and Castille' and Castillian concerns continued to dominate Spanish policy.;;;;;;;;;;6713 EVENTHIST7126;With the Wedding of the Catholic Kings, Fernando and Isabel, our country is a vassal to Spain.;;;;;;;;;;6714 EVENTHIST7125;For too long has our claim gone ignored. We shall dispose of the last muslim kingdom of Iberia.;;;;;;;;;;6715 EVENTHIST7123;Despite tributes agreed to end the hostilities with Juan II of Castile in 1432, Muhammad IX and Muhammad X will manage to recover several frontier strongholds by force, taking advantage of Juan’s troubled last years. In 1441, Muhammad IX requests the aid of the Mameluk sultan, Said Caqmaq for his campaigns against the Castillians. Caqmaq inevitably rejects the request alleging the distance, and commits himself to giving money, arms and sumptuous presents.;;;;;;;;;;6716 EVENTHIST7122;A christian captive girl, Isabel de Solis, converted to Islam and renamed Zoraya, was sent to the emir's harem. Abu al-Hasan fell in love to the point of abandoning his former first wife, Aixa, daughter of Muhammad X. Aixa and her son Muhammad XII Boabdil, staged a coup with the help of her family and the Banu al-Sarraj. Abu al-Hasan fled with his supporters and continued fighting. The fight between father and son would divide the emirate in the face of the already started final war with the christians. The skillful manipulation that Fernando II of Aragon made of these disputes would inspire Machiavello to model his prince after him.;;;;;;;;;;6717 EVENTHIST7121;In 1478 Queen Isabella, still at war to secure her throne against part of the nobility and Portugal, and in need of money, requested payment of the tribute, that had not been paid since 1465. Abu al-Hasan response to the ambassador was: Tell your sovereigns that the kings of Granada that used to pay tribute in money to the castilian crown are dead. Our mint at present coins nothing but blades of scimetars and heads of lances.;;;;;;;;;;6718 EVENTHIST7120;In December of the year 1481, the Moors captured Zahara, near Granada. In response, an army was raised to destroy Granada once and for all.;;;;;;;;;;6719 EVENTHIST7119;Civil war has been raging in Aragon and Navarre since the death of prince Carlos. Now, Bianca of Navarra have ceded her right to the throne to Enrique of Castile. He had not the guts to accept, but the countries are still in chaos.;;;;;;;;;;6720 EVENTHIST7118;Naples is freed from Aragonese vassalage.;;;;;;;;;;6721 EVENTHIST7117;The king Joan II, not obtaining troops from Aragón and València, ceded temporally and under mortgage the Roussillon to France in exchange of military help (treaty of Bayonne). For this action the catalan Corts declared the king a traitor and looked for a foreign candidate to the throne. It was the beggining of the war.;;;;;;;;;;6722 EVENTHIST7116;At the death of king Alfons the two crowns of Navarra and Aragon were united when Juan, already king of Navarre, also became king of Aragon.;;;;;;;;;;6723 EVENTHIST7115;Naples will be our ally;;;;;;;;;;6724 EVENTHIST7114;At his death king Alfons left his new kingdom of Naples to his son Fernando and his Aragonese inheritance to his brother Juan, already king of Navarre.;;;;;;;;;;6725 EVENTHIST7113;Juan, brother of king Alfons of Aragon, married a Navarrese princess with the condition that, should the old king Carlos die before his son Carlos of Viana comes of age, he would be the new king until then. In 1425 his dream became reality.;;;;;;;;;;6726 EVENTHIST7112;With the death of Benedicto XIII in his fortress of Peciscola ends the great schism of the western church.;;;;;;;;;;6727 EVENTHIST7111;Seeing his end near, and that his daughter Juana is too young to marry and too opposed to rule alone, king Enrique reconciles himself with Isabel.;;;;;;;;;;6728 EVENTHIST7110;Seeing his end is near, king Enrique reconciles himself with Isabel.;;;;;;;;;;6729 EVENTHIST7109;Following Isabel's marriage to Fernando agains his approval, a furious Enrique cancelled the Pact of Guisando and reinstated his daughter Juana as heir.;;;;;;;;;;6730 EVENTHIST7108;As part of the pact of Guisando, princess Isabel was to choose husband herself, but subject to the approval of the king. However very soon Enrique tried to arrange her matrimony with Afonso V, king of Portugal.;;;;;;;;;;6731 EVENTHIST7107;In 1468 Alfonso became mysteriously ill, and died soon after. The rebels had only two options left: Either accept Juana or support Isabel, another half sibling of king Enrique and the favoured candidate from Alfonso's faction. However, she rejected to be proclaimed queen while Enrique IV was still alive. This left them no other option but to treat with Enrique. In September 1468, in the pact of Guisando, Enrique discarded his daughter as heir and accepted Isabel, ending the civil war. What will you do?;;;;;;;;;;6732 EVENTHIST7106;The government of king Enrique IV has fallen so low that his authority is barely recognized at all. Everywhere the nobles are at war with each other and with the cities. The kingdom is falling into a state of chaos. Some of the nobles have proclaimed Alfonso, still a kid, as the king.;;;;;;;;;;6733 EVENTHIST7105;After his divorce from Bianca of Navarre Enrique IV married Juana of Portugal. For many years they too were childless, and vicious rumors were circulating about the king. Then, in 1462, the queen Juana gave birth to a daughter: Juana. Factions of the nobility conspired against the king, and craved for his half-brother Alfonso as king. When the king announced Juana as his heirthese factions became more vocal, and evil tongues claim that the king is not the father. She soon was nick-named 'la Beltraneja', after the rumored father, Beltrao de la Cueva.;;;;;;;;;;6734 EVENTHIST7104;Prince Enrique married the infanta Bianca of Navarre, but after years of union she was still a virgin. Enrique claimed that he only had this problem with the queen and no other woman, while her supporters claimed that he is just impotent. He presents several prostitutes that claim that he is all that a woman can desire, her doctors claim that he is not physically able to..., you know.;;;;;;;;;;6735 EVENTHIST7103;After the aging king's remarriage, the influence of Alvaro de Luna diminished. The new queen hated him, prince Enrique, soon to be king Enrique IV, hated him, the nobles hated him, and the king was old and near senility. Finally de Luna was deposed, tried, found guilty of treason, and beheaded.;;;;;;;;;;6736 EVENTHIST7102;In 1423 King Juan II appointed his childhood friend Alvaro de Luna as Constable, and empowered him with the government of the kingdom. He was very able, but was not liked by the nobility. His rule was tainted by numerous rebellions against his growing power, as the nobility feared the increasing power of de Luna. Who do we appoint?;;;;;;;;;;6737 EVENTHIST7101;In 1420 Fernando, brother of king Enrique III of Castile, was chosen king of Aragon. He and his elder son Alfons did not interfere in Castilian politics, but his younger sons Enrique and Juan kept the Castilians lands of the family. In 1420 Enrique, tired of the predominant influence of his brother, assaulted the royal residence and seized the king. Eventually the king escaped, and Enrique was imprisoned.;;;;;;;;;;6738 EVENTHIST71000;After contact with the Europeans, their thirst for gold led to its adoption as a unit of exchange in America.;;;;;;;;;;6739 EVENTHIST70002;Before North Carolina ceded her lands to Congress, the state government reserved jurisdiction over the region till Congress accepted them. This caused settlers in the region some concern over their security which caused settlers to quickly form a government. They then applied to become a state in the union. North Carolina exercised its jurisdiction over the territory which caused a civil war in that region. Congress, not wishing to antogonize North Carolina, didn't intervene in the conflict. The situation resolved itself when no successor was elected to fill the office of the governor of the newly created state and the defeat of the settlers by North Carolina.;;;;;;;;;;6740 EVENTHIST70001;During the American Revolution colonial society became bitterly divided by the American Revolution. After the war the loyalists(those who stayed loyal to Britain) were persecuted to the extent that they left the US for better grounds. According to some history texts some 60,000 loyalists left the states even after cooler heads prevailed. These refugees settled in other parts of the British Empire.;;;;;;;;;;6741 EVENTHIST70000;During the American Revolution colonial society became bitterly divided by the war. After the war the loyalists(those who stayed loyal to Britain) were persecuted to the extent that they left the US for better grounds. According to some history texts some 60,000 loyalists left the states even after cooler heads prevailed to ease the loyalists' status in the new republic.;;;;;;;;;;6742 EVENTHIST7;Church policy always supported by the might of Royal power was often directed at eradicating heresy. This led to massive if not willing conversions of the people regarded as heretics by the religious leadership.;;;;;;;;;;6743 EVENTHIST6988;Akechi one of Oda`s most brilliant generals has killed his lord. The reasons are not clear but the fact that Oda had caused the torture and death of his mother at the hands of the Hatano and Oda`s jealous frequent public insults against his well-regarded and cultivated subordinate have been given as likely causes. Akechi has however failed to gain support for his claim to the Shogunate.;;;;;;;;;;6744 EVENTHIST6987;What shall we do about the Oda? They have offered to help in improving our infrastructure if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands;;;;;;;;;;6745 EVENTHIST6986;What shall we do about the Uesugi? They have offered to help in improving the army if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;;;;;;;;;;6746 EVENTHIST6985;What shall we do about the Date? They have offered to fund an expedition if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;;;;;;;;;;6747 EVENTHIST6984;What shall we do about the Chosokabe? They have offered to help with our infrastructure if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;;;;;;;;;;6748 EVENTHIST6983;What shall we do about the Mori? The Mori have offered to help with our navy if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;;;;;;;;;;6749 EVENTHIST6982;What shall we do about the Shimazu? The Shimazu have offered to share their trade network if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;;;;;;;;;;6750 EVENTHIST6981;Tokugawa Ieyasu has successfully challenged the previous ruling lords and defeated them in a huge battle. This has removed all real threats to the power of the new Tokugawa Bakufu. The destruction of the petty peasant rebellions against the new Bakufu is all that remain before the new order is imposed.;;;;;;;;;;6751 EVENTHIST6980;Oda had when he had taken Kyoto promoted Ashikaga Yoshiaki as puppet shogun. The Shogunate had therafter been free from being bullied as long as it did not argue with Oda. Yoshiaki however started to challange Oda's authority and this lead Oda to force him out and to end the Ashikaga Shogunate.;;;;;;;;;;6752 EVENTHIST6979;The Ashikaga Shogunate was completely under the thumb of the Miyoshi Clan who had taken over as the real force in Kansai. The Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru was not satisfied with the situation and therefore attempted to break out and reaffirm the Shogunate who had taken over as the real force in Kansai. The Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru was not satisfied with the situation and therefore attempted to break out and reaffirm the Shogunate¡Çs authority. He was therefore attacked in his castle on the orders of Miyoshi Chokei. Yoshiteru¡Çs style of defending himself was very distinctive. He prepared to fight by sticking swords into the floor. They were then used to replace the swords he broke during combat. Yoshiteru was eventually overcome and forced to commit suicide.;;;;;;;;;;6753 EVENTHIST6978;The death of Hosokawa Masamoto meant that Yoshizumi lost his most powerful supporter and that Ashikaga Yoshitane could with the help of the Ouchi Clan retake his position as Shogun. The Ouchis were the;;;;;;;;;;6754 EVENTHIST6977;Hosokawa Masamoto is the son of Katsumoto who was the most powerful daimyo in Nippon prior to his death. Masamoto is now the Kanrei of Kyoto and the person who holds the real power in Nippon. He forced out the Yoshiteru because of his resistance to the Kanrei. He has now installed a puppet Shogun.;;;;;;;;;;6755 EVENTHIST6976;The assasination of Kanrei Hosokawa Masamoto by his adopted son Sumiyuki lead to a bitter fight between two factions, lead by Hosokawa Takakuni and Hosokawa Sumimoto, in the Hosokawa family over the position of Kanrei. It mirrored the earlier conflict within the Hatakeyama family. The ultimate result was an almost complete destruction of the Hosokawa family. They became vassals to earlier Hosokawa vassals.;;;;;;;;;;6756 EVENTHIST6975;Oda Nobunaga wishes to end the influence and the power of the militant buddhist orders once and for all. The Tendai sect with its centre in Enryakuji complex of about 3000 buildings was originally charged with protecting Kyoto from evil sprits. It has however built up a formidable army that it uses to raid Kyoto with or to attack rival sects. Nobunaga proposes to burn down the entire temple complex and kill anyone that opposes him within. An alternative action would be to cooperate with them in exchange for religious concessions.;;;;;;;;;;6757 EVENTHIST6974;Taikokenchi is a nationwide census of all production within Japan. Every piece of land and every industry is being evaluated and measured to determine how much tax should be paid by each family in Japan. The result is a detailed account of everything important for the tax system in Japan;;;;;;;;;;6758 EVENTHIST6973;The Ryoanji Temple was rebuilt by Hosokawa Masamoto in 1488, but was originally built by his father Katsumoto. Masamoto added the distinctive rock garden. The garden is in the karesansui dry landscape style and consists of a flat walled-in bed of raked white sand with 5 groups of rocks. The rocks are placed so that it is impossible to see more than 14 of the 15 stones, which forces the viewer to contemplate the mysteries of Zen. The garden is called the Toranokowatashinoniwa because the stones look like a tiger crossing a big river with her children;;;;;;;;;;6759 EVENTHIST6972;Rennyo popularised Buddhist teachings according to Jodoshinshu which emphasises the infinite benevolence of the Amida buddha. His teachings were spread by copies of his letters made by his followers. His success in conversions threatened the existing orders so much that they finally were forced to unite to chase him out of Kyoto.;;;;;;;;;;6760 EVENTHIST6971;Ikkyu Sojun is famed for his wit and unconventional approach in spreading the wisdom of Zen. He built his popularity by satirising authorities, especially corrupt priests, and by his willingness to adopt a decadent lifestyle without the hypocrisy that characterised the other priests. His poems are rather untypical of most priests e.g.: Eight inches strong, it is my favourite thing, If I'm alone at night, I embrace it fully, A beautiful woman hasn't touched it for ages. Within my underwear there is an entire universe!;;;;;;;;;;6761 EVENTHIST6970;Sesshu, our foremost Zen priest-painter, has returned to Nippon from his voyage to China. He has studied both the ancient and the latest Chinese painting techniques and has been able to apply them to our indigenous Zen-art. His ink paintings are now an inspiration for all who see them.;;;;;;;;;;6762 EVENTHIST6969;Graffiti denouncing the Three devils has started to appear all over Kyoto. The three devils are the lovers of the Shogun Yoshimasa, his ten year older concumbine and two noblemen. They are said to be the real power in Japan now and that Yoshimasa has distanced himself completely from the real world.;;;;;;;;;;6763 EVENTHIST6968;Portuguese traders first reached Japan in 1543 and eventually became important middlemen in the silk trade between China and Japan, operating out of Macao. In 1549, Francis Xavier, a member of the Jesuit order and future saint, arrived in Japan and began making converts to Christianity. This resulted in the establishment of a Jesuit mission in Japan, which proved invaluable as an intermediary for the Portuguese merchants and which also was successful in converting substantial numbers of Japanese commoners and Daimyo, reaching about 150,000 converts by 1587. The merchants also brought with them improved firearms that were soon adopted by the Japanese.;;;;;;;;;;6764 EVENTHIST6967;Kitagawa Utamaro brought the bijinga ukiyoe (wood block prints of beautiful women) to perfection in his Selected Poems on Love. The portraits of beautiful women minimized or omitted altogether the background and depicted what he considered to be ideal feminine beauty with smooth lines and a harmonisation of colors. Kitagawa's prints had a great influence in Japan and in West. The West based its view of the Japanese people in general and women in particular on Kitagawas prints.;;;;;;;;;;6765 EVENTHIST6966;Namiki Shozo was a playwright determined to liven up performances on stages. He was the first to build a revolving stage, called a mawaributai, integrated in the main stage. This allowed very fast scene switches, which together with his use of mechanisms like cable systems allowing actors to fly and hinged roofs that opened to show the action inside the house, made going to the theatre more of an experience.;;;;;;;;;;6766 EVENTHIST6965;On the snowy night of January 30, 1703 forty-six samurai burst into the mansion of Kira Yoshinaka, the man responsible for the death of their former master, Asano Naganori, the lord of Ako. Kira had taunted Asano in 1701 until he had lost his composure, drew his sword, and lunged at his antagonist. The shogun could not allow such a gross breach of conduct to go unpunished, and he ordered Asano's death by seppuku. The event captured the imagination of Japan at a time when the samurai ideals of loyalty and resolute action seemed almost forgotten. Should we hold civil law over the acceptance of military honor?;;;;;;;;;;6767 EVENTHIST6964;Basho is considered the most accomplished poet in Japanese history. He popularised the haiku form of poetry. The disciples of Basho spread his teachings and the haiku remains the most popular form of poetry in Japan.;;;;;;;;;;6768 EVENTHIST6963;The traditional plays in Japanese theatre were usually about the lives of long dead aristocrats. Chikamatsu Monzaemon waas the first to write plays about the everyday Japanese at the lowest levels of Japanese society and their lives like merchants and prostitutes called sewamono. The usual theme is on the conflict between duty and emotions.;;;;;;;;;;6769 EVENTHIST6962;When women were banned from performing Kabuki they were replaced by teenage boys. The authorities subsequently banned teenage boys from the stage arguing that it was immoral and again citing the availability of the performers to their audience off-stage as the reason. The teenage boys were replaced by adult men which has been used since.;;;;;;;;;;6770 EVENTHIST6961;Musashi Miyamoto was the greatest samurai in Japanese history. His Book of Five Rings represents the definate work on Japanese 17th century tactics and swordmanship.;;;;;;;;;;6771 EVENTHIST6960;Okuni an Izumo shrine maiden set up a stage on the dry bed of the Kamo River in Kyoto where she and her company performed a new form of theatre mixed with dances. Her performances caused quite a stir since at the time it was not proper for women to show any skin in public, which was difficult to avoid in her performances. The popularity of Kabuki and the subsequent elevation of women cause some concern in the Bakufu. Determined to prevent any social disruption the authorities want to women from the stage on grounds of immorality citing the availability of the performers to their audience off-stage.;;;;;;;;;;6772 EVENTHIST6959;The ceremony developed under the influence of Zen Buddhism and the high culture developed around the Higashiyama culture centered in Ginkakuji. When Sen no Rikyu took over the Toyotomi household he spread the ceremony he had perfected. The tea ceremony etiquette is carefully calculated to achieve the highest possible economy of movement. The ceremony involves the appreciation of the room in which it is held, the garden attached to the room, the utensils used in serving the tea, and the decor of the setting, such as a hanging scroll or a flower arrangement.;;;;;;;;;;6773 EVENTHIST6958;Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa intended Ginkakuji (also called the Silver Pavilion) to be a complement to Kinkakuji (the Golden Pavilion) built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. Yoshimasa used the pavilion to develop the Higashiyama culture. The construction diverted the Shogun's attention from the events of state which lead to a flowering of innovation at the expense of the unity of the state.;;;;;;;;;;6774 EVENTHIST6957;An Imagawa Yoshitada vassal called Ise Shinkuro took upon himself to right the wrongs and bring justice to the world. He attacked the murderous Chachamaru and layed siege to his castle. He then forced Chachamaru to commit suicide and has taken the castle and its garrison as his own. He has proven that man of the people can possess virtue and military prowess equal to the nobles.;;;;;;;;;;6775 EVENTHIST6956;Ashikaga Chachamaru has killed his father Masatomo his mother and his younger brother! What is Nippon coming to? The lord of Izu Ashikaga Masatomo decided to replace Chachamaru as his heir and place him in a monastery. Chachamaru responded by killing his entire family! He forced the family retainers to swear loyality to him and has since then entrenched himself in Horigoe castle.;;;;;;;;;;6776 EVENTHIST6955;Huge floods have ravaged Nippon destroying houses and this year's harvest. With the harvest gone people are dying in droves.;;;;;;;;;;6777 EVENTHIST6954;Hyogokita tax and toll reforms have been carried out to place the Bakufu's finances on a better footing.;;;;;;;;;;6778 EVENTHIST6953;Yuki Ujitomo has raised the remnants of Ashikaga Mochiuji’s army against the Kyoto Bakufu. The army had been hidden from the Bakufu by Isshiki Yoshitsura in the Kanto area and marches against Edo.;;;;;;;;;;6779 EVENTHIST6952;The ever superstious Ashikaga Yoshinori has ordered the collection of the countless waka (31 syllable poems) in Japan./n They were usually used as magical charms and as prayers to the gods. The two people responsible for the collection, Asukai Masayo and Kaigojokoin Gyokosozu, continued collecting until the Age of Security ended in 1438. The result was last litterary work of the Shogunate commissioned the Shinzokukokinwakashu.;;;;;;;;;;6780 EVENTHIST6951;Zeami is the most famous playwright in Noh an esoteric form of theatre favoured by the Samurai class in Japan. He revolutionised and modernised Noh by incorporating other aspects Japanese culture to create Total Art. The Nohsakusho was the most famous of his treatises on performing Noh.;;;;;;;;;;6781 EVENTHIST6950;Togashi Mitsushige is murdered on Koya mountain by Hatakeyama Mitsuie on the orders of the Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi. Togashi had murdered Ashikaga Yoshitsugu, the ambitious brother of the Shogun conspiring for power, on the orders of Yoshimochi January 1418. He killed three more the conspiritors in August and was arrested in November. He had discraced himself and had ceased to be useful for the Shogun. The actions of the Shogun caused wide spread disgust amongst leading officials.;;;;;;;;;;6782 EVENTHIST6949;Mori Motonari, the successor of the ancient Yamana, has eliminated the last resistance by rival lords together with the Shimazu. Mori believes that the only way to preserve peace is by opening to the world by trade, focusing on the navy and more defences to prevent foreigners from getting a foothold on Japan`s sacred soil.;;;;;;;;;;6783 EVENTHIST6948;The Mori and the Shimazu have conquered Kyushu and are preparing to take the rest of the country.;;;;;;;;;;6784 EVENTHIST6947;The Takeda clan together with the Hojo and the Imagawa have eliminated the last opposition to their control. They have decided that to restore stability reducing the power of the Bakufu by decentralising and freeing people from ancient obligations will bring peace to the country.;;;;;;;;;;6785 EVENTHIST6946;Takeda Shingen has allied with the Imagawa and the Hojo. The alliance has taken control of the Kanto Area and are consolidating power to retake the control of the country.;;;;;;;;;;6786 EVENTHIST6945;Ise Shinkuro has by guile and trickery taken control of Odawara castle. He befriended the lord of the castle Omori Fujiyori and invited him on a hunting trip. The diversion allowed him to kill the lord and take the castle with ease. He has had his son, Ujitsuna, marry a descendent of the illustrious but almost extinct Hojo family and now calls himself Hojo Soun. Ise has since promoted good relationships with the local peasants and merchants, while gradually extending his control over Kanto.;;;;;;;;;;6787 EVENTHIST6944;The peasants and the monks have risen against the nobles. The combination of the masses of peasants and the skill of the Sohei warrior-monks has destroyed the noble`s army and they now threaten the Shogunate. We must destroy them as quickly as possible or submit to their demands!;;;;;;;;;;6788 EVENTHIST6943;The last of the roving armies and bandits have been chased out of Kyoto, marking the end of 10 years of destructive fighting.;;;;;;;;;;6789 EVENTHIST6942;The deaths of the major leaders on both sides have not lead to the end of the fighting Kyoto but armies are exhausted. However local monks, peasant armies and bandits have started pillaging and causing chaos.;;;;;;;;;;6790 EVENTHIST6941;Ashikaga Yoshimasa has tired of the responsability involved with being Shogun and has decided to retire. He has dragged his reluctant brother, Yoshimi, from a monestary and wished him to take over after him. Unfortunately his concumbine gave birth to a son and started building support for for him being heir. This has lead to the rival lords pledging support for either Yoshimi or Yoshihisa. Who should we pledge support for?;;;;;;;;;;6791 EVENTHIST6940;Ashikaga Yoshimasa has tired of the responsability involved with being Shogun and has decided to retire. He has dragged his reluctant brother, Yoshimi, from a monestary and wished him to take over after him. Unfortunately his concumbine gave birth to a son and started building support for for him being heir. This has lead to the rival lords pledging support for either Yoshimi or Yoshihisa. Who should we pledge support for?;;;;;;;;;;6792 EVENTHIST6939;Ashikaga Yoshimasa has tired of the responsability involved with being Shogun and has decided to retire. He has dragged his reluctant brother, Yoshimi, from a monestary and wished him to take over after him. Unfortunately his concumbine gave birth to a son and started building support for for him being heir. This has lead to the rival lords pledging support for either Yoshimi or Yoshihisa. Who should we pledge support for?;;;;;;;;;;6793 EVENTHIST6938;A wajin sword maker a Japanese from the mainland has killed a young Ezo (Ainu) a native in an argument over a sword's price in Hakodate. The Ainu responded by attacking all the wajin's houses. The Ezo demand that they are to be compensated by having their former land back in Tohoku. The Ezo are hunter-gatherers so they are not as productive as the Japanese and it is likely that letting them back will cause problems in Tohoku. On the other hand refusing is likely to cause a rebellion and unrest in Ezochi. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;6794 EVENTHIST6937;Ashikaga Shigeuji the kubo or military commander of Kanto has ordered the murder of the Uesugi Noritada the Kanrei highest bureaucrat of Kanto. The Uesugi clan are understandably upset that the holder of their tradional post has been killed and they demand compensation increased rights for the nobility and that Shigeuji should be killed. If we follow their demands we risk alienating the military. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;6795 EVENTHIST6936;Fighting has broken out between two sides of the Hatakeyama family on who should be the heir after Hatakeyama Yoshikuni. Yoshikuni had originally adopted his nephew Hatakeyama Masanaga as his heir, when his biological son Yoshinari was born shifted Yoshikuni changed his mind. This widened a split in the Hatakeyama family that was caused by the division of land of Akamatsu Mitsusuke's land.The resulting conflict was made worse by the fact that the Hatakeyama are one of three noble families that have the right to be the Kanrei of Yamashiro, the Hosokawa and the Shiba being the other two, and therefore wield considerable power as the highest officials in the Bakufu. The fighting has been been made worse by the involvement of the two other major families in Nippon, the Yamana and the Hosokawa. Both the Yamana and the Hosokawa have asked for permission to chastise the other clan for the involvement. Committing the Bakufu to one side is likely to tip the balance of power in the country and force a reaction from the other side.;;;;;;;;;;6796 EVENTHIST6935;The treacherous Akamatsu Mitsusuke has killed our beloved Shogun. He invited him to a feast. Horses broke out of their stables during the dancing, creating a diversion and the Shogun and his bodyguard was struck down! Akamatsu Mitsusuke has fled to his territory and now leads an army against us! The earlier Shogun Yoshimochi decided to replace Akamatsu as the the head of the Yamana Clan with one of his lovers, Akamatsu Mochisada. Mitsusuke then left Kyoto for the safety of his lands. When Mochisada was found to have an affair with a woman, Yoshimochi ordered him killed and Mitsusuke was forgiven. Mitsusuke decided to lie low by becoming a monk until the death of Yoshimochi, when he returned to lead his clan. When Yoshinori took some of Akamatsu Yoshimasa's land, which was intended to be Mitsusuke heritage, and gave it to his lover Akamatsu Sadamura, it made Mitsusuke so furious he decided to carry out the assasination.;;;;;;;;;;6797 EVENTHIST6934;Ashikaga Mochiuji`s sons Haruo and Yasuo have joined their father`s cause. They now defy our government by gathering armies in Kanto and marching against us.;;;;;;;;;;6798 EVENTHIST6933;Tashikaga Mochiuji`s sons Haruo and Yasuo have joined their father`s cause. They now defy our government by gathering armies in Kanto and marching against us.;;;;;;;;;;6799 EVENTHIST6932;Ashikaga Mochiuji the leader of our Military Bakufu for the Kanto area has rebelled. He threatens to destroy the government. Uesugi Norizane has offered his services to us in exchange for more rights for the nobility, but receiving help will cause us to lose face. If we do not accept his offer he will join forces with Mochiuji, but we can be more assertive towards the nobility;;;;;;;;;;6800 EVENTHIST6931;Peasants demand that there debts are to be annulled and taxes lowered. If we go along with their demands it is likely that we will lose face, that the mechants will be upset and it will disrupt economic development. If we destroy them the peasants are likely to revolt all over the country. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;6801 EVENTHIST6930;Peasants demand that their debts are to be annulled and taxes lowered. If we go along with their demands it is likely that we will lose face, that the mechants will be upset and it will disrupt economic development. If we destroy them the peasants are likely to revolt all over the country. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;6802 EVENTHIST6929;A daimyo has redistributed land to the most enterprising peasant and introduced new agricultural methods. This has increased his prestige at our expense and the number of peasants in his lands.;;;;;;;;;;6803 EVENTHIST6928;Two daimyo are fighting a particularly vicious war against each other in a province. This would not usually concern us, but the daimyo are trying to win by inflicting economic damage on their opponent. This is not in the interest of the country so should we intervene?;;;;;;;;;;6804 EVENTHIST6927;A former vassal betrayed his lord. He has killed the former daimyo's entire family and taken over his lands. This kind of behaviour does not usually concern us, but the daimyo demand that we make an example of the vassal. Ignoring it will weaken the power of the daimyo and will also decrease the respect towards the Bakufu. Letting the daimyo take care of it will increase their power. If we take care of it we will increase the Bakufu`s control over country.;;;;;;;;;;6805 EVENTHIST6926;The Ezo are attacking Hakodate to try and break the Wajin control over Ezochi. This requires that we show them who is in control.;;;;;;;;;;6806 EVENTHIST6925;A daimyo demands that the Bakufu recognises his sacrifices for the country and assigns him rights rights and better position.;;;;;;;;;;6807 EVENTHIST6924;The peasants and the monks have risen against the nobles. The combination of the masses of peasants and the skill of the Sohei warrior-monks has destroyed the noble`s army and they now threaten the Shogunate. We must destroy them as quickly as possible or submit to their demands!;;;;;;;;;;6808 EVENTHIST6923;Peasants demand that their debts are to be annulled and taxes lowered. If we go along with their demands it is likely that we will lose face, that the mechants will be upset and it will disrupt economic development. If we destroy them the peasants are likely to revolt all over the country. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;6809 EVENTHIST6922;Oda has taken capital and now seems to have assumed control over the Kansai area.;;;;;;;;;;6810 EVENTHIST6921;Uesugi Kenshin, the leader of the ancient and influential Uesugi family, has taken control over the country. He has started reforming Japan after his own will promoting old Japanese values, the rights of nobles, bind peasants to their land and reforming the army to his offensive;;;;;;;;;;6811 EVENTHIST6920;Uesugi of Echigo and Date of Mutsu have destroyed all other lords in their drive south;;;;;;;;;;6812 EVENTHIST6919;A Daimyo intent on furthering his political goals by economic means has commissioned a manufactury at his own expense.;;;;;;;;;;6813 EVENTHIST6918;Some daimyo have formed an alliance with the goal of reuniting Japan under their control. Since this is not in the best interest of the country you must destroy their peasant armies.;;;;;;;;;;6814 EVENTHIST6917;A Daimyo has risen against the central authority and has caused the peasants around the to rise against us in an attempt take control over the Bakufu himself. We must crush his peasant army.;;;;;;;;;;6815 EVENTHIST6916;Vermillion Seal Ships are ships that carry an official seal from the Japanese government certifying that they have official approval. This was to prevent them from confused with the numerous pirates active throughout Eastern Asia.;;;;;;;;;;6816 EVENTHIST6915;Peasants demand that there debts are to be annulled and taxes lowered. If we go along with their demands it is likely that we will lose face, that the mechants will be upset and it will disrupt economic development. If we destroy them the peasants are likely to revolt all over the country. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;6817 EVENTHIST6914;Toyotomi Hideyoshi wishes to split the warriors from the peasants to prevent rebellions. He wants to force the peasants and warriors to choose between the two. Samurai are to be prohibited from farming and forced to move into the castle towns. Peasants and religious orders are to be prohibited from owning weapons. Toyotomi says that the pretext is that all weapons are to be collected to make a statue of buddha. Should the groups be split?;;;;;;;;;;6818 EVENTHIST6913;King Ekit'at is an utter fool who is a disaster as king of this land. He ignores the duties of government, prefering to spend his days in endless parties and bouts of drinking and debauchery. Meanwhile, the kingdom is falling to part, and our neighbors eagerly circle like vultures moving in on their prey. Unfortunately, the king refuses all advice to take a more active role in the government, thus causing the nation to slide further into chaos.;;;;;;;;;;6819 EVENTHIST6912;King Prasat T'ang has proposed various reforms concerning trade and the economic well-being of our kingdom. While many of these proposals make great sense, they will also be expensive and may cause unrest. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;6820 EVENTHIST6911;King Maha Chakkrap'at has proposed various reforms for our military forces, including the training of a full-time professional elephant brigade. While many of these proposals make great sense, they will also be expensive and may cause unrest. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;6821 EVENTHIST6910;King Boromo Trailokanat has proposed various reforms in order to streamline the government of the state. While many of these proposals make great sense, they will also be expensive and may cause unrest. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;6822 EVENTHIST6909;The Emperor Bihandur Shah has died and his sons are maneuvering to take control of the Empire! What shall we do in this moment of crisis?;;;;;;;;;;6823 EVENTHIST6908;The Afghans rebellions seem to have subsided;;;;;;;;;;6824 EVENTHIST6907;The Afghans, under the leadership of Mir Ways, have risen up in rebellion in their home provinces!;;;;;;;;;;6825 EVENTHIST6906;The Afghans rebellions seem to have subsided;;;;;;;;;;6826 EVENTHIST6905;The Afghans, under the leadership of Mir Ways, have risen up in rebellion in their home provinces!;;;;;;;;;;6827 EVENTHIST6904;The Emperor Auraungzib has died and his sons are maneuvering to take control of the Empire! What shall we do in this moment of crisis?;;;;;;;;;;6828 EVENTHIST6903;The Guru of the Sikhs has come to our capital to explain his sect's heterodox teachings. Sikhism is a mixture of Hindu and Islamic beliefs, and the Emperor feels such teachings are a heresy to Islam. However, any actions we take against him will have reprecussions in our Sikh provinces, where the Guru is revered as a holy man. What shall we do with this accused heretic?;;;;;;;;;;6829 EVENTHIST6902;The Emperor despises the religious policies of his great-grandfather Akbar. He wishes to force the true faith upon the idol-worshiping populace. Shall we follow his wishes?;;;;;;;;;;6830 EVENTHIST6901;The Emperor wishes to build a magnificent memorial to his late wife, Mumtaz Mahal. He wishes it to be an imposing structure of incredible beauty, something to be talked about around the world for centuries to come. He wishes to hire the best architects and wants to spare no expense in materials. Shall we build this Taj Mahal?;;;;;;;;;;6831 EVENTHIST6900;The Emperor is very interested in comparative religion, and has hosted many debates by the learned of many different faiths. He believes that each person should be able to choose his or her own belief system, without interference by any others. He wishes this to become the law of the empire, but while this will be greeted with joy by our heathen population, it will be looked upon with horror and resentment by the Muslim ruling classes. Should we follow his wishes?;;;;;;;;;;6832 EVENTHIST65156;Sultan Trenggana (of Demak) is remembered as a ruler who did much to spread Islam throughout East and Central Java. Gunungjati and son Hasan ud-Din do both missionary work in West Java to weaken the kingdom of Pajajaran and its alliance with the Portuguese. Local ruler of Banten, formerly dependent on Pajajaran, converts to Islam and joins Demak's side (1524).;;;;;;;;;;6833 EVENTHIST65155;After Amangkurat IV took rule in Mataram, a court rebellion broke out almost immediately and rebel princes fled eastward. A combined VOC and Mataram force drove the rebels back from Kediri to Malang.;;;;;;;;;;6834 EVENTHIST65154;In 1674 famine has struck Mataram.;;;;;;;;;;6835 EVENTHIST65153;Amangkurat I had a reputation for being cruel and unpredictable. Besides his disastrous interference in the economy, at one time he had many of the Islamic scholars in Mataram killed, then took their former judicial powers for himself, turning himself into an absolute ruler. In 1661 a group of nobles attempted a court rebellion against Amangkurat I, which was cruelly suppressed.;;;;;;;;;;6836 EVENTHIST65152;Bhre Kertabhumi rebelled against Suraprabhawa and drove out the latter out of his court at Tumapel. Suraprabhawa moved his seat to Daha, near Kediri. The great state of Majapahit is in chaos. At this time many remaining Hindus flee Java for Bali.;;;;;;;;;;6837 EVENTHIST65151;Kertawijaya, brother of Suhita, became King of Majapahit in 1447. He converted to Islam on the advice of his wife, Darawati, a princess of Champa. His nephew, Sunan Ampel, the first notable member of the Nine Walis or Walisongo, Islamic teachers who worked to spread Islam around Java in the late 1400s and early 1500s, begins his conversion work in central Java.;;;;;;;;;;6838 EVENTHIST65150;The Spanish could not prevent the Thai capture of Lovek.;;;;;;;;;;6839 EVENTHIST65149;Hard-pressed by the Thai, King Sattha (1576-94) of Cambodia surrounded himself with a personal guard of Spanish and Portuguese mercenaries, and in 1593 asked the Spanish governor of the Phillipines for aid. Attracted by the prospects of establishing a Spanish protectorate in Cambodia and of converting the monarch to Christianity, the governor sent a force of 120 men.;;;;;;;;;;6840 EVENTHIST65144;With the marriage in 1620 of King Chey Chettha II (1618-28) of Cambodia and the daughter of Sai Vuong, one of the Nguyen lords (1558-1778), who ruled southern Vietnam for most of the period of the restored Le dynasty (1428-1788), Cambodia orbited into the Vietnamese sphere of influence.;;;;;;;;;;6841 EVENTHIST65143;The Thai have captured Lovek. Loot, plunder, and prisoners have been brought back to the Thai capital.;;;;;;;;;;6842 EVENTHIST65142;The Thai watched with apprehension as the Khmer began to become rich and powerful at Lovek. In 1593, they decided to strike.;;;;;;;;;;6843 EVENTHIST65141;The Thai have sacked Angkor. Loot, plunder, and prisoners have been brought back to the Thai capital.;;;;;;;;;;6844 EVENTHIST65140;There is a long hatred between the Thai and the Khmer Empire. During the 12th century, the Thai peoples had been reduced to vassalage by Suryavarman II, one of the greatest Angkorian monarchs. In 1431, the Thai decided to strike back.;;;;;;;;;;6845 EVENTHIST65138;The Vietnamese were involved in a lengthy civil war until 1674, but upon its conclusion they promptly annexed sizable areas of contiguous Cambodian territory in the region of the Mekong Delta. Cambodia was cut off from access to the sea. Trade with the outside world was possible only with Vietnamese permission.;;;;;;;;;;6846 EVENTHIST65137;In 1620 King Chey Chettha II (1618-28) married a daughter of Sai Vuong, one of the Nguyen lords (1558-1778), who ruled southern Vietnam for most of the period of the restored Le dynasty (1428-1788). Three years later, Chey Chettha allowed the Vietnamese to establish a custom-house at Prey Nokor, near what is now Ho Chi Minh City (until 1975, Saigon). For more than almost a century and a half afterwards, Cambodia remained in the Vietnamese sphere of influence.;;;;;;;;;;6847 EVENTHIST65136;By the late 15th century, the Vietnamese had defeated the once-powerful kingdom of Champa in central Vietnam. Thousands of Cham fled into Khmer territory.;;;;;;;;;;6848 EVENTHIST65135;The Thai have dealt a fatal blow to Cambodian independence by capturing Lovek. With the posting of a Thai military governor in the city, a degree of foriegn political control was established over the kingdom for the first time. Cambodian chronicles decribe the fall of Lovek as a catastrophe from which the nation never fully recovered.;;;;;;;;;;6849 EVENTHIST65134;The Spanish refuse to send aid.;;;;;;;;;;6850 EVENTHIST65133;With Spanish aid came concessions. The Khmer were forced to become a protectorate of Spain.;;;;;;;;;;6851 EVENTHIST65132;Hard-pressed by the Thai, King Sattha (1576-94) surrounded himself with a personal guard of Spanish and Portuguese mercenaries, and in 1593 asked the Spanish governor of the Phillipines for aid.;;;;;;;;;;6852 EVENTHIST65131;King Ang Chan (1516-66), one of the few great Khmer monarchs of the post-Angkorian period, moved the capital from Phnom Penh to Lovek. Portuguese and Spanish travelers who visited the city, located on the banks of the Tonle Sab, a river north of Phnom Penh, described it as a place of fabulous wealth. The products traded there included precious stones, metals, silk and cotton, incense, ivory, lacquer, livestock (including elephants), and rhinoceros horn (prized by the Chinese as a rare and potent medicine).;;;;;;;;;;6853 EVENTHIST65130;Thai, Laotian, Vietnamese, Cham, Mallacan, Burmese, and Chinese envoys visit the newly rebuilt Khmer capital of Angkor. They are bedazzled and return to their homelands with stories of a heavenly city on Earth.;;;;;;;;;;6854 EVENTHIST65129;Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire, was undoubtedly as splendid as any European city. It was built between the 9th and 14th centuries as the administrative and religious center of the powerful Khmer Empire. Zhou Daguan, a Chinese envoy in Cambodia from 1296-1297, described a glittering city of palaces and pagodas, palanquins and elephants, concubines, celestial dancers, and slaves. With the revival of the Khmer Empire, the Khmer King wished to bring back the splendor of Angkor with the construction and restoration of buildings and monuments.;;;;;;;;;;6855 EVENTHIST65128;The constant warfare and building preoccupatations of the preceding centuries caused the Khmer's elaborate irrigation system, no longer properly tended, to fall into disrepair and silt up. Canals had become clogged, reservoirs had dried up, ricefields had reverted to swampland, and food production had dwindled. Stagnant water had led to an increase in the number of malaria-carrying mosquitoes.;;;;;;;;;;6856 EVENTHIST65127;Following the abandonment of the Angkorian sites, the Khmer established a new capital several hundred kilometers to the southeast on the site of what is now Phnom Penh. This new center of power was located at the confluence of the Mekong and the Tonle Sab rivers. Thus, it controlled the river commerce of the Khmer heartland and the Laotian kingdoms and had access, by way of the Mekong Delta, to international trade routes that linked the China coast, the South China Sea, and the Indian Ocean. A new kind of state and society emerged, more open to the outside world and more dependent on commerce as a source of wealth than its inland predecessor.;;;;;;;;;;6857 EVENTHIST65126;Having successfully turned back the Thai invasion, King Sedaiya of Cambodia is ready to open a new golden age of the Khmer Empire. He sets out on a program of expansion and consolidation.;;;;;;;;;;6858 EVENTHIST65125;The Thai have sacked Angkor. We must move southeast.;;;;;;;;;;6859 EVENTHIST65124;When the Thai invaded Angkor, the seat of royal power, in 1431, they went on a rampage, killing, destroying, and looting. They stripped Angkor of its wealth and destroyed its infrastructure. The royal court eventually moved itself southeast.;;;;;;;;;;6860 EVENTHIST65123;During the reign of king Ekat'otsarat trade flourished, and there were many contacts with neighboring countries.;;;;;;;;;;6861 EVENTHIST65122;In 1569, Burmese troops under the command of king Bayinnaung overran the Thai troops and captured the capital of Ayutthaya. The occupation lasted only for 15 years, when the future king Naresuan rebelled and expelled Burmese forces from Ayutthaya.;;;;;;;;;;6862 EVENTHIST65121;In 1569, Burmese troops under the command of king Bayinnaung overran the Thai troops and captured the capital of Ayutthaya. The occupation lasted only for 15 years, when the future king Naresuan rebelled and expelled Burmese forces from Ayutthaya.;;;;;;;;;;6863 EVENTHIST65120;After his ascension to power, king Tabinshwehti conquered and united local Burmese kingdoms, and he and his successors brought greatness to the kingdom of Burma.;;;;;;;;;;6864 EVENTHIST65119;After his ascension to power, king Tabinshwehti conquered and united local Burmese kingdoms. His next target was the kingdom of Ayutthaya. 3 wars were fought starting in 1538, ending in the 1569 with the capture of Ayutthaya and subjugation of the country.;;;;;;;;;;6865 EVENTHIST65118;After ascending the throne in 1491, king Rama T'ibodi III took measures in improving the military system, mainly in introducing a universal compulsory military service.;;;;;;;;;;6866 EVENTHIST65117;In 1560, fearing a Burmese invasion, king Phothisarath I concluded a military alliance with Ayuthaya.;;;;;;;;;;6867 EVENTHIST65116;In 1536 Lan Xang king Phothisarath I gave refuge to an exiled prince Ekaracha of Ayuthaya. Ayuthaya declared war, however, army of Lan xang defeated the invaders at Moung Khouk, and peace was quickly concluded.;;;;;;;;;;6868 EVENTHIST65115;In 1536 Lan Xang king Phothisarath I gave refuge to an exiled prince Ekaracha of Ayuthaya. Ayuthaya declared war, however, army of Lan xang defeated the invaders at Moung Khouk, and peace was quickly concluded.;;;;;;;;;;6869 EVENTHIST65114;When king Sam Saen Thai died in 1417, Lan Xang was a power to be reckoned with. His successors, however, were young, inexperienced and mediocre. Around 1427, the eldest daughter of the king Sam Saen Thai, Keava Kumari, started the intrigues behind the throne. Within a short period of 10 years, 8 kings has risen to the throne, only to be promptly killed on the orders of their aunt (or sister). When she finally mounted the throne herself in 1438, her reign only lasted a few months, as she was deposed on the orders of Council of Ministers, and then tortured to death together with her husband, the Prime-Minister (who was incidentally her grandnephew). During this time span, confusion and instability has reigned in the country.;;;;;;;;;;6870 EVENTHIST65113;Following Vietnamese invasion of mid-1470s, Lan Xang's economy experienced significant re-building during the last years of king Souvanna Ban Lang's reign. The recovery continued during the reign of his successor, king La Sen Thai Puvanart, as Lan Xang became wealthy again. That caught the eye of the Burmese, and their envy has caused worries at Lan Xang court, which, in turn, led tightening the ties between the courts of Lan Xang and Ayuthaya.;;;;;;;;;;6871 EVENTHIST65112;King Suriyawongsa was raised to the throne by the most powerful nobles in the kingdom, in preference to his elder brothers and the sons of his uncle. He is generally described as a just and enlightened ruler, and a great patron of religion and the arts. He resolved long-time conflicts with Siam, by concluding peace with them, and fixing the boundaries between the two realms and built the pagoda of Songrak together with King Narai to mark the occasion.;;;;;;;;;;6872 EVENTHIST65111;After the murder in 1698 of Nan Tharat, Lan Xang fell into disarray. The future Sethathirat II fled to Dai Viet, and marched back with a huge Vietnamese Army. He managed to capture Vientiane, but his claim to the throne was never recognized by other family members. The ruler of Luang Prabang was proclaimed the King of Lan Xang, and Champa followed the suit.;;;;;;;;;;6873 EVENTHIST65109;While Taj al-Alam was uniquely qualified to take the throne as a daughter of Iskandar Muda and a widow of Iskandar Thani, later queens lacked her prestige and abilities. The growing opposition to queens finally succeeded in obtaining a letter from Mecca condemning female rule.;;;;;;;;;;6874 EVENTHIST65108;The unexpected death of Iskandar Thani without an heir started a lengthy period of women's rule. Taj al-Alam's rule saw the most prosperous time in Atjeh's history.;;;;;;;;;;6875 EVENTHIST65107;Following the wild rampage of Iskandar Muda, his son Iskandar Thani concentrated more on restoring the country's economy and moral values.;;;;;;;;;;6876 EVENTHIST65106;A similar policy of ruthless centralisation was carried out by al-Mukammil's grandson, Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-36), the strongest of Atjeh's rulers. His relentless policy of expansionism and conquest alienated both English and Dutch, and exhausted the country.;;;;;;;;;;6877 EVENTHIST65105;The reign of the merchant oligarchy came to an end when the laksamana, or admiral, used his position as guardian of a boy king to seize power himself. He ruled as Sultan Ala'ad-din Ri'ayat Shah Sayyid al-Mukammil, and his ruthlessness and cruelty helped to centralize the state, but alienated the Atjeh merchants.;;;;;;;;;;6878 EVENTHIST65104;After the death of al-Qahhar's son in 1579, a 10 year-long period of power struggle followed, with 5 sultans being dethroned in those 10 years. Merchant magnates were at the height of their power.;;;;;;;;;;6879 EVENTHIST65103;Serving as a protector of Muslim traders, Shah al-Qahhar came into contact with Ottomans and received troops, cannons and gunsmiths from them to fight the infidel Portuguese.;;;;;;;;;;6880 EVENTHIST65102;Under Ala-ud-Din Ri'ayat Shah al-Qahhar Atjeh promptly rose to power by catering to the merchants exiled by the Portuguese takeover of Melaka. During his reign, however, a merchant aristocracy gained significant political influence, which would eventually bring Atjeh down from its heights.;;;;;;;;;;6881 EVENTHIST65101;Following a long period of Melaka domination, a patchwork of Atjeh trading centres was united in 1520-1524 by Ali Mughayat Shah as a counter to clumsy Portugese efforts to monopolize the trade in the region.;;;;;;;;;;6882 EVENTHIST65100;The sultanate of Atjeh rose to prominence in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. After the capture of Melaka by the Portuguese in 1511, Atjeh would become a dominant power in the region until its near collapse in the mid-1630s.;;;;;;;;;;6883 EVENTHIST65055;After destroying his Afghani enemies, Karim Khan turned to rebuilding the country. While technically in charge of the country, he used Ismail III, the last representative of the Safavid dynasty, as a puppet ruler. During his reign, Karim Khan managed to bring order and prosperity to Persia. The roads, only a few years ago infested by gangs of all kinds, were now the safest in the region to travel, and the economy (and especially agriculture) destroyed by the rampage of Nadir Shah and 10 years of instability that followed his death, was finally on the rise.;;;;;;;;;;6884 EVENTHIST65052;The power struggle among various Turkoman princes led to a vacuum of authority in Iran. This created a perfect opportunity for the militant order of Sufis, that traced their origin from Safi al-Din (1252-1334). Ismail, the son of Haider Sultan, murdered by Yaqub Khan in 1487, gained enough support from disaffected and war-weary Turkoman clans in Shirvan and Azerbaijan. The decisive battle between the Qizilbash (Shia soldiers) of Ismail and the last ruler of Ak Koyunlu, Alwand, was fought in 1501 near Shurur, and ended with a devastating defeat of Alwand. The power was now firmly in the hands of Ismail.;;;;;;;;;;6885 EVENTHIST65051;Yaqub Khan, the last strong ruler of Ak Koyunlu has died in may of 1492. His successor, Baysunqur, was challenged immediately by the rest of Yaqub's relatives, and the struggle for power began which continued well into 16th century and left most of Western Iran devastated and depopulated.;;;;;;;;;;6886 EVENTHIST65050;Following the loss of Tabriz to the Ottomans, the capital of Persia was moved to Qazvin. Shah Tahmasp I and his successors maintained the capital in Qavin until 1598, when Shah Abbas moved it once again to Isfahan. During the reign of Tahmasp I, many buildings were erected in Qazvin, including Ali Q'apu and Chenel-Sotoun palaces which preceded their counterparts in Isfahan.;;;;;;;;;;6887 EVENTHIST65031;Muhammad Shaibani was able to return from his exile and re-assemble the scattered Uzbeg clans only after the death of Jani Beg in 1480. However, he quickly made Uzbegs a power to be reckoned with again, just like during the days of his grandfather, Abu'l Khair. He managed to clear the remaining Timurid princes out of Transoxiana, defeated and drove Babur out of Samarqand, and expanded as far south as Herat when he expelled the last Timurid ruler, Hussain BayKarah. That brough him into a conflict with a Shiite ruler of Iran, Shah Ismail. Not only the lands were at stake, but religion as well. In 1510, Ismail managed to lure Shaibani into an ambush and had him killed. His skull was stuffed with straw and sent to Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. With the death of Shaibani, the power in the Khanate was split between Samarqand and Bukhara, with two Khans ruling simultaneously. Uzbegs has lost their offensive momentum for the next 20 years, but regained it for a short period of time during the rule of the 'Warrior Khan' Ubaid'Allah.;;;;;;;;;;6888 EVENTHIST65030;During his long lifetime Abu'l Khair managed to create a huge empire stretching from Siberia in the North to Khiva and Urgench in the South. However, his ascension in 1428, sponsored by a wily Ulugh Beg, was never recognized by relatives of Khan Baraq, especially his sons, Jani Beg and Giray Khan. In 1460s they led the tribes of the remnants of the White Horde into the lands controlled by Abu'l Khair. Supported by the ruler of Oirats, they laid a claim to Semirech'e. Abu'l Khair didn't recognize the claim, and a conflict ensued. In 1468, a combined army of Khazaks and Oirats defeated Abu'l Khair's forces. Both Abu'l Khair and his son Sultan Haidar were killed, and the might of Uzbegs has crumbled. The power has passed into the hands of Abu'l Khair grandson Shaibani, who had to flee and live in exile for a long time, before he could reassemble the Uzbeg clans.;;;;;;;;;;6889 EVENTHIST65029;The former ruler of Afghanistan, Shuja ul-Mulk Sadozai, has escaped from his imprisonment and has come to seek our aid in the hopes of reclaiming the Afghan throne. In exchange he offers the famous Koh-e-Núr diamond.;;;;;;;;;;6890 EVENTHIST65028;Massive guerilla uprisings are occuring throughout our country! Kashmir influence suspected!;;;;;;;;;;6891 EVENTHIST65027;In 1702, the last great Astarkhanid ruler of Bukhara, Subhan Quli has died. He was followed by his 17 years old son Ubaid'Allah, whose ascension was quickly met by a revolt. Inefficiency and envy of the young khan almost assured political fragmentation and the backwardness of the Khanate for the years to come.;;;;;;;;;;6892 EVENTHIST65026;In 1603, after 4 years of interim rule, a new dynasty was founded, when Baqi Muhammad has ascended the throne.;;;;;;;;;;6893 EVENTHIST65025;After the death of Abd'Allah II, his son Abd'al Mum'in ascended the throne, however, his cruelty and mass executions of the his father's amirs and advisors, has united the nobility of the Khanate against him. One dark night, while crossing a river on the back of his horse, he was hit by 3 dozen arrows, and died instantly. The power was bestowed on Pir Muhammad, who, being an opium addict, had absolutely no interest in ruling the country. In 1599 Pir Muhammad II was removed from power, which signified the end of the Shaibanid rule in Bukhara. 4 years and 2 interim rulers later, the power was transferred into the hands of the new dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;6894 EVENTHIST65023;People of Khiva were always openly hostile to rulers of Bukhara. This hostility goes back to the times of Abu'l Khayr, when part of the tribes refused to follow him, and remained settled in the areas around Khiva and Urganj. Subsequently the area was reconquered by Muhammad Shaibani, and later on Ubaid'Allah, which didn't bring much popularity to the Bukharan rulers. The latter, however, never staked any claims to these lands, and used their military supremacy to keep Khiva vassalized, and protect the trade with Muscovy.;;;;;;;;;;6895 EVENTHIST65022;Following a series of insults (or inconsiderations) from Khivan rulers, Abd'Allah decided to teach them a lesson. Taking advantage of Hajji Muhammad absence, he mounted an expedition in 1576, and brought Khiva under his influence.;;;;;;;;;;6896 EVENTHIST65021;Following the turmoil of Persian occupation, a powerful Manghit noble Rahim Bi has risen to prominence during the reign of Abu'l Fa'iz Khan. Slowly gaining power, Rahim Bi has murdered Abu'l Fa'iz Khan in 1746, and put his 7 yera old son Abd al-Mum'in on the throne and appoint himself a Regent. In the following 6 years, Rahim Bi has killed both Abd al-Mu'min, and his brother Ubaid'Allah, and proclaimed himself a ruler in 1753. His 11 year long rule was marked by almost constant warfare, as he managed to bring a lot of lands lost during Persian occupation back under Bukhara's control.;;;;;;;;;;6897 EVENTHIST65020;Following the death of Rahim Khan, a short scuffle for power has ended with Danial Ataliq defeating his opponents and putting an illiterate peasant Abu'l-Ghazi on the throne. Actual power, however, was totally in the hands of a powerful regent, who ruled with an iron fist, and brought stability to Bukhara.;;;;;;;;;;6898 EVENTHIST65019;After Ermak's expedition into Siberia, relations between Russia and the khanate became somewhat strained, as khan Kuchum of Sibir was a relative of Abd'Allah. Abd'Allah continuously supported Kuchum with weapons and men, and even gave him an asylum in 1597.;;;;;;;;;;6899 EVENTHIST65018;Abd'Allah was very active in international affairs, sending embassies as far as Constantinople and Muscovy.;;;;;;;;;;6900 EVENTHIST65017;As a result of his centralization efforts, as well as an amicable relations with the Ottomans, the army of khanate became a very strong a feared opponent by many of her neighbors, including Persia.;;;;;;;;;;6901 EVENTHIST65016;Throughout his reign, Abd'Allah carefully followed a course of improving economy of the khanate, through a wise and improved taxation system, as well as support for trade and agriculture. He also severely curtailed the appanage system, inherited from the times of Chengis Khan, and centralized the government of the khanate.;;;;;;;;;;6902 EVENTHIST65015;Though separated from Abu'l Khayr Uzbegs in 1440s, the Kazakhs remained nomadic throughout their history, and did not become united until the 16th century.;;;;;;;;;;6903 EVENTHIST65014;Prince Tawakkul had found a favor with Abd'Allah and was given an honor to lead the vanguard. However, an execution of a couple of nobles troublemakers, was taken as a fact of subordination by Abd'Allah, and a young prince suddenly lost the favor. Brooding over the humiliation, Tawakkul has left for the steppes, seemingly for good, the honeymonn was over.;;;;;;;;;;6904 EVENTHIST65013;During the 15 year long struggle against Abd'Allah, his nobles enlisted the help of Kazakh's Khan Haq Nazar. However, upon Haq Nazar' death, new Khan Shigai chose to be allied with Abd'Allah in exchange for a fief.;;;;;;;;;;6905 EVENTHIST65012;Anthony Jenkinson has travelled to Bukhara on behalf of both Czar Ivan IV and Muscovy Trading Company in 1558. Ivan was very interested in establishing trade contacts with Bukhara, as Muscovy served as a stopover for the goods from India and China into Western Europe.;;;;;;;;;;6906 EVENTHIST65011;Pir Muhammad, who had a reputation of being wily and greedy, tried to jostle Bukhara from his nephew Abd'Allah by offering him an exchange of appanages. Abd'Allah originally agreed, however, upon learning of real importance of Bukhara, Abd'Allah decided to call the deal off, and move his capital to Bukhara, and replace Pir Muhammad with his father Iskandar.;;;;;;;;;;6907 EVENTHIST65010;Following the death of Abd al-Latif, a short political brawl followed, which, however, had far reaching long term consequences. Pir Muhammad quickly jumped on opportunity and captured Bukhara, however, lacking any military support, he had to flee upon hearing the news that Nawruz Ahmad is on his way. The next 7 years saw a constant figthing between Pir Muhammad nephew Abd'Allah and Nawruz Ahmad. The civil war effectively ended in 1556 when Nawruz Ahmad died of drunkeness, allowing Pir Muhammad to ascend to the throne.;;;;;;;;;;6908 EVENTHIST65009;After the death of Ubaid'Allah Khan in 1539, the Uzbeg empire slowly slid, due to a lack of strong personalities, into factional fighting, which culminated, after the death of Abd-al Latif in 1549, in a full scale struggle for power.;;;;;;;;;;6909 EVENTHIST65008;Having conquered Bukhara, Samarqand and Herat, Muhammad Shaibani has moved his capital to Samarqand. The real power after his death was always split between Bukhara and Samarqand, and as Bukhara was a city of big financial and religious prominence, the capital has eventually moved to Bukhara during the reign of Abd'Allah II and would remain there until 1873 when Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by Russian Empire.;;;;;;;;;;6910 EVENTHIST65007;Unlike his grandfather Abu'l Khayr, Muhammad Shaibani had acquired (involuntary) a liking for a settled life. During his early years he was forced to flee the steppes for his safety, and lived for a while in Bukhara and Astrakhan. Energetic and ambitious, he has set a goal of recreating the Tamerlane Empire by ousting small Timurid rulers, which brought him into conflict with Shah Ismail of Persia and Babur.;;;;;;;;;;6911 EVENTHIST65006;During his lifetime (1425-1468), Abu'l Khayr carved himself a huge empire, stretching from Tura in Northern Siberia all the way down to Khwarizm.;;;;;;;;;;6912 EVENTHIST65000;After the death of Taimur Shah, Sandar Payenda Khan attempted to take control of Afghanistan by force. The governors of Herat and Qandahar sided with his brother Zaman.;;;;;;;;;;6913 EVENTHIST62008;After surviving earlier attacks from Persia, Uzbegs and Mughul Empire, the newly formed nation of Aghanistan now appears. Unlike the former three nations though, much of the population has kindred in this new nation.;;;;;;;;;;6914 EVENTHIST62007;The Mughal dogs dared to grab what is rightfully ours! What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;6915 EVENTHIST62004;Persian jackals dared to grab what is rightfully ours! What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;6916 EVENTHIST62003;Feeling the inevitable, the council of Herat has offered to submit their kingdom to our rule. However, the nobles demand protection and payments for their peaceful surrender.;;;;;;;;;;6917 EVENTHIST62002;Feeling the inevitable, the council of Herat has offered to submit their kingdom to our rule in exchange for protection against the Uzbegs. However, the nobles also demand protection and payments for their peaceful surrender.;;;;;;;;;;6918 EVENTHIST62000;Our beloved king has died heirless. Uzbegs are eyeing our rich lands with envy, and openly preparing to take them military. Who should we seek protection with?;;;;;;;;;;6919 EVENTHIST60013;Following the capture of Malacca by Portuguese in 1511, and their subsequent defeat of Mahmud Shah in 1526, once powerful Empire of Mallacca collapsed. Mahmud Shah was forced to retreat far South to Johor where he founded his new capital, while the former possessions of Empire north of Malacca became independent in 1528, when an exiled son of Mahmud Shah, Muzaffar, was invited by a ruler of Perak, Sultan Mughal, to ascend the throne and form a new dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;6920 EVENTHIST60012;Tun Perak passed away in 1498, and was succeeded as Bendahara by his brother Tun Puteh, who died only 2 years later. Tun Mutahir was appointed next, thus achieving his goal of becoming a Bendahara, a position he was seeking since 1488. Malacca continued to flourish under his guidance, but the court was now thronged and dominated by Tamil merchants, ready to buy their way to royal favour. Their monopoly in trade made them despised by other traders, and Malay chiefs and commoners hated the arrogant and greedy 'Jawa Pekan' strutting like rulers. In 1510, Tun Mutahir was accused of plotting against the Sultan, and was executed.;;;;;;;;;;6921 EVENTHIST60008;Invading armies from Europe have captured our capital city! They are building fortifications and appear to be settling in for a long-term occupation. It may be more reasonable to set up a new capital in order to centralized the scattered administration that fled Malacca during the attack and to organize them so that we may plan its reconquest. The province of Johor in the south would make an admirable base from which to do this.;;;;;;;;;;6922 EVENTHIST60007;During the war between Ayutthaya and Malacca in 1445, Hindu revolted against Muslim oppression.;;;;;;;;;;6923 EVENTHIST60006;In 1612, the Malay scholar Tun Seri Lanang began writing the classic literary work called the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). The narrative is considered a literary masterpiece as well as an important historical document that chronicles a 600-year history of the region.;;;;;;;;;;6924 EVENTHIST60005;The Sultanate of Malacca reached the zenith of its power during the 15th century. Either by conquest or settlement, Malacca occupied much of nearby Sumatra, the original home of Parameswara, founder of the sultanate.;;;;;;;;;;6925 EVENTHIST60004;A Portuguese holy man wishes to educate our people about his religion. Is this heresy?;;;;;;;;;;6926 EVENTHIST60003;These Portuguese visitors envy the richness of our kingdom. We cannot trust them;;;;;;;;;;6927 EVENTHIST60002;My Lord, our once-loyal general Hang Jebat has turned against us! Shall we call upon Hang Tuah to apprehend the traitor?;;;;;;;;;;6928 EVENTHIST60001;Great Sultan, the Ming emissary Cheng Ho visits us once again. This time our Chinese guest brings you a special gift, the Princess Hang Li Po as your bride! With this marriage perhaps we may cement an eternal friendship with the Ming Empire.;;;;;;;;;;6929 EVENTHIST60000;Sultan Muzaffar Shah has married a daughter of a previous Bendahara Sriwa Raja, Tun Kudu, to win loyalty of her brother, Tun Perak, who was deeply respected by Malay subjects of the Sultan, and a man who had an ability, courage to build an Empire. To avoid an unrest and civil war, Sultan Muzaffar has offered to his current Tamil Bendahara, Tun Ali, to resign. The latter agreed, but demanded a heavy price: he wanted to marry Tun Kudu, a wife of the Sultan. Tun Kudu made the ultimate sacrifice, divorced the Sultan, and freed her brother to shape the Malcca's future for the next 42 years, and serve as Bendahara (Prime Minister) under four Sultans;;;;;;;;;;6930 EVENTHIST5902;The Swiss Leonhard Euler was, perhaps, the best mathematician of the 18th century. Through the requests of Daniel Bernoulli and Jakob Hermann, Euler was appointed to the mathematical-physical division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Euler left Basel on 5 April 1727. He had joined the Russian Academy of Sciences two years after it had been opened by Catherine I the wife of Peter the Great. At the Academy Euler had many colleagues who would provide an exceptional environment for him: he carried out projects dealing with cartography, science education, magnetism, fire engines, machines, and ship building. The core of his research program was now set in place: number theory, infinitesimal analysis including its emerging branches, differential equations and the calculus of variations, and rational mechanics.;;;;;;;;;;6931 EVENTHIST5901;The Swiss Leonhard Euler was, perhaps, the best mathematician of the 18th century. His work included: number theory, infinitesimal analysis including its emerging branches, differential equations and the calculus of variations and rational mechanics. He viewed these three fields as intimately interconnected. Studies of number theory were vital to the foundations of calculus, and special functions and differential equations were essential to rational mechanics, which supplied concrete problems.;;;;;;;;;;6932 EVENTHIST5900;The tsar Peter I the Great had the aim of modernising Russia and introducing the ideas of the Enlightenment. For this reason he decided to create a scientific institute like those in London, Paris or Berlin. The Academy of Sciences was created by Peter's decree the 22nd January 1724. Scientific meetings of the Academy were already held in 1725, and in December 1725, after Peter’s the Great death, the official opening took place. The event was of great importance for revival of the country: every field of life in Russia needed development of science, education and culture. Working at the Academy project Peter the First invited a number of outstanding European scientists.;;;;;;;;;;6933 EVENTHIST59;A daring adventurer and his company have put themselves at your disposal to win new land for god and country! The vast track of still unknown and unexplored lands would always attract adventurers in search of glory, fame and wealth.;;;;;;;;;;6934 EVENTHIST5848;Milord, the Norwegian nobles and clergy are weak and mostly happy with our rule. With Sweden out of the Union, the pro-Danish faction in Norway seeks even closer ties with us. From now on, Norway shall be a part of Denmark!;;;;;;;;;;6935 EVENTHIST58;A bold captain has put himself his ship and his crew at your disposal to win glory for God and country!. The vast tract of still unknown sea lanes and unexplored lands would always attract seamen in search of adventure fame and wealth.;;;;;;;;;;6936 EVENTHIST57;A permanent matter of regal attention fortification of the realm always received great care, particularly at the border or in strategic places such as capitals major shipyards or important colonies.;;;;;;;;;;6937 EVENTHIST5254;In 1803, after the generalization of the vaccination in Europe, the spansih government decided to organize a scientific expedition to the american colonies in order to introduce there the new techniques and to begin a more or less general programme of vaccination in those provinces. The expedition, called 'Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna', was directed by Francisco Javier Balmis.;;;;;;;;;;6938 EVENTHIST5253;The royal funding of the 'novatores' gives its fruits: the new science and philosophy begins to be cultivated in our country.;;;;;;;;;;6939 EVENTHIST5252;The 'novatores' were a group of spanish scientists that, at the end of the 17th century, warned against the backwardness in which spanish science had fallen and against the indifference with which the new ideas were welcomed. They tried to improve this situation and to introduce the latest european ideas and advancements in Spain.;;;;;;;;;;6940 EVENTHIST5251;Tomás de Torquemada was the first grand inquisitor in Spain whose name has become synonymous with the Christian Inquisition's horror religious bigotry and cruel fanaticism. He was closely associated with the religious policy of King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I to whom he was both confessor and adviser. In 1484 he promulgated 28 articles for the guidance of inquisitors whose competence was extended to include not only crimes of heresy and apostasy but also sorcery sodomy polygamy blasphemy usury and other offenses - torture was authorized in order to obtain evidence.;;;;;;;;;;6941 EVENTHIST5250;Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist playwright and poet the creator of Don Quixote and the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. Don Quixote has been translated in full or in part into more than 60 languages. Editions continue regularly to be printed and critical discussion of the work has proceeded unabated since the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;6942 EVENTHIST5241;Volta was an italian physicist who constructed a device for accumulating a large charge by a series of inductions and groundings. He investigated the 'animal electricity' of Galvani and found that the current was generated from the contact of dissimilar metals, and that the frog leg was only acting as a detector. Using this principle, in 1800 he constructed the first battery to produce electricity. Volta's method of stacking round plates of copper and zinc separated by disks of cardboard moistened with salt solution was termed a Voltaic pile. By touching the copper and zinc disks together, Volta showed them to be oppositely charged.;;;;;;;;;;6943 EVENTHIST5240;Da Vinci was an Italian painter draftsman sculptor architect and engineer whose genius perhaps more than that of any figure epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. His 'Last Supper' and 'Mona Lisa' are among the most widely popular and influential paintings of the Renaissance. His notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry and a mechanical inventiveness that were centuries ahead of their time.;;;;;;;;;;6944 EVENTHIST5229;Galileo was born in Pisa in Tuscany. He is chiefly remembered for his work on free fall, his use of the telescope and his employment of experimentation. In 1592 Galileo was appointed professor of mathematics at the university of Padua (the university of the Republic of Venice). There his duties were to teach Euclid's geometry and astronomy. In the summer of 1609 Galileo made a series of telescopes. The astronomical discoveries he made with his telescopes were described in a book called 'Messenger from the stars' (Sidereus Nuncius) published in Venice in May 1610. Galileo claimed to have seen mountains on the Moon, to have proved the Milky Way was made up of tiny stars, and to have seen four small bodies orbiting Jupiter. These last, with an eye on getting a job in Florence, he promptly named 'the Medicean stars'.;;;;;;;;;;6945 EVENTHIST5228;Galileo continued his work on motion and on mechanics, and began to get involved in disputes about Copernicanism. Galileo showed a marked tendency to use all his discoveries as evidence for Copernicanism, and to do so with great verbal as well as mathematical skill. Copernicanism was in contradiction with Scripture, and in 1616 Galileo was given some kind of secret, but official, warning that he was not to defend Copernicanism. Just what was said on this occasion was to become a subject for dispute when Galileo was accused of departing from this undertaking in his 'Dialogue concerning the two greatest world systems', published in 1632.;;;;;;;;;;6946 EVENTHIST5227;In Florence Galileo continued his work on motion and on mechanics, and began to get involved in disputes about Copernicanism. Galileo showed a marked tendency to use all his discoveries as evidence for Copernicanism, and to do so with great verbal as well as mathematical skill. Copernicanism was in contradiction with Scripture, and in 1616 Galileo was given some kind of secret, but official, warning that he was not to defend Copernicanism. Just what was said on this occasion was to become a subject for dispute when Galileo was accused of departing from this undertaking in his 'Dialogue concerning the two greatest world systems', published in Florence in 1632.;;;;;;;;;;6947 EVENTHIST5226;Galileo was born in Pisa in Tuscany and he is chiefly remembered for his work on free fall, his use of the telescope and his employment of experimentation. Early in his career he determined that repetition time of a pendulum was the same regardless of the amplitude of the oscillation. He determined, experimentally, that objects do not fall with velocities proportionate to their weight, that was a direct contradiction of the teachings of Aristotle. In 1609 he built a telescope and began detailed observations of the sky. However his disagreements with the Aristotelean canon made his life at the University of Padua increasingly difficult as he met accusations from the Church and the opposition of detractors at the University. In 1610 Cosimo II invited him to come to Florence and continue his work away from his opponents.;;;;;;;;;;6948 EVENTHIST5225;Galileo is chiefly remembered for his work on free fall, his use of the telescope and his employment of experimentation. He made a series of telescopes with which he saw mountains on the Moon, proved the Milky Way was made up of tiny stars, and saw four small bodies orbiting Jupiter. Galileo became 'Mathematician and Philosopher' to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. In Florence he continued his work on motion and mechanics and began to get involved in disputes about Copernicanism. Copernicanism was in contradiction with Scripture, and in 1616 Galileo was given some kind of warning that he was not to defend Copernicanism. Just what was said on this occasion was to become a subject for dispute when Galileo was accused of departing from this undertaking in his 'Dialogue concerning the two greatest world systems'. In October 1632 he was summoned by the Holy Office to Rome. The tribunal passed a sentence condemning him and compelled Galileo to abjure his theory.;;;;;;;;;;6949 EVENTHIST5224;The Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 in Rome by the young Prince Federico Cesi and his friends, Anastasio Di Filiis, Johannes Van Heeck, and Francesco Stelluti. It aimed at a radical renewal of scientific knowledge and it encouraged a vigorous critical approach to the dominant Aristotelian philosophy. They chose the lynx as their emblem, to stress the importance of sharp and penetrating insight into nature. The Academy realized the revolutionary importance of the celestial discoveries that Galileo made with his new telescope in 1610. Nevertheless, the Academy did not survive the death of Prince Federico Cesi in 1630.;;;;;;;;;;6950 EVENTHIST5223;Although Brunelleschi's construction methods were revolutionary, the erection of the dome was still a lengthy construction process. By the time Brunelleschi died, in 1446, the dome was almost completely finished. It soon became one of the masterworks of architecture, admired throughout the world. Although the duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore was the most famous of Brunelleschi's architectural achievements, there are many other examples of his stunning architecture in Florence.;;;;;;;;;;6951 EVENTHIST5222;The work for the cathedral in Florence had begun in 1296 and proceeded very slowly. When the architect and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi became interested in the project the main problem facing the architects was the construction of the dome. Huge engineering problems faced the placing of a dome on the octagonal Baptistry, and much argument had taken place on how to solve this and Brunelleschi set to work on finding an innovative solution. He combined his artistic skills, his mathematical skills and his understanding of mechanical devices when he made a proposal to the wardens of works of the cathedral when they set up a competition in 1418 to find the best solution to the problem of designing and constructing the dome. Brunelleschi proposed a double selfsupporting shell and a rib structure to support the enormous weight. He proposed brick as a building material, laid in rotating herringbone patterns. In 1420 Brunelleschi was awarded the commission and construction began.;;;;;;;;;;6952 EVENTHIST5221;Michelangelo was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime and ever since then he has been held to be one of the greatest artists of all times. A number of his works in painting sculpture and architecture rank among the most famous in existence. Although the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel are probably the best known of his works today the artist thought of himself primarily as a sculptor.;;;;;;;;;;6953 EVENTHIST5220;Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian writer and statesman Florentine patriot and original political theorist whose principal work 'The Prince' brought him a reputation of amoral cynicism. Yet Machiavelli's affections always lay with the republic and all of his theories were intended for its betterment but the corruption of the times the weakness of the states of Italy and the threat of foreign conquest made him long for that 'new prince' who might give reality to his great dream of the redemption of Italy.;;;;;;;;;;6954 EVENTHIST5191;Mozart is widely recognized as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music. With Haydn and Beethoven he brought to its height the achievement of the Viennese Classical school. Unlike any other composer in musical history he wrote in all the musical genres of his day and excelled in every one. His taste his command of form and his range of expression entitle him to be considered the most universal of all composers.;;;;;;;;;;6955 EVENTHIST5190;Ludwig van Beethoven was a universal genius widely regarded as the greatest composer who ever lived He dominated a period of musical history as no one else before or since. Rooted in the Classical traditions of Haydn and Mozart his art reaches out to encompass the new spirit of humanism expressed in the works of Goethe and Schiller his elder contemporaries in the world of literature and above all in the ideals of the French Revolution with its passionate concern for the freedom and dignity of the individual.;;;;;;;;;;6956 EVENTHIST5170;Bach was a composer of the Baroque era the most celebrated member of a large family of northern German musicians. Although he was admired by his contemporaries primarily as an outstanding harpsichordist organist and expert on organ building Bach is now generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time.;;;;;;;;;;6957 EVENTHIST5160;Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher mathematician and political adviser important both as a metaphysician and as a logician and distinguished also for his independent invention of the differential and integral calculus. Born in Leipzig in 1646 he eventually ended up in the service of John Frederick the duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.;;;;;;;;;;6958 EVENTHIST5140;Kant was the foremost thinker of the Enlightenment and one of the greatest philosophers of all time. In him were subsumed new trends that had begun with the Rationalism (stressing reason) of René Descartes and the Empiricism (stressing experience) of Francis Bacon. He thus inaugurated a new era in the development of philosophical thought.;;;;;;;;;;6959 EVENTHIST5123;In 1595 Cornelis Corneliszoon built the first wind powered sawmill. The effect this would have on shipbuilding was aparrent to everyone. The sawyers guild of Amsterdam, whose members earned more than any other semi-skilled laborers, kept the innovation from being introduced to Amsterdam. Instead, the first mill was built in Zaandam, across the harbour. By 1630 there were 53 windmills cutting wood for the Zaandam shipyards, and the collapse of wages had led to the dissolution of the Amsterdam sawyers guild. By the end of the century Zaandam was world renowned for ship design and construction, building as many as 350 ships a year, and with the ability to build an entire ship in 5 weeks.;;;;;;;;;;6960 EVENTHIST5122;Huygens was a Dutch mathematician astronomer and physicist who founded the wave theory of light discovered the true shape of the rings of Saturn and made original contributions to the science of dynamics - the study of the action of forces on bodies. Forgotten until the early 19th century his theories on light appear today as one of the most brilliant and original contributions to modern science and will always be remembered by the principle bearing his name.;;;;;;;;;;6961 EVENTHIST5121;Hugo Grotius was a Dutch scholar and lawyer. His best known book 'De Jure Belli ac Pacis' published in 1625 was a legal masterpiece and lay the groundwork for modern international law. He is also famous for his celebrated escape from prison (where he was incarcerated due to political and religious conflicts) in a bookchest! He also wrote other legal works religious works and poetry.;;;;;;;;;;6962 EVENTHIST5120;Erasmus a humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance the first editor of the New Testament and also an important figure in patristics and classical literature had great influence on theological debate during his life. As a man of the middle ground his views made him a beacon for those who valued liberty more than orthodoxy.;;;;;;;;;;6963 EVENTHIST51028;Upon the death of Abu Amr Uthman, Hafsid authority crumbled. The royal family grew to bickering and eventually fueding that damage the position of the Hafisd dynasty. Clearly, the golden age of the Hafsid dynasty was over. No longer could the sultan of Tunis exercise control over the Zayyanids and Tripoli.;;;;;;;;;;6964 EVENTHIST51027;Upon his death, Hafsid authority crumbled. The royal family grew to bickering and eventually fueding that damage the position of the Hafisd dynasty. Clearly, the golden age of the Hafsid dynasty was over. No longer could the sultan of Tunis exercise control over the Zayyanids and Tripoli.;;;;;;;;;;6965 EVENTHIST51026;During the rule of Abu Amr Uthman, the Hafsid state emerged as the preeminent power in North Africa. The Zayyanids became little more than vassals, and the Wattasids of Morocco even recognized Hafsid suzerainty.;;;;;;;;;;6966 EVENTHIST51025;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. They had planned to use the port of Tunis as a gathering point. However, their gifts did not impress the ruler of Tunis who barred them from the city. Despite this inconvenience, they still continued piracy operations and began attacks on Algiers. At the same time, rulers of rivaling cities took the chance to launch attacks on Tlemcen.;;;;;;;;;;6967 EVENTHIST51024;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. Using the city of Tunis of a launching point, they ran piracy operations and began attacks on Algiers. At the same time, ruler of rivaling cities took the chance to launch attacks on Tlemcen.;;;;;;;;;;6968 EVENTHIST51023;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. The brothers planned to use the city of Tunis as a launching point for piracy operations and attacks on Algiers. To convince the sultan of Tunisia, they gifted him with sumptuous presents.;;;;;;;;;;6969 EVENTHIST51022;In 1672, Moulay Ismail came to be the sultan of Morocco. He was a strong and daring leader with prestige equal to that of Louis XIV, with whom he developed diplomatic ties. Ismâ'îl desired to construct the new captial of the Sherifan dynasty in Meknès. From there it would be possible to re-establish law and order through out Morocco.;;;;;;;;;;6970 EVENTHIST51021;In 1557, the great Muhammad II died plunging Morocco once again into chaos. During his reign the desire for expansion of the Ottoman Empire and pressure from European powers threatened the very existence of Morocco. He was a clever politician and he made a sudden unexpected alliance with Spain that ruined the Turk's progress and belayed the pressure from Europe. Without his guidance Morocco becomes embroiled in a bitter civil war.;;;;;;;;;;6971 EVENTHIST51020;During the reign of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah (Muhammad III), Morocco recognized for the first time, the independence of the United States.;;;;;;;;;;6972 EVENTHIST51019;Dila'iyya was a Sufi order that was founded in the Middle Atlas Mountains. The order was founded a marabout who would grant divine blessings and perform miracles. The reigning sultan would court the support of this order and other marabouts for they played important roles in the religious and social areas.;;;;;;;;;;6973 EVENTHIST51018;In return for placing Abd'Allah I upon the throne of Morocco, the Ottoman Empire expected favors in return. The Ottomans suggested that Abd Allâh I lead Morocco to participate in holy war activities against Christian nations in the Mediterranean. A shrewd negotiator in foreign affairs, Abd Allâh I knew that compliance would not be in the best interests of Morocco.;;;;;;;;;;6974 EVENTHIST51017;Abd al-Malik took part in the Ottoman conquest of Tunis, in 1574, in an attempt to gain Ottoman support to oust his nephew, Muhammad al-Mutawakkil, from the throne. After the conflict, he was placed on the throne and agreed to recognize the Ottoman Sultan as the caliph.;;;;;;;;;;6975 EVENTHIST51015;In 1465 Muhammad al-Jazuli, who founded a centre for the Shadhiliyya Sufic order, died from poison. The people of Fez blamed the Marinid ruler Abd al-Haqq for al-Jazuli's death and he was executed. The death of the last Marinid ruler led to a civil war.;;;;;;;;;;6976 EVENTHIST51014;Muhammad al-Jazuli, from a Berber tribe in southern Morocco, studied at Fez and spent 40 years in the Middle East. Coming back to Fez, he moved soon to Âsfî where he established a centre of the Shâdhiliyya Sûfic order of which he was a member. Said to have had the gift of miracles (karâma), he travelled around the countryside and attracted as many as 13,000 disciples to his movement, for whom he founded zâwiyas all over Morocco. The governor of Âsfî expelled him from the town because his movement was a threat to the Marînids.;;;;;;;;;;6977 EVENTHIST51013;The Wattasids were the ruling dynasty of Morocco from the middle of the 15th century to the middle of the 16th century. The Wattasids were an old vizier family of the Merenids and when they gained control of Morocco, it was in shambles. Morocco was in the midst of economic, demographic, domestic, and foreign problems. The inability of the Wattasid sovereigns, to deal with these issues, eventually led to the dynasty's demise.;;;;;;;;;;6978 EVENTHIST51012;Despite the best efforts of the Wattasids to unify the country, they just couldn't establish order. Neither did they have the lasting power of their rivals, the Sa'di dynasty. In 1545, Muhammad al-Sheik was proclaimed sultan in Marrakesh after he captured the Portuguese fortress of Agadir in 1541. The Sa'di dynasty was supported by the masses of Morocco and eclipsed the Wattasids.;;;;;;;;;;6979 EVENTHIST51005;The Sa'di dynasty was founded in Sus by Muhammad al-Qa'im. The family took a strong position in support of a jihad against the Portuguese. This policy was ran counter to the Wattasid policy of appeasement and collaboration. Al-Qa'im began to unify southern Morocco and by 1530 controlled the southern half of Morocco.;;;;;;;;;;6980 EVENTHIST51000;In the 15th century, the Wattasid dynasty was finally able to act on their claim as the rightful rulers of Morocco. The long civil war was over with the Wattasids as the victors. However it proved difficult to rule all of Morocco from their capital in Fez. In the south, local tribesmen and Sufi orders, most notably the Jazuliyyas, harassed Moroccan cities limiting any control the Wattasids may have had.;;;;;;;;;;6981 EVENTHIST5100;The great astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus studied first at the university of Krakow and then travelling to Italy where he studied at the universities of Bologna and Padua. While he was in Italy, Copernicus visited Rome, and it seems to have been for friends there that in about 1513 he wrote a short account of what has since become known as the Copernican theory, namely that the Sun (not the Earth) is at rest in the centre of the Universe. A full account of the theory was apparently slow to take a satisfactory shape, and was not published until the very end of Copernicus's life, under the title 'On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres' (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, 1543). Copernicus' cosmology was considered implausible by the vast majority of his contemporaries, and by most astronomers and natural philosophers before the middle of the 17th century.;;;;;;;;;;6982 EVENTHIST5082;The astronomer Johannes Kepler joined Tycho Brahe as an assistant in Praga, to help with mathematical calculations. When Tycho died, Kepler succeeded him as Imperial Mathematician. Tycho's observations of planetary positions, which were made using instruments with open sights (a telescope was not used for astronomy until about 1609), were much more accurate than any made by his predecessors. They allowed Kepler, who was a convinced follower of Copernicus, to deduce his three laws of planetary motion and to construct astronomical tables, the Rudolphine Tables, whose enduring accuracy did much to persuade astronomers of the correctness of the Copernican theory.;;;;;;;;;;6983 EVENTHIST5081;The danish astronomer Tycho Brahe came from the nobility, and was intended by his family for a career as a lawyer and diplomat, but he became an astronomer. With financial help from the King of Denmark, he went on to set up an observatory on the island of Hveen in Copenhagen Sund. The observatory, called Uraniborg, was equipped with exceptionally large and accurate instruments. At Uraniborg Tycho made twenty years' worth of astronomical observations. After quarrelling with the king of Denmark, Tycho closed down his observatory and sought a place for himself and his instruments at various courts. In 1599 he was appointed Imperial Mathematician to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II, in Prague.;;;;;;;;;;6984 EVENTHIST5080;The danish astronomer Tycho Brahe came from the nobility, and was intended by his family for a career as a lawyer and diplomat, but he became an astronomer. With financial help from the King of Denmark, he went on to set up an observatory on the island of Hveen in Copenhagen Sund. The observatory, called Uraniborg, was equipped with exceptionally large and accurate instruments. At Uraniborg Tycho made twenty years worth of astronomical observations. Tycho intended that this work should prove the truth of his cosmological model, in which the Earth (with the Moon in orbit around it) was at rest in the centre of the Universe and the Sun went round the Earth (all other planets being in orbit about the Sun and thus carried round with it).;;;;;;;;;;6985 EVENTHIST5065;The most important social change due to the steam engine was the development of 'machinism', i.e. the change from artisanal production to industrial production. The steam engine allowed the factories to free from their dependance on running water and to settle near the cities. These cities grow rapidly and the first problems arose: unhealthy living conditions, unemployment, etc. Soon important revolts appeared: in march 1811 the great ludite revolt broke out, with the aim of destroying all the machines, perceived as the origin of the social problems.;;;;;;;;;;6986 EVENTHIST5064;The Newcomen engine began to be substituted by the Watt engine about 1770. The drwback of the Newcomen engine was its high energy loses. The scot James Watt greatly improved the engine with various devices, like the ball regulator. The Watt steam engine was a key element in the industrial revolution, it generalized the use of engines in the factories, boosted the productivity and completely modified the productive processes. Nevertheless, its social consequences were very problematic.;;;;;;;;;;6987 EVENTHIST5063;In 1712 Thomas Newcomen, appointed to the maintenance of a primitive steam engine in the Cornwall mines, introduced some radical improvements in the engine's efficiency. This engine was used to pump water from the coal mines, an important problem faced by every mine. The engine of Newcomen was a big and expensive one, but it could pump 45 litres of water in each pumping cycle.;;;;;;;;;;6988 EVENTHIST5062;In the 17th century the growing demand for iron was frustrated because the timber for making charcoal (the fuel used for blast-furnaces) was scarce and expensive, and large furnaces were not feasible because charcoal was too soft to support a heavy charge of ore. Raw coal was an obvious alternative, but the presence of sulphur in it spoilt the quality of the iron. At his Coalbrookdale works in 1709 Darby solved this problem by using coke, which burnt cleanly. Smelting iron with coke was a key process in the development of the Industrial Revolution.;;;;;;;;;;6989 EVENTHIST5061;Uranus was discovered by William Herschel on March 13, 1781 and was the first planet discovered in modern times. Although its first name was 'Georgium Sidus', in honour of the king of England, the name Uranus was proposed by Bode in 1850 in order to continue the use of classical mythology. The british astronomer was a patient, careful observer, who visually scanned the entire northern sky with the largest reflecting telescope of his era, constructed by himself. The two Uranus' largest moons, Titania and Oberon, were also discovered by William Herschel in 1787.;;;;;;;;;;6990 EVENTHIST5060;The English physician Edward Jenner investigated the old wives' tale that anyone who caught cowpox would be immune to smallpox. In his experiment, he took the blister fluid of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid with cowpox, and injecting it into a boy named James Phipps. After the boy recovered from cowpox, Jenner injected him with smallpox. Luckily, the experiment proved a success, and the boy proved to be immune from smallpox. After repeating the demonstration, Jenner published his results and vaccination (from the Latin words 'vacca' for cow and 'vaccinia' for cowpox) quickly became a widespread practice.;;;;;;;;;;6991 EVENTHIST5059;According to Newton, the most promising method for finding the longitude at sea was the clock method, which was to eventually to succeed. Basically the clock was set on departure and kept an absolute time which could be compared with the local time on arrival. The east/west distance travelled could then be calculated. The problem was the inexactitude of the clocks at that time. Finally John Harrison built an extremely precise clock, his first clock was built in 1715, and by 1727 he had made a very fine clock with a 'gridiron' pendulum which consisted of nine alternating steel and brass rods to eliminate the effects of temperature changes (the clock is now known as H1). H2 was built in 1739 with further innovative features. Finally H4 was completed in 1761, and satisfied all the conditions. The problem had been solved!;;;;;;;;;;6992 EVENTHIST5058;The problem of finding the longitude at sea was of the highest importance. During the 17th century there were many proposals, usually very sound from a theoretical point of view, but very impractical. In the 18th century England decided to attack the problem. Between 1690 and 1707 there were a number of incidents in which English naval ships were lost at sea because they had lost their positions. In 1714 Parliament set up a Committee whose members included Newton and Halley to report on the longitude problem, and thought the time had come to make a radical move and on 16 June 1714 they passed an Act 'for providing a publick reward for such person or persons as shall discover the longitude... to a sum of ten thousand pounds, if it determines the said longitude to one degree of a great circle or sixty geographical miles... and to twenty thousand pounds, if it determines the same to one half of the same distance'.;;;;;;;;;;6993 EVENTHIST5057;The scientific environment created by men such as Hooke, Halley, Flamsteed or Newton led to the creation of institutions devoted to the research and discussion of scientific problems. The origins of the Royal Society lie in a group of men who began meeting in the mid-1640s to discuss the new natural philosophy. Its official foundation date is 28 November 1660. The Society was to meet weekly to witness experiments and discuss what we would now call scientific topics. It was Moray who first told the King, Charles II, of this venture and secured his approval and encouragement. The Royal Greenwich Observatory was founded on 22 June 1675 by King Charles II, upon request by John Flamsteed and other astronomers, and was built specifically to do work which would help to solve the problem of finding longitude while at sea.;;;;;;;;;;6994 EVENTHIST5056;From the first years of the 17th century on, many English scientists reached high reputation for their works. Among them there were mathematicians like Isaac Barrow (generally recognized as the founder of differential calculus) or John Wallis, physicians like William Harvey (who developed the first complete theory of the circulation of blood, believing that it was pushed throughout the body by the heart's contractions), chemists like Robert Boyle (who clearly separated chemistry from alchemy), physicists like Robert Hooke and astronomers like John Flamsteed and Edmund Halley (who encouraged Newton in his work and is famous for the comet bearing his name).;;;;;;;;;;6995 EVENTHIST5055;English poet dramatist and actor William Shakespeare is often called the English national poet and considered by many to be the greatest dramatist of all time. His plays written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for a small repertory theatre are now performed and read more often and in more countries than ever before. The prophecy of his great contemporary the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson that Shakespeare 'was not of an age but for all time' has been fulfilled.;;;;;;;;;;6996 EVENTHIST5054;English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton was the culminating figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. In optics his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colors into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics. In mechanics his three laws of motion the basic principles of modern physics resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. In mathematics he was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's 'Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy' 1687 was one of the most important single works in the history of modern science.;;;;;;;;;;6997 EVENTHIST5053;John Locke was an initiator of the Enlightenment in England and France an inspirer of the U.S. Constitution and the author of among other works 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'. Locke held that knowledge of the world could only be gained by experience and reflection on experience and this knowledge was being gained by Boyle Sydenham Christiaan Huygens and Newton. They were the true philosophers who were advancing knowledge.;;;;;;;;;;6998 EVENTHIST5052;Scotsman David Hume was one of the foremost philosophers of his day who is best known for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. Taking the scientific method of the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton as his model and building on the epistemology of the English philosopher John Locke Hume tried to describe how the mind works in acquiring what is called knowledge. He concluded that no theory of reality is possible - there can be no knowledge of anything beyond experience.;;;;;;;;;;6999 EVENTHIST5051;'The Wealth of Nations' was the first great work in political economy and the corner-stone of what later became known as laissez-faire capitalism (Smith called it the system of perfect liberty). The Scotsman introduced the concept of the 'invisible hand' - the intrinsic ability of a system of perfect liberty to control itself and still give rise to an orderly society through the mechanism of competition.;;;;;;;;;;7000 EVENTHIST5050;English philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that the state of nature was a state of strife and chaos which could be ended only if individuals agreed in a 'Social Contract' to give their liberty into the hands of a sovereign. The sovereign on his part was obliged to protect his subjects. Failure to do so would allow the people to seek a new ruler. Strangely enough Hobbes managed to offend both sides in the English Civil War and spent 11 years in Paris before he dared set foot in England again in 1651.;;;;;;;;;;7001 EVENTHIST5033;Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus is the father of modern taxonomy. The publication of his 'Species Plantarum' in 1753 marked the beginning of an age of classification and discovery. Linnaeus himself was mostly active in Sweden eagerly cataloguing the flora of northern Europe but his students were dispatched all over the world. Daniel Solander even accompanied Captain James Cook on his famous first journey around the globe.;;;;;;;;;;7002 EVENTHIST5032;Emanuel Swedenborg was one of Sweden's first natural scientists whose early works included the brilliant 'Principles of Natural Things' in which he reached by inductive argument several conclusions that greatly resemble the theories of modern scientists. Swedenborg's life changed dramatically during one of his travels. He had strange dreams and visions that caused him forsake natural science and turn to mysticism. In 1758 he published his most influential work - 'On Heaven and Its Wonders and on Hell'.;;;;;;;;;;7003 EVENTHIST5031;Botanist architect historian astronomer musician. Olof Rudbeck was an academic jack-of-all-trades but above all he was a romantic and a patriot. His life's work was the 'Atlantica' - a massive history in which he claimed that Sweden was in fact the mythical Atlantis. Due to Rudbeck's outstanding reputation and the learned nature of his discourse the grandiose work was surprisingly well received. All cultures the professor claimed originated in Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;7004 EVENTHIST5030;In 1679 veteran campaigner and military engineer Erik Dahlberg was appointed head of the Swedish Bureau of Fortifications. At the time Sweden was at the zenith of its power and the offensive policy of the previous decades had left the country with longer borders than ever. Erik Dahlberg and his team designed several forbidding fortresses and had them constructed at key points around the Empire masterfully using the terrain to the greatest possible effect. The great forts Lejonet and Kronan in Gothenburg the fortress of Varberg and the fortress of Dalarö are all testaments to his genius. Unfortunately the strained budget did not allow for the eastern provinces which would prove disastrous in the years to come...;;;;;;;;;;7005 EVENTHIST5010;The philosopher, physicist, and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed calculus independently of Newton, and although he published his results slightly after Newton, his notation was by far superior (including the integral sign and derivative notation), and is still in use today. It is unfortunate that continental and English mathematicians remained embroiled for decades in a heated and pointless priority dispute over the discovery of calculus. Leibniz made many contributions to the study of differential equations, and the procedure for solving first order linear equations. During most of his youth years Leibniz lived in Paris, and even took part in french diplomatic missions. Leibniz would have liked to have remained in Paris in the just created Academy of Sciences, but it was considered that there were already enough foreigners.;;;;;;;;;;7006 EVENTHIST5009;Louis XIV was always interested in the latest scientific developments - especially when they could be used to his kingdom's advantage. In 1671 he hired the Italian astronomer Giovanni Cassini to map France with unprecedented accuracy, using sightings of the moons of Jupiter to determine longitude. Cassini's map took ten years to complete and was indeed accurate - unfortunately it showed France to be somewhat smaller than Louis thought.;;;;;;;;;;7007 EVENTHIST5008;Miguel Servet (or Servetus) was an aragonese physician who was trained in Lyon and Paris and whose theological ideas became very polemic. He believed that God is unitary and that the Trinity is not founded in scripture. He anonymously published 'Restitution of Christianity', a book outlining his theological views, but was persecuted when his authorship was discovered. His old friend John Calvin was especially angered by these ideas. Servet also proposed that the blood traveled from the heart through the pulmonary artery and back through the pulmonary vein, without actually passing through the septum. After being persecuted by the french church, Servet fled for Italy, traveling through Geneva, where Jean Calvin had the power and Servet hoped to find some support from him. But Calvin was very angered by the philosophical and theological ideas of Servet, so Calvin had Servet arrested, and condemned him to burning at the stake, which took place 27th october 1553.;;;;;;;;;;7008 EVENTHIST5007;Miguel Servet (or Servetus) was an aragonese physician who was trained in Lyon and Paris and whose theological ideas became very polemic. He believed that God is unitary and that the Trinity is not founded in scripture. He anonymously published 'Restitution of Christianity', a book outlining his theological views, but was forced to change his name to avoid persecution from the church when his authorship was discovered. His old friend John Calvin was especially angered by these ideas. Servet also proposed that the blood traveled from the heart through the pulmonary artery and back through the pulmonary vein, without actually passing through the septum. Servetus' views on circulation, argued on theological grounds, were ignored until Harvey extended the theory.;;;;;;;;;;7009 EVENTHIST5006;During the 18th century in France flourished a great school of physicists and chemists. Standing on the shoulders of giants like Newton and Leibniz they developed all the principles of classical mechanics and began the detailed study of electromagnetism and modern chemistry. Among them there were Charles-Agustin Coulomb (who showed the inverse-square law for electrostatical forces), Alexis-Claude Clairaut, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delambre, Jean-Batiste-le-Rond d'Alembert, Jean-Baptiste Fourier, Pierre de Maupertuis, Claude Berthollet, Antoine Lavoisiser (the father of modern chemistry, beheaded during the Revolution), Pierre-Simon de Laplace (a master of celestial mechanics) and Joseph Lagrange (who developed a new formulation of newtonian mechanics).;;;;;;;;;;7010 EVENTHIST5005;The Paris Academy of Sciences was created in 1666 under the aegis of Colbert. The new institution provided a forum to pursue meetings already initiated by various scholars who, working informally with such figures as Mersenne, sought to free themselves from the uncertainties of private patronage while ensuring the material means to indulge in their research. The status of Royal institution was conferred upon the instuitution by Louis XIV, who granted his protection to the Academy in 1699 and instated it in premises in the Louvre Palace. He also gave the Academy a constitution. He reserved for himself the privilege of appointing members who were from then on to receive an allowance.;;;;;;;;;;7011 EVENTHIST5004;Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban was a French military engineer who revolutionized the art of siege craft and defensive fortifications. He fought in all of France's wars of Louix XIV's reign (1643-1715) and went on frequent tours around the frontiers redesigning and improving numerous fortifications. His design for the fortification of Landau in Bavaria is sometimes reckoned as his greatest work.;;;;;;;;;;7012 EVENTHIST5003;French mathematician scientist and philosopher René Descartes has been called the father of modern philosophy because he was one of the first to oppose scholastic Aristotelianism. He began by methodically doubting knowledge based on authority the senses and reason then found certainty in the intuition that when he is thinking he exists - this he expressed in the famous statement 'I think therefore I am.' Descartes developed a dualistic system in which he distinguished radically between mind the essence of which is thinking and matter the essence of which is extension in three dimensions.;;;;;;;;;;7013 EVENTHIST50024;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. Their accomplishments would lead to further Ottoman influence in North Africa.;;;;;;;;;;7014 EVENTHIST50023;In 1574, Abd al-Malik should have taken part in the Ottoman conquest of Tunis. He would have gained support from a major Sunni power to oust his nephew, Muhammad al-Mutawakkil, from the throne. However, the fool chose to provide minimal assistance which ensured he would receive no Ottoman support.;;;;;;;;;;7015 EVENTHIST50022;Abd al-Malik took part in the Ottoman conquest of Tunis, in 1574, in an attempt to gain Ottoman support to oust his nephew, Muhammad al-Mutawakkil, from the throne. After the conflict, he was placed on the throne and agreed to recognize the Ottoman Sultan as the caliph.;;;;;;;;;;7016 EVENTHIST50020;In 1574, the Ottoman Empire launched its third attack on Tunisia. In establishing control, the Ottomans hoped to destory the Hafsid dynasty and put an end to the Spanish presence in Tunisia. Taking Tunisia would also allow them to establish better control over Algiers and North Africa.;;;;;;;;;;7017 EVENTHIST5002;In 1750 Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Montesquieu published the crowning achievement of his literary career - 'The Spirit of Laws'. This monumental 1086 page work was most celebrated for three of its numerous theories: the classification of governments the political influence of climate and the most important one the theory of the separation of powers. Montesquieu argued that in the state that most effectively promotes liberty the Legislative Executive and Judicial powers must be confided to different individuals or bodies acting independently. This idea was soon to become central to the Constitution of the United States.;;;;;;;;;;7018 EVENTHIST50019;In 1587 the institution of a regular Ottoman administration began. Governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. Turkish was the official language, and Arabs and Berbers were excluded from government posts.;;;;;;;;;;7019 EVENTHIST50018;Given the general climate of intolerance in Europe, the situation for minorities in the Ottoman Empire was surprisingly good. So good, in fact, and so ready for revenge, that the Sultan could form a new regiment, 'The Sons of Moses', for use especially against the Hungarians.;;;;;;;;;;7020 EVENTHIST50017;Süleyman intended to support France against Austria, and was therefore not averse to reducing tariffs on French goods, and allowing the French diplomatic representatives greater powers within the Empire. While initially this led to an increase in wealth, the system would ultimately come to be abused by most European powers.;;;;;;;;;;7021 EVENTHIST50016;The rightful ruler of Dulkadir has asked our glorious Sultan to help him to wipe out the rebels in his kingdom. Should we help him?;;;;;;;;;;7022 EVENTHIST50015;Rebels has succeeded in capturing our capital, and expelling the rightful ruler. Should we ask the Ottomans to interfere and become the part of their glorious kingdom, or try to fight it through ourselves?;;;;;;;;;;7023 EVENTHIST50014;In 1515 Ala ud-Daulah Bozqurd Bey of Dulkadir has died, and his young son Ali rose to the throne. His Grand-Vezier, however, had other plans, and openly revolted against the new ruler. Wary of the gravity of the situation on the border with hostile shiite Persia, sultan Selim decided to interfere and annexed the beylik in July of 1515.;;;;;;;;;;7024 EVENTHIST5001;In 1729 Voltaire returned to France from his exile in England. Determined to present England as a model to his countrymen the great writer of the Enlightenment began writing plays in discrete imitation of Shakespeare. He also commenced work on his biography of the great Swedish King Charles XII. His greatest achievement to date however was published in 1734. 'Philosophical Letters' was an incisive critique of the religious establishment and the Christian philosopher Blaise Pascal. A warrant of arrest was issued in May and Voltaire was once again forced to flee Paris.;;;;;;;;;;7025 EVENTHIST50008;Upon his ascension to the throne, young Osman II realized that the country badly needs reforms. His young age and inexperience, as well as inability to find a steady and trusty grand vezier prevented him from implementing his ideas, and eventually cost him life. His first act was curtailing the power of the Office of Sheykh-ul-Islam, which was followed by an attempt to reform the army.;;;;;;;;;;7026 EVENTHIST50004;In order to finance his wars, Mehmed II has conducted harsh fiscal policies, which included introduction of new taxes and confiscation of private lands. Those lands then were later distributed as timar as part of the payment to his military. Not surprisingly, these measures resulted in a violent discontent upon his death, which had to be dealt with by his successors.;;;;;;;;;;7027 EVENTHIST50000;A violent reaction to the fiscal policies of Mehmed II has prompted his successor Bayezid II to return some lands to their former owners and in general conduct a reconciliatory and peaceful policy. Under his rule, Ottoman empire has witnessed significant administrative developments. Full treasury allowed to reinforce the Janissaries and re-equip the Navy with ships of the size not seen before in the Mediterranean.;;;;;;;;;;7028 EVENTHIST5000;Rousseau was one of the first modern writers to seriously attack the institution of private property and is therefore considered a forebear of modern socialism and Communism. Rousseau also questioned the assumption that the will of the majority is always correct. He argued that the goal of government should be to secure freedom equality and justice for all within the state regardless of the will of the majority.;;;;;;;;;;7029 EVENTHIST50;Conflicts sometimes erupted following diplomatic insults.;;;;;;;;;;7030 EVENTHIST4996;We have revolted from the tyranny of the crown. Alas, most of our colonial friends are still under the yoke. Perhaps we can help them...;;;;;;;;;;7031 EVENTHIST4995;We have won our righteous cause and have secured a peace wherein Great Britain acknowledges our independence and accepts all of our rightful claims in the Americas.;;;;;;;;;;7032 EVENTHIST4994;We have survived, but do not hold several key colonies. At least, Great Britain does acknowledge our independence and accepts some of our claims in the Americas.;;;;;;;;;;7033 EVENTHIST4993;The Continental Congress is unified in the goal of cutting the cords that bind us to Great Britain. We will govern ourselves as an independent nation. We will deliver our Declaration of Independence to the King. All colonies will now join the revolt against the Redcoats.;;;;;;;;;;7034 EVENTHIST4992;Our goals and objectives are the same. We will expand to the frontier and beyond.;;;;;;;;;;7035 EVENTHIST4990;A Congress has been assembled of honored and influential representatives from all of the colonies afflicted by the outrageous policies of our Monarch. Will the Congress be able to find common cause and support the rebellion, thereby joining all colonies to the open revolt against His Majesty? Or will the Congress fail to create a united front, leaving the colonies that are revolting to fight alone?;;;;;;;;;;7036 EVENTHIST4987;Our North American subjects have come to accept the reasonable policies of His Majesty's government and no longer threaten to revolt against us.;;;;;;;;;;7037 EVENTHIST4986;Most of our colonial subjects have shown their common sense and loyalty by refusing to support the acts of a misguided minority in their treasonous revolt against the King.;;;;;;;;;;7038 EVENTHIST4985;We have completely destroyed the American tax rebellion.;;;;;;;;;;7039 EVENTHIST4984;We have failed to destroy the American rebellion and have made a humiliating peace with their diplomats.;;;;;;;;;;7040 EVENTHIST4983;We have failed to destroy the American rebellion, but still control much of our territory. However, we have made terms with their diplomats.;;;;;;;;;;7041 EVENTHIST4982;The traitorous rabble, called 'The Continental Congress', has declared that they are no longer subject to our authority. All of the colonies have joined the existing revolt.;;;;;;;;;;7042 EVENTHIST4981;Your Excellency, our tax policies have further increased unrest in the North American colonies. Perhaps we should strengthen our garrisons in the region...;;;;;;;;;;7043 EVENTHIST4980;Your Excellency, our tax policies have increased unrest in the North American colonies.;;;;;;;;;;7044 EVENTHIST49;Rampant inflation originating from the vast inflow of silver and gold from the new world brought the Kingdom of Spain to bankruptcy in 1557 and 1597. However economic cycles led to reduction of inflation a process called deflation.;;;;;;;;;;7045 EVENTHIST48033;The English beg us to turn protestant and take the English throne. Should our monarch accept this offer he must move to England and rule Hanover from there;;;;;;;;;;7046 EVENTHIST48032;Elector George Ludwig of Hannover decided to give up the Electorate of Hanover to the Dukes of Brunswick and concentrate on the government of England.;;;;;;;;;;7047 EVENTHIST48031;With George, Elector of Hanover, demanding that the independence of Parliament be curtailed before he accept the British throne, Lord Bolingbroke opened communication with James Stuart. James has taken the opportunity to offer himself as a constitutional monarch and won over enough of Parliament to rise to the throne as James III.;;;;;;;;;;7048 EVENTHIST48026;Muenchhausen's greatest achievement was the foundation of the university of Goettingen.;;;;;;;;;;7049 EVENTHIST48025;As William Pitt kept a strong contempt for Hannover, England began to dominate Hannoveranian foreign relations to a point that threatend the mere existence of Hannover. He drove Hannover into an unhappy alliance with Prussia, but refused to send English reinforcements as the Hannoveranian army was left alone by the Prussians after Friedrich lost the battle of Kolin. Heavily outnumbered by a French invasion force, they had to withdraw and left most parts of Hannover under French occupation. When Pitt finally decided to send English troops after Friedrichs victory at Roßbach, the northern German army was under English control with a Prussian general and fought for English and Prussian aims, not for Hannover. The end of the war brought poverty and almost destruction to Hannover, but immense wealth and colonial power to England. In these days Hannoveranian sympathy for England was at low tide and King Georg II asked the Hannoveranian secret council if it was time to break the personal union.;;;;;;;;;;7050 EVENTHIST48024;Gerlach Adolph, Freiherr von Münchhausen was appointed to the Hannoveranian secret council in 1728 and dominated the Hannoveranian government for almost 50 years. He tried to keep an independent Hannoveranian diplomacy alive, but had to accept that most monarchs would rather communicate with the English ambassador. The most feared scenario was that a major European power could attack Hannover as revenge against an England that was out of reach. Against English plans, Münchhausen managed to avoid an alliance with the isolated Prussians and keep a neutral position in Germany up to the start of the seven years war.;;;;;;;;;;7051 EVENTHIST48015;In the personal Union of Hannover and England, it was agreed to keep separate budgets for both countries and the King was not allowed to shift Hannoveranian expenses to the English tax and vice versa. Yet King Georg I and King Georg II felt strong ties to Hannover and tried secretly to transfer some funds to the German administration and to pension of Hannoveranian officials with English money. As the Taxes collected in England were watched closely by the parliament, the King relied on the Irish Tax, which was not watched very closely.;;;;;;;;;;7052 EVENTHIST48012;Despite the Act of Settlement, there is no living heir of Protestant faith, as the Hanoveranian Elector is a Catholic! Should we try to convince him to convert?;;;;;;;;;;7053 EVENTHIST48011;The act of Settlement makes us the heir to the English Throne! In order to become King our monarch must leave Germany and live in England. What should he do?;;;;;;;;;;7054 EVENTHIST48010;In 1701 Queen Anne's son died, leaving the succession in doubt. Therefore, the Catholic Stuarts could eventually reclaim the English Throne after her death. To prevent continued religious struggle, the Act of Settlement was signed, determining that every English king had to be a member of the Anglican Church, i.e. a Protestant. The Protestant with the closest ties to the Stuart Dynasty at that time was Sophie, the Mother of Elector George Ludwig of Hanover and granddaughter of King James I.;;;;;;;;;;7055 EVENTHIST48009;As the last Duke of Luneburg, Georg Wilhelm, dies childless, Elector Georg Ludwig inherits Luneburg.;;;;;;;;;;7056 EVENTHIST48008;After fighting and arresting the Army of Brunswick, the opposition ceased and the Duke of Hannover was finally introduced to the assembly of Electors in 1708.;;;;;;;;;;7057 EVENTHIST48007;The Duke of Hannover wants to stress his arguments and shows a token of his wealth.;;;;;;;;;;7058 EVENTHIST48006;During the second half of the 17th century the lands of Calenberg and Luneburg were successively ruled by able leaders who managed to regain much of the former strength of the Welfen in the middle ages. As Duke Georg Wilhelm of Luneburg was childless and Ernst August of Hannover his only heir, the opportunity arised to reunite a great part of the Welfen realm. Against resistance within the family Duke Ernst August of Hannover introduced a new law of succession to the eldest son that should prevent further divisions. Yet he was outlived by Georg Wilhelm and the inheritance of Luneburg was to be achieved by his son Georg Ludwig in 1705. However the Emperor acknowledged the reestablished power of the Welfen in Northern Germany and offered to make them Electors on December 9th 1692. Yet the opposition of the older line of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and the Elector of Saxony had to be dealt with. The Saxons could be convinced, but the Brunswickers managed to gain French support against Hannover.;;;;;;;;;;7059 EVENTHIST48005;Meeting with French and Swedish officers at the banquet of Hildesheim, Duke Georg and many of the Swedes die. Administration suffers greatly after Georg's death and his inexperienced successors were unable to balance between the powers. They eventually made a seperate peace with the emperor and thus missed the opportunity to expand their territory in the Westfalian peace.;;;;;;;;;;7060 EVENTHIST48004;Between 1635 and 1637 Georg established a private permanent army and managed with Swedish aid to liberate the Welfenterritory from the Emperor's troops under Tilly. Later he took a neutral position between the Emperor and the Swedes and used his army to keep the heavy fighting off the country. His strategies were based upon defensive warfare supported by modern artillery. The army was the first permanent force in Luneburg, Calenberg and Wolfenbüttel and was kept in service to become the predecessor of the Hannoveranian army.;;;;;;;;;;7061 EVENTHIST48003;After years of mismanagement the early Mercantilist Julius of Wolfenbüttel rebuilds the economy and administration.;;;;;;;;;;7062 EVENTHIST48002;Although the Bishop of Hildesheim won with the aid of Duke Heinrich of Luneburg the only real battle of the Feud against Erich in 1519, the Dukes of Calenberg and Wolfenbüttel achieved the support of Emperor Charles V and the Electorat assembly. Heinrich of Luneburg was forced to cease his support for Hildesheim in 1521 and the isolated Bishop had to give up after two more years of fighting. The peace solution brought some territorial gain for Calenberg and Wolfenbüttel.;;;;;;;;;;7063 EVENTHIST48001;Between 1515 and 1523 the Welfendukes were in constant warfare with the Bishop of Hildesheim and war parties of both sides ravaged the countryside. The feud started as the Bishop of Hildesheim tried to reform the financial situation of the diocese and bought off the land his predecessors mortgaged to independent knights. The Knights thus got a fixed amount of payment but lost the income of their estates and had to give up their independence. They refused to accept the repayment and cancellation of the mortgage contract and called the Dukes of Wolfenbüttel and Calenberg for help, who in turn took the leadership of the uprising.;;;;;;;;;;7064 EVENTHIST48000;Erich I of Calenberg (1470-1540) was regarded as one of the 'last knights'. In his 18th year he made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem and entered the service of his godfather Emperor Maximilian. Spending his best years fighting in the battles of Maximilian, he rarely visited his lands. Erich's presence is reported in 1497 against the Ottoman Turks, in 1499 against the Swiss, in 1503/04 in Bavaria, 1507/08 against Venice, 1512 in Nothern Germany, 1513 in France and Italy and 1514 in Frisia. At the Battle of Regensburg in the Bavarian Campaign of 1503/04 he saved the Emperor's life and became one of his closest friends, supporters and favorites.;;;;;;;;;;7065 EVENTHIST48;Corruption is one of the most common and frequent factors of political and economic life as always but all the more so in feudal regimes.;;;;;;;;;;7066 EVENTHIST47;Political crises may occur from time to time. They may involve a conflict between the ruler and the parliament or unrest among the nobility or conflicts of interest between the nobility and the merchants or religious leaders. In game terms these problems usually cause a loss of stability when they occur.;;;;;;;;;;7067 EVENTHIST46;Discoveries of new minerals led to the exploitation of mines, sometimes resulting in unexpected production incomes.;;;;;;;;;;7068 EVENTHIST45;Conflict and protests over taxes corporations port duties navy requisitions trade and customs policies were quite frequent and often had counterproductive effects.;;;;;;;;;;7069 EVENTHIST4446;Sire, the people of Mysore have grown tired of our rule and are uniting to demand their independence!;;;;;;;;;;7070 EVENTHIST44;Conflict and protests over taxes landlord cruelty expropriation serfdom and customs policies were quite frequent and resulted in discontent and even revolts.;;;;;;;;;;7071 EVENTHIST43;Conflict and protests over taxes corporations trade and customs policies were quite frequent and could result in sharp drops in industrial production.;;;;;;;;;;7072 EVENTHIST42;Conflict of opinion or interest over religious or secular matters between the ruler and the religious authorities often upset the clergy, which used its strong preaching power to influence the people of the realm.;;;;;;;;;;7073 EVENTHIST41000;The last Grandmaster of the Teutonic Order, Albrecht von Brandenburg, decided to seculirize the Order in 1525 and created Duchy of Prussia as a Polish vassal. The Brandenburg branch of Hohenzollerns became the rulers of the Duchy.;;;;;;;;;;7074 EVENTHIST41;Changes of policies when poorly timed and made were often wrongly perceived by the people of the time beyond their actual efficiency as a proof of the government ill will and lack of interest in the welfare of the realm.;;;;;;;;;;7075 EVENTHIST40215;After the death of Svitrigaila, and election of new Gazstold dynasty, Lithuania had a choice to make whether the country should remain Orthodox, or convert back to Catholicism. What will be our decision?;;;;;;;;;;7076 EVENTHIST40214;Grand Duke Michailis has died. Lithuanian nobles has invited Casimir, our king, to be their ruler.;;;;;;;;;;7077 EVENTHIST40213;Grand Duke Michailis has died. Should we invite Casimir, king of Poland to be our ruler, or go our own way?;;;;;;;;;;7078 EVENTHIST40212;Grand Duke Svitrigaila has died. Lithuanian nobles has invited Casimir, our king, to be their ruler.;;;;;;;;;;7079 EVENTHIST40211;Grand Duke Svitrigaila has died. Should we invite Casimir, king of Poland to be our ruler, or go our own way and elect a new King from among our Nobles?;;;;;;;;;;7080 EVENTHIST40209;Due to his decision to become effectively a Polish vassal, Zygmantas had next to nothing support among the nobility. In 1440, two Ruthenian nobles, brothers Chartoryskis killed Zygmantas in his castle in Trakai, and started the second phase of instability in Lithuania. The candidates to take over the Duchy were Mikhail, son of Zygmantas, Svitrigaila, and Wladyslaw. The latter was elected king of Hungary, and was unable to be in Lithuania, so the Sejm decided to send Wladyslaw brother, Casimir, as a Polish governor of Lithuania. Lithuanian nobles could not take such an indignation, and proclaimed Casimir as Grand Duke.;;;;;;;;;;7081 EVENTHIST40208;Zygmantas has defeated his opponent, Svitrigaila, and submitted Lithuania to the Polish crown. Excellent news!;;;;;;;;;;7082 EVENTHIST40206;After an exchange of harsh words, Polish army marched into Lithuania and besieged Lutsk. The siege ended unsuccessfully, and in the aftermath, Polish Sejm decided to create an alternative Duke in the face of Zygmantas, brother of Vitautas. Supported by Polish troops, he caught Svitrigaila off guard and defeated him in 1432. Zygmantas immediately recognized the Polish king as his suzerain, an act which cost him support of many Lithuanian nobles.;;;;;;;;;;7083 EVENTHIST40204;Vitautas died in October of 1430, and the Lithuanian nobles has elected Jagiello's brother Svitrigaila as the new Grand Duke. However, they failed to get the approval of the Polish Sejm. Svitrigaila was a proponent of independent Lithuanian kingdom, just like Vitautas was, and enjoyed the support of mainly Ruthenian/Russian nobles. He tried to convince Jagiello again to agree to be crowned as the king of Lithuania, but the Sejm kept an eye on Jagiello, and didn't let him meet with Svitrigaila. On top of that, Poland took over Podolia right after the death of Vitautas, which almost brought 2 countries on the brink of the war.;;;;;;;;;;7084 EVENTHIST40203;In January of 1429 Assembly of East and Central European leaders was held in Lutsk. Emperor Sigismund, as well as the Polish king Jagiello and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitautas were the major participants. During the meeting the Emperor offered a crown of independent kingdom of Lithuania to Vitautas. King Jagiello agreed and despite the uproar in the Polish camp, stayed firm by his decision. It's time to celebrate!;;;;;;;;;;7085 EVENTHIST40200;In January of 1429 Assembly of East and Central European leaders was held in Lutsk. Emperor Sigismund, as well as the Polish king Jagiello and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitautas were the major participants. During the meeting the Emperor offered a crown of independent kingdom of Lithuania to Vitautas. Jagiello apparently agreed, but after the uproar in the Polish camp, he quickly rescinded his agreement and hastily left the meeting together with Polish nobles. Soon after, Jagiello offered Polish crown to Vitautas citing poor health and inability to rule, which Emperor Sigismund agreed to. However, the Pope, recognizing a danger of recently converted Lithuanian lands being lost to Orthodoxy, forbade the sending of the crown, and Polish nobles led by Zbigniew Olesnicki captured it on its way to Wilno.;;;;;;;;;;7086 EVENTHIST401009;Both parties having realized that it was impossible to achieve a complete victory by military force, Hussites and catholics started negotiations for a compromise at the Council of Basel in 1433. The more radical members of the Hussite delegation, especially its leader Prokop Holý, and the unbending representants of the Roman Church who were reluctant to tolerate what they considered heresy however prevented an agreement. Thus the Hussite delegates returned to Bohemia in 1433, accompanied by a deputation of the Council. While the Taborites resumed the fighting and began to siege Plzen, the deputation of the council approached the leaders of the moderate Hussite nobles, called Utraquists. The Utraquists were hostile towards the radicality and the democratic tendencies of the Taborites and Orebites, hence a national diet sitting in Prague which was dominated by them agreed to the 'compactata', four articles that recognized the main demands of the Hussites in January 1434. This agreement was inacceptable to the Taborites and Orebites, and a civil war for power in Bohemia ensued. An army of the nobles commanded by Divis Borek z Miletinka met the army of Prokop Holý and Prokupek at Lipany near Prague on May 30th 1434. The Utraquists were numerically superior and had a skillful commander in Borek, hence when the Taborite cavalry under Capek ze San fled the battlefield, possibly deliberately betraying their side, the fate of the Taborites and Orebites was sealed. The Utraquist heavy horse annihilated them almost to the last man, and almost all their leaders including the two Prokops were killed. This battle basically eliminated the radical Hussites as a political force in Bohemia and opened up the way for a settlement between the moderates and Sigismund. However had the cavalry not fled, this could have become Prokop's greatest victory and allowed his followers to take control of Bohemia and keep on defying the church and Sigismund...;;;;;;;;;;7087 EVENTHIST40132;Your majesty, our brave troops have stopped the onslaught of the Russian hordes. Our kingdom is at peace again, and no longer in jeopardy of being swallowed by our neighbors. Should we direct our resources towards internal improvement, or pursue aggressive foreign policy and try to enlarge our relam at the expense of our neighbors?;;;;;;;;;;7088 EVENTHIST40131;After the death of Ivan Godunov, the succession passed to the Romanovs family as being the closest relatives to the now extinct Rurikid dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;7089 EVENTHIST40128;After Vladislav was crowned, it became clear that Sigismund wanted also to annex the lands lost by Lithuania to Muscovy 100 years ago. It also became clear that Catholic church would be playing a role larger than many boyars and clergy were willing to accept. As a reaction, a first, and then second Russian armies were formed led by commoners or local gentry, who fought their way to Moscow and eventually expelled the Poles in 1612.;;;;;;;;;;7090 EVENTHIST40127;Russia has agreed to crown Polish prince Vladislav as their tsar, making them a de-facto Polish vassal and ally. Russia, thus violated the Vyborg treaty they signed with us, should we punish them?;;;;;;;;;;7091 EVENTHIST40126;Our struggle against the hated Polish oppression has resulted in our victory. Vladislav and his entourage has fled Russia, it's time to elect a new dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;7092 EVENTHIST40125;The boyars decided to take the least of two evils and agreed to crown son of Sigismund, Vladislav as their tsar. Russia is now our vassal.;;;;;;;;;;7093 EVENTHIST40124;A chaos that set in Russia after the Polish invasion was caused by a split between the supporters of Vladislav, Suisky and Dmitry who was still alive and camping in Tushino. However, his stock plumetted as Poland got drawn into the war, since Sigismund was no longer interested in supporting the pretender. The real choice that was available is either to agree to have Vladislav on the throne, or Dmitry, who many nobles despised for being a commoner.;;;;;;;;;;7094 EVENTHIST40123;Treacherous Swedes had a nerve to dishonor a treaty with us! Should we punish them?;;;;;;;;;;7095 EVENTHIST40122;Poland has attacked our new ally Russia. According to the treaty we have just signed with them, we must declare the war on Poland. Should we support Russia as we promised, or leave them?;;;;;;;;;;7096 EVENTHIST40121;After the signing of the treaty of Vyborg between Russia ans Sweden, Polish king Sigismund decided to act. While he was looking to unite the kingdoms of Poland and Russia, he offered his son Vladislav as a future tsar of Russia. In september of 1609, Polish troops under Zolkiewski crossed the border into Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7097 EVENTHIST40118;Sweden was looking to get into the conflict between Russia and Poland from 1607, mainly because king Sigismund of Poland was an arch-enemy of King Karl IX of Sweden. Vasili Shuisky was very reluctant to invite the Swedes, yet he was in a very precarious position. Poland didn't follow the articles of 1608 treaty, and pretender was still getting regular reinforcements from Poland. Finally, tsar Vasili gave in, and in 1609 Skopin-Shuisky signed an agreement with Sweden. Sweden was to send 2,000 cavalry and 3,000 infantry mercenary force, for which the Russians were to pay. In addition, the King promised non-specified number of troops as a token of his friendship. In return, Russia was to recede its claim on Livonia, cede Korela to Sweden, and enter into alliance with Sweden against Poland. The treaty provided Russian government with some quality troops, but forced Poland into a full-scale war against it.;;;;;;;;;;7098 EVENTHIST40115;On July 25, 1608 Poland and Russia signed a truce for 3 years and 11 months, which set the issue of the first False Dmitry. According to the treaty, both countries agreed to leave the border intact, support each other against common enemies and exchange the prisoners. Poland also agreed not to support any more pretenders seeking Russian throne, and was obliged to order her citizens in pretender's camp in Tushino to immediately leave the territory of Russia. Polish government made a lukewarm attempt to implement the treaty, but the nobles camping with the new pretender refused to leave.;;;;;;;;;;7099 EVENTHIST40114;Rebel forces have captured the capital, and deposed the hated Vasili Shuisky. Dmitry will rule our country.;;;;;;;;;;7100 EVENTHIST40113;After being defeated by Skopin-Shuisky, Bolotnikov found protection in Tula. Hunger and deceases forced the rebels to surrender, and on October 10, 1607 Bolotnikov and other heads of the revolt surrendered. Bolotnikov was sent to Novgorod, where he was drowned.;;;;;;;;;;7101 EVENTHIST40112;On May 17, 1606 Mikhail Molchanov, one of the murderers of Fedor Godunov, left Moscow and fled to Poland, claiming to be Dmitry. However, he proved to be too much of a coward to play the role of the new pretender, and didn't want to march personally on Moscow. Eventually, a serf Ivan Bolotnikov was summoned to lead the troops. He addressed the populace of Ukraine, and sure enough, managed to attract cossacks, criminals and runaway serfs to join the cause of Dmitry. As soon as he entered Russia, many cities surrendered, and some nobles joined him, but the rebels were defeated in December of 1606 by Skopin-Shuisky, and fled to Kaluga. Early in 1607, Bolotnikov received reinforcements, but was defeated again, and remained in Tula until October 1607, when he agreed to surrender.;;;;;;;;;;7102 EVENTHIST40111;In may of 1606, boyar party headed by Vasili Shuisky, ignited the people of Moscow against Dmitry, citing treason on his part which included change to catholicism, cessation of Russian lands to Poland, and Polish nobles. Dmitry tried to escape, but fell down from the wall and broke his chest. The crowd thirsty for blood of Polish proclaimed the head of conspirators, Vasili Shuisky as a new tsar. However, rich presents and promotions expected by his supporters never materialized, and yesterday's adherents became opponents in a matter of a few months;;;;;;;;;;7103 EVENTHIST40110;In october of 1604 the pretender entered the Russian lands. He began his quick march onto Moscow, but was soon defeated. However, the rumours of the 'rightful tsar' has already eroded the morale and spirit of government troops. Cities started to open their gates to him and their governors support him. In the midst of this, Boris Godunov died unexpectedly, and his 17 years old son succeeded him, but the situation was already lost. A huge army sent against the pretender, changed sides, and Dmitry entered Moscow triumphantly in May 1605. Fedor Godunov was deposed, and few days later murdered. It was time for Dmitry to pay his debts to his Polish masters.;;;;;;;;;;7104 EVENTHIST40109;An unexpected death, first of Boris Godunov, and then of his son Fedor, left again no heir to the throne. Zemsky Sobor is called to elect a new czar from among two candidates: Fedor Romanov and Vasili Shuisky, who should rule our realm?;;;;;;;;;;7105 EVENTHIST40108;Grigori Otrepiev, who claimed to be Dmitry, the son of Ivan IV, is returned by Poland to us. We now have proof that he is indeed not tsarevich Dmitry, and Polish Court expressed little interest in supporting his insane claims.;;;;;;;;;;7106 EVENTHIST40107;Grigori Otrepiev, claiming to be Dmitry, the son of Ivan IV, has found a royal welcome at the Polish Court. Poland looks to be cautious in her dealing with the matter by not showing open support to his claim. However, should the pretender invade Russia, he might gain a considerable local support, as Russia seems to be slowly drifting into turmoil. Should we support the Russians, or stay neutral in the conflict?;;;;;;;;;;7107 EVENTHIST40106;Grigori Otrepiev, who claims to be Dmitry, the son of Ivan IV, has found a royal welcome at the Polish Court. We know that real Dmitry died 13 years ago, however, our people seem to believe in him being the rightful heir, and view Godunov as an usurper. Poland appears to support his claim, and looks to invade our country, which will inevitably cause the turmoil.;;;;;;;;;;7108 EVENTHIST40105;Grigori Otrepiev, claiming to be Dmitry, the son of Ivan IV, has found a royal welcome at the Polish Court. Poland looks to invade Russia and strengthen her position at the expense of Russia, which seems to be slowly drifting into turmoil. Should we support the Russians, or stay neutral in the conflict?;;;;;;;;;;7109 EVENTHIST40104;Early in 1604, Grigory Otrepiev, who claimed to be Dmitry, the miraclously survived son of Ivan IV, appeared in Poland asking for help from king Sigismund to remove Godunov, and place himself on the Russian throne. While Sigismund was intrigued with the idea of releasing the pretender, he was well aware of nobility's concern with sponsoring such an enterprise directly, as they were scared of possible alliance between Sweden and Russia which would've likely materialized had Poland openly supported the cause of the pretender. King Sigismund chose to let the nobles act, and gave Otrepiev 40,000 zloty of yearly income instead.;;;;;;;;;;7110 EVENTHIST40103;In 1570 plague and famine has struck the whole country.;;;;;;;;;;7111 EVENTHIST40100;The plague that hit Novgorod during previous fall, spread out to Pskov and claimed the lives of close to a 100,000 people in Pskov in the winter of 1553.;;;;;;;;;;7112 EVENTHIST40099;In the fall of 1552 plague hit Novgorod extremely hard, as 280,000 people has died from the epidemic.;;;;;;;;;;7113 EVENTHIST40098;In 1567 famine hit Kazan after the crops were destroyed by mice earlier that year.;;;;;;;;;;7114 EVENTHIST40097;In 1427, during the instability following the death of Vasili I and struggle between Yuri and Vasili II, prince Ivan of Ryazan rightly saw the need to make an agreement of friendship and aid with Lithuania. Ivan promised to help and stand by Vitautas in all his actions, but remain loyal to Vasili II of Muscovy in all matters not involving both Vitautas and Vasili. Vitautas, in turn, promised to defend Ryazan against common enemies, and not to interfere in internal affairs of Ryazan. The agreement became pretty much useless after the death of Vitautas and an onset of a civil war in Lithuania.;;;;;;;;;;7115 EVENTHIST40096;In 1427, during the instability following the death of Vasili I and struggle between Yuri and Vasili II, Grand Duke Vitautas offered prince Ivan of Ryazan an agreement of friendship and aid. Ivan promised to help and stand by Vitautas in all his actions, remaining loyal at the same time to Vasili II of Muscovy in matters not involving both Vasili and Vitautas. Vitautas, in turn, promised to defend Tver against common enemies, and not to interfere in internal affairs of Ryazan. The agreement became pretty much useless after the death of Vitautas and an onset of a civil war in Lithuania.;;;;;;;;;;7116 EVENTHIST40095;In 1427, during the instability following the death of Vasili I and struggle between Yuri and Vasili II, Grand Duke Vitautas offered prince Boris of Tver an agreement of friendship and aid. Boris promised to help and stand by Vitautas in all his actions, which he did in 1428 by sending his troops to help Lithuanians in their war against Novgorod. Vitautas, in turn, promised to defend Tver against common enemies, and not to interfere in internal affairs of Tver. The agreement became pretty much useless after the death of Vitautas and an onset of a civil war in Lithuania.;;;;;;;;;;7117 EVENTHIST40094;In 1448 the synod of Russian bishops elected bishop Jonah as Metropolitan of Moscow. For the first time in the history of the Russian Church, the Metropolitan was elected locally, rather than appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople.;;;;;;;;;;7118 EVENTHIST40093;After the Byzantine Empire accepted the Council of Florence, the metropolitan Isidore, who was heavily involved in the negotiations with the Pope, returned to Moscow, attempting to enforce the union. However, the union was not accepted by the Muscovite government, and Isidore was deposed and imprisoned.;;;;;;;;;;7119 EVENTHIST40092;In 1514, Muscovy allowed the Hanseatic merchants to trade in Novgorod and Pskov again, although this was not particularly lucrative anymore since the focus of Russian trade shifted elsewhere.;;;;;;;;;;7120 EVENTHIST40091;In 1427, during the instability following the death of Vasili I and struggle between Yuri and Vasili II, prince Boris of Tver rightly saw the need to make an agreement of friendship and aid with Lithuania. Boris promised to help and stand by Vitautas in all his actions, which he did in 1428 by sending his troops to help Lithuanians in their war against Novgorod. Vitautas, in turn, promised to defend Tver against common enemies, and not to interfere in internal affairs of Tver. The agreement became pretty much useless after the death of Vitautas and an onset of a civil war in Lithuania.;;;;;;;;;;7121 EVENTHIST40090;Novgorod has refused our demands.;;;;;;;;;;7122 EVENTHIST40089;Novgorod has agreed to our demands.;;;;;;;;;;7123 EVENTHIST40087;In 1450s, a lengthy bickering over the ownership of the lands being bought by Novgorodian boyars in (formally) Muscovy-controlled areas arose between Muscovy and Novgorod. On the other hand, Muscovites were still bitter over the heartily welcome given to Shemiaka by Novgorodians, as well as their refusal to pay 8,000 rubles tribute to Muscovy. Vasili II declared war on Novgorod in 1456, after the matter couldn't be resolved peacefully. Muscovy troops defeated Novgorodians and threatened to capture the city. The ensuing peace made Novgorod pay additional 8,500 rubles, return all the lands bought by Novgorodian boyars to Muscovy crown, pay yearly tribute to Muscovy Grand Prince, and agreed to write all laws in the name of Vasili II, and not veche, thus ending the independence of Novgorodian Republic.;;;;;;;;;;7124 EVENTHIST40086;Ryazan has refused our demands.;;;;;;;;;;7125 EVENTHIST40085;Ryazan has agreed to our demands.;;;;;;;;;;7126 EVENTHIST40083;After defeating Shemiaka and finally disposing of him in 1453, Vasili II turned his attention to principalities of Ryazan and Tver. Grand Prince of Tver submitted without much urging, by marrying his daugther to future Russian czar Ivan III and recognizing Muscovy Grand Duke as his suzerene. Grand Prince of Ryazan sent his 8 year old son to be brought up at Muscovy court, while Muscovian governors were sent to rule Ryazan in his place in 1456.;;;;;;;;;;7127 EVENTHIST40082;Tver has refused our demands.;;;;;;;;;;7128 EVENTHIST40081;Tver has agreed to our demands.;;;;;;;;;;7129 EVENTHIST40079;After defeating Shemiaka and finally disposing of him in 1453, Vasili II turned his attention to principalities of Ryazan and Tver. Grand Prince of Tver submitted without much urging, by marrying his daugther to future Russian czar Ivan III and recognizing Muscovy Grand Duke as his suzerene. Grand Prince of Ryazan sent his 8 year old son to be brought up at Muscovy court, while Muscovian governors were sent to rule Ryazan in his place in 1456.;;;;;;;;;;7130 EVENTHIST40075;Sweden has refused to sign the peace treaty. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;7131 EVENTHIST40074;In 1617, following a messy Russian Time of Troubles, and Polish-Swedish intervention, peace between Russia and Sweden was finally reached in the Treaty of Stolbovo, with English mediation. n it, Sweden renounced all claims to the Russian throne and Novgorod, gave back three towns for 20,000 rubles, and held Gdov until new boundaries were delimited. Russia gave up Ivangorod, Jama, Kopor'e, Nöteborg, abandoned claims on Livonia, ceded Kexholm to Sweden, and agreed not to aid Poles against Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;7132 EVENTHIST40073;Following the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir, Russian trade with surrounding countries has grown dramatically. The majority of the trade, especially fur, went through Tobolsk, as the government purposedly wanted to keep the traders out of Moscow.;;;;;;;;;;7133 EVENTHIST40072;Mikhail Lomonosov was an outstanding Russian chemist, astronomer and writer. He rejected the phlogiston theory of matter, and anticipated the kinatic theory of gases. Lomonosov regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, and stated the idea of conservation of matter. Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury, and to observe the atmosphere of Venus during a solar transit. He also contributed greatly in establishment of the first Russian University, and promoted education to lower classes by writing the Russian grammar and history of Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7134 EVENTHIST40071;The celebrated fresco painter Dionysius had his active career from 1481 to 1502.;;;;;;;;;;7135 EVENTHIST40070;In 1421, the Republic of Novgorod signed a trade agreement with the Livonian Order.;;;;;;;;;;7136 EVENTHIST40069;In the late 14th century a movement of Strigolniks ('barbers') arose in Russian lands. The Strigolniks believed that the fees charged by the Church for ordination and by the priests for the sacraments were contrary to the practice of the primitive Church. They held that the official church, with its wealth and formalism, was apostate. They formed congregations led by laymen who refused financial remuneration, taught the Bible to their flocks, and set an example of humble, earnest living. The Strigolniks were persecuted by the bishops and clergy and were either stamped out or driven underground.;;;;;;;;;;7137 EVENTHIST40068;Vodka, a national Russian alcoholic beverage, was first brewed in 1448 in Chudov Monastery of Moscow Kremlin. From then on, vodka was sold and brewed freely until late 1470s, when Ivan III instituted the first royal monopoly on production and sale of wheat wine (vodka), beer and honey. This monopoly brought a significant flow of revenue into Muscovy's treasury, and allowed her to finance military operations against Sweden and Lithuania.;;;;;;;;;;7138 EVENTHIST40067;In July of 1547 a major fire broke out in Moscow and burnt it down;;;;;;;;;;7139 EVENTHIST40064;Border conflicts between Muscovy and Lithuania in 1470-1500 were mostly fueled by quarrels among small local princes. Quite often a prince who didn't have his cause upheld by the King, would swear his allegiance to Muscovy, thus taking his treasury and lands with him. These quarrels eventually led to the first in a series of wars between Muscovy (Russia) and Lithuania in 1491.;;;;;;;;;;7140 EVENTHIST40063;Shortly after Khan Ahmad expelled Ulugh Muhammad from Sarai, his son Hajji Giray declared his independence in Crimea. This started the great rivalry between 2 countries which lasted until the complete destruction of Golden Horde by Girays in 1502.;;;;;;;;;;7141 EVENTHIST40062;The integrity of the Golden Horde suffered yet another blow when Khan Mahmud, the ruler of the rich city of Astrakhan, declared independence in 1459.;;;;;;;;;;7142 EVENTHIST40061;Ulugh Muhammad has been murdered!;;;;;;;;;;7143 EVENTHIST40059;Fearing revolts and assassination, Ulugh Muhammad left Sarai and settled in Kazan, founding an independent Khanate of Kazan.;;;;;;;;;;7144 EVENTHIST40058;A growing discontent in Sarai led to revolt by his brother Ahmad, who forced Ulugh Muhammad to abandon his throne, and settle North along Volga in Bulgaria in a town of Qazan, creating an independent Khanate of Kazan.;;;;;;;;;;7145 EVENTHIST40057;While khans fought in Sarai, Ulugh Muhammad was biding his time and gaining strength. Finally, early in 1427 he decided that the time is ripe, and marched south on Sarai. Learning of his fast approach and lacking any support, khan Berke fled, leaving Sarai to Ulugh Muhammad. His return and long rule finally brought stability to Golden Horde.;;;;;;;;;;7146 EVENTHIST40056;Following the invasion of Tamerlane, Golden Horde fell into vast disarray. Court intrigues and a lack of any strong personalities created a situation of a perpetual civil war. Ulugh Muhammad first attempt to grasp the power in Sarai ended with his expulsion after only several months of rule. However, 8 years later he would return with the vengeance.;;;;;;;;;;7147 EVENTHIST40054;After 3 years of famine, 1604 saw a revitalization of Russia, as a new crop turned out better than expected. Political situation, however, has turned to worse.;;;;;;;;;;7148 EVENTHIST40053;After some of the measures backfired, a more centralized system was used in dealing with disasters. However, people's patience has reached a boiling point, and some revolts sprang out. Rumors of Dmitry being alive started to circle, too.;;;;;;;;;;7149 EVENTHIST40052;After disastrous 1601 and 1602 Godunov tried to rectify the situation. His initial attempts,however, were only half successful.;;;;;;;;;;7150 EVENTHIST40051;Following a bad 1601, a drought of 1602 caused a wide-spread famine. Subsequent epidemics of cholera brought about one of the worst disasters in Russian history.;;;;;;;;;;7151 EVENTHIST40050;After a very rainy summer, early frosts destroyed the crops.;;;;;;;;;;7152 EVENTHIST40049;Bukhara has served as a seat of Islam in the East since 14th century. Conservatism of local imams and their supreme influence over local population would ensure a considerable opposition to any non-Muslim dominance in the government.;;;;;;;;;;7153 EVENTHIST40048;After securing the victory over Sweden in the Great Northern War, Peter the Great turned his attention East to sleepy khanates of Bukhara and Khiva. However, an attempt to conquer them turned out in a catastrophic defeat, and Peter has given up. Nevertheless, colonization of Kazakh lands continued by Peter's successors.;;;;;;;;;;7154 EVENTHIST40047;After a lengthy period of turmoil following the death of Fedor I, an election of Mikhail Romanov has finally brought peace to Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7155 EVENTHIST40044;In 1484 Ivan III, following his annexation of Novgorod, has closed Hansa's office in Novgorod. This was a direct continuation of his policy to reduce Novgorod's significance to a second-degree city in a growing Muscovite state.;;;;;;;;;;7156 EVENTHIST40042;After the death of Peter the Great, Aleksandr Menshikov has played an instrumental role in bringing Peter's wife, Ekaterina, to the throne. He effectively ruled the country in a short time span of Ekaterina's reign.;;;;;;;;;;7157 EVENTHIST40040;Following his defeat near Simbirsk, Pugatchev fled to Tsaritsyn, where he was captured by Cossacks loyal to central government. Rasin was then brought to Moscow where he was executed.;;;;;;;;;;7158 EVENTHIST40038;Anna Ivanovna, who was hastily brought from Courland to succeed an unexpectedly died Peter II, proved to be more than a weakling she was deemed. After quickly disposing of the Privy Council, she appointed a Cabinet of Ministers who ruled on her behalf. In general, her rule saw one of the most stable and prosperous periods in Russian history, as she continued the policies set forth by Peter the Great.;;;;;;;;;;7159 EVENTHIST40037;Feeble tsar Fedor III was fortunate to have good advisors, first in the face of his maternal relatives, Miloslavskys, then from 1680-81 of Prince Vasili Golitsyn. Their guidance proved to be extremely beneficial to the country.;;;;;;;;;;7160 EVENTHIST40036;Starting his advisory under the feeble Fedor III, Prince Golitsyn planned a wide variety of very ambitious reforms. However, political struggles surrounding two young tsars made the effect of reforms very minimal. Military struggles in Crimea brought the downfall of Sofia Alexeevna and Golitsyn, nevertheless his reforms were implemented by Peter the Great, but in a very cruel manner.;;;;;;;;;;7161 EVENTHIST40035;In order to pay for the ongoing campaign against Turkey in the war of 1676-1681, Russian government headed by Prince Golitsyn attempted to revamp the system of taxation from the one based on land to the one based on the households. Ambitious changes to the local government structures were also planned, though their immediate consequence - the abolishment on January 12, 1682 of Mestnichestvo upset few. However, unexpected death of Fedor III and ensuing instability postponed the reforms until Peter the Great.;;;;;;;;;;7162 EVENTHIST40034;The government of Alexei I introduced several decrees in the period of 1650 - 1670, which encouraged private initiative, and protected Russian merchants against foreign competition.;;;;;;;;;;7163 EVENTHIST40033;Following his defeat near Simbirsk, Rasin fled to Tsaritsyn, where he was captured by Cossacks loyal to central government. Rasin was then brought to Moscow where he was executed on June 6, 1671.;;;;;;;;;;7164 EVENTHIST40030;As part of its preparations for the oncoming campaign against Poland-Lithuania, the government of Mikhail Romanov undertook certain measures to strengthen the army. The Army was restructured in a West European fashion, with some regiments consisting entirely of free people and contracted foreigners. These new units were armed with the newest armament bought in West Europe, and had professional officers assigned to them.;;;;;;;;;;7165 EVENTHIST40029;After death of Ivan IV his simpleminded son Fedor has ascended the throne of Russia. The chief advisor to the new czar became Boris Godunov, whose daugther was married to czar Fedor, thus leaving no options for other boyars.;;;;;;;;;;7166 EVENTHIST40028;A mysterious death of the last son of Ivan IV caused wide-spread rumors of Boris Godunov's involvement. Trying to extinguish the rumors Godunov tried to appease the populace and tried to make peace with boyars, though unsuccessfully. The death of Dmitry left effectively no heir to the throne, which led after the death of Fedor I in 1598 to years of unrest and foreign occupation.;;;;;;;;;;7167 EVENTHIST40025;As part of his preparations for the oncoming campaign against Kazan, Ivan IV undertook certain measures to strengthen the army. A decree of 1550 abrogating mestnichestvo, establishing the order and subordination of commanding generals was aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the army. The decree, however, failed to eradicate completely the disputes among the generals on the march. A creation of six companies of muskateers (strel'tsy) in 1550 as a small standing army, whose goal was to give more firepower to Russian army, and introduced new ways of conducting warfare. A decree on service of 1556 set norms for the nobles' military obligations, creating and regulating stricter order of military service.;;;;;;;;;;7168 EVENTHIST40024;An introduction of a new Sudebnik (Law Code) in 1550, which reiterated for the most part a 1497 Law Code of Ivan the Great, and a Stoglav Church Council of 1551, which was aimed at bringing an order and discipline to the moral life and administration of the East Orthodox Church were integral parts of Ivan IV's policy of strengthening the central government.;;;;;;;;;;7169 EVENTHIST40023;In order to fight the crime, the government has issued an anti-banditary decree, shifting the responsibility of fighting the crime from local governors to newly created 'elders' who were solely accountable to central government in Moscow. This policy was continued during the early adult years of Ivan IV. The long-term result of this policy was a significant reduction in banditry and increased stability.;;;;;;;;;;7170 EVENTHIST40022;In order to strengthen the government and increase the tax revenue, a series of decrees were issued in mid-1550s creating a new group of local officials, whose job was to collect taxes.;;;;;;;;;;7171 EVENTHIST40021;Following the annexation of Khanate of Sibir, Russian expansion east was fueled by private initiative and a search for freedom. In a short span of 80 years Russians had set their foot on the shores of Pacific Ocean by exploring Kamchatka in 1679.;;;;;;;;;;7172 EVENTHIST40015;In light of our overwhelming victory over Novgorod, Pskov decided to ask us for protection.;;;;;;;;;;7173 EVENTHIST40014;Poor weather of the previous year has caused famine of 1485.;;;;;;;;;;7174 EVENTHIST40013;Despite our overwhelming victory over Novgorod, Pskov decided to remain staunchly independent.;;;;;;;;;;7175 EVENTHIST40012;During a winter of 1467 a strange decease claimed about 60,000 lives of people of Novgorod.;;;;;;;;;;7176 EVENTHIST40011;After the disastrous defeat suffered by Novgorod in their war against Muscovy, Pskov has promptly changed their allegiance, and recognized Muscovy Grand Duke as their suzerain and protector. Pskov still retained certain liberties, but their list was vastly curtailed.;;;;;;;;;;7177 EVENTHIST40010;Following his marriage to Zoe Paleologus in 1472 and throwing off the Mongol yoke in 1480, Ivan III proclaimed himself czar of all Russians shortly thereafter.;;;;;;;;;;7178 EVENTHIST40008;Vasili II was not a very bright and talented man his father was, which was clearly visible during the first part of his reign. But everything has suddenly changed after he was blinded. The change was due to him being surrounded by wise, experienced people, who, with their ruler being blind, took charge in state affairs and ruled on his behalf. Vasili's son Ivan was among them, and was made a co-ruler in 1449.;;;;;;;;;;7179 EVENTHIST40006;Following the capture of Vasili II by Tartars Dmitry Shemiaka's claims to the throne has suddenly received a valid cause. Following the return of Vasili II from the Golden Horde Shemiaka rebelled, defeated Vasili II, captured and blinded him, and put himself on the throne in 1446. However, lacking any support from boyars, Shemiaka was forced to retire to Novgorod. Being in the eyes of Muscovian boyars and Vasili II a legitimate threat to the throne, he was poisoned on August 19, 1453.;;;;;;;;;;7180 EVENTHIST40005;During the winter of 1445 a raiding party of Tartars under the command of Mahmudek were encountered by a small detachment commanded by Vasili II himself. After a short fight, Tartars were victorious, and Vasili II was captured. Later on he was released for a hefty ransom.;;;;;;;;;;7181 EVENTHIST40003;At the royal wedding of Muscovy Grand Duke Vasili II, two of his nephews, Vasili Kosoi and Dmitry Shemiaka, were insulted by the queen mother. This incident effectively started a feud between Vasili II and his uncle Yuri and his sons, which ended only with the death of Dmitry Shemiaka in 1453.;;;;;;;;;;7182 EVENTHIST40000;After the death of Vasili I, his brother Yuri tried to challenge the ascension of 10 year old Vasili II to the Muscovy throne, claiming his precedence. The situation was resolved peacefully, thanks to the intervention of the Moscow patriarch, however, the whole issue wasn't quite settled until 1449.;;;;;;;;;;7183 EVENTHIST40;Changes of policies when cleverly timed and made were often well perceived by the people of the time beyond their actual efficiency as a proof of the government's good will and interest in the welfare of the realm.;;;;;;;;;;7184 EVENTHIST3999;The Safavid movement was originally founded by Seyh Safiuddin in the thirteenth-century as a contemplative brand of Sufism, but it later evolved in a militant Shia Heresy ideology. Proponents of the movement were eventually able to take advantage of the disorganized political situation in what is today modern Iran, to form the country of Persia. This newly formed Persian nation, with its militant Shia followers, was ably to quickly conquer territory in the surrounding region.;;;;;;;;;;7185 EVENTHIST3998;The Safavid movement was originally founded by Seyh Safiuddin in the thirteenth-century as a contemplative brand of Sufism, but it later evolved in a militant Shia Heresy ideology. Proponents of the movement were eventually able to take advantage of the disorganized political situation in what is today modern Iran, to form the country of Persia. This newly formed Persian nation, with its militant Shia followers, was ably to quickly conquer territory in the surrounding region.;;;;;;;;;;7186 EVENTHIST3921;Now that we occupy their capital, the government of Delhi has agreed to surrender unconditionally, allowing us to annex them completely!.;;;;;;;;;;7187 EVENTHIST3920;Ulugh Beg was the grandson of the conqueror Tamerlane and was primarily a scientist, in particular a mathematician and an astronomer. In 1417, to push forward the study of astronomy, Ulugh Beg began building a madrasah (a centre for higher education). The madrasah was completed in 1420 and Ulugh Beg then began to appoint the best scientists he could find to positions there as lecturers. In addition to the madrasah, Ulugh Beg built an observatory, the construction of this beginning in 1428. The achievements of the scientists at the Observatory, working there under Ulugh Beg's direction and in collaboration with him, include the following: methods for giving accurate approximate solutions of cubic equations, work with the binomial theorem, Ulugh Beg's accurate tables of sines and tangents correct to eight decimal places, and of particular importance, Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of the stars, the first comprehensive stellar catalogue since that of Ptolemy.;;;;;;;;;;7188 EVENTHIST3919;The Mughals have defeated us on the field of battle at Panipat. They now occupy our capital and have virtually overrun our nation. We are virtually helpless against them! What shall we do?.;;;;;;;;;;7189 EVENTHIST3918;The Lodi Dynasty has been a disaster for our nation! Their manifest incompitence has ruined the state, brought the populace to the verge of outright revolt, and made our neighbors both despise us and to plot against us. The best we can do is to persevere despite the troubles that our useless monarchs have caused.;;;;;;;;;;7190 EVENTHIST3917;The Lodi Dynasty has seized control of our nation. The dynasty is widely disliked and both the population of this sultanate and our neighbors are expressing their disapproval of their usurpation. The best we can do is to weather the storm that the actions of our new monarchs has caused.;;;;;;;;;;7191 EVENTHIST3916;The dynasty of Taungu has taken over Myanmar. Shall the two states become closer or should they be ruled separately?;;;;;;;;;;7192 EVENTHIST3915;The Mon people in Irrawaddy province are revolting! How shall we deal with this unrest?;;;;;;;;;;7193 EVENTHIST3914;King Alaungpaya has place the Burmese state on a firmer footing after years of rebellion, disorder, and misrule. He wishes to reform all facets of the military and government and refound the kingdom after these last decades of chaos. Do we accept his reforms?;;;;;;;;;;7194 EVENTHIST3912;After decades of unrest in Dai Viet, our King Nguyen Phuc-Anh has taken control of that nation. He wishes to create a united Vietnamese nation. Should we unite or should we remain separate from Dai Viet;;;;;;;;;;7195 EVENTHIST3911;The nation of Annam has agreed to be annexed by us!;;;;;;;;;;7196 EVENTHIST3910;After decades of unrest, King Nguyen Phuc-Anh of Annam has taken control of our nation. He wishes to create a united Vietnamese nation. Should we unite or should we remain separate from Annam?;;;;;;;;;;7197 EVENTHIST3909;After years of corruption, mismanagement, and famine, the people of our nation have apparently had enough. They have risen up in rebellion under the leadership of the Tay Son brothers. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;7198 EVENTHIST3908;The southern provinces of our nation have risen up in revolt under the Nguyen family, who hope to create an independent Annam. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;7199 EVENTHIST3907;Two great families vie for the power of regent of this nation, the Mac and the Trinh. Because of this power struggle, the nation has slid into anarchy, with armed bands supporting one side or the other roaming the countriside. We can only hope that their feuding will end soon.;;;;;;;;;;7200 EVENTHIST3906;Emperor Le Nghi Dan has proposed various reforms concerning the government and the economic well-being of our kingdom. While many of these proposals make great sense, they will also be expensive and may cause unrest. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;7201 EVENTHIST3905;As part of the terms of the peace treaty with China, they recognize our leader, Le Loi, as the sovereign ruler of Dai Viet. This recognition of our freedom means that our nation has now undergone a new beginning, the refounding of a great state. In recognition of this, Le Loi has undertaken a thorough overhaul of the state's government, putting our newly refounded state on a firm footing.,;;;;;;;;;;7202 EVENTHIST3904;For the last few years, Chinese forces have occupied our nation. However, one man, Le Loi, refuses to recognize the rule of China. He has raised the banner of revolt, and many are flocking to his banners, intent on kicking the Chinese out of the country. Should we support him?;;;;;;;;;;7203 EVENTHIST3903;Since the death of Nan T'arat, the succession has been disputed between our current monarch and his uncle King Kitsarat. It appears that the crisis is coming to a head, and now it appears that we must choose a course of action. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;7204 EVENTHIST3902;Our monarch believes that the current capital of Luangphrebang has outlived its usefulness and wishes to make a fresh start in the city of Vientiane. Shall we move the capital?;;;;;;;;;;7205 EVENTHIST3901;The chaos of King Ekit'at's reign is now behind us, and the new king, Phya Taksin, has placed the nation on a new course. He wishes to refound the state by moving its capital a few miles to Bangkok and undertaking a thorough administrative reform. Should we follow his wishes?;;;;;;;;;;7206 EVENTHIST39;Fire was the major source of destruction of buildings in those times, as people lacked the necessary and efficient firefighting equipment.;;;;;;;;;;7207 EVENTHIST3899;The Emperor has proposed sweeping reforms in order to modernize and restructure our state. These include economic reforms, a better tax-gathering system, a streamlined beaurocracy, and military restructuring. However, such a plan will be expensive and will cause a fair amount of resentment among the populace, the bureaucracy, and the military. Shall we implement the reforms?;;;;;;;;;;7208 EVENTHIST3898;Yuri, formerly prince of Suzdal and a prince of a collateral branch of the royal house, has risen in revolt, claiming the thrones of Moscow and Vladimir. Shall we support the present prince Vasily or the upstart Yuri?;;;;;;;;;;7209 EVENTHIST3897;In the first decades of the 18th century the Beys and Deys (Janissary leaders) of Northern Africa were in a rebellious mood in the wake of the Peace of Carlowitz between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League. In 1710, it was the turn of the Bey of Algiers to begin to start down the road to independence.;;;;;;;;;;7210 EVENTHIST3896;We have received Pommern as the legal heirs of their now-extinct ducal family.;;;;;;;;;;7211 EVENTHIST3895;The ruling family of Pommern has died out! Legally, Brandenburg is the heir, but the powerful Swedes demand a portion of the inheritance. What shall be our decision?;;;;;;;;;;7212 EVENTHIST3894;A great meeting is occuring in the city of Arras betwixt the English and the French. Both look to us for support, and our influence one way or the other may shift the balance of their centuries-long conflict. Although we have been supporting the English up until now, the French have made interesting overtures to us in recent months. Which side should we support?;;;;;;;;;;7213 EVENTHIST3893;Jacqueline, the Countess of Hainaut and Holland, has, by dubious means, divorced our cousin the Duke of Brabant and has married the English Duke of Gloucester, the King's uncle. This sudden elopement endangers our deep influence in her domains and threatens to replace it with English influence instead. To add insult to injury, she and her new 'husband' (although to use the term is dubious, as many believe the union is bigamous) have landed an army in Hainaut in order to take complete control of the County!;;;;;;;;;;7214 EVENTHIST3892;King Hyo-jong plans to launch a northern expedition to chastise the Manchus. This will require substantial preparations, funds and is impossible to keep secret. He plans to strengthen Korea's defenses by increasing and improving training and improving our fortresses. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;7215 EVENTHIST3891;Admiral Yi Sun-sin began work in 1588 on improving and strengthening the Korean navy's ships in face of the Japanese skill in close combat and muskets. The result was an new and effective ship design, even if the concept itself had previously been used in raids against pirates in 1419. It was designed to prevent enemy ships from getting close enough to use grappling hooks and muskets by using banks of cannons and concealed the ship with a smoke generator. The enclosed design with spike covered iron plates protected the crew from missiles made boarding difficult. Yi requires some more funds to finalise his fleet, if we don`t provide them he says he will resign. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;7216 EVENTHIST3890;Sejong is considering to exchange the Chinese characters used in Korea with new characters to advance litteracy amongst the Koreans. Changing the characters will be costly, is likely to cause discontent amongst the bureaucrats and aristocrats in power and sour relationships with China. Keeping the Chinese characters will keep the intelligensia happy and avoid upsetting China.;;;;;;;;;;7217 EVENTHIST3889;The Korean economy was in a very bad shape by the 17th century and to rectify this state Chief State Councilor Yi Won-ik gradually introduced previously ignored reforms in the tax system. The tribute tax levied against households was replaced with a unified tax on arable land. The tax on goods was limited to a quota which let enterprising peasant and wholesalers make and sell surplus goods. The net effect was lower taxes for peasants, increased revenues for the state and an rise in commerce.;;;;;;;;;;7218 EVENTHIST3888;Cho Kwang-jo, a Neo-Confucian reformer, attempted to shape the goverment according to Confucian ideals. His initial successes in reformation backfired when he went too far in attacking the old order. The fundamental devotion of the purge victims to the throne was never questioned, unlike earlier purges. The government believed that Cho Kwang-jo's clique, as it was called, was misguided, that much of its reform program would harm the government, and that the turbulence caused by its actions constituted a grave threat to Yi society and the foundations of the state. The result was that Cho Kwang-jo and his young idealists were eliminated and the inter-factional battles developed into naked power struggles. Scores of people were executed and hundreds were either dismissed from government office or exiled.;;;;;;;;;;7219 EVENTHIST3887;During the course of a state banquet in the autumn of 1503, Minister of Rites Yi Se-jwa accidentally spilled wine on the king's robes during dinner. The king interpreted it as a crime against the sovereign and therefore treasonous. The incident set of a chain of events resulting in banishments, purges and executions of the officials and intellectuals, who had survived the first purge, to stamp out contempt for authority.;;;;;;;;;;7220 EVENTHIST3886;While serving as Third Censor in 1495, Kim Il-son, a former state historian, proved himself to be a man willing to go to great lengths in criticizing government officials regardless of their power or status. One of Kim's accusatory memoranda set off a controversy that soon took on a life all of its own. The resulting reaction lead to a purge of many of the intellectuals that had dared to critise the officials and the king.;;;;;;;;;;7221 EVENTHIST3885;The Chiphyonjon, or Hall of Assembled Worthies, was a royal research institute founded at the behest of King Sejong. It brought about a number of major cultural achievements that have proved a lasting legacy to the Korean nation. Most important perhaps were the dozens of compilation projects supervised by the Chiphyonjon scholars on agriculture, Confucian thought, history, geography, law, linguistics, and medicine.;;;;;;;;;;7222 EVENTHIST3882;A plot to blow up the King and the Houses of Parliament has been discovered! The conspirators, led by Guy Fawkes and Robert Catesby, hid barrels of gunpowder below the Houses of Parliament and planned to detonate them when the Houses were in session with the King attending. Their goal was to seize control of the government and restore England to Catholicism. The conspirators will undoubtedly be executed, but how should we react towards Catholics as a whole?;;;;;;;;;;7223 EVENTHIST3881;Having eliminated the last resistance to his rule in Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi then turned his attention to conquering Korea, which he planned to use as a springboard for invading China. The Japanese mounted two invasions in 1592 and 1597, but both failed, largely as a result of the efforts of the Korean Admiral Yi. However, the war did result in the deaths of many Japanese samurai and Daimyo who might otherwise have troubled the new regime.;;;;;;;;;;7224 EVENTHIST3880;Because of the political consolidation of Japan, antagonism of the ruling elite towards Christianity, and general disdain for the southern Barbarians as Europeans were termed, the Tokugawa regime in the 1630s began to implement the policy of Sakoku, or the Closed Country. The Merchant Marine was disbanded, no large ocean-going ships were allowed, and foreign travel was prohibited. This culminated in the final Sakoku edict of 1639 that banned all trade with Europeans except for a small Dutch factory at Nagasaki. Japan then turned inward for the next two centuries. However, if Japan had maintained closer contacts with the West by tolerating Christianity, then this policy of isolation would never had occurred.;;;;;;;;;;7225 EVENTHIST3879;By 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu had effectively gained control of Japan even though rule had been meant to pass to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori, when Hideyori reached adulthood. A series of mounting conflicts with the Portuguese, the possibility of trading with the Dutch, and alarm at the spread of Christianity in the Land of the Gods resulted in an Edict of Expulsion for the Jesuit missionaries. The Tokugawa regime then began persecuting the estimated 300,000 Japanese Christians using torture and execution as their primary instruments. This eventually helped to prompt the Shimabara peasant rebellion in Kyushu in 1638 in which about 30,000 overtaxed peasants rebelled, but were eventually massacred. If the Tokugawa regime had instead extended toleration to Christianity, then in Kyushu Catholicism may have eventually emerged as the dominant religion.;;;;;;;;;;7226 EVENTHIST3878;By 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu had effectively gained control of Japan even though rule had been meant to pass to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori, when Hideyori reached adulthood. A series of mounting conflicts with the Portuguese, the possibility of trading with the Dutch, and alarm at the spread of Christianity in the Land of the Gods resulted in an Edict of Expulsion for the Jesuit missionaries. The Tokugawa regime then began persecuting the estimated 300,000 Japanese Christians using torture and execution as their primary instruments. This eventually helped to prompt the Shimabara peasant rebellion in Kyushu in 1638 in which about 30,000 overtaxed peasants rebelled, but were eventually massacred. If the Tokugawa regime had instead extended toleration to Christianity, then in Kyushu Catholicism may have eventually emerged as the dominant religion.;;;;;;;;;;7227 EVENTHIST3877;In 1587, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who had already consolidated his hold over central Japan in the wake of Oda Nobunaga's murder, seized control of Kyushu, the main stronghold of Japanese Christianity. Alarmed at the possible undermining of authority that Christianity could cause, he proceeded to issue an edict that technically expelled the Jesuit missionaries from Japan, although in reality they were permitted to continue operating so long as they maintained a low profile. He also forced many important Daimyo to renounce their new faith. However, despite this, the number of Christian converts continued rising to a peak of about 300,000.;;;;;;;;;;7228 EVENTHIST3876;Wales had been conquered by England during the reign of Edward I, but was considered a separate country until Parliament passed the Welsh Act of Union in 1536. This act, combined with a further one in 1543, gave Wales representation in Parliament, made it subject to the same laws as England, and also made English the primary language of Wales. This hastened the anglicization of Wales, making it easier for the English to administer the province.;;;;;;;;;;7229 EVENTHIST3875;Your Highness, Constantinople is back in the hands of its rightful heirs! We now have a unique opportunity to restore the glorious Roman Empire - or at least the eastern part. In my humble opinion we have nothing to lose and everything to gain by moving our capital to Constantinople and declaring the Roman Empire restored!;;;;;;;;;;7230 EVENTHIST3874;Your Highness, Constantinople is back in the hands of its rightful heirs! We now have a unique opportunity to restore the glorious Roman Empire under its legitimate Palaeologus dynasty. In my humble opinion we have nothing to lose and everything to gain by moving our capital to Constantinople and declaring the Roman Empire restored!;;;;;;;;;;7231 EVENTHIST3873;The Bogumils were a Christian sect that believed in Dualism. Their teachings had their origin in teachings of early Paulician churches in Asia Minor and in Manicheanism. While Manicheanists believed in two Gods, one evil and one good (violating the Christian view of monotheism), Bogumils believed in one God with two sides, one evil and one good. Satan was the older brother of Jesus and thus as much God as Jesus is. God's evil side (Satanael) was ruling the material world while God's good side was ruling the spiritual world. Thus they believed that all churches were the work of Satanel, so they rejected them. They also rejected the Old Testament, priests' ownership of material things and church sacraments. Because of this they were usually supported by the Bans and Kings of Bosnia. With the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia, most of the Bogumils converted to Islam.;;;;;;;;;;7232 EVENTHIST3872;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;;;;;;;;;;7233 EVENTHIST3871;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and England, once again, got the opportunity to revive their offensive in the Netherlands. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. The majority of the Dutch in the United Provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the English troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to the English, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but it was lost again within 6 months, as was Nijmegen. In a nightly sea battle the English navy managed to prevail and landed 12000 men in Zeeland - within a year England had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace England harshly subjugated all heretics. Those of the True Faith were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between All the Faithful Subjects of the King of England was instituted. Many Dutchmen left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful English rule in the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7234 EVENTHIST3870;In 1578 the Earl of Wessex, member of the powerful York family, arrives in the Netherlands. The Earl of Wessex has good character and is efficient, as well as being both a good general and politician. In him William of Oranien gets a powerful opponent. Wessex quickly understands that England can keep its mastery of the Netherlands only if it plays on the the desires of the catholic provinces. In 1579 England manages to get some of the southern catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which makes peace with England. However, some of the Northern provinces now create the Union of Utrecht - the first sign of a new Dutch nation. Later on, Wessex uses the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North, and the northerners are only saved by the murder-attempt of Wessex's two elder brothers in 1588, forcing him to leave for England immediately.;;;;;;;;;;7235 EVENTHIST3869;In 1567 the Duke of York arrived in the Netherlands bringing English Elite troops and very determined to break the Dutch Insurrection. York issues the Edict of Blood, which allows him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition is intensified and hundreds of people are executed. In 1568 York arrests and executes Count Horn and Egmont, making William of Oranien the only leader left to take up the flag. In 1570 York by himself introduces a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch have paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spreads in the Netherlands... In 1573 it is clear that the 'General of the League' has failed to subjugate the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;7236 EVENTHIST3868;In 1566 the Dutch Nobles courted the English regent in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene, but all they got was a contemptous refusal. One of the effects of the insulting denial was that the citizenry of Antwerpen stormed the churches and destroyed the relics and paintings. The rebellion then spread from town to town. Paris William of Oranien tried to stop these senseless acts of violence, but it was futile. The grass had caught fire...;;;;;;;;;;7237 EVENTHIST3867;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and Burgundy, once again, got the opportunity to revive their offensive in the Netherlands. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. The majority of the Dutch in the United Provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the Burgundian troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to the forces of Burgundy, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but it was lost again within 6 months, as was Nijmegen. In a nightly sea battle the Burgundian navy managed to prevail and landed 12000 men in Zeeland - within a year Burgundy had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace Burgundy harshly subjugated all heretics. Those of the True Faith were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between All the Faithful Subjects of the Duke of Burgundy was instituted. Many Dutchmen left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful Burgundian rule in the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7238 EVENTHIST3866;In 1578 the Count of Maçon, member of the powerful Charolais family, arrives in the Netherlands. The Count of Maçon has good character and is efficient, as well as being both a good general and politician. In him William of Oranien gets a powerful opponent. The Count of Maçon quickly understands that Burgundy can keep its mastery of the Netherlands only if it plays on the desires of the catholic provinces. In 1579 Burgundy manages to get some of the southern catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which makes peace with Burgundy. However, some of the Northern provinces now create the Union of Utrecht - the first sign of a new Dutch nation. Later on, the Count of Maçon uses the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North and the northerners are only saved by the murder-attempt on the Count of Maçon's two elder brothers in 1588, forcing him to leave for Burgundy immediately.;;;;;;;;;;7239 EVENTHIST3865;In 1567 the Count of Charolais arrived in the Netherlands, bringing Burgundian Elite troops and determined to break the Dutch Insurrection once and for all. The Count of Charolais issued the Edict of Blood, which allowed him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition was intensified and hundreds of people executed. In 1568 the Count of Charolais arrested and executed Count Horn and Egmont, making William of Oranien the only leader left to take up the flag. In 1570 the Count of Charolais by himself introduced a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch had just paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spread in the Netherlands... In 1573 it was clear that the 'General of the League' had failed to subjugate the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;7240 EVENTHIST3864;In 1566 the Dutch Nobles courted the Burgundian regent in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene, but all they got was a contemptous refusal. One of the effects of the insulting denial was that the citizenry of Antwerpen stormed the churches and destroyed the relics and paintings. The rebellion then spread from town to town. Paris William of Oranien tried to stop these senseless acts of violence, but it was futile. The grass had caught fire...;;;;;;;;;;7241 EVENTHIST3863;Your Excellency, the Khedive believes that only by modernizing our nation's military and economy will we be able to compete with the European powers. Should we support his efforts?;;;;;;;;;;7242 EVENTHIST3862;Your Excellency, the Khedive, Muhammad Ali, has invited the Mameluk nobility to a grand feast in Cairo. He plans to massacre them en masse in order to destroy their power and disruptive influence. The Khedive also suspects that the Ottoman Sultan has been conspiring with them to undermine the Khedive's power or even to overthrow him. Shall we support the Khedive's plans?;;;;;;;;;;7243 EVENTHIST3861;Your Excellency, the numerous Mameluk nobles are demanding that more power be transfered from the central government into their hands. To do so will massively decentralize the government, but to deny them will likely cause them to rise up in rebellion. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;7244 EVENTHIST3856;Your Highness, the male line of the Ducal House of Kleve has died out, but our rightful claim to the duchy has been refused!;;;;;;;;;;7245 EVENTHIST3855;Your Highness, the male line of the Ducal House of Kleve has died out, and our rightful claim to the duchy has been acknowledged!;;;;;;;;;;7246 EVENTHIST3854;Your Highness, the male line of the Ducal House of Kleve has died out! There are various claims to our realm, so how shall we proceed?;;;;;;;;;;7247 EVENTHIST3853;Ernst, a member of our ruling Wittelsbach family, has been appointed Archbishop of Cologne. This means a new era of Bavarian influence there.;;;;;;;;;;7248 EVENTHIST3852;Ernst, a member of the ruling Wittelsbach family of Bavaria, has been appointed Archbishop of Cologne. This may mean a new era of Bavarian influence here. How shall we proceed?;;;;;;;;;;7249 EVENTHIST3851;The Bohemians have rejected the claim of our gracious King to be ruler of Bohemia! They have risen up in revolt and refuse to allow our forces to enter a region that is rightfully ours!;;;;;;;;;;7250 EVENTHIST3850;After the death of Ferdinand II in 1516, Carlos was declared King of all Spain. Up until now the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castille had been ruled jointly by the 'Reyes Católicos' or 'Catholic Monarchs' Ferdinand and Isabella - the maternal grandparents of Carlos I. During their time they had successfully brought the two Kingdoms closer to each other and now, when there was only one King, there was also only one Kingdom.;;;;;;;;;;7251 EVENTHIST3849;After the death of Ferdinand II in 1516, Carlos was declared King of all Spain. Up until now the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castille had been ruled jointly by the 'Reyes Católicos' or 'Catholic Monarchs' Ferdinand and Isabella - the maternal grandparents of Carlos I. During their time they had successfully brought the two Kingdoms closer to each other and now, when there was only one King, there was also only one Kingdom.;;;;;;;;;;7252 EVENTHIST3848;After the death of Ferdinand II in 1516, Carlos was declared King of all Spain. Up until now the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castille had been ruled jointly by the 'Reyes Católicos' or 'Catholic Monarchs' Ferdinand and Isabella - the maternal grandparents of Carlos I. During their time they had successfully brought the two Kingdoms closer to each other and now, when there was only one King, there was also only one Kingdom.;;;;;;;;;;7253 EVENTHIST3847;Milord, the Norwegian nobles and clergy have renounced the King and declared independence from our wise overlordship! I never thought I'd see the day... The Norwegians have always been loyal and trustworthy, but now they shall have to be punished!;;;;;;;;;;7254 EVENTHIST3846;Your Highness, the Swedes have renounced our wise and just Union King and declared themselves independent. I hesitate even to bring this up, but there is a faction among the nobles and clergy who would happily follow the Swedish example...;;;;;;;;;;7255 EVENTHIST3845;Your Highness, Queen Caterina of Cyprus has offered her crown to Venice. This will make a fine addition to our realm and put fear into the black hearts of the Turks!;;;;;;;;;;7256 EVENTHIST3844;Your Highness, the noblewoman Caterina Cornero has managed to become Queen of Cyprus. With a Venetian on the Cypriotic throne chances are good we will one day control the island directly...;;;;;;;;;;7257 EVENTHIST3843;Your Highness, Queen Caterina has offered our whole nation to the merchant Republic of Venice. I've made some discreet inquiries, and the nobles will support you should you desire to, ah, walk another path...;;;;;;;;;;7258 EVENTHIST3842;Your Highness, the child king Jacques III has died! Two queens now claim the throne: Jacques' mother, the Venetian noblewomen Caterina Cornero, and the former queen Charlotte, driven off the island in the coup of 1460. Who should we support during this crisis of succession?;;;;;;;;;;7259 EVENTHIST3841;Your Highness, much as it pains me to say it, our scheming Queen Charlotte has enveloped the island of Cyprus in a web of plots and intrigue. She and her Savoyard husband have infuriated the nobles and oppressed the common folk. Her bastard half-brother Jacques has raised the flag of rebellion to end this misrule. Who do we support?;;;;;;;;;;7260 EVENTHIST3840;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Your Excellency, I fear that the Christians might be preparing for another Crusade.;;;;;;;;;;7261 EVENTHIST3839;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;;;;;;;;;;7262 EVENTHIST3838;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;;;;;;;;;;7263 EVENTHIST3837;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;;;;;;;;;;7264 EVENTHIST3836;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;;;;;;;;;;7265 EVENTHIST3835;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;;;;;;;;;;7266 EVENTHIST3834;Your Highness, the Union of the Churches appears to have had little effect, and help from the Catholic states has been much less than expected. The people and the clergy feel that we have betrayed Orthodoxy by having agreed to the Union and demand that we end it. Should we revoke the Union?;;;;;;;;;;7267 EVENTHIST3833;Faced with the onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate the Union of the Churches in a forlorn hope that by doing so the Catholic nations will aid them against the Moslems. Your Highness, the Western Church demands only concessions, not compromise - the 'Union' is little more than a surrender for Orthodoxy. The representatives have little choice but to accept due to the situation, but the populace of Constantinople and the hierarchy of the Orthodox Church are outraged. Do we accept the Union?;;;;;;;;;;7268 EVENTHIST3832;Milord, our beloved monarch, Vlad III, also known as Dracula after his father Vlad II Dracul, has recently begun impaling captured Turkish soldiers and even civilians. Already he is being called 'Tepes' - the Impaler. The Turks are livid and insist that we at the very least apologize for his actions. Now, far be it from me to criticize our wise and noble ruler, hrrm, but he seems to listen to you - perhaps you could convince him to be a tad more... diplomatic?;;;;;;;;;;7269 EVENTHIST3831;A new dynasty has come to power in our nation, and they feel that moving the capital would be a good way to symbolize the break with the old rulers. Kashgar, the great city on the Silk Road, would be most suitable as the new capital. Shall we move?;;;;;;;;;;7270 EVENTHIST3830;Our country has been overrun by the armies of the Kalmyks, a western Mongol tribe which has burst upon the steppes as conquerors. The situation is most dire. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;7271 EVENTHIST3829;Your Highness, our agreement with Queen Elizabeth has done little for Ireland. Indeed, English influence has only increased and the power of our own noblemen has been severely curtailed. The people and the nobility cry out for freedom from the English tyranny. Shall we rise up and throw them out?;;;;;;;;;;7272 EVENTHIST3828;Your Highness, as you know, the King has made an attempt to bring the Irish nobles into a closer relationship with us by offering to give the Irish kings English titles, making them English earls in exchange for swearing fealty to him. Unfortunately, the scoundrels have refused this generous offer.;;;;;;;;;;7273 EVENTHIST3827;Your Highness, as you know, the King has made an attempt to bring the Irish nobles into a closer relationship with us by offering to give the Irish kings English titles, making them English earls in exchange for swearing fealty to him. The Irish have accepted the offer, and are now our vassals!;;;;;;;;;;7274 EVENTHIST3826;The King of England wishes to bring the Irish leaders into a closer relationship with England. Therefore he has offered to give our noblemen English titles, making our Irish kings English earls in exchange for swearing fealty to him. Your Highness, accepting this offer might keep the English from trying to invade us all the time, but it will come at the cost of our freedom. Do we accept?;;;;;;;;;;7275 EVENTHIST3825;After years of misrule by weak kings who were puppets of foreign powers, the Dalai Lama, long the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people, has taken full control of the government. His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, seeks your advise. What kind of foreign policy should we pursue?;;;;;;;;;;7276 EVENTHIST3824;Your Highness, forces suspected to be led by the Mughal Prince Bâbur have been moving into Thar and the Indus valley. If this is indeed Bâbur and not an ordinary raid by Afghani tribesmen we could be facing an outright invasion. I have a very bad feeling about this... Perhaps we should attempt to negotiate?;;;;;;;;;;7277 EVENTHIST3823;A combination of internal dissention and foreign attack has resulted in armies marching upon our capital in a lightning-quick campaign! Vijayanagar has been subjected to a thorough three-month sack, resulting in the complete disruption of the government, the massive loss of revenue, and the collapse of our authority in the provinces!;;;;;;;;;;7278 EVENTHIST3822;After the series of civil wars resulting from the disputed succession after Aurangzib's death in 1707, various nobles and local officials, notably the Nawabs and the Nizams, have managed to usurp power in the provinces. How shall we deal with them?;;;;;;;;;;7279 EVENTHIST3821;The Marathas under the leadership of a brilliant young general by the name of Shivaji have risen in revolt in Maharashtra! Shivaji is a devoted Hindu, as are most of the Marathas. Apparently they have had enough of the Muslim Oppressors. What shall we do to combat these infidels?;;;;;;;;;;7280 EVENTHIST3820;The Marathas under the leadership of a brilliant young general by the name of Shivaji have risen in revolt in Maharashtra! Shivaji is a devoted Hindu, as are most of the Marathas. Apparently they have had enough of the Muslim Oppressors. What shall we do to combat these infidels?;;;;;;;;;;7281 EVENTHIST3819;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;;;;;;;;;;7282 EVENTHIST3818;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control over the Persian provinces to the victorious rebels under Ismail. More local chiefs and warlords join his cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;;;;;;;;;;7283 EVENTHIST3817;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control over the Persian provinces to the victorious rebels under Ismail. More local chiefs and warlords join his cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;;;;;;;;;;7284 EVENTHIST3816;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;;;;;;;;;;7285 EVENTHIST3815;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;;;;;;;;;;7286 EVENTHIST3814;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;;;;;;;;;;7287 EVENTHIST3813;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Brabant have decided to join us!;;;;;;;;;;7288 EVENTHIST3812;Your Highness, a united Dutch Republic has broken free from the oppressors. This is a chance to unite the Netherlands at last... Shall we join our brothers and sisters in the republic? (This will end the game.);;;;;;;;;;7289 EVENTHIST3811;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Flandres have decided to join us!;;;;;;;;;;7290 EVENTHIST3810;Your Highness, a united Dutch Republic has broken free from the oppressors. This is a chance to unite the Netherlands at last... Shall we join our brothers and sisters in the republic? (This will end the game.);;;;;;;;;;7291 EVENTHIST3809;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Friesland have decided to join us!;;;;;;;;;;7292 EVENTHIST3808;Your Highness, a united Dutch Republic has broken free from the oppressors. This is a chance to unite the Netherlands at last... Shall we join our brothers and sisters in the republic? (This will end the game.);;;;;;;;;;7293 EVENTHIST3807;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Gelre have decided to join us!;;;;;;;;;;7294 EVENTHIST3806;Your Highness, a united Dutch Republic has broken free from the oppressors. This is a chance to unite the Netherlands at last... Shall we join our brothers and sisters in the republic? (This will end the game.);;;;;;;;;;7295 EVENTHIST3805;Your Highness, Delhi is finally in our hands and the Sultanate has been conquered. If I may be so bold, I would suggest that we move our capital to this great city. It is time to leave the mountains and deserts behind and face the future as a truly civilized nation!;;;;;;;;;;7296 EVENTHIST3804;Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, better known as Babur, was a Timurid Prince with the blood of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane flowing through his veins, who became the founder of the mighty Mughal dynasty. His early years were spent in bitter struggle with the Uzbeks, who under their brilliant Khan Muhammad Shaybani had occupied the old Timurid capital of Samarkand. Weary of this useless quest, Babur eventually turned his ambitious gaze east towards India - a much more fruitful ambition, as it would turn out...;;;;;;;;;;7297 EVENTHIST3803;Jiriz Podiabrad, a Bohemian nobleman, has been elected to king after the death of king Vladislav Habsburg. Our neighbors, indeed all of Europe, is wary of this election, fearing another outbreak of Hussite violence. Jiriz gained the throne through some Hussite help, but how should we act towards them now that he is king?;;;;;;;;;;7298 EVENTHIST3802;Zigmunt of Hungary, claimnant to the Bohemian throne, has decided to make concessions to the Hussites in order to gain his throne. Do we accept him as king?;;;;;;;;;;7299 EVENTHIST3801;Vaclav IV has died! His brother, Zigmunt of Hungary has claimed the throne, but he is widely hated by the many followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia for allowing that preacher to burnt at the stake at the Council of Constance in 1415. Zigmunt had promised Hus protection, but instead allowed the Council to seize, try, and execute him as a heretic. If we accept Zigmunt as our monarch, the Hussites will likely revolt, but to deny him his rightful throne may make us pariahs in the eyes of other nations.;;;;;;;;;;7300 EVENTHIST38;New farming techniques plantations irrigation and land properties organization were soon translated into increased agricultural production and therefore higher tax income for the state. However countries with backward peasantry and conservative political structure were slower than others to put progress into effect.;;;;;;;;;;7301 EVENTHIST3793;The permanent Russian exploration and colonization of Siberia that started under Ivan the Terrible had regularly continued all along the 17th century, with most of eastern Siberia discovered by the end of the century (Kamchatska was reached in 1679). The Amur basin had been explored by Khabarov in the 1650s and in 1689, a Russo-Chinese border conflict was settled by the first Chinese-European agreement, the Treaty of Nerchiinsk, fixing the Amur border. In 1727, the Kyakhta treaty would even make provisions for a Russian trading station to be established in Peking, the capital of the new Manchu dynasty (1644-1911).;;;;;;;;;;7302 EVENTHIST3792;King Frederick of Sweden had several children by his mistress Hedvig Taube, but his marriage with Ulrika was cursed with childlessness. Naturally, the two opposing parties of the Riksdag were embroiled in a bitter fight over the choice of a crown prince. The Caps argued for the Danish prince Frederick, but the Hats had found another candidate in Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. Your Excellency, the Swedes have chosen the Danish prince!;;;;;;;;;;7303 EVENTHIST3791;In November 1813 the allies offered Napoleon peace if France would return to her natural boundaries, the Rhine and the Alps. Napoleon rejected the offer, and the allies continued their advance. They closed in on Paris, which fell to them on Mar. 31, 1814. Napoleon abdicated, first in favor of his son and then unconditionally (Apr. 11). He was exiled to Elba, which the allies gave him as a sovereign principality. His victors were still deliberating at the Congress of Vienna when Napoleon, with a handful of followers, landed near Cannes (Mar. 1, 1815). King Louis XVIII reacted and sent Marshal Ney with a considerable force to capture Napoleon and bring him to Paris in an Iron Cage. But Ney did not follow the orders of his new master, but returned to the side of his old. In the course of a triumphant march northward Napoleon once more rallied France behind him. King Louis XVIII fled, and Napoleon entered Paris (Mar. 20), beginning his ephemeral rule of the Hundred Days. Will it be any longer?;;;;;;;;;;7304 EVENTHIST3790;In 1809 Austria had been crushed and also Prussia was occupied. France was at war with England, but had managed to vassalize Spain. Russia was her ally and everything looked perfect until in 1812… The Russians did not fulfill there obligations when come to the Continental Blockade and they had become vary with French power. In June France invaded Russia with more than a half million men. The Russians made a slow retreat even the odds as the French army shrink from attrition. The Battle of Borodino (September 5-7) started as a bloody struggle, but thanks to luck and a diversion attack by Marshal Ney the Russian Army was annihilated. Napoleon though decided a halt on his Grand Armée spreading it out for winter. Supply lines where secured and a lesser task force called L'Armée Baltique moved up occupying the Baltic coast up to St:Petersburg which it took by assault. When late spring came Napoleon again had more than half a million men in Russia and advancing. During the winter Napoleon had restructured Poland under Poniatowski and recreated the Kingdom of Ukraine under Chielmkowskij easing the supply effort. On 30 June 1813 Russia surrendered, unwilling to let Moscow perish in flames. France was the master of Europe...;;;;;;;;;;7305 EVENTHIST3789;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7306 EVENTHIST3788;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7307 EVENTHIST3787;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7308 EVENTHIST3786;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7309 EVENTHIST3785;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7310 EVENTHIST3784;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7311 EVENTHIST3783;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7312 EVENTHIST3782;With the expansive economic legislation and the American Revolution in the 1770's the introduction of Constitutional Monarchy in the 1780's France had changed. Gone was the ancient regime and with it the incompetent nobility of blood. Instead the king and new government had introduced a nobility of talent. To be a nobleman of France meant that one had made great service to the country. The Spirit of the Enlightenment had been incorporated in Europe's most progressive nation, France. In this country a young and talented man from the province of Corsica had been brought up to become a fine general and diplomat, his name was Napoleon Bonaparte. The great reform of French society was a great threat to England whom mightily feared French commercial competition. France also manages to acquire the enmity of Prussia, Austria and Russia by supporting the reforms in Poland and trying to export what Catherine the Great had called 'Peasant-Monarchy'. Thus France got embroiled in what was called the 1st and 2nd coalition wars in which England, Russia, Austria and Prussia fought France, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, the United States and Holland. Napoleon first distinguished himself on the Rhine front winning the Battle of Höchst (4th Oct. 1793), Kaiserslautern (12th Nov 1793) and the winter battle of Aachen (16th January 1794). In 1795-96 he fought in Italy and in 1797 he was attached to General Harrison's staff sub commanding a horse artillery detachment in the decisive Battle of Disraeli near the Lac St-Francois, Canada. Returning to France he was ordered to Egypt to boast the defense of an important ally fighting an indecisive night battle with General Moore near Alexandria. This though saved the Ottomans and England receiving her second defeat accepted a status quo peace. The same night Napoleon returned to Toulon he got the rumors of that Paris was threatened by a Russo-Austrian army under Suvorov. Riding at full speed to Paris and after two broken horses he was given the command of the 3rd reserve army. It was of low quality, but everything France had left after the disaster at Nancy. In the three day Battle of Châlons-sur-Marne Napoleons tactical genius won the day and the war was over, for this time. Already the enemies were flocking, but on the 2nd January 1799 Napoleon was called to His Majesty's Regal Chamber and received his appointment as Minister of War and given command of all the Royal Armies of France. At the Midnight Ball in Versailles at the 10th February Napoleon's dream had come true...He was made Archduke of Corsica.;;;;;;;;;;7313 EVENTHIST3781;The Directory was the French revolutionary government set up by the Constitution of the Year III, which lasted four years, from November 1795 to November 1799. The Directors chose governmental ministers, ambassadors, army generals, tax collectors, and other officials. However, they had no funds to finance their projects or courts to enforce their will. The Directory was perhaps the most corrupt regime that France has ever known. Its policies were aimed, first, at protecting and increasing the profits of those in political and economic power and, second, at preventing the return of the Bourbons or the establishment of any other regime that might endanger those in power by such means as the redistribution of national property. The period was also noted for extravagant fashions in dress, excesses in entertainment, and a loose morality. However, the most important aspect of the directory and what gave it legitimacy in the eyes of the people, even as it was corrupt, was that it had ended the Reign of Terror. Anything was judged better then the 'Today you, Tomorrow me' logic of the Terror.;;;;;;;;;;7314 EVENTHIST3780;On 5th may 1789 the General Estates met at Versailles. The different sections of the French society had a rather joint opinion on which issues and what to decide. Only landowning nobles defied a social reform, while both noblemen and bourgeois could accept both social and constitutional reforms. However, that both a financial and a constitutional reform were needed were beyond doubt by all members. At first the king tried counteracted initiatives to produce a social reform, but on 11th July the king had to face facts and issued the popular minister of finance, Necker, to create a good proposal for a financial reform. Fortunately the great landowners were held outside the negotiation as Necker believed them to crave impossible social concessions, thus he had given the majority of them the task to evaluate the position of the church. While refining the final Constitution and signing the Financial reform the nobility network had taken action. The king did not order in troops, as could not be sure of their reliability. Soon the fear spread to the man on the street and a demonstration in favor of the King and the Constitutional Monarchy degenerated into a riot and the masses stormed the Bastille. A revolutionary wave went through the masses and as the Government failed to against the revolting nobility the people took the matters in their own hands to defend the Constitutional Monarchy and King Louis. The French Revolution had begun...;;;;;;;;;;7315 EVENTHIST3779;On 5th may 1789 the General Estates met at Versailles. The different sections of the French society were somewhat divided on which issues and what to decide. Only farmers wanted a social reform, while both noblemen and bourgeois could accept a partial social reform. However, that both a financial and a constitutional reform were needed were beyond doubt by all members. At first the king tried counteracted initiatives to produce a constitutional and social reform, but on 11th July the king had to face facts and issued the popular minister of finance, Necker, to create a good proposal for a financial reform. Unfortunately the farmers and petty bourgeois were held outside the negotiation as Necker believed them to crave impossible social concessions. While refining the final Constitution and signing the Financial reform the effects of the governments denial to subside the bread prices was seen on the streets of Paris. The king ordered in troops, but the soldiers refused to shoot as the people and instead joined the revolts. Soon the frustration turned the revolt into the boiling point and on 14th July the Bastille was stormed. A revolutionary wave went through the masses and as the politicians failed to produce food for all people took the matters in their own hands. The French Revolution had begun...;;;;;;;;;;7316 EVENTHIST3778;The Duchy of Brabant had been under Burgundian influence for a while already in the decades leading up to 1430 with side branches of the Burgundian dynasty occupying the title of Duke but on the 1st of August, 1430 it formally passed to the control of Philip the Good of Burgundy further strengthening the Burgundian hold on the Netherlands and continuing Philip's moves towards unification of the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7317 EVENTHIST3777;The Duchy of Brabant had been under Burgundian influence for a while already in the decades leading up to 1430 with side branches of the Burgundian dynasty occupying the title of Duke but on the 1st of August, 1430 it formally passed to the control of Philip the Good of Burgundy further strengthening the Burgundian hold on the Netherlands and continuing Philip's moves towards unification of the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7318 EVENTHIST3776;The Duchy of Brabant had been under Burgundian influence for a while already in the decades leading up to 1430 with side branches of the Burgundian dynasty occupying the title of Duke but on the 1st of August, 1430 it formally passed to the control of Philip the Good of Burgundy further strengthening the Burgundian hold on the Netherlands and continuing Philip's moves towards unification of the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7319 EVENTHIST3775;The Duchy of Brabant had been under Burgundian influence for a while already in the decades leading up to 1430 with side branches of the Burgundian dynasty occupying the title of Duke but on the 1st of August, 1430 it formally passed to the control of Philip the Good of Burgundy further strengthening the Burgundian hold on the Netherlands and continuing Philip's moves towards unification of the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7320 EVENTHIST3774;In May 1588 the Wars of Religion in France entering its final chapter. The people of Paris, under the influence of inflammatory Leaguer preachers, were becoming more and more dissatisfied with Henri III and his failure to suppress the Protestants. To be a moderate Catholic was almost as bad as being heretic to the Leaguers and a popular uprising on the streets of Paris for caused Henri III to flee the city. The Catholic League took complete control of the government and welcomed the Duc de Guise to the city. The League pressed for a meeting of the Estates-General. Their proposed heir to the crown was the Cardinal de Bourbon, Navarre's uncle. There was even a fear that Henri III would be forced to abdicate and that the people might proclaim Guise king. On Christmas Eve in 1588, when Guise was at Blois for the meetings, Henri III invited him to his quarters for some discussion. Guise and his brother, Cardinal de Guise, exposed the bluff as a murder attempt. Guise's triumph over the King was short-lived. The League sent an army against Henri III, and Henri III fled to Navarre for an alliance. The two kings joined forces to reclaim Paris. In the mean time the League presses took over printing revolutionary tracts and the Sorbonne proclaimed that is was just and necessary to depose Henri III, and that any private citizen was morally free to commit regicide. And in fact, one of them eventually did. In July 1589, a monk named begged an audience with the king and put a long knife into his spleen. On his deathbed, Henri III called for Navarre and named him his heir. Navarre's position was delicate as he was branded with the treacherous behavior of Henri's. A few of the late Henri III's followers gave their loyalties to the new sovereign, but most melted away into the night. The League staged coups in many of the principal cities of France. Well financed with Spanish money, Guise and his younger brother Mayenne took to the field. Guise forced Navarre to bring the war out of the south and into the north, as he desperately needed it if he wanted to be king of France and not dead meat by the summer. In September of 1589, Mayenne met Navarre and gave him a serious defeat at Arques. His army swept South through Gascogne, taking town after town that winter, and then Guise inflicted an even more crushing defeat on Navarre in March of 1590 at Ivry. Navarre was forced to retreat. In 1593, the League held an Estates-General in Paris, to name a candidate for the throne of France. The Duc de Guise was nominated defended by some ancient claims. This was a departure from the Law, but Parliament passed a decree that the crown could go to any descendent of Charlemagne. At this point, Navarre made his 'perilous leap' and abjured his faith in July 1593, in the church of St. Denis, reputedly with the famous witticism that 'Paris is worth a mass.' However lacking support and discredited for his protestant leanings he was captured by the new King and executed. Finally, in the spring of 1594, Charles X was crowned in Paris.;;;;;;;;;;7321 EVENTHIST3773;After the success of the French Revolution the new ideas spread abroad out of France and got a firm footing in the southern Netherlands. A new independent Republic was proclaimed, namely the United States of Belgium.;;;;;;;;;;7322 EVENTHIST3772;Pieter Paul Rubens was the foremost Flemish painter of the 17th century who was renowned around the world. Under Rubens's direction or influence a whole school of first-rate artists flourished in Antwerp. The volume of his work is enormous, and though he did little but supervise much of the work attributed to him, his domination was so absolute that almost everything originating in his workshop shows the mark of his style.;;;;;;;;;;7323 EVENTHIST3771;During the reign of King Charles I England's loyalties was divided between Parliament and the King. The Parliament wanted more pluralism and a supreme Protestant rule, while the King wanted more Royal power, perhaps even Autocracy and supreme catholic rule, or at least religious freedom for all. Parliament won the English Civil War, but what if they had not? So in 1645, the New Royal Army was formed by Fairfax. This army won two important victories, at Naseby (Jun 14) and at Langport (Jul 10), effectively destroying all of the Parliaments' armies. In 1646, Charles had little choice but to spread his remaining forces into 'hunt-and-destroy' parties seeking out fleeing puritan leaders. Oxford pressed the newly formed 'New Model Army' of Oliver Cromwell, and the Puritans fled North seeking refuge with the Scots, bringing the first war to a close. Charles used the time to negotiate with parliament at Holmby House, whilst he spends many good money bribing moderate parliamentarians. In the mean time, Cromwell's army began to feel the feeble relation with the Scots deteriorating. Eventually the Puritan army tried to kidnap King Charles in an attempt to win a bargaining piece. However, Charles escaped and used this 'vile and contemptuous habit' to his advantage. Increasingly concerned, the Cromwell's army marched to South (Aug 1647) and debated proposals of their own with the Refugees of the Parliament at York. Charles took advantage of this shift of emphasis away from him to negotiate a new agreement with the Scots, again promising church reform (Dec 28 1647). This agreement leads to the second war. A series of Puritan rebellions and an ambitious offensive by Cromwell's Army (Jul 1648) took place. However, all were checked by the now powerful royal army under Fairfax, now Duke of Cameron. This new betrayal parliament forced Charles to negotiate with those who still supported Charles' place on the throne. The Cromwellian army, angry that half the parliament were still considering Charles as a ruler, marched on parliament and conducted Pride's Purge (named such since the commanding officer of the operation was Sir Thomas Pride). 45 MP's were arrested, 146 were kept out of parliament, and only 75 were allowed in, and then only to do the army's bidding. This rump parliament was ordered to set up a high court of justice in order to try Charles I for treason in the name of the people of England. Now Charles took action and surrounded the Cromwellian army smashing it to dust, freeing parliament and enforcing his will upon it. At the Great Trial of Treason (Jan 1649) hundreds of puritan leaders were found guilty as charged, and they was all beheaded on January 30th. Oliver Cromwell then lead the miniscule remnants of the army to Hull where it was picked up by a Swedish navy on the orders of the Swedish chancellor Axel Oxenstierna. Cromwell later fought with distinction in the Swedish-Polish War, but died fatally wounded at Warsaw in 1656. Charles I was then again Sovereign King of England, Scotland and Ireland. His promise to the Scots was never fulfilled and the Church of England was set on par with the Catholic Church...;;;;;;;;;;7324 EVENTHIST3756;Milord, the Swedish rebel Engelbrekt has spread his accursed rebellion to our peaceful realm!;;;;;;;;;;7325 EVENTHIST3755;In 1731 the Archbishop of Salzburg purged his lands from Protestants. The Protestants had grown in number over the years and the archbishop had started to feel his powers threatened by their existence. More than 26000 ethnic German Protestants fled for their lives. 17000 of them were welcomed in Prussia in 1732 and most of them settle in East Prussia. Several protestant countries started nation-wide collections to help the fugitives.;;;;;;;;;;7326 EVENTHIST3754;The Edict of Restitution purported to do no more than enforce the terms of the Peace of Augsburg. However, the interpretation put on that document was that which had been urged by partisans of Catholicism. Thus it became the source of outrage from many important protestant leaders as Christian IV of Denmark and Gustav II Adolphus of Sweden, and also a good reason for war...;;;;;;;;;;7327 EVENTHIST3753;England as we know it decided on becoming a naval power and instituted the Admiralty as one of its assets. There where also signs of England taking another route, a route toward the continent and Land Power. Some elements can be found in Cromwell's New Model Army, but also the question-marks of a possible pro-French Stuart Dynasty and/or if England had managed to keep some of its French possessions. If that had happened England would have had much greater interests to protect on the Continent than on the High Seas.;;;;;;;;;;7328 EVENTHIST3752;Richard III had many enemies, and on 7 August, Henry Tudor landed near Milford Haven with about 2,000 French mercenaries and a handful of Lancastrian lords and knights. He gathered reinforcements as he marched through Wales, then through Shrewsbury, Stafford and Atherstone. Richard was at Nottingham, and moved from there to Leicester on 19 August, and by 21 August the two armies were facing each other about two and a half miles south of Market Bosworth. Richard's army was just under 12,000 strong, but 4,000 of his troops were commanded by the Stanley brothers, whose loyalty was suspect. Henry had only 5,000 troops. During the battle Both the Stanleys turned neutral and withdrew to a defensive position just north of the battlefield, swinging the numerical strength if not to Henry's favor at least improving his situation. The battle was fought on and around Ambion Hill, close to Sutton Cheney, and lasted only two hours. Richard had the better position, but did not take advantage by attacking Oxford while he was still deploying his troops. This allowed Oxford to launch the first attack and the Duke of Norfolk, who was commanding Richard's forward battle division, was soon desperately pressed. For the first hour, the fighting was evenly matched, but Richard lost the battle through the treachery of the Stanleys, who deserted his cause. Even more damaging was of the Earl of Northumberland's failure to bring Richard's reserves into action when he saw the Stanleys withdrawing from the battlefield. Richard made a last attempt to win victory by directly attacking Henry with is personal guard, and almost succeeded, having cut down Henry's standard bearer. Richard's gamble failed, and he was struck down. The battle ended when Richard died. The Stanley brothers and Norfolk immediately started to negotiate with Oxford. Henry fearing that the conflict would spread attended the meeting bringing an end to the miseries of England. It was decided that the Dukes of England was to take part of Government and support their new King, Henry VII Tudor.;;;;;;;;;;7329 EVENTHIST3751;Richard III had many enemies, and on 7 August, Henry Tudor landed near Milford Haven with about 2,000 French mercenaries and a handful of Lancastrian lords and knights. He gathered reinforcements as he marched through Wales, then through Shrewsbury, Stafford and Atherstone. Richard was at Nottingham, and moved from there to Leicester on 19 August, and by 21 August the two armies were facing each other about two and a half miles south of Market Bosworth. Richard's army was just under 12,000 strong, but 4,000 of his troops were commanded by the Stanley brothers, whose staunch loyalty was greatly respected. Henry had only 5,000 troops. During the battle Both the Stanleys changed the battle-plan creating an envelopment that threatened Henry's command position. The battle was fought on and around Ambion Hill, close to Sutton Cheney, and lasted only two hours. Richard had the better position, and thanks to the Stanleys envelopment he took advantage by attacking Oxford while he was still deploying his troops. Oxford was taken by total surprise when the Duke of Norfolk, who was commanding Richard's forward battle division, launched the first attack and Oxford was soon killed. For the first hour, the fighting was evenly matched, but Richard won the battle through the superior planning of the Stanleys. Henry made a last attempt to win victory by directly attacking Richard with is personal guard, but it was futile. The Earl of Northumberland managed to convince Richard to set his reserves into action when he saw the Stanleys attacking the enemy from the rear. Richard's gamble succeeded, but wisely he refrained from butchery. The battle ended because he and his followers knew that England would not get peace until agreement was struck with the Lancasters. Soon a meeting took place that created peace, but at the price of letting Henry's son inherit the throne after Richard. Richard was the king that effectively ended the Wars of the Roses, and Henry VIII would start a new dynasty, the Tudors.;;;;;;;;;;7330 EVENTHIST3750;Your excellency, with Constantinople in our hands, we must decide the fate of the Christian Patricarch. There are many Christians still in the city, it might be prudent to show some leniency. This time...;;;;;;;;;;7331 EVENTHIST3749;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;;;;;;;;;;7332 EVENTHIST3748;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;;;;;;;;;;7333 EVENTHIST3747;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;;;;;;;;;;7334 EVENTHIST3746;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the King viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto...;;;;;;;;;;7335 EVENTHIST3745;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the King viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto...;;;;;;;;;;7336 EVENTHIST3744;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the King viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto...;;;;;;;;;;7337 EVENTHIST3743;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the King viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto... Then again, sometimes the proposal actually passed.;;;;;;;;;;7338 EVENTHIST3742;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the King viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto...;;;;;;;;;;7339 EVENTHIST3741;Since the issuing of the Henrykian Articles and the Pacta Conventa the King had very little power on his own. If he was to make policies, of war for example, he had to have the consent of the Seym. Sometimes kings tried to drag the country into conflict and thus force the Seym to comply out of necessity or building a domestic political coalition where changing tit for tat. But often the Seym plainly said no.;;;;;;;;;;7340 EVENTHIST3740;Since the issuing of the Henrykian Articles and the Pacta Conventa the King had very little power on his own. If he was to make policies, of war for example, he had to have the consent of the Seym. Sometimes kings tried to drag the country into conflict and thus force the Seym to comply out of necessity or building a domestic political coalition where changing tit for tat. But often the Seym plainly said no.;;;;;;;;;;7341 EVENTHIST3739;Since the issuing of the Henrykian Articles and the Pacta Conventa the King had very little power on his own. If he was to make policies, of war for example, he had to have the consent of the Seym. Sometimes kings tried to drag the country into conflict and thus force the Seym to comply out of necessity or building a domestic political coalition where changing tit for tat. But often the Seym plainly said no.;;;;;;;;;;7342 EVENTHIST3738;Since the issuing of the Henrykian Articles and the Pacta Conventa the King had very little power on his own. If he was to make policies, of war for example, he had to have the consent of the Seym. Sometimes kings tried to drag the country into conflict and thus force the Seym to comply out of necessity or building a domestic political coalition where changing tit for tat. But often the Seym plainly said no.;;;;;;;;;;7343 EVENTHIST3737;Stanislaus Leszczynski had been elected Polish king in the light of the supreme power of Sweden in Eastern Europe. When that supremacy was lost on the Steppes of Russia in 1709, Russia picked up the mantle of supremacy. In the light of these new circumstances the Polish Szlachta easily found consensus for returning Friedrich Augustus II to the throne.;;;;;;;;;;7344 EVENTHIST3736;On the death (1733) of Augustus II, Stanislaus returned to Poland from France and was again elected king. Under Russian pressure, a minority of the Polish diet chose instead Augustus III, precipitating the War of the Polish Succession. Stanislaus, besieged at Danzig, received only moral support from France, while his rival was backed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and had full military aid from Russia. Stanislaus was obliged to flee from Danzig in 1734, and in 1735 he accepted the terms of the preliminary Treaty of Vienna. He kept the royal title but renounced his actual rights in favor of Augustus III. In exchange, he received Lorraine and Bar, with the provision that they were to pass directly to the French crown upon his death. The former duke of Lorraine (later Holy Roman Emperor Francis I) was compensated with the promise of Tuscany. Stanislaus' daughter, Maria Leszczynska, is married to Louis XV of France and upon her father's death Lorraine become part of France.;;;;;;;;;;7345 EVENTHIST3735;On the death (1733) of Augustus II, Stanislaus returned to Poland from France and was again elected king. Under Russian pressure, a minority of the Polish diet chose instead Augustus III, precipitating the War of the Polish Succession. Stanislaus, besieged at Danzig, received only moral support from France, while his rival was backed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and had full military aid from Russia. Stanislaus was obliged to flee from Danzig in 1734, and in 1735 he accepted the terms of the preliminary Treaty of Vienna. He kept the royal title but renounced his actual rights in favor of Augustus III. In exchange, he received Lorraine and Bar, with the provision that they were to pass directly to the French crown upon his death. The former duke of Lorraine (later Holy Roman Emperor Francis I) was compensated with the promise of Tuscany. Stanislaus' daughter, Maria Leszczynska, was married to Louis XV of France, but because of his many amorous escapades she appeals to the Pop to annul her marriage and he does. She immediately leaves France for Poland. When Stanislaus dies a couple of months later the petty noble of Lorraine declare the agreement of 1733 dissolved and they split the territory between them. But of course France will not look the other way...;;;;;;;;;;7346 EVENTHIST3734;The political sickness of the Polish body manifested itself fully after the death of Jan III Sobieski in 1696. The election that followed was one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history. The primary candidates were the King's son Jakub Sobieski, Francois Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, and Friedrich Augustus Wettin, Elector of Saxony. Jakub Sobieski was in Silesia at the time and was unlucky enough to be arrested by Saxon troops. On 37th June 1697 the Szlachta assembled on the election field voted overwhelmingly for the Prince de Conti and the Primate proclaimed him king. On the same evening a small group of malcontents 'elected' Friedrich Augustus, who marched into Poland at the head of a Saxon army. On September 15th, as the Prince de Conti, escorted by a French squadron under Jean Bart, was sailing through the Sound, Friedrich Augustus was crowned in Kraków by the Bishop of Kujavia as Augustus II of Poland. At the end of the month the Prince of Conti came ashore only to discover that he had been pipped at the post. His supporters were far more numerous than Augustus and they immediately to certain precautions showing off strength and surrounding the now unsupplied Saxon army. Augustus inauguration did not become what he had hoped for. He had hoped for the Crown of Poland, but what he got was a truce and a chance to sneak back to Saxony again. Francois Louis was master in Poland and could be crowned on New Years Day 1698.;;;;;;;;;;7347 EVENTHIST3733;In the year 1526 King Lajos II died childless, Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg, also King-elect of Bohemia and thus Elector of the Empire managed to have the kingship become hereditary in his family.;;;;;;;;;;7348 EVENTHIST3732;Johan Zapolya, 1487-1540, The leader of the anti-foreign party of the Hungarian nobles, he secured a decree at the diet of 1505 by which no foreign ruler would be chosen king of Hungary after the death of the ruling king, Uladislaus II. To strengthen his own candidacy for the crown he sought to marry the king's daughter, Anna, but his suit was rejected and he was removed from the court through his appointment as voivode of Transylvania. His anger at the marriage of Anna to Ferdinand of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I) probably motivated his failure to assist Uladislaus' son, King Lajos II of Hungary, at the battle of Mohács (1526). Lajos II was killed in the battle. Johan was crowned king by the Hungarian nobles, but Ferdinand claimed the crown on the basis of his marriage with Anna as well as previous agreements. In 1527, Ferdinand defeated John and was crowned by John's opponents. John retired to his stronghold in the Carpathians. In 1529 the Ottomans began to overrun Hungary. John now descended upon and defeated Ferdinand's army and, after surrendering the crown to Sultan Sulayman I, was confirmed king by the sultan, who exercised real control.;;;;;;;;;;7349 EVENTHIST3731;In 1496, when the King of Aragon Ferdinand and the Queen of Castile Isabella married their heir Joan the Mad to Habsburg heir Philip the Fair, they started the historical union between what would be called the Spanish and the Austria Habsburgs. The son from this marriage, Charles V, would become the emperor of the largest territory in Western Europe, having inherited the lands of Castile, Aragon, Burgundy and Austria. The Habsburgs would pursue this intra-family wedding policy till the end of the 17th century. My Lord, King Carlos has decided to rule the world from Madrid.;;;;;;;;;;7350 EVENTHIST3730;As the Spanish infidels continue their purging of our Muslim brethren from Iberia, the conditions are now ripe in Northern Africa to strike back!;;;;;;;;;;7351 EVENTHIST3729;As the Spanish infidels continue their purging of our Muslim brethren from Iberia, the conditions are now ripe in Northern Africa to strike back!;;;;;;;;;;7352 EVENTHIST3728;As the Spanish infidels continue their purging of our Muslim brethren from Iberia, the conditions are now ripe in Northern Africa to strike back!;;;;;;;;;;7353 EVENTHIST3726;However generous it may be, the Genovese court has decided to decline your offer of Corsica. The fate of the people of Corsica will remain in your hands.;;;;;;;;;;7354 EVENTHIST3725;Your most generous offer of Corsica, is greatly appreciated. The Genovese court is utterly pleased to do business with you and accepts your proposal with no conditions.;;;;;;;;;;7355 EVENTHIST3724;However generous it may be, the Genovese court has decided to decline your offer of Corsica. The fate of the people of Corsica will remain in your hands.;;;;;;;;;;7356 EVENTHIST3723;Your most generous offer of Corsica, is greatly appreciated. The Genovese court is utterly pleased to do business with you and accepts your proposal with no conditions.;;;;;;;;;;7357 EVENTHIST3722;However generous it may be, the Genovese court has decided to decline your offer of Corsica. The fate of the people of Corsica will remain in your hands.;;;;;;;;;;7358 EVENTHIST3721;Your most generous offer of Corsica, is greatly appreciated. The Genovese court is utterly pleased to do business with you and accepts your proposal with no conditions.;;;;;;;;;;7359 EVENTHIST3720;However generous it may be, the Genovese court has decided to decline your offer of Corsica. The fate of the people of Corsica will remain in your hands.;;;;;;;;;;7360 EVENTHIST3719;Your most generous offer of Corsica, is greatly appreciated. The Genovese court is utterly pleased to do business with you and accepts your proposal with no conditions.;;;;;;;;;;7361 EVENTHIST3718;The Duchy of Milan, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, had become a powerful Condottiere (mercenary) nation under the Sforza family, led by Ludovic Le More (1451-1508). Upon his capture in 1500, the Duchy is open to opposing claims. Louis XII of France is the grandson of Valentine Visconti (great-granddaughter of the first Duke of Milan) and has thus a direct claim. The Emperor has also a claim as suzerain of an Empire fiefdom. The Duchy would end in the Emperor's basket, by force of arms, after the disastrous defeat of the French at Pavia in 1525.;;;;;;;;;;7362 EVENTHIST3717;Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, was married to the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. Many considered Ferdinand the savior of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince.;;;;;;;;;;7363 EVENTHIST3716;Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, was married to the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. Many considered Ferdinand the savior of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince.;;;;;;;;;;7364 EVENTHIST3715;Since the capture of Byzantium (Constantinople) by the Turks on May 29th, 1453, Venice had seen its commercial positions in the Black Sea deteriorate. Numerous wars had been fought between 1456 and 1490, pitching the Republic against the Ottomans, with the consequence of Venice losing more pieces of her commercial empire (inherited from the 4th Crusade in 1204) in the Aegean sea and in Greece (Athens in 1460, Negrepont in 1470). A war erupted again in 1499, Venice losing fortresses in Morea such as Modon, Coron and Navarrin.;;;;;;;;;;7365 EVENTHIST3714;Born in 1640, Anthony Hensius had enjoyed the confidence of William III of Orange all his life. Sent to Versailles after the peace of Nijmegen to supervise the execution of its clauses, he became Raad Pensionaris in 1688 after William moved to England. A tough negotiator and obstinate opponent of France, he his at the core of all anti-French coalitions that are set up in all the wars of the late 17th century. He dies in 1720.;;;;;;;;;;7366 EVENTHIST3713;Jan De Witt had been Raad Pensionaris (Great Pensioner) in 1653. Holland enjoyed under his guidance some of its most brilliant years. He also spent his life fighting the influence of the house of Orange, the traditionally Stadhouder (military affairs) and managed to have the Act of Exclusion voted against them in 1667. However, the defeats in 1672 against France and England made the Orange party come back and have him imprisoned. On 20th August, 1672, he and his brother Cornelis were slaughtered by a mob excited by his political opponents.;;;;;;;;;;7367 EVENTHIST3712;Born in 1664 the son of a gardener in Fiorenzuela (near Placentia, Italy), Giulio Alberoni owes his political career and success to the Duke of Vendôme, the French general he served in Italy, France and Spain. Agent of the Duke of Parma, he managed the wedding of Philip V of Spain with Elizabeth Farnese and become a Cardinal in 1717. His bellicose policy in Spain has him expelled in 1719. He was cunning and sly, but Spain did not have the resources needed to fulfill his ambitious plan. The Age of Spanish Supremacy was long gone.;;;;;;;;;;7368 EVENTHIST3711;The Duke of Olivares led the Spanish government between 1621 and 1643, under King Philip IV (1621-1665) whom he was enjoying the favor. He was devious and cunning leader, he involved Spain in the Thirty Years War alongside the Imperials and had the war with Holland renewed. This proved disastrous and precipitated Spanish decline, with secession of both Catalonia (reunited 1652) and Portugal in 1640. Under his governments, poetry, literature (Calderon) and painting (El Greco, Velasquez, and Murillo) prospered and Spanish modes and customs spread across Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7369 EVENTHIST3710;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was Savoy, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. Later on the inhabitants of Corsica would freely chose to become French as Savoy held free elections over the question of annexion by France. My Lord, you will get a large grant of cash for seceding this rebellious and hostile province.;;;;;;;;;;7370 EVENTHIST3709;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was Spain, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. His brother, Josef Bonaparte, would once become King of Spain herself. My Lord, you will get a large grant of cash for seceding this rebellious and hostile province.;;;;;;;;;;7371 EVENTHIST3708;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was England who bought it in 1768 and restored order, making it the major Mediterranean base from which to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte the Great Son of the Island. My Lord, you will get a large grant of cash for seceding this rebellious and hostile province.;;;;;;;;;;7372 EVENTHIST3707;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was France, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. My Lord, you will get a large grant of cash for seceding this rebellious and hostile province.;;;;;;;;;;7373 EVENTHIST3706;The Duchy of Milan, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, had become a powerful Condottiere (mercenary) nation under the Sforza family, led by Ludovic Le More (1451-1508). Upon his capture in 1500, the Duchy is open to opposing claims. Louis XII of France is the grandson of Valentine Visconti (great-granddaughter of the first Duke of Milan) and has thus a direct claim. The Emperor has also a claim as suzerain of an Empire fiefdom. The Duchy would end in the Emperor's basket, by force of arms, after the disastrous defeat of the French at Pavia in 1525.;;;;;;;;;;7374 EVENTHIST3705;The permanent Russian exploration and colonization of Siberia that started under Ivan the Terrible had regularly continued all along the 17th century, with most of eastern Siberia discovered by the end of the century (Kamchatska was reached in 1679). The Amur basin had been explored by Khabarov in the 1650s and in 1689, a Russo-Chinese border conflict was settled by the first Chinese-European agreement, the Treaty of Nerchiinsk, fixing the Amur border. In 1727, the Kyakhta treaty would even make provisions for a Russian trading station to be established in Peking, the capital of the new Manchu dynasty (1644-1911).;;;;;;;;;;7375 EVENTHIST3704;European traders seemingly can be found everywhere in China. They are draining the profits away from our own traders and driving them into bankruptcy, causing us much lost revenue in taxes and tariffs. Perhaps we should ban them altogether or confine them to a single city in order to better control them and make it easier to impose trade tariffs. Our experts believe that giving the city of Macao to the Portuguese and only allowing the Europeans to trade there might be the best solution. This will also give us the benefit of expanding trade in our southern regions around Canton. Then again, we could chose to shun outside trade altogether or to open our shores to free and unhindered trade by all. What shall be our policy?;;;;;;;;;;7376 EVENTHIST3703;Around 1400 China's relations with the outside world began to change. In earlier times, links of trade and religion had created connections between the Heavenly kingdom and its neighbors. Under the T'ang (A.D. 618-906) there had been growing contacts with India, and China had opened its doors to the influence of Buddhism approaching from the South. At the time of the Sung (A.D. 960-1279), there had been a great expansion of trade with the southern seas. Under the Mongols (A.D. 1280-1367) China had made contact with the West by reopening the old silk routes and bringing Moslem, Christian, and Jewish traders into China. The expulsion of the Mongols in 1367 and the seizure of power by the Ming reversed the processes that were tying China more strongly to the outside. Following the seven expeditions (1405-1433) of admiral Zheng-He, who sailed the imperial fleet into the Indian Ocean and to the coast of Africa, China folded in on itself and closed off its external connections. Perhaps this was due to the conservative character of the Ming emperors themselves, who sought a return to Chinese roots after 400 years of foreign invasions. However, such change was favored by the masses of the Chinese society, who had suffered terribly under their Mongol masters. Under the Ming China withdrew and abandoned innovation and exploration in favor of stability and defense of her northern borders.;;;;;;;;;;7377 EVENTHIST3701;In 1625 Nurhachi and his Manchu tribes attacked China driving deep into her weak body. China upset by revolts and rebellion cannot defend herself effectively. Though Nurhachi and his son, Abahai are great generals, it will not be until 1644 that a Manchu ruler ascends the Imperial throne and after that it take more than 16 years until China is pacified.;;;;;;;;;;7378 EVENTHIST3700;Several large Eastern Mongol tribes unite under Nurchachi and his number of 'flags' (armies) increases from four to eight. It is now that he set his goal to conquer China. In 1616 he take the title 'Kin-Khan' to show that his people descend from the Kin-Tungus. He also takes the name 'Aisin Giorin (Golden tribe). In 1625 he attacked China, a development that ultimately ended in a total Manchurian victory.;;;;;;;;;;7379 EVENTHIST3699;In 1584, the Khan Nurchachi managed to unite all the Tungusian tribes, the so-called Kin-Tungus, later known as Manchus. He also reformed government, administration and the judicial system with China as model. Nurhachi also invented the written Manchurian language.;;;;;;;;;;7380 EVENTHIST3698;In 1532 a civil war between the heirs to the Inca throne, Atahualpa and Huascar, each of whom was seeking to control the empire. The Spaniards met Atahualpa, the victor in the civil war, and his army at a prearranged conference at Cajamarca in 1532. When Atahualpa arrived, the Spaniards ambushed and seized him, and killed thousands of his followers even though Atahualpa paid the most fabulous ransom known to history. Which side do you wish to take control over the Incan Empire?;;;;;;;;;;7381 EVENTHIST3697;In 1699, Govind Singh (1666-1708), the tenth and final guru, instituted certain practices that have become fundamental to Sikh identity. Through an initiatory rite, after which the initiate takes the surname Singh [lion], he created the military fraternity called the Khalsa, or pure, whose ideal was the soldier-saint. He introduced the Sikh practices of wearing a turban, carrying a dagger, and never cutting the hair or beard.;;;;;;;;;;7382 EVENTHIST3696;Under succeeding gurus the Sikh community gradually united and began to develop military power.;;;;;;;;;;7383 EVENTHIST3695;His reputation as a spiritual master spread, and he attracted a steadily increasing number of devotees, whom he described as Sikhs (learners). Nanak died in Kartarpur in 1539, having appointed one of his most devoted followers-whom he renamed Angad (my limb)-as his successor. Over time, the community at Kartarpur developed the distinctive elements of the Sikh religious outlook and way of life. Nanak sought to see beyond the illusions of everyday existence in order to achieve sahaj, or union with God. For Nanak, as for his Sant predecessors, God was simultaneously transcendent, or beyond the ordinary range of perceptions, and immediately immanent, or existing within humanity.;;;;;;;;;;7384 EVENTHIST3689;Until the disintegration of the Mongol empire (14th cent.) the khans themselves were under the suzerainty of the great khan at Karakorum. In the early 14th century the empire of the Golden Horde adopted Islam as its official religion. Thus, Russia was exposed to both Muslim and Asian civilization. Internecine warfare among the Tatar leaders and attempts by the Russian princes, such as Dmitri Donskoi, to end tributary payments contributed to the decline of the Empire of the Golden Horde in the late 14th cent. The state was conquered by Timur, who in 1395 dealt a final blow by sacking Sarai Berke. After his death the empire broke up into the independent khanates of Astrakhan, Kazan, Crimea, and Sibir.;;;;;;;;;;7385 EVENTHIST3688;Ulugh Beg (ruled 1447-49). He had earlier been (1409-47) viceroy of Transoxiana. After his succession (ruled 1447-49) to the throne the Timurid Empire fell into anarchy, the Turkmen horde known as the White Sheep conquered much territory, while the Uzbeks looted Samarkand. Petty princes took over the rule, and local dynasties sprang up.;;;;;;;;;;7386 EVENTHIST3687;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7387 EVENTHIST3686;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7388 EVENTHIST3685;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7389 EVENTHIST3684;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7390 EVENTHIST3683;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7391 EVENTHIST3682;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7392 EVENTHIST3681;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7393 EVENTHIST3680;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7394 EVENTHIST3679;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7395 EVENTHIST3678;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7396 EVENTHIST3677;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7397 EVENTHIST3676;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7398 EVENTHIST3675;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7399 EVENTHIST3674;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7400 EVENTHIST3673;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7401 EVENTHIST3672;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7402 EVENTHIST3671;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7403 EVENTHIST3670;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7404 EVENTHIST3669;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7405 EVENTHIST3668;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7406 EVENTHIST3667;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7407 EVENTHIST3666;After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dynasty in Bavaria (1777), Joseph II endeavored to strengthen the position of Austria within the Empire. His plan to exchange territories with Charles Theodore of the Palatinate, the heir of the Bavarian throne (Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate for Lower Austria) led to the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779). Prussia intervened in July 1778 in what she saw as a dangerous Austrian expansion. It was a short conflict which started with a Prussian invasion of Bohemia but was terminated in May 1779s when Empress Maria Theresa forced her son Joseph II to capitulate. The peace was concluded at Teschen on 16th May 1779 and Austria settled for the small Inn district.;;;;;;;;;;7408 EVENTHIST3665;1596-1632, king of Bohemia (1619-20), elector palatine (1610-20) as Frederick V. The Protestant diet of Bohemia deposed the Roman Catholic King Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II) and chose Frederick as king. Influenced by his minister Christian of Anhalt, Frederick accepted but did not receive the aid expected from his father-in-law, James I of England, and from the Protestant Union against Ferdinand.;;;;;;;;;;7409 EVENTHIST3664;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7410 EVENTHIST3663;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7411 EVENTHIST3662;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7412 EVENTHIST3661;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again….;;;;;;;;;;7413 EVENTHIST3660;During Queen Joanna I of Naples reign began the struggle for succession between Charles of Durazzo (later Charles III of Naples) and Louis of Anjou (Louis I of Naples). The struggle was continued by their heirs. Charles's descendants, Lancelot and Joanna II, successfully defended their thrones despite papal support of their French rivals, but Joanna successively adopted as her heir Alfonso V of Aragón and Louis III and René of Anjou, and the dynastic struggle was prolonged. Alfonso defeated René and in 1442 was invested with Naples by the pope.;;;;;;;;;;7414 EVENTHIST3659;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;;;;;;;;;;7415 EVENTHIST3658;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;;;;;;;;;;7416 EVENTHIST3657;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;;;;;;;;;;7417 EVENTHIST3656;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;;;;;;;;;;7418 EVENTHIST3655;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;;;;;;;;;;7419 EVENTHIST3654;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;;;;;;;;;;7420 EVENTHIST3653;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;;;;;;;;;;7421 EVENTHIST3652;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;;;;;;;;;;7422 EVENTHIST3651;In the 1520's, the brothers Barberus, who were Greek renegades who had gone on piracy ventures in the Barbary Coast of Algiers. After much fighting, Arudj, the elder brother, assassinated the pasha of Algiers, but was later himself killed in a combat. His brother Kayr al Din succeeded him and had, at some time, 100 galleys and 4,000 pirates that he used to terrorized the whole Mediterranean. Having received a regular commission of admiral from the Sultan, he placed Al Djazaïr (Algeria) under Ottoman sovereignty prompting Spanish expeditions against Algiers.;;;;;;;;;;7423 EVENTHIST3650;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again….;;;;;;;;;;7424 EVENTHIST3649;In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;;;;;;;;;;7425 EVENTHIST3648;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was Savoy, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. Later on the inhabitants of Corsica would freely chose to become French as Savoy held free elections over the question of annexion by France.;;;;;;;;;;7426 EVENTHIST3647;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pie V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again….;;;;;;;;;;7427 EVENTHIST3646;The struggle between Johan I and Ferdinand I ended in 1538, when Johan, who was then childless, reached a compromise with Ferdinand: Ferdinand was frustrated in his efforts to reach a military decision, whereas Johan was disappointed in his hopes for Ottoman protection. They agreed, therefore, that Johan would remain king of Hungary as long as he lived, but that after his death the crown would revert to Ferdinand regardless of whether Johan left a male heir. Johan set aside the agreement when, a few months before his death, a son, Johan Sigismund (Johan II), was born. He was crowned king of Hungary on his father's death (1540).;;;;;;;;;;7428 EVENTHIST3645;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Hapsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;;;;;;;;;;7429 EVENTHIST3644;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Hapsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;;;;;;;;;;7430 EVENTHIST3643;In 1608 the tension increased between the catholic parts and the protestant parts of the empire. The Protestants entered a union under the prince Fredrik of Pfalz that was supported by Brandenburg and Hessen-Kassel. The Catholics answered by forming a union of their own, the catholic league. It was led by Maximilian of Bavaria. In 1618 the Protestants of Bohemia rebelled. They continued to choose a protestant king of Bohemia, prince Fredrik of Pfalz. The emperor couldn't accept this, as he also was king of Bohemia. He sent his experienced commander Jean Tcerclaes Tilly with his troops to Bohemia and in the battle of the White Mountain (8 November 1620), Fredrik of Pfalz reign ended and all protestant resistance in Austria and southern Germany was crushed. Fredrik escaped from Bohemia and was named winter king due to his short reign.;;;;;;;;;;7431 EVENTHIST3642;In the year 1526 King Lajos II died childless, Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg, also King-elect of Bohemia and thus Elector of the Empire managed to have the kingship become hereditary in his family.;;;;;;;;;;7432 EVENTHIST3641;Emperor Rudolf II (1552--1612) of Hungary was intent on re-imposing Catholicism on the Hungarians, Rudolf in 1604 provoked their first popular insurrection against Habsburg rule. The insurrectionists found a leader in István Bocskai (1557--1606), prince of Transylvania in 1605 and 1606, who fused the popular forces with his own army. Already at war with the Turks, the Habsburgs now faced an uncompromising civil war. A threefold settlement was finally forced on the dynasty: the Treaties of Vienna and Zsitvatorok of 1606 and the legislation of the Hungarian diet of 1608. Together these secured for Hungary religious freedom, constitutional autonomy, and the right of habeas corpus.;;;;;;;;;;7433 EVENTHIST3640;Under Ottoman suzerainty (1526-1541), Hungary was an autonomous vassal kingdom ruled by John Zapolya, prince of Transylvania. Habsburgs' prince Ferdinand controlled northern Hungary in the name of his father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles 11. When Ferdinand married Louis II's sister Anna, he claimed all of Hungary. Using Süleyman's preoccupation with campaigns in Anatolia, he occupies Budapest in 1528. Süleyman returns, restores Zapolya, besieges Vienna (1529) unsuccessfully, but convinces Habsburgs not to try to conquer Hungary again. He then leaves Hungary as an Ottoman vassal and buffer between Ottomans and Habsburgs. Zapolya secretly agrees with Ferdinand to leave Hungarian throne to Ferdinand after his death. Zapolya's death in 1540 leads Ferdinand to claim right to rule all Hungary. Süleyman responds by conquering Hungary and placing it under direct Ottoman rule. The third period of Ottoman-Habsburg relations (1540+) continued with constant guerilla warfare but no substantial advances on either side.;;;;;;;;;;7434 EVENTHIST3639;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Hapsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;;;;;;;;;;7435 EVENTHIST3638;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pie V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again….;;;;;;;;;;7436 EVENTHIST3637;Since the capture of Byzantium (Constantinople) by the Turks on May 29th, 1453, Venice had seen its commercial positions in the Black Sea deteriorate. Numerous wars had been fought between 1456 and 1490, pitching the Republic against the Ottomans, with the consequence of Venice losing more pieces of her commercial empire (inherited from the 4th Crusade in 1204) in the Aegean sea and in Greece (Athens in 1460, Negrepont in 1470). A war erupted again in 1499, Venice losing fortresses in Morea such as Modon, Coron and Navarrin.;;;;;;;;;;7437 EVENTHIST3636;After inheriting and ruling the Prussian duchy for a few generations the Hohenzollern officially incorporated the area into Brandenburg. However the area was still formally in a state of vassalage under the Polish king and treading easily was advisable. Angering the Polish king could lead to war, but the savings for not having to pay taxes to Poland would be substantial.;;;;;;;;;;7438 EVENTHIST3635;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7439 EVENTHIST3634;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7440 EVENTHIST3633;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7441 EVENTHIST3632;In 1733 there had been great conflict in Europe centered on the election of King Stanislaus Leszczynski. Russia and Austria had supported Friedrich Augustus II:s son, but he lost the election. War had been close and several plans had been discussed to secure peace for all. One was that Friedrich Augustus II:s son got the throne and Stanislaus would have been compensated with Lorraine. However that situation never materialized and when François III Stephan of Lorraine married Maria-Theresia of Austria the lands of Lorraine would be inherited by their eldest son, Josef.;;;;;;;;;;7442 EVENTHIST3631;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislaus Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;;;;;;;;;;7443 EVENTHIST3630;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7444 EVENTHIST3629;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7445 EVENTHIST3628;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislaus Leszinski and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislaus, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne. My Lord you have been elected!;;;;;;;;;;7446 EVENTHIST3627;The political sickness of the Polish body manifested itself fully after the death of Jan III Sobieski in 1696. The election that followed was one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history. The primary candidates were the King's son Jakub Sobieski, Francois Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, and Friedrich Augustus Wettin, Elector of Saxony. Jakub Sobieski was in Silesia at the time and was unlucky enough to be arrested by Saxon troops. On 37th June 1697 the Szlachta assembled on the election field voted overwhelmingly for the Prince de Conti and the Primate proclaimed him king. On the same evening a small group of malcontents 'elected' Friedrich Augustus, who marched into Poland at the head of a Saxon army. On September 15th, as the Prince de Conti, escorted by a French squadron under Jean Bart, was sailing through the Sound, Friedrich Augustus was crowned in Kraków by the Bishop of Kujavia as Augustus II of Poland. At the end of the month the Prince of Conti came ashore only to discover that he had been pipped at the post. His supporters were not keen to start a civil war, so he re-embarked and sailed back to France.;;;;;;;;;;7447 EVENTHIST3626;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Seym was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislaus Leszinski and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislaus, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne. My Lord the evil Stanislaus have been elected!;;;;;;;;;;7448 EVENTHIST3625;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7449 EVENTHIST3624;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7450 EVENTHIST3623;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7451 EVENTHIST3622;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7452 EVENTHIST3621;In 1697, the 15 year old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislaus Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;;;;;;;;;;7453 EVENTHIST3620;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, you may transform into Kurland and give Livland and Estland away in any of the two agreements, of you may revert to Catholicism and again grab the Armed Glove of the True Faith.;;;;;;;;;;7454 EVENTHIST3619;Through the secularization (1525) of the domain of the Teutonic Order by the Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg, the domain became a hereditary duchy under Polish suzerainty, ruled by a branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg;;;;;;;;;;7455 EVENTHIST3618;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Seym managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;;;;;;;;;;7456 EVENTHIST3617;After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dynasty in Bavaria (1777), Joseph II endeavored to strengthen the position of Austria within the Empire. His plan to exchange territories with Charles Theodore of the Palatinate, the heir of the Bavarian throne (Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate for Lower Austria) led to the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779). Prussia intervened in July 1778 in what she saw as a dangerous Austrian expansion. It was a short conflict which started with a Prussian invasion of Bohemia but was terminated in May 1779s when Empress Maria Theresa forced her son Joseph II to capitulate. The peace was concluded at Teschen on 16th May 1779 and Austria settled for the small Inn district.;;;;;;;;;;7457 EVENTHIST3616;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7458 EVENTHIST3615;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7459 EVENTHIST3614;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7460 EVENTHIST3613;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7461 EVENTHIST3612;The 1701 Act of Establishment had been voted to regulate the succession to the throne, ensuring no Catholic dynasty would ever rule England. When the personal union with Holland had ended in 1702 (death of William of Orange), his daughter Queen Ann (1702-1714) reigned but failed to provide a legitimate heir. The English crown went to George I of Hanover (1714-1727), her most direct parent. He and his son George II (1727-1760) were German born and would always follow closely the fate of their Electorate, making it in fact if not in law a vassal of England.;;;;;;;;;;7462 EVENTHIST3611;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7463 EVENTHIST3610;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7464 EVENTHIST3609;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7465 EVENTHIST3608;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7466 EVENTHIST3607;René of Anjou was recognized by the Holy Roman emperor Sigismund as duke of Lorraine and René also inherited Anjou and Provence from Louis III. Meanwhile Joan II of Naples, who died in 1435, had made René her heir, but he could not defend the city from his rivals. The Anglo-French negotiations at Tours in 1444 led to the marriage of his daughter Margaret to the English king Henry VI in 1445. Meanwhile Charles VII of France had helped René to pacify Lorraine. As a thank you, René accompanied Charles VII on his victorious campaigns of 1449-50 against the English in Normandy. On his wife's death (1453), her duchy of Lorraine passed to René's son John. With Louis XI of France his relations were generally strained, and Louis forced him to yield Anjou to the French crown. René performed a balancing act through his career and his ties to the English crown could maybe have led to a different course for Provence.;;;;;;;;;;7467 EVENTHIST3606;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7468 EVENTHIST3605;By the Peace of Münster of December 29, 1443, the functions of Philippe the Good which had been allotted to him became effective. He became sovereign on August 3 1451, and Thionville consequently becomes Burgundian grounds. Having acquired the succession rights of the duke Guillaume of Saxony, hereditary sovereign of the duchy, he made the annexation of Luxembourg from which he had gained full sovereignty, on October 18 1462.;;;;;;;;;;7469 EVENTHIST3604;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7470 EVENTHIST3603;Anne of Brittany, the daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany, she was heiress to his duchy. Shortly before her father's death (1488), a French army under Louis de La Trémoille successfully invaded Brittany and secured the duke's promise that Anne would marry only with the consent of the French crown. Upon becoming duchess, the young Anne's hand and her duchy were eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria, King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragón sent forces to Anne's aid. Nevertheless, Anne's situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength. Besieged at Rennes in 1491, Anne was forced by the French to annul her marriage and was quickly married to Charles VIII. It was agreed that if Charles died before Anne without issue, she was to marry his successor. Accordingly, in 1499, she married Louis XII, who had previously obtained a divorce from his first wife. The marriage (1514) of Claude, Anne's daughter by Louis XII, to Francis of Angoulême (later Francis I of France) led to the eventual incorporation (1532) by France of Brittany, which had previously remained theoretically separate.;;;;;;;;;;7471 EVENTHIST3602;Anne of Brittany, the daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany, she was heiress to his duchy. Shortly before her father's death (1488), a French army under Louis de La Trémoille successfully invaded Brittany and secured the duke's promise that Anne would marry only with the consent of the French crown. Upon becoming duchess, the young Anne's hand and her duchy were eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria, King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragón sent forces to Anne's aid. Nevertheless, Anne's situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength. Besieged at Rennes in 1491, Anne was forced by the French to annul her marriage and was quickly married to Charles VIII. It was agreed that if Charles died before Anne without issue, she was to marry his successor. Accordingly, in 1499, she married Louis XII, who had previously obtained a divorce from his first wife. The marriage (1514) of Claude, Anne's daughter by Louis XII, to Francis of Angoulême (later Francis I of France) led to the eventual incorporation (1532) by France of Brittany, which had previously remained theoretically separate.;;;;;;;;;;7472 EVENTHIST3601;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7473 EVENTHIST3600;In 1443, Philip the Good of Burgundy seized the duchy, and in 1451, he was confirmed in possession by the estates of Luxembourg.;;;;;;;;;;7474 EVENTHIST36;The Navy often provided a shelter for the homeless and jobless of coastal areas. In addition, wealthy merchants sometimes donated ships and equipped them as warships to improve their standing in the eyes of the monarch.;;;;;;;;;;7475 EVENTHIST3599;By the Peace of Münster of December 29, 1443, the functions of Philippe the Good which had been allotted to him became effective. He became sovereign on August 3 1451, and Thionville consequently becomes Burgundian grounds. Having acquired the succession rights of the duke Guillaume of Saxony, hereditary sovereign of the duchy, he made the annexation of Luxembourg from which he had gained full sovereignty, on October 18 1462.;;;;;;;;;;7476 EVENTHIST3598;By the Peace of Münster of December 29, 1443, the functions of Philippe the Good which had been allotted to him became effective. He became sovereign on August 3 1451, and Thionville consequently becomes Burgundian grounds. Having acquired the succession rights of the duke Guillaume of Saxony, hereditary sovereign of the duchy, he made the annexation of Luxembourg from which he had gained full sovereignty, on October 18 1462.;;;;;;;;;;7477 EVENTHIST3597;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. By marriage Mary would split the lands of her father between Austria and France, but what would have happened if Charles the Bold would have survived at Nancy the world will never know. We can only speculate...;;;;;;;;;;7478 EVENTHIST3596;Held back by treaties imposed by the north, the south still managed to get involved in the colonial race and exert its mercantile nature overseas when the times were right.;;;;;;;;;;7479 EVENTHIST3595;Head-Chairman of the Secret Council, Pieter Roose was the most powerful man in the southern Netherlands in the 17th century.;;;;;;;;;;7480 EVENTHIST3594;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7481 EVENTHIST3593;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7482 EVENTHIST3592;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7483 EVENTHIST3591;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7484 EVENTHIST3590;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7485 EVENTHIST3589;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;;;;;;;;;;7486 EVENTHIST3587;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox Faith never had a head figure like the Papa of the Catholic Faith. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until...Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7487 EVENTHIST3586;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox Faith never had a head figure like the Papa of the Catholic Faith. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until...Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7488 EVENTHIST3585;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox Faith never had a head figure like the Papa of the Catholic Faith. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until...Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7489 EVENTHIST3584;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox Faith never had a head figure like the Papa of the Catholic Faith. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until...Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7490 EVENTHIST3583;The 14th century witnessed the start of Novgorod's long struggle with Moscow for supremacy. Internecine disputes among the republic's leaders weakened it in the face of growing Muscovite strength. Although it became a vassal of Moscow after the Muscovite invasions in 1456 and 1470, Novgorod was allowed to retain its self-government. It was not until 1478 that it came under Moscow's complete control and lost its freedom. Novgorod retained its commercial position until St. Petersburg was built in 1703.;;;;;;;;;;7491 EVENTHIST3582;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox Faith never had a head figure like the Papa of the Catholic Faith. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until...Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7492 EVENTHIST3581;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;;;;;;;;;;7493 EVENTHIST3580;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;;;;;;;;;;7494 EVENTHIST3579;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;;;;;;;;;;7495 EVENTHIST3578;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;;;;;;;;;;7496 EVENTHIST3577;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;;;;;;;;;;7497 EVENTHIST3576;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;;;;;;;;;;7498 EVENTHIST3575;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;;;;;;;;;;7499 EVENTHIST3574;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;;;;;;;;;;7500 EVENTHIST3573;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;7501 EVENTHIST3572;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;7502 EVENTHIST3571;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;7503 EVENTHIST3570;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;7504 EVENTHIST3569;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;7505 EVENTHIST3568;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;7506 EVENTHIST3567;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;7507 EVENTHIST3566;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;7508 EVENTHIST3565;Shah Abbas greatly admired the military skills of the Western Europeans and gladly accepted Christian missionaries to his realm, even pretending to be on the verge of converting himself. The Shah finally secured the help of two Englishmen--Anthony and Robert Sherley--to reform the Persian army and navy. The results were not long in coming. Abbas took Bahrein from the Portuguese and sacked their base at Hormouz. The European advisors, however, were not popular in all quarters...;;;;;;;;;;7509 EVENTHIST3564;The reign of Shah Abbas the Great marked the pinnacle of the Safavid dynasty. He developed a disciplined standing army, crushed the Uzbeks and avenged himself on the Ottomans. In 1598, he chose Isfahan as his new capital. A supporter of the arts, especially architecture, he adorned Isfahan with some of the finest Islamic monuments in the world. He built a number of mosques, schools, bridges and a major bazaar. During his reign, Persian craftsmen and artists excelled in creating fine silks, cloths, porcelain, metalwork, calligraphy, miniatures and carpets.;;;;;;;;;;7510 EVENTHIST3563;The Spahi revolts in Eastern Anatolia encouraged the Persian Shah to seek revenge for the humiliating losses incurred by Murad III. War broke out yet again in 1603.;;;;;;;;;;7511 EVENTHIST3562;Murad III, a Sultan ruled by women, fought the Persians in an exhausting war (1578-90) that severely strained the Empire and forced heavy taxes upon the citizens. Though the war was not for nothing--Persia had to cede Azerbaijan, Tiflis and Hamadan to the Ottomans--the resources might have been better spent elsewhere.;;;;;;;;;;7512 EVENTHIST3561;Süleyman the Great fought many wars with Persia to the overall advantage of the Ottomans. Yet another serious conflict sailed up on the horizon in 1559, when the Princes Selim and Bayezid fought each other in a civil war. Bayezid lost and fled to Persia in 1561, where he probably hoped to gain the support of the Shah, but Süleyman managed to get him returned for a large sum of gold. Bayezid and his sons were then executed in the most tragic event of Süleyman's life.;;;;;;;;;;7513 EVENTHIST3560;Ever since the Safavid Shah Ismaïl the Great threw off the yoke of the White Sheep Turks to re-establish Persia as a nation, the Shiite sect had grown stronger in Anatolia. Near the end of the reign of Bayezid II, the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) rose up in revolt against the Sunni regime. Supported by Shah Ismaïl and Bayezid's own son Ahmed, the rebels threatened to change the course of Ottoman history...;;;;;;;;;;7514 EVENTHIST3559;Shah Ismaïl Safavid was not only a great conqueror but also a great consolidator and reformer. His competent rule laid the foundation for the resurrected Persian state. The people, who had suffered like animals under Tamerlane and the Turkmen tribes, regarded their Shah as a saint and set to their tasks with great enthusiasm.;;;;;;;;;;7515 EVENTHIST3558;Ismaïl emerged at the age of 14 to take his father's position as head of the Kizilbash (a Shiite Turkmen tribe). He quickly established a base of power in north-western Persia, and in 1501 he took the city of Tabriz and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran. In a succession of swift conquests he crushed the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep Turks) and resurrected the nation of Iran under his Safavid dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;7516 EVENTHIST3557;Juan succeeded his father as an infant of less than two years of age, under the joint regency of his mother, Catherine of Lancaster, and his uncle, the infant Ferdinand, who became king of Aragon (as Ferdinand I) in 1412. Juan took the reins in 1419 but his political weakness led him to rely on his tutor, Álvaro de Luna, who, despite the hostility of the king's Trastámara cousins and their supporters among the old aristocracy, became the virtual ruler of Castile. He was appointed constable of Castile in 1423. Álvaro de Luna contested the influence of Ferdinand's rebellious sons in Castile. This led to factional struggles among the nobles, which saw de Luna ousted from power twice (1427 and 1438). However, the supporters of Juan II and his constable rallied and finally put an end to the strife by defeating the rebel army of Prince Enrique (future Enrique IV) at the Battle of Olmedo in 1445.;;;;;;;;;;7517 EVENTHIST3556;In the beginning of the 15th century the Aragon nobles felt a need to counterbalance the power of the mercantile Catalans, and in 1412 they got their chance. With the Aragonese throne vacant since the extinction of the house of Barcelona in 1410, they procured the election of a Castilian prince, Ferdinand of Antequera, to the throne over strong Catalan opposition. The Catalan resistance remained until one of Ferdinand's successors, John II of Aragon (1458-79), arranged for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry Isabella, the heiress of Henry IV of Castile. Upon John II's death the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain.;;;;;;;;;;7518 EVENTHIST3555;Naples then became the capital of the kingdom, to which, however, Peter III of Aragon laid claim on account of his marriage to a daughter of Manfred. The people, who could not endure French rule, opened the way for him by the Sicilian Vespers, and Sicily remained under the power of the Aragonese.;;;;;;;;;;7519 EVENTHIST3554;In the beginning of the 15th century the Aragon nobles felt a need to counterbalance the power of the mercantile Catalans, and in 1412 they got their chance. With the Aragonese throne vacant since the extinction of the house of Barcelona in 1410, they procured the election of a Castilian prince, Ferdinand of Antequera, to the throne over strong Catalan opposition. The Catalan resistance remained until one of Ferdinand's successors, John II of Aragon (1458-79), arranged for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry Isabella, the heiress of Henry IV of Castile. Upon John II's death the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain.;;;;;;;;;;7520 EVENTHIST3553;The Counterreformation movement historically started 1540 with the institution of the Societas Jesu. This marked the beginning of a few highly volatile decades in European history while the two sides of Reformed and Counter reformed fight each other. At the same time there were forces within the Catholic Church wanting a reform to remedy the corruption and other bad conditions present. Thus 1545 the Council of Trient is opened. The debating went on for almost 20 years with almost as much turmoil created as on the battlefields against the Protestants.;;;;;;;;;;7521 EVENTHIST3552;1779 Pope Pius VI drained the Pontinian marches to create more productive farmland instead of useless swamps.;;;;;;;;;;7522 EVENTHIST3551;In 1615, more then 100 years after construction had started, the Saint Peter's Basilica was finally finished. It remains today the largest church ever built.;;;;;;;;;;7523 EVENTHIST3550;Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) was an Italian theologist that identified God with Nature. Even though he considered himself a Christian, he both defended Copernicus' view of the cosmos as well as satirized blind belief in religion. He was arrested in Venezia and was extradited to Rome, where he was put on trial;;;;;;;;;;7524 EVENTHIST3549;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again.;;;;;;;;;;7525 EVENTHIST3548;At the initiative of Pietro Caraffa from Naples, the Pope reorganizes the Roman inquisition according to the Spanish model. Together with the Jesuits a reign of terror is inflicted on the people. However the cruel methods are effective and lead to completely eradicating the protestant movement in the Italian peninsula.;;;;;;;;;;7526 EVENTHIST3547;In 1540 Pope Paulus III recognized the Jesuite Order, created 1534 by the Spaniard Don Iñigo López de Recalade, better know as Ignatius of Loyola. He becomes one of the most devoted counter reformists and enemy #1 of the protestant movement. Loyola having a soldier background makes its mark on the order, which is organized almost as an army. High priority was given both to educating missionaries but also counselors for European royal courts. This made the Jesuite order very powerful in the politic scene. 1773 the Jesuite order was dissolved by Pope Pius VI due to pressure from Christian countries in the age of enlightenment. 1814 the Jesuite order was reinstituted, however just as a faint shadow of the powerful order it once had been.;;;;;;;;;;7527 EVENTHIST3546;Pope Julius II started building the Basilica not very long after him being elected Pope. The completion would take more then 100 years and one of most famous artist in history, Michelangelo, had a large role at times in its completion, both as an architect and as a painter.;;;;;;;;;;7528 EVENTHIST3545;In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;;;;;;;;;;7529 EVENTHIST3544;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and France, once again, got the opportunity to revive their offensive in the Netherlands. The young and brilliant Prince of Condé won victory after victory. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. The Prince of Condé was not a brutal man, but he was very realistic and let the people bear the costs of war. Thus the majority of the Dutch in the United Provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the French troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to the Prince of Condé, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but the Prince of Condé took it back within 6 months and he also took Nijmegen and one of his French armies had now moved into Geldern from Münster and effectively threatened Utrecht. But the best was yet to come. In a nightly sea battle the French navy managed to win and land 12000 men in Zeeland, within a year France had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace France harshly subjugate all heretics. Those of the True Faith were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between the All the Faithful Subjects of the King of France was instituted. Many Dutchmen left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful French rule in the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7530 EVENTHIST3542;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again.;;;;;;;;;;7531 EVENTHIST3541;After it was acquired by the Knights, Malta became as strong a fortress as Rhodes had been. Under Grand Master Jean Parisot de La Valette, they 1565 successfully withstood an Ottoman siege consisting of 180 ships and close to 50.000 men against only 9000 defenders for six months, before the invader was forced to leave. The new capital city of Valletta became a town of splendid palaces and unparalleled fortifications. Growing in power and wealth owing mainly to their maritime raiding adventures against the Turks.;;;;;;;;;;7532 EVENTHIST3540;The island of Malta was offered to the Knights of St John of Jerusalem by the King of Spain, in return for helping to defend the city of Tripoli in Africa.;;;;;;;;;;7533 EVENTHIST3539;Martinengo was the best fortification engineer of Europe. He was authorized to improve the fortresses on Rhodes. In 1521, when he had worked for a couple of months he was so enamored with the Knights and their ideals that he kneeled in front of the Grand Master and begged him to make him a Knight. The Grand master accepted him into the brotherhood and he fought bravely dying in battle of Rhodes in 1522.;;;;;;;;;;7534 EVENTHIST3537;The small but proficient fleet of the Knights was the scourge of Muslims for hundreds of years. Keeping the waters clear of enemy privateers as well as capturing trade ships of the Muslims, kept the coffers on Rhodos full and Muslim sailors in terror. One of the most famous events was the capturing of the Great Carrack from Alexandria in 1569, filled with enormous riches.;;;;;;;;;;7535 EVENTHIST3536;In the early 16th century, Rhodians and other Greeks were rashly allowed into the order in a last grand effort to build up manpower to stop the Turkish onslaught.;;;;;;;;;;7536 EVENTHIST3535;The Grandmaster Hospitaler d'Aubusson who so successfully had defended Rhodos against the previous sultan, Mehmed II, imprisoned the brother of the Turkish sultan Bayezid II despite a promise of safe conduct in 1483. Such a prestigious captive was obviously a strong negotiation asset for many of the enemies of the Ottoman Empire and several countries was prepared to pay large sums for him.;;;;;;;;;;7537 EVENTHIST3534;Following the first partition of the country in 1772, the 1788-1791 Fours Years Diet of Poland took opportunity of the war between Russia, Turkey and Sweden (1788-1790) to attempt the transformation of Poland into a hereditary constitutional monarchy, which was proclaimed in the Constitution of May 1791. Influenced by Russia, the opposition forced the King to 'join' and called Russian troops to restore order. This led to a further partition of the country in 1793, between Prussia and Russia, which deprived Poland of most of her territory. She would disappear after the 1794 popular uprising of Kosziucko and the final dissolution of the state in 1795.;;;;;;;;;;7538 EVENTHIST3533;Stanislas II Poniatowsky (1764-1795) had been elected King of Poland under Russian pressure. The favorite of Catherine II of Russia, he aspired to reform the conditions of his realm, described as 'anarchy tempered by civil war'. Russia placed her supporters in the 1767 Confederation of Slutsk to prevent any curtailment in the Liberum Veto. Civil war occurred in 1768 and by 1772, the powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria, under the inspiration of Frederick II, proceeded to the first partition of Poland, taking border provinces from her and demanding that the Liberum Veto be maintained and all reforms abandoned.;;;;;;;;;;7539 EVENTHIST3532;After the humiliating defeat against Napoleons armies and the harsh terms that followed in the peace, the need for drastic measures for Prussia to regain its former military and economical strength was obvious. A wide range of reforms implemented led to the abolishment of serfdom, privileges being revoked and an efficient decentralized government as well as compulsory military service. However this was not a sure thing as different segments of society wanted different types of reforms. It could have been quite differently.;;;;;;;;;;7540 EVENTHIST3531;After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dynasty in Bavaria (1777), Joseph II endeavored to strengthen the position of Austria within the Empire. His plan to exchange territories with Charles Theodore of the Palatinate, the heir of the Bavarian throne (Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate for Lower Austria) led to the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779). Prussia intervened in July 1778 in what she saw as a dangerous Austrian expansion. It was a short conflict which started with a Prussian invasion of Bohemia but was terminated in May 1779s when Empress Maria Theresa forced her son Joseph II to capitulate. The peace was concluded at Teschen on 16th May 1779 and Austria settled for the small Inn district.;;;;;;;;;;7541 EVENTHIST3530;After the end of the reign of Louis XIV in France and the following wars of the Spanish succession, the age of enlightenment slowly began to spread all over Europe by the words of writers and philosophers of the time such as Locke, Rosseau, Diderot, Hume, Leibniz and Montesquieu. The New Ideals was religious freedom, education and freedom of speech and political opinion. The monumental work that captured the essence of the enlightenment was Diderot's Encyclopédie, taking 25 years for it's completion and in the end totaling a collection of no less then 35 volumes of 1000 pages each describing everything from how to knit a sock to methods of improving the manufacturing of artillery pieces. Of the monarchs of Europe none was a stronger believer of these ideas than the Prussian King, Friedrich II also know as Frederick the Great.;;;;;;;;;;7542 EVENTHIST3529;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Sejm managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;;;;;;;;;;7543 EVENTHIST3528;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;;;;;;;;;;7544 EVENTHIST3527;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7545 EVENTHIST3526;Under its 2nd and 3rd Kings, Frederick William I and Frederick II (the Great), Prussia became a thoroughly militaristic state boasting the most efficient army in Europe. Without a doubt the great military reforms were an absolute necessity for an expansionist country so precariously positioned between vengeful neighbors.;;;;;;;;;;7546 EVENTHIST3525;King Frederick William of Prussia endowed the Prussian state with its military and bureaucratic character. He was fanatically addicted to work and a firm autocrat. Frederick William reorganized the administrative system, raised the army to 80,000 men (equivalent to 4 percent of the population) and geared the whole organization of the state to the military machine. Prussia thus became a militaristic and absolutist state - the new great power of Northern Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7547 EVENTHIST3524;The Brandenburg areas formally belonged to the Holy Roman Empire but the ruling Hohenzollern family of Prussia-Brandenburg had higher aspirations than merely staying electors under the Holy Roman Emperor, a position which by this time had become next to inherited within the powerful Habsburg family. Since Friedrich Wilhelm had managed to get full control of the Prussian areas from Poland in the 1660 Peace in Oliwa, his son, Friedrich III of Brandenburg, had the option to declare himself King of Prussia, since it was physically situated outside of the borders of the Empire. Obviously this would anger the HRE Emperor somewhat, but the Emperor also needed to secure Prussia-Brandenburg support in the soon to follow war of the Spanish succession and was not likely to risk a confrontation and risk losing one of its strongest allies over this issue.;;;;;;;;;;7548 EVENTHIST3523;As all major nations of this period, Friedrich Wilhelm also tried to duplicate the enormous success of the Dutch Veerinigte Oostindische Companie and tap into the richness it brought its investors and the Dutch economy from ''The New World''. However as most other duplication attempts, especially by countries with little tradition of Naval Power, it would ultimately fail to deliver anything but grief to its investors.;;;;;;;;;;7549 EVENTHIST3522;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7550 EVENTHIST3521;The cancellation of the religious freedom of Protestants in France by Louis the XIVs and the ensuing prosecution and force conversion back to the catholic faith made literally hundreds of thousands of the protestant French Hugenotts to flee into neighboring countries. As a main center piece of the Hugenotts belief were the high praise of hard work and education, most countries where more then happy to welcome these refugees into their society.;;;;;;;;;;7551 EVENTHIST3518;The Elector Friedrich Wilhelm (1640-1688), known as the Great Elector, had been one of the major winners of the Thirty Years War, increasing the size of Brandenburg's realm by nearly a third. His major achievement was to the administrative unity and the setting up of a small professional army of 24,000 men. He also managed to get his country free of Polish lordship over Prussia, and to welcome French 20,000 French Protestant refugees. On 28th June 1675, his army fought a tactical stalemate with the Swedes at the battle of Fehrbellin. The Swedes were unable to go on the offensive from poor preparations, and thus lost the war. That Sweden was unable to carry the sword of Gustavus Adolphus had a striking resonance all over Europe and Prussia occupied Swedish Pomerania until 1679.;;;;;;;;;;7552 EVENTHIST3517;Historically the Prussian duchy was incorporated into the rest of Hohenzollern Brandenburg 1618. But what if it hadn't? What if a minor branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty had inherited? Maybe as a consequence of Polish political pressure...;;;;;;;;;;7553 EVENTHIST3516;In the religious turmoil of the Reformation one of the early converters to the new religion is the Teutonic Orders Grandmaster from Brandenburg, Albrecht of Hohenzollern. Inspired by Luther he also decides to secularize the land areas under his control, Prussia, into a protestant duchy. Naturally the duchy is to be inherited by his bloodline.;;;;;;;;;;7554 EVENTHIST3515;In June 1787, the secular conflict in the United Provinces between the supporters of the Stadhouder William V (grandson of the King of England George II) and the Republicans (supported by France) led to a diplomatic incident when the city officials of The Hague refused entrance to the Stadhouder wife, the niece of Frederick II of Prussia (died in 1786 and was replaced by Frederick-William II, very hostile to France). Rapidly, Prussia intervened militarily to restore the Stadhouder power and was not countered by France which was suffering a serious financial crisis. French influence nearly disappeared and Prussia triumphed.;;;;;;;;;;7555 EVENTHIST3514;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7556 EVENTHIST3513;Willem III came to the forefront of Dutch politics, eclipsing the brothers de Witt, amidst a growing support of the Orange dynasty amongst the Dutch people. After being named stadholder, the brothers de Witt resigned and were killed by an unruly mob because of high treason and anti Orangistic ideas. Building on the growing support for them the Oranges in August 1674 were declared hereditary in the stadholder office by the states of Holland and Zeela;;;;;;;;;;7557 EVENTHIST3512;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus tried to name Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. However in the late phase of the Franco-Spanish negotiations a secretary of one of the Spanish ministers leaked out information and Habsburg partisans back in Madrid argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, so Charles II hard beset, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Charles of Habsburg. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against Austria and Spain. Thus when Austrian forces reinforced the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;;;;;;;;;;7558 EVENTHIST3511;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;;;;;;;;;;7559 EVENTHIST3510;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7560 EVENTHIST3509;In April 13 1598 Henry IV of France announced a new law called Édit De Nantes which granted the Huguenots a large portion of religious and civil rights. Almost a hundred years later his grandson, Louis XIV, striving for unity and stability in the realm, views the co-existence of the two churches as a potential source of disturbances. Having already allowed the persecution of Protestants and the burning of their churches, he in 1785 revokes the Édit De Nantes. Within a few years, more than 400,000 Huguenots emigrated to England, Prussia, Holland, and America - depriving France of its most industrious commercial class.;;;;;;;;;;7561 EVENTHIST3508;In a clerical meeting in Dordrecht (1618-1619) hard-line Calvinism was made State-religion. This was the end of a long struggle between a pluralistic and humanitarian faction, the Arminians, and a dogmatic, narrow-minded 'True Calvinistic' faction, the Gormarists. Moritz of Oranien supported the Gormarists, composed mainly of petty bourgeois and farmers, while Oldenbarneveld supported the Arminians composed of intellectuals and rich bourgeois.;;;;;;;;;;7562 EVENTHIST3507;Johann, Count of Nassau-Siegen a long with his cousin Prince Maurits and brother Willem were at the heart of the Dutch reforms. Relearning the lost skills of Classical armies from translation of Roman military manuals, they reorganized battle formations to make them more flexible and to increase firepower. It was Johann who was the brains behind the most famous of all drill manuals, de Gheyn's Wapenhandelinghe, and the founder of one of the first military academies at Siegen in Germany.;;;;;;;;;;7563 EVENTHIST3506;In 1621, at the end of the 12 year peace treaty with Spain, the Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie was founded which mainly focused on privateering against the Spanish fleets. Apart from privateering, the objective was to establish as many colonies as possible in the Americas and conquer as much territory. Famous exploits include Manhattan and Piet Heyn raiding the Spanish silver fleet.;;;;;;;;;;7564 EVENTHIST3505;Amsterdam had become the world's warehouse, with goods flowing in from Europe, the East, Asia and America. Stocks were kept for as long as market prices were not satisfactory and released when appropriate: the Dutch were the masters of the market, and thus of prices. This led in 1609 to the creation of the Bank of Amsterdam, to build and stable and widely accepted currency. With money pouring into its coffers, the city had grown into the world largest financial center.;;;;;;;;;;7565 EVENTHIST3504;In the wake of the creation of the Bank of Amsterdam (1609), the city's stock exchange had become more and more active. Having taken over from Antwerp the role of leading financial place, the stock exchanged flourished. Funds from all over Europe would become available and loans were easily accessible, at rates unmatched anywhere else. This was enhanced by the capitalistic success of the Dutch East India Company (1602) and even of the less successful West India Trade Company (1621).;;;;;;;;;;7566 EVENTHIST3503;The first voyages of Dutch traders to the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas had been forced upon the United Provinces by the closure of the spice market in Lisbon, when Portugal fell under Spanish control. In 1602, the Veerinigte Oostindische Companie (United East India Company) was created, with a capital of 6 millions guilders, divided into 2000 shares. The company was ruled by a council of 17 members (the Heeren XVII) and established its Asian headquarters in the city of Batavia, founded in 1619 on the Indonesian island of Java. By the end of the 18th century, the company territory extended to most of Southeast Asia, China, Formosa and Japan. Dividends were regularly served, from 25 to 75 percent. It would last till the 19th century and would outlive all other trading companies but the English one.;;;;;;;;;;7567 EVENTHIST3502;In the early 17th century when the northern part of the Netherlands had managed to hold the Spaniards at bay a political conflict started over which type of government the new country should have. Mauritz of Oranien wanted a monarchy while Oldenbarnefeldt wanted a confederacy. The conflict ended with e confederacy of semi-autonomous provinces, hence its name, the United Provinces. Still a spark of monarchism was kept which later evolved into something more and lasting.;;;;;;;;;;7568 EVENTHIST3501;Stanislaus Leszczynski had been elected Polish king in the light of the supreme power of Sweden in Eastern Europe. When that supremacy was lost on the Steppes of Russia in 1709, Russia picked up the mantle of supremacy. In the light of these new circumstances the Polish Szlachta easily found consensus for returning Friedrich Augustus II to the throne.;;;;;;;;;;7569 EVENTHIST3500;In 1787 King Stanislaus approached Catherine of Russia with a bargain. Poland will raise a substantial army and support Russia in her war with the Ottomans, and make flanking maneuvers against potential attacks from Prussia or Sweden. The move was smart as it would mean that the king would have an army that could defend the country from enemies abroad and within, but Catherine did not buy it. She preferred having Poland as a piece of no-mans-land in between her and Prussia and Austria. As this failed the King stood without a plan and a decent foreign policy. The next year members of the so-called 'Patriotic Party' took matters in their own hands in the Great Seym. It voted an increase of the army and vested control over it in a Seym Commission. It placed the conduct of foreign policy in the hands of another Seym Commission. It also abolished the Permanent Council that had governed the country since 1772 and imposed tax on incomes from lands, 10 percent for the Szlachta and 20 percent for the Church. In 1791 the king arrived from his isolation since the failure with Catherine and together with Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kollataj he drafted the New Constitution. This became the first written Constitution in Europe and a satisfactory compromise between the republicanism of Potocki, the radicalism of Kollataj and the monarchism of the king. Again Catherine the Great reacted and as circumstances went against Poland peace was signed between the Ottomans and Russia and 89000 seasoned veterans now stood against the 37000 staunchly heroic, but no less, newly recruited Poles. No one helped Poland and the outcome was devastating. Thus the Effort to end stagnation brought the Second Partition of Poland.;;;;;;;;;;7570 EVENTHIST35;The Army often provided a shelter for the homeless and jobless. In times of crisis, volunteers would flock to the ranks.;;;;;;;;;;7571 EVENTHIST3499;After the ascending of Stanislaus Poniatowski on the Polish throne a feverish wave of reforms took place. In 1766 Chancellor Zamoyski laid before the Seym his project for constitutional reform which included the abolition of the Librum Veto. This elicited an immediate response from St Petersburg and Berlin, both of which threatened with war if it were not withdrawn and if the Confederated Seym was not immediately dissolved. The King and his supporters had little to do but comply trapped in Warszawa as they were. But people started to wake up from their 'Saxon slumber' and the Confederates refused to comply. At the same time some magnates wanted to get rid of the upstart Stanislaus and united with Russian forces under the young general Suvorov they fought and destroyed the Confederated troops. Thus the Effort to end stagnation brought the First Partition of Poland.;;;;;;;;;;7572 EVENTHIST3498;In 1697 Friedrich Augustus II became king of Poland. His reputation was never good. He was a German and because of his inabilities to win a war he himself had started he is considered a rather bad Polish king. However, when Friedrich Augustus became king he had a plan. He was not a stupid man, and he intended to turn the Commonwealth into a centralized monarchical state. He was a child of the same ideas as his contemporaries in Berlin, Hannover and München, and he needed a war to accomplish it. Like Sobieski, he saw war as the surest way to gain prestige and a free hand to carry out his plan. Now Friedrich Augustus made certain mistakes. He and his allies underestimated the ease with which they would smash the eighteen year old monarch of Sweden and secondly Friedrich August was no Sobieskian General. The failure of the war and his lost prestige from being a lousy soldier and having been forced to a humiliating abdication omitted every chance to reform anything. Instead he ruined any chance for monarchism in Poland and his return was with the arrivals of Russian bayonets. However... had he won the war and Poland had been a winner while Russia had become rather mauled then his position would have been different. Instead of buying art for his castles in Dresden he might very well have used that prestige and military power with boldness and brute force to accomplish the impossible...;;;;;;;;;;7573 EVENTHIST3497;On 12 September 1683 an allied army under the leadership of King Jan Sobieski relieved Vienna from the besieging Ottomans. At that moment the King's name flew over Europe. In that very moment Jan Sobieski had such status and personal power coming from his very person that he could had ended the stagnation of Poland or at least he could have tried. Merely the different political climate during the earlier days of his reign is a proof of him being a very special monarch. He was never that limited by vetoes or articles as earlier monarchs, but in the end he chose a different path. He chose to continue the campaign against the Ottoman, a campaign he could not win decisively, while at the same time having to cope with growing dissent from magnates disliking this policy. When he stopped campaigning he suffered heavily from gallstones and he never managed to make the magnates forget that he was just one of them. He never managed to translate his popularity in the Szlachta, as whole, into concerted political action. If he instead had gone home after relieving Vienna and picked a fight with the magnates something completely different might have happened. Well who knows...?;;;;;;;;;;7574 EVENTHIST3496;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Sejm managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;;;;;;;;;;7575 EVENTHIST3495;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;;;;;;;;;;7576 EVENTHIST3494;Stanislaus Poniatowski was a refined man and second son to the great General Poniatowski of the early 18th century. Stanislaus was a man of the enlightenment and early became interested in politics and diplomacy touring London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Paris and last St: Petersburg. There he was readily introduced to Tsaritsa Catherine the Great and became her lover. In 1764 when Poland needed a king, Catherine suggested her now ex-lover Stanislaus Poniatowski. That was a bad choice for Russia and a rather good one for Poland. Stanislaus knew the ways of Russian political mind and he was not subservient to the wishes of Moscow. However, the degeneration of Poland had gone so far that immediate reforms where necessary to stay independent, but on the other hand such reform most likely would draw attention in Moscow, Vienna and Berlin and it did. That reforms had just left the Seym when the enemy armies started to march. The Fear of a Resurrected Poland had brought her neighbors to action.;;;;;;;;;;7577 EVENTHIST3493;During 1709-10 Lithuania endure the harshest winter of a century. But as that was not enough an epidemic plague spread through the lands killing many thousands. There is talking of the Scourge of God and people prey…prey…prey...;;;;;;;;;;7578 EVENTHIST3492;For the Second War of the North, in 1700, Poland sided with Russia against Sweden. King August II (the Strong) was pitted against King Charles XII of Sweden for control of Poland. After a series of crushing defeats, including losing to the army of Charles XII at Narva when he outnumbered them 5 to 1, August was dethroned and Stanislaus Leczinski was crowned King of Poland in his place.;;;;;;;;;;7579 EVENTHIST3491;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislas Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;;;;;;;;;;7580 EVENTHIST3490;Poland and the Ottoman Empire came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to the Ottoman Empire and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by the Ottoman Empire. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Ottomans and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Ottoman withdrawal from Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7581 EVENTHIST3489;Poland and the Ottoman Empire came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to the Ottoman Empire and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by the Ottoman Empire. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Ottomans and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Ottoman withdrawal from Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7582 EVENTHIST3488;Poland and the Ottoman Empire came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to the Ottoman Empire and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by the Ottoman Empire. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Ottomans and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Ottoman withdrawal from Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7583 EVENTHIST3487;The political sickness of the Polish body manifested itself fully after the death of Jan III Sobieski in 1696. The election that followed was one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history. The primary candidates were the King's son Jakub Sobieski;;;;;;;;;;7584 EVENTHIST3486;The political sickness of the Polish body manifested itself fully after the death of Jan III Sobieski in 1696. The election that followed was one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history. The primary candidates were the King's son Jakub Sobieski;;;;;;;;;;7585 EVENTHIST3485;When Jan Sobieski became king in 1672 he was already a renowned and glorified military leader. In fact he started out as a general an ended up as a king. His reform of the Polish army thus started long before he became king, but it was under his Royal leadership that the strong effects of the reforms made lasting impressions upon the map of history. The New Polish Army saved Vienna from the onslaught of the Ottomans and forever stopped their advance. Unfortunately in the long run it helped Austria more than it helped Poland.;;;;;;;;;;7586 EVENTHIST3484;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;;;;;;;;;;7587 EVENTHIST3483;The political and economic disunity of the Szlachta and the deluge was the most important social factors behind the creation and implementation of the Librum Veto in 1652. It was on one hand a guarantee that decisions where decided unanimously and on the other hand a safeguard for the personal freedom of the individual nobleman. However for Poland as a country it was disastrous and one among a half dozen reason for the demise of the country in 1795. One single NO vote in the Seym could dissolve the Seym and paralyze decision-making in the country. It was also used frequently in the lesser Seyms, the seymiki, of which there where over 70 in Poland. The Magnates that had detronized the Executive Power had now also detronized the Legislative Power.;;;;;;;;;;7588 EVENTHIST3482;The political and economic disunity of the Szlachta and the deluge was the most important social factors behind the creation and implementation of the Librum Veto in 1652. It was on one hand a guarantee that decisions where decided unanimously and on the other hand a safeguard for the personal freedom of the individual nobleman. However for Poland as a country it was disastrous and one among a half dozen reason for the demise of the country in 1795. One single NO vote in the Seym could dissolve the Seym and paralyze decision-making in the country. It was also used frequently in the lesser Seyms, the seymiki, of which there where over 70 in Poland. The Magnates that had detronized the Executive Power had now also detronized the Legislative Power.;;;;;;;;;;7589 EVENTHIST3481;In the early 17th century Poland was one of the mightiest countries in the world, yet she had great problems. The trade and technical production of Eastern Europe was based along the Baltic Coast. There lay the future of the next major power in the area. The King saw this and tried to improve Polish position in these areas, but the Szlachta was not remotely interested. Her interests lay in the Ukraine and the Wild lands where the Magnates could rule armies of serfs on the vast agricultural production plants. This was the first disagreement between King Zygmunt III and the Nobility. Another one was the matter of the religious freedom. The king never stopped working for making the Catholic Faith the foremost religion in the country. However he was quite unsuccessful. The last disagreement was the about Royal power. Zygmunt was the grandson of the strong Swedish king Gustavus Wasa and he worked for absolutism. Zygmunt fought an uneven fight, but his struggle irritated the Poles so much that his reputation is tarnished to this very day. He also managed to upset people with his undiplomatic efforts to increase his power and because of that the Zebrzydowski rebellion stopped his effort for good.;;;;;;;;;;7590 EVENTHIST3480;In 1572 the Jagellon Dynasty was extinct and a new king was to elected. His name was Henri de Anjou. On his election he was forced to sign what have later been called the Henrykian Articles, which rectified that Poland was an elective monarchy from onwards. He also signed the Pacta Conventa, which was a formal contract between the elected monarch and the Seym. In practice the monarch lost all power over his country. He had no power over governmental officials and he had a mere 3000 men strong Royal Army. To get anything extra he had to beg the Seym to authorize. At this moment Poland effectively stopped being a monarchy, as the monarch was a mere figure head, and instead a true Aristocracy.;;;;;;;;;;7591 EVENTHIST3479;As the Act of Union-'Rzeczpospolita Polska' was instituted in 1569 and the united Seym moved to the small town of Warszawa it did not take long until it was also made a Royal capital. With this change the centre point for Polish attention was moved North and East.;;;;;;;;;;7592 EVENTHIST3478;The Time of Troubles in Russia was a great triangular drama, between Poles and Swedes and of course, Russians in the Middle. Poland had since the outbreak supported the different False Dimitrijs, but in 1609 a Russian Boyar embassy arrived in Warszawa and proposed to make Zygmunt III:s eldest son, Wladyslav, the new Tsar of Russia. This was a great and interesting opportunity and with a completely different father, Wladyslaw might have brought the Wasa Dynasty on the Russian throne. However, one of the prerequisites was that Wladyslaw converted to the Orthodox Faith something that was completely unthinkable for his father, the Jesuit-King. Instead the refusal made that faction of Boyars rally around a new candidate and Zygmunt had to declare war on Russia to be able to meddle in that muddy pound.;;;;;;;;;;7593 EVENTHIST3477;Zygmunt III was the son of the King Johan III of Sweden. His father was a man that ruled a staunch protestant country, but with a personal leaning toward Catholicism. Zygmunt was brought up by Jesuits and preferred their company. Religion was as important to him as politics and one of his great obsessions was to make Catholicism the State-religion of Poland. This was perhaps the most impossible task a man, even if king, to accomplish in Poland. The Freedom of religion and the ideological principle of religious tolerance was the fundament of Polish society. Zygmunt though strong willed and stubborn tried. He of course had the whole country against him and failed. These acts also made him many enemies, which would stop him from reforming the government and strengthen Royal power in the first decade of the 17th century.;;;;;;;;;;7594 EVENTHIST3476;In 1569 discussions had been held and it was evident that many magnates wanted the joint force of Lithuanian and Polish Magnates as well as the Seyms of these countries to met at Lublin on the border of their realms and unanimously swear a new Act of Union. There now existed one united Seym convening in Warszawa and the country would have one King not only de facto but de jure. The Grand Duchy was to keep its old laws, a separate treasury and its own army under its own Grand Hetman and Field-Hetman. Effectively the Union would be a marriage of two partners, with only the slightest hint of the dominant position of Poland. However there was some Lithuanian opposition before 1st July...Mikolaj the Black, the head of the mighty Radziwill family had long dreamed to of detaching the Grand Duchy from the domination and recreate a Lithuania with him as King. The first steps were taken in the 1540's when Mikolaj approached the Habsburg Emperor who was very interested in seeing a weakened Poland on her borders. This lead to Mikolaj receiving the title Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1547. In April 1569 Mikolaj had bribed and prodded his fellow magnates into following his plan. The lower Lithuanian Szlachta was considered immature and voted as their magnates did. So on 1st July the meeting took place in Lublin, but the Lithuanian Szlachta unanimously detested any attempt to create a Union. At the same time Mikolaj let himself be crowned King of Lithuania in Vilna and announced that if Poland did not accept that Lithuania went her own way then Lithuania would realize a Military Alliance with the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.;;;;;;;;;;7595 EVENTHIST3475;On 1st July 1569 the joint force of Lithuanian and Polish Magnates as well as the Seyms of these countries met at Lublin on the border of their realms and unanimously swore a new Act of Union. There now existed one united Seym convening in Warszawa and the country would have one King not only de facto but de jure. The Grand Duchy was to keep its old laws, a separate treasury and its own army under its own Grand Hetman and Field-Hetman. Effectively the Union was a marriage of two partners, with only the slightest hint of the dominant position of Poland. The combined Kingdom now formally became, Serenissima Respublica Polonie.;;;;;;;;;;7596 EVENTHIST3474;In 1525 during the religious turmoil of the Reformation one of the early converters to the new religion was the Teutonic Orders' Grandmaster from Brandenburg, Albrecht of Hohenzollern. Inspired by Luther he also decides to secularize the land areas under his control, Prussia, into a protestant duchy. However, knowing that this would earn him the eternal enmity of his former Order he had to go for help with its greatest enemy, Poland-Lithuania. Thus he managed to pull through, but at the price of becoming a Polish Vassal.;;;;;;;;;;7597 EVENTHIST3473;The Duchy of Masovia had long been ruled by a line of the Piast Dynasty, but because of the power of Poland she most often followed the suggestions of Polish foreign policy. In 1525 the last Piast ruler died and the Polish crown inherited Masovia. Exactly what would be done with the lands was not clear, but in the end it became a Royal fief. And later the new Polish capital would be placed in the in 1525 sleepy hamlet of Warszawa.;;;;;;;;;;7598 EVENTHIST3472;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, the Grandmaster has announced that all his Knights have reverted to the true catholic faith and will defend its territory until death comes.;;;;;;;;;;7599 EVENTHIST3471;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, the Grandmaster has signed an Agreement with Russia and Denmark.;;;;;;;;;;7600 EVENTHIST3470;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, we have signed an Agreement with the Swedes over the former Livonian Order. Shall we follow it to the letter or not?;;;;;;;;;;7601 EVENTHIST3469;In 1505 with the creation of the Constitution of Radom, the power of the Nobility was institutionalized. The Constitution confirmed the political primacy of the Sejm and the law of Nihil Novo deprived the Monarchy the right to pass laws without the compliance of the Sejm. It also restricted the power of the governmental officials. The King still held the power to call the Sejm.;;;;;;;;;;7602 EVENTHIST3468;Under Jan Olbracht, the son of Kazimierz IV, the policy of giving concessions to the Nobility continued. In 1496 the Statute of Piotrkow was instituted. It implied that serfdom was strengthened and accepted in law. It forbade all workers to move from their villages, except one every year. It later was extended with a work duty of six days a week. At this point the peasants of Poland had lost not only all power, but also their freedom. The power lay in the hands of the Nobility.;;;;;;;;;;7603 EVENTHIST3467;After the concessions to the Nobility in 1425 and during the Thirteen Years War King Wladyslaw Jagiello was again forced to new concessions. To be able to raise troops, among them a lot of mercenaries, the King needed money from the Szlachta. In an effort to solve the monarchy's pressing problems he had to accept the Nieszawa Privileges implying that the Nobility had the right to hold local Conventiones Particulares, without which no troops could be raised and no taxes extracted. In this way the Nobility got an efficient and powerful organization with a joint mutual interest, and power of the military and the taxation legislative procedure.;;;;;;;;;;7604 EVENTHIST3466;In 1425 King Wladyslaw Jagiello had to grant wide concessions to the Szlachta to get his son elected as his heir on the throne. The principle that he had to accept was the Neninem Captivabimus, giving the nobility legal protection against random arresting by the King. On paper it looked decent but the principle was forged in a way that made nearly any arresting impossible. A nobleman's personal freedom was as large as a King's. The accepting of the principle also leads to more concessions from Kazimierz which decreased Royal Power further.;;;;;;;;;;7605 EVENTHIST3465;In the Ebb of the Enlightenment Lithuanian government started to change slowly into a more pluralistic and modern society. Royal power was decreased to the fortune of the many and not the few. With the Revolutions in America and France both Poland and Lithuania started egalitarian reforms. Archconservative Russia which had conquered the Ukraine and the Wild lands did not appreciate these developments. She struck a deal with Austria and Prussia to split Poland and Lithuania and bring it under 'civilized' rule. The Revolutionary Wars of the East was triggered by the Murder of the Lithuanian king, Karol II Stanislovas, on 21st November 1790. The king had visited the theater in Vilnius and was shot by three cloaked men point blank when leaving his carriage to enter the Royal Palace. The king traveled lightly so his personal guards and servants all succumbed in the fighting and the murderers disappeared in the night. On 23rd the news hit the streets and thousands of angry people stormed the Russian Embassy lynching everyone in sight. The Russian Government immediately craved an official apology and to let Russian special police help the investigation. At the same time the Police Master of Vilnius, Rafal Kresmanikes, received a messenger from the Swedish Police Master in Dorpat, Gustav Adolf Reuterholm. Reuterholm disclosed a lead that Kresmanikes found leading to St: Petersburg. The young King, Ludwike Mykolas I, was furious. He allied with Poland and mobilized the army. Within three month the country was ready for war, a war of revenge.;;;;;;;;;;7606 EVENTHIST3464;Pietism was a religious movement that started in Germany during the latter part of the 17th century. Traditionally, the Pietist movement has been viewed as a backlash against intellectualism prevalent in and among the Protestant ranks, especially in the Lutheran Church during that period. However, Pietism was regular also within the other Christian forms. It was with the return of prisoners of war that the movement really took off in Lithuania. However, the Lithuanian Church disapproved most strongly of unauthorized preaching, which led to the Conventicle Edict of 1729, forbidding any religious gatherings outside the framework of the Church.;;;;;;;;;;7607 EVENTHIST3463;In 1698 Russia, Poland and Denmark formed an alliance against the eighteen year old king Charles XII of Sweden. They thought it as a good opportunity for revenge and to cut that major power to pieces. The Lithuanians which always had a good relation towards Sweden since the days of Gustav II Adolphus was approached by the Swedes. The Swedes wanted Lithuania to join in an Anti-Russian alliance for the good of both their countries. The King, Karol I Stanislovas, a fine general and knower of men immediately like Charles XII:s character and his habit of getting to the point very fast. The King was though hesitant. Lithuania was a vast country and in-between Poland and Russia. It would be a hard task and the Swedes would most certainly be occupied with the Danes first. But against the advice of his most trustworthy advisors he signed the Pact knowing that Lithuanian would have to fight this fight sooner or later, and as he said 'I rather do it with a noble intention'.;;;;;;;;;;7608 EVENTHIST3462;During 1709-10 Lithuania endure the harshest winter of a century. But as that was not enough an epidemic plague spread through the lands killing many thousands. There is talking of the Scourge of God and people prey…prey…prey...;;;;;;;;;;7609 EVENTHIST3461;In a drive towards Warszawa he was bogged down by excellent Polish Generalcy while his own Szlachta rebelled. Isolated with his army in Czersk he struck a deal with the Polish king to leave Poland immediately if the Polish king would refuse to accept the Lithuanian throne from the rebels up North. It was a not too glorious retreat and he was considering himself defeated. The Szlachta had dethroned Aleksandras, but was compromised by the fact that the Polish king refused to have anything to do with the traitors. Not all the Szlachta was against Aleksandras and upon his return another army joined him. Together they smashed the rebel forces and executed the traitors. These events resulted in a deep-set foreign policy in Lithuania to always support the Polish kings against their internal foes, but never to meddle without being asked.;;;;;;;;;;7610 EVENTHIST3460;In 1652 as King Aleksandras II was clearing up things in the Ukraine He was brought the news of the introduction of the Librum Veto in Poland. A week later he got the news that 'his' Seym had voted for the same rights. By carefully reading of reports he found that certain Lithuanian Magnates had nearly doubled the size of the Lithuanian Szlachta by swapping lands with Poles. Frustrated the king declared the law illegitimate. The king had the support of those who were not nobles, but his troubles would live on as long as the Liberum veto existed in Poland. In a famous address he declared himself allied with the Polish people and the at war with the Polish Szlachta.;;;;;;;;;;7611 EVENTHIST3459;During the 1630's and 1640's the Magnates found life in the Kingdom unbearable. To escape the egalitarian powers of the government and the king many of the started to interfere in local Polish business. Many of them owned as much lands on one as the other side of the border. They freely swapped lands with their Polish brother and thus managed to strengthen the Cause in both Poland and Lithuania. During the Deluge the Magnates of the Ukraine and the Wild lands fought all and everyone. Poland was in havoc and the Lithuanian king had to accept the fact that he only could control the Northern part of his lands. At these point King Aleksandras II mounted a huge campaign against the Tartars, Russians and Crimeans swapping up insurrective Magnates at the same time. He though stopped from interfering with the polish government, 'that last sane mind on that side of the border' as he called King Wladyslaw IV of Poland. The subjugated Magnates had two options. They either had to accept a tough reform package or get all there lands confiscated and pushed over the border to Poland. The choice was easy. They stay, but the reform was harsh. Only the state could now own land. The user only owned the right to use it. But to keep that right the user had to pay a user's fee decided by the king. With this vehicle the king started to break the large latifund holdings of the Magnates and again changing the fabric of society. His son continued the reform policy after the King was murdered by a Ukrainian Magnate on 30th March 1654.;;;;;;;;;;7612 EVENTHIST3458;After the two waves of refugees had arrived the Szlachta again craved compensation for accepting that religious status quo had broken. His Majesty Mikolaj II Krzysztof, now an elder and more experienced man, refused to comply with their threats. Instead he used his right to push a proposal on to the floor of the Seym, which was a compromise but one which suited the king. The rights to hold office increased, but was now also made a duty and only the king could appoint. The Szlachta was given a say in the making of Foreign Policy, but only as a second house for non-Szlachta members was instituted in the Seym which held legislative power of taxation. In many ways these reforms would decrease noble power even further as the fabric of society slowly tilted to the advantage of the bourgeois and free farmers.;;;;;;;;;;7613 EVENTHIST3457;As a reaction of the introduction of the Henrykian Articles and the Pact Conventa in Poland in 1573 the Magnates approach the king and urged him to constitutionalize the rights of the Szlachta and to share power with them. If not they said, he not they would have to take the consequences. At this point Mikolaj II Krzysztof had newly been crowned. He was young and not as negative to noble power as his father had been. In an effort to keep societal peace he accepted a compromise. There where no Henrykian articles, but the constitution was modified implying that the Szlachta was the life-nerve of society with certain rights to hold office and legislative power. The Principle of Religious Tolerance was also confirmed.;;;;;;;;;;7614 EVENTHIST3456;After two waves of refugees of a new faith and years of governmental reform friction in society had come to a cross-road. Lithuania had confessors of four religions and all but one felt anger against the government. Secondly the Magnates incited revolt both on the command of God and to fight their decreasing power. When they looked over the border they saw that their Polish brothers lived like princes while they themselves where merely servants of the state, albeit rich such. They wanted power and more leeway for their religion.;;;;;;;;;;7615 EVENTHIST3455;After two waves of refugees of a new faith and years of governmental reform friction in society had come to a cross-road. Lithuania had confessors of four religions and all but one felt anger against the government. Secondly the Magnates incited revolt both on the command of God and to fight their decreasing power. When they looked over the border they saw that their Polish brothers lived like princes while they themselves where merely servants of the state, albeit rich such. They wanted power and more leeway for their religion.;;;;;;;;;;7616 EVENTHIST3454;After two waves of refugees of a new faith and years of governmental reform friction in society had come to a cross-road. Lithuania had confessors of four religions and all but one felt anger against the government. Secondly the Magnates incited revolt both on the command of God and to fight their decreasing power. When they looked over the border they saw that their Polish brothers lived like princes while they themselves where merely servants of the state, albeit rich such. They wanted power and more leeway for their religion.;;;;;;;;;;7617 EVENTHIST3453;The Austro-Lithuanian Pact of 1570 had ended in 1576 when the obscure Rudolf came into power in Austria. King Mikolaj II Krzysztof also called 'the Little Orphan' was a well versed man and a pious catholic whom had visited Jerusalem. When he had married Elizabeth of Steirmark he had met Rudolf whom had brought his favorite crowd of astrologists infuriating the Pious Crown-prince. From that day he could not stand the man. However, with the ascending of Ferdinand II, a distant relative to Elizabeth of Steirmark, the elderly Mikolaj II again found a man of his values. Ferdinand also wanted a strong monarchy and strengthens Catholicism in Europe. He immediately signed an alliance and bought the consent of Poland. During the Thirty Years War Lithuanian Hussaria would fight side by side with Imperial troops giving Lithuania endless amounts of Glory.;;;;;;;;;;7618 EVENTHIST3452;Before the Independence in 1569 Mikolaj the Black, named king as Mikolaj I, had become Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and befriended the Habsburg ruler of Austria, the Emperor Maximilian II. Maximilian was as sharp a politician as Mikolaj and profited on weakening Poland. Now Mikolaj's position was very bad in the 1570's he had to fight broad factions of Magnates in what could be described as a Civil War and fend his borders from Polish acts of revenge or even a re-conquest. He had to do what served independence best and that was to strike a deal with Maximilian. A Military Alliance was signed on 3rd February 1570 and Mikolaj's eldest son married Elizabeth of Steirmark. This alliance actually kept Poland from attacking even if local border incursions were regular. With the ascending of Rudolf to the Habsburg Monarchy the relations became wary and the alliance fell, but at that time the relations with Poland was at least acceptable.;;;;;;;;;;7619 EVENTHIST3451;In the second decade of the 17th century Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia. Brandenburg-Prussia was a protestant state with high tolerance versus reformed and she approached Jerzy I with an offer. Lithuania and Brandenburg should sign a Holy Protestant Alliance and wage war on Poland. Brandenburg would be freed from her Prussian vassalage by Poland and Lithuania would whatever she wanted and could take from Poland. A faction of young governmental official cherished it, but the king was a very careful man. He and his closest advisors discussed. There conclusion was very plain. First it was an impossibility to support Germans against Poland in a war of aggression. Secondly the worst possible thing was total victory. If Lithuania took a mile of Polish land it would be a mile too much. Any conquests would include more Catholics and orthodox and worse more unruly magnates brought up in the Polish Anarchy of a country. So the king politely declined the honor, but instead he proposed a tract of trade and cultural exchange. However as most political well informed Lithuanian could have guessed it did not come much out of it. The Society of Brandenburg-Prussia had far more in common with Poland than with Lithuania. Lithuanian preferred to visit Stockholm, Copenhagen and Amsterdam too Berlin or Köningsberg.;;;;;;;;;;7620 EVENTHIST3450;In the first decades of the 17th century Lithuania's king had converted to Protestantism and started to support the two branches of the Reformation. All in all his ideal was an effective and modern monarchy much inspired by the Swedish kings. Building up a Protestant Church of Lithuania and getting inspiration for governmental and societal reforms the king turned to Sweden. The cooperation was of mutual benefits as Sweden soon got a protestant friend in otherwise heretic Eastern Europe. Slowly the friendship brought a strong alliance about and King Ladislovas I eagerly encourage Gustav II Adolphus to the Protestantism in Germany. He himself would hold the Catholics and orthodox of the East in check.;;;;;;;;;;7621 EVENTHIST3449;In the 1590's when the Wave of Protestantism had started to change the fabric of Lithuanian society numerous refugees of the Reformed Faith arrived in a second wave. These were Dutch, English, French and Spanish fleeing from the narrow-minded catholic governments of their former countries. These refugees were a mix of farmers and city-dwellers and they influence the Lithuanians in approximately the same way as the earlier Protestants. However, the Lithuanian Magnates in opposition of the king viewed fellow Poland as the perfect societal form. When the king converted to the Lutheran form of Protestantism many of them became reformed. Both to mark their difference with the king and because the Reformed ideals of God before king. The Reformed faith was also a perfect ideology for them to imprint upon the serfs. They were serfs because God wanted them to be and thus they became more manageable. In the 1630's a growing dissent between the Protestant state on one hand and the Reformed and Orthodox magnates on the other could be felt.;;;;;;;;;;7622 EVENTHIST3448;In Lithuania people was mostly catholic or orthodox during the 15th and 16th century. However in the last two decades of the 16th century a lot of protestant refugees from France, South Germany and Italy arrived. These cultural elite brought fresh idea to the Kingdom of Lithuania whom had been pressed between her catholic and orthodox neighbors. The Radziwilli kings had strong royal power and had opened the country for influences from abroad. Cities were much more important than in the Aristocracy of Poland, and thus the people of the cities quickly became a cultural and religious melting-pot spreading Protestantism to the rural lands around them. When whole provinces slowly became protestant the king started to support the Protestant Faith. First personally and later as a State-religion looking at Prussia and Sweden as ideals. This also meant that Lithuania could take an independent stance between Russia and Poland. However, the many different religions in Lithuania made the government make a very tolerant religious policy at least until the 1640's.;;;;;;;;;;7623 EVENTHIST3447;On 1st July 1569 the joint force of Lithuanian and Polish Magnates as well as the Seyms of these countries met at Lublin on the border of their realms and unanimously swore a new Act of Union. There would now exist one united Seym convening in Warszawa and the country would have one King not only de facto but de jure. The Grand Duchy was to keep its old laws, a separate treasury and its own army under its own Grand Hetman and Field-Hetman. Effectively the Union was a marriage of two partners, with only the slightest hint of the dominant position of Poland. The combined Kingdom now formally became, Serenissima Republica Polonie. However there was some Lithuanian opposition before 1st July... Mikolaj the Black, the head of the mighty Radziwill family had long dreamed to of detaching the Grand Duchy from the domination and recreate a Lithuania with him as King. The first steps were taken in the 1540's when Mikolaj approached the Habsburg Emperor who was very interested in seeing a weakened Poland on her borders. This lead to Mikolaj receiving the title Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1547. In the end Mikolaj never raised the Banner of Independence. This had many causes, but one important one was the fear of standing alone against the oncoming Russian Hordes. But what if he had tried?;;;;;;;;;;7624 EVENTHIST3446;In 1434 Wladyslaw Jagiello extended the act Neninem Captivabimus, giving the nobility legal protection against random arresting by the King, to the Grand Duchy. It was some time before the principle of this was either understood or translated into common practice. While Poland demanded power-sharing and representation, Lithuania continued to be ruled autocratically.;;;;;;;;;;7625 EVENTHIST3445;Lithuania had been a most undeveloped country for many centuries. Her population was regarded as pagan savages, living only under the sky and its gods. But during the 14th and early 15th century Lithuania had been Christianized and in 1429 the Statute of Lithuania, a codifying of the old traditional juristicial praxis, was issued. In this way Lithuania took her first steps toward centralization and modernization.;;;;;;;;;;7626 EVENTHIST3444;On June 23, 1812, Morand's division crossed the river Nemen, soon followed by other divisions. The Grand Armée, 500,000 strong, had commenced the invasion of Russia. A few days later, Napoleon righteously proclaimed: 'I have come to finish off, once and for all, the Colossus of Northern Barbarism. The sword is drawn. They must be thrust back into their snow and ice, so that for a quarter of a century at least they will not be able to interfere with civilized Europe.' Your Excellency, shall we move our capital back to Moscow?;;;;;;;;;;7627 EVENTHIST3443;Milord, the Polish nobles have finally agreed to reform the constitution and limit, or even abolish, the Liberum Veto. A centralized Poland with a weak Sejm could seriously threaten our rightful hegemony over the Slavic peoples!;;;;;;;;;;7628 EVENTHIST3442;Milord, the Polish nobles have finally agreed to reform the constitution and limit, or even abolish, the Liberum Veto. A centralized Poland with a weak Sejm could seriously threaten our rightful hegemony over the Slavic peoples!;;;;;;;;;;7629 EVENTHIST3441;Following the first partition of the country in 1772, the 1788-1791 Fours Years Diet of Poland took opportunity of the war between Russia, Turkey and Sweden (1788-1790) to attempt the transformation of Poland into a hereditary constitutional monarchy, which was proclaimed in the Constitution of May 1791. Influenced by Russia, the opposition forced the King to 'join' and called Russian troops to restore order. This led to a further partition of the country in 1793, between Prussia and Russia, which deprived Poland of most of her territory. She would disappear after the 1794 popular uprising of Kosziucko and the final dissolution of the state in 1795.;;;;;;;;;;7630 EVENTHIST3440;Stanislas II Poniatowsky (1764-1795) had been elected King of Poland under Russian pressure. The favorite of Catherine II of Russia, he aspired to reform the conditions of his realm, described as 'anarchy tempered by civil war'. Russia placed her supporters in the 1767 Confederation of Slutsk to prevent any curtailment in the Liberum Veto. Civil war occurred in 1768 and by 1772, the powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria, under the inspiration of Frederick II, proceeded to the first partition of Poland, taking border provinces from her and demanding that the Liberum Veto be maintained and all reforms abandoned.;;;;;;;;;;7631 EVENTHIST3439;Milord, a large group of Finnish officers in the service of the Swedish king has sent us a dispatch declaring the 'Swedish war of aggression' illegal and asking us if we would consider helping them form an independent nation of Finland. It could be useful as a buffer state...;;;;;;;;;;7632 EVENTHIST3438;Alexander abolished many barbarous and cruel punishments then practiced and in 1802 introduced a more orderly administration of government by the creation of eight ministries. He improved the condition of the serfs and promoted education, doubling the number of Russian universities by establishing those at Saint Petersburg, Kharkiv, and Kazan. Nevertheless, despite the humanitarian ideas inculcated in him by his tutor La Harpe and despite his own wish to make his people happy, Alexander lacked the energy necessary to carry out the most urgent reform, the full abolition of serfdom. The institution of serfdom was, in the Czar's own words, 'a degradation' that kept Russia in a disastrously backward state. But to liberate the serfs, who composed three-quarters of the population, would arouse the hostility of their noble masters.;;;;;;;;;;7633 EVENTHIST3437;Paul I, in an effort to strengthen the autocracy, reversed many of Catherine's policies - he reestablished centralized administrative agencies she had abolished in 1775, increased bureaucratic control in local government, and sought to impose limits on the authority of the nobles. While Catherine caused many ordinary Russians to be enslaved through serfdom, Paul was the first Russian czar to limit the work required of these unfortunate people. At Gatchina, Paul educated their children, lent them money, instituted a system of free medical care, gave them more land for their use, and upgraded agricultural technology. In short, he was a model landlord. When it came to Russia's most humble people, as both czar and grand duke, he sought to end their suffering and improve their lives. In this, he put into action the Enlightenment ideas parroted, but never followed unless it suited her, by his mother.;;;;;;;;;;7634 EVENTHIST3436;After the Pugachev revolt, Catherine realized that for her the people were more to be feared than pitied, and that, rather than freeing them, she must tighten their bonds. Before her accession to power, Catherine had planned to emancipate the serfs, on whom the economy of Russia was based. When confronted with the realities of power, Catherine saw very quickly that emancipation of the serfs would never be tolerated by the owners, whom she depended upon for support, and who would throw the country into disorder once they lost their own means of support. (The fortune of a noble was evaluated not in lands but in the 'souls' he owned.) Catherine instead turned her attention to organizing and strengthening a system that she herself had condemned as inhuman. She imposed serfdom on the Ukrainians who had until then been free. By distributing the crown lands to her favorites and ministers, she worsened the lot of the peasants, who had enjoyed certain autonomy. At the end of her reign, there was scarcely a free peasant left in Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7635 EVENTHIST3435;The revolt started in 1773 in the Urals region. Led by Emelian Pugatchev, it was an uprising of displaced Cossacks and peasants, following a leader who claimed to be Peter III, the assassinated husband of Czarina Catherine II. In the winter of 1773-1774, the revolt had taken control of most of the Volga basin and even threatened Moscow, bringing the realm of Catherine to the brink of collapse. Finally, regular troops under Suvarow managed to capture Pugatchev near Tsaritsyn and he was executed in Moscow.;;;;;;;;;;7636 EVENTHIST3434;In the late 18th century Russia adopted an increasingly mercantilist policy as a consequence of the growing monopolization of the power of the aristocracy. Your Excellency, shall we embark on a great mercantilist adventure?;;;;;;;;;;7637 EVENTHIST3433;King Frederick of Sweden had several children by his mistress Hedvig Taube, but his marriage with Ulrika was cursed with childlessness. Naturally, the two opposing parties of the Riksdag were embroiled in a bitter fight over the choice of a crown prince. The Caps argued for the Danish prince Frederick, but the Hats had found another candidate in Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. In 1743 Adolf Frederik was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the Hats, who favored a foreign policy that would regain Swedish hegemony in the Baltic. The Hats hoped by their choice to obtain better conditions of peace from the Russian empress Elizabeth, who was favorable to the house of Gottorp.;;;;;;;;;;7638 EVENTHIST3432;In 1767 Catherine the Great convened a commission composed of delegates from all the provinces and from all social classes (except the serfs) for the purpose of ascertaining the true wishes of her people and framing a constitution. The debates went on for months and came to nothing. Catherine's Instruction to the commission was a draft of a constitution and a code of laws. It was considered too liberal for publication in France and remained a dead letter in Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7639 EVENTHIST3431;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7640 EVENTHIST3430;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Sejm managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;;;;;;;;;;7641 EVENTHIST3429;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;;;;;;;;;;7642 EVENTHIST3428;During the six years of Fyodor III' reign, he was unable to rule with any independence. Power was concentrated in the hands of his maternal relatives, the Miloslavskii boyars. However, reforms in the organization of the army and state, begun under his grandfather and father, continued during his reign. A national consensus conducted in 1678 and in 1682 finally ended 'mestnichestvo' - a practice whereby boyars and gentry were appointed to particular posts on the basis of a complicated hierarchy of precedence depending on their ancestors' services. From now on, the Czar could appoint noble government servitors as he wished.;;;;;;;;;;7643 EVENTHIST3427;In 1721, in order to subject the Orthodox Church of Russia to the state, Peter abolished the Patriarchate of Moscow. Thenceforward the patriarch's place as head of the church was taken by a spiritual college, namely the Holy Synod, consisting of representatives of the hierarchy obedient to the czar's will. A secular official - the ober-prokuror, or chief procurator - was appointed by the tsar to supervise the Holy Synod's activities. The Holy Synod ferociously persecuted all dissenters and conducted a censorship of all publications.;;;;;;;;;;7644 EVENTHIST3426;In the course of Peter's reign, medieval and obsolescent forms of government gave place to effective autocracy. In 1711 he abolished the boyarskaya duma, or boyar council, and established by decree the Senate as the supreme organ of state-to coordinate the action of the various central and local organs, to supervise the collection and expenditure of revenue, and to draft legislation in accordance with his edicts. Martial discipline was extended to civil institutions, and an officer of the guards was always on duty in the Senate. From 1722, moreover, there was a procurator general keeping watch over the daily work of the Senate and its chancellery and acting as 'the eye of the sovereign'.;;;;;;;;;;7645 EVENTHIST3425;In 1708, the Great Northern War was raging. In one of their traditional rising against their masters, be they Polish or Russians, the Zaparog Cossacks of Ukraine revolted under the leadership of their Hetman, Mazepa. His appeals to Charles XII of Sweden were listened to and in 1708-1709, the Swedish army moved to Ukraine, in the unfounded hope to find winter supplies and reinforcements. They only met defeat at Poltava, while the Cossack insurrection was utterly suppressed and most Cossacks deported to the eastern provinces of the Russian Empire.;;;;;;;;;;7646 EVENTHIST3424;On May 16, 1703, shortly after the fall of Nyen, Peter himself laid the foundation stones for the Peter-Paul Fortress on Zayachy Island. This date is taken as the founding date of St. Petersburg. In the spring of the following year, Peter established the fortress of Kronslot, later Kronshtadt, on Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland, to protect the approaches to the delta. At the same time, he founded the Admiralty shipyard on the riverbank opposite the Peter-Paul Fortress - in 1706 its first warship was launched. Around the fortress and shipyard Peter began the building of a new city to serve as his 'window on Europe'. In 1712 the capital of Russia was transferred there from Moscow, although it was still formally on Swedish land.;;;;;;;;;;7647 EVENTHIST3423;Peter established a regular army on completely modern lines for Russia in the place of the unreliable streltsy and the militia of the gentry. While he drew his officers from the nobility, he conscripted peasants and townspeople into the other ranks. The troops were equipped with flintlock firearms and bayonets of Russian make, uniforms were provided, and regular drilling was introduced. For the artillery, obsolete cannons were replaced with new mortars and guns designed by Russian specialists or even by Peter himself (he drew up projects of his own for multi-cannon warships, fortresses, and ordnance). The Army Regulations of 1716 were particularly important - they required officers to teach their men how to act in battle, and to show initiative in the face of the enemy. For the navy, Peter's reign saw the construction, within a few years, of 52 battleships and hundreds of galleys and other craft - thus a powerful Baltic fleet was brought into being. Several special schools prepared their pupils for military or naval service and finally enabled Peter to dispense with foreign experts.;;;;;;;;;;7648 EVENTHIST3422;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislas Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;;;;;;;;;;7649 EVENTHIST3421;The permanent Russian exploration and colonization of Siberia that started under Ivan the Terrible had regularly continued all along the 17th century, with most of eastern Siberia discovered by the end of the century (Kamchatska was reached in 1679). The Amur basin had been explored by Khabarov in the 1650s and in 1689, a Russo-Chinese border conflict was settled by the first Chinese-European agreement, the Treaty of Nerchiinsk, fixing the Amur border. In 1727, the Kyakhta treaty would even make provisions for a Russian trading station to be established in Peking, the capital of the new Manchu dynasty (1644-1911).;;;;;;;;;;7650 EVENTHIST3420;Stenka Razin (or Stepan Timofeyevich) was a Don Cossack hetman who carried out a series of successful raids on Persian and Russian settlements 1667-69. Having acquired great fame and wealth, Razin launched a new campaign in 1670 against the czar's fortress cities on the Volga. With a force of about 7,000 Cossacks, he seized Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan. In both towns Razin and his men engaged in drunken orgies and perpetrated savage atrocities against the nobles and military officers - he also replaced the local governments with Cossack institutions of self-rule. Razin continued his advance up the Volga, and along the way he incited the serfs and urban lower classes to join his rebellion. He captured Saratov and proceeded to Simbirsk, while his insurrection spread throughout the Volga region and even into some of the central Russian provinces. Alarmed at Razin's success, Czar Alexis sent an army to relieve Simbirsk. The force inflicted a decisive defeat on Razin's undisciplined and badly equipped troops. Razin fled to the Don, but on April 24, 1671, he was captured by loyalist Cossacks and turned over to the tsarist authorities. Brought to Moscow and tortured, Razin was executed by quartering in Red Square.;;;;;;;;;;7651 EVENTHIST3419;Fyodor Baikov comes to Beijing in 1656 in an effort to open up diplomatic relations with China. However, misinterpreting the Chinese etiquette made him behave in a way that got the Chinese ministers to believe that Russia acknowledged China as her Master. A message was dispatched to Moscow. The letter contained instructions on the yearly tribute that the vassal 'Russia' must now pay. The Czar had no chance to protest as no one in Moscow could understand Chinese. The Russian government ignored the event as if it has never taken place and China was too busy being subjugated by the Manchu dynasty to care.;;;;;;;;;;7652 EVENTHIST3418;Nikon was the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1666. He undertook an extremely vigorous reform of church discipline and ritual with a view to purging accretions and eccentricities from the Russian rites. His reforms, particularly his correction of service books from the Greek (1654), created a schism in the church and inspired the formation of a major opposition sect, the Raskolniki, who retained the older usages banned by Nikon. Heterodox sects such as the Dukhobors formed and attached themselves to the Raskolniki to avoid persecution. By 1658, Nikon had aroused sufficiently powerful opposition to bring about his banishment, and in 1666 he was deposed and degraded. He was a figure unique in Russian church history, for he opposed any interference by the state in church affairs and considered the two institutions to be distinct and separate. His reforms were maintained after he was deposed.;;;;;;;;;;7653 EVENTHIST3417;Czar Alexis received a superficial education from his tutor Boris Ivanovich Morozov before acceding to the throne at the age of 16. Morozov, who was also Alexis' brother-in-law, initially took charge of state affairs, but in 1648 a popular uprising in Moscow forced Alexis to exile Morozov. Alexis bowed to the rebels' demands and convened a land assembly (zemski sobor), which in 1649 produced a new Russian code of laws (Sobornoye Ulozheniye), which legally defined serfdom.;;;;;;;;;;7654 EVENTHIST3416;Boris Godunov was elected in 1598 to succeed Fedor. He consolidated Russia's territorial gains, but, soon after he came to power, drought, famine, and plague killed a half million people in Muscovy. Peasants fled their villages, leaving their holdings reclaimed by weeds. In response Godunov decreed that the peasants were forbidden to leave the estates on which they were born (Ivan IV had passed a similar decree in 1581). The peasants had truly become serfs.;;;;;;;;;;7655 EVENTHIST3415;Liberating it from the Tatar invaders, the Muscovite state gathered strength and so did the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1448, not long before the Byzantine Empire collapsed, the Russian Church became, in effect, independent from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Metropolitan Jonas, installed by the Council of Russian bishops in 1448, was given the title of Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia. In the centuries to come, the growing might of the Muscovite state went hand in hand with the growing authority of the Autocephalous Russian Church. In 1589 Jeremias II, Patriarch of Constantinople, fleeing from Turkish oppression, visited Moscow. The Russians managed to persuade him to appoint metropolitan Job of Moscow patriarch - the final move towards full independence for the Russian Church.;;;;;;;;;;7656 EVENTHIST3414;During the power struggles over the succession of Ivan IV, the boyar Boris Godunov became regent in 1588. Following the murder of the Czar's son Dimitri in 1591, he was elected Czar and reigned till 1605. The Times of Troubles (Smuta 1605-1613) started had in fact started in 1601 when the 'False Dimitri.', an adventurer posing as the Czar's son arrived on the scene with Polish assistance, following famine and unrest. The Poles had taken Moscow in 1605, but the Boyars, with Swedish help (Sweden would receive Livonia in exchange of her intervention by the terms of the Treaty of Vyborg in 1609), managed to withstand both a second 'false Dimitri.' and the Poles who, although they took Smolensk in 1611, were forced out of Moscow in 1612 by a popular uprising. An assembly of the Empire elected a new Czar, Michael Romanov, who overcame the troubles and founded a new dynasty that would last till 1917.;;;;;;;;;;7657 EVENTHIST3413;Some of the most important Russian reforms of Government were instituted by Ivan IV. Ivan had built on the works of Ivan III and bound the Pomjesjtjik-class even closer to the monarchy. He also created a separate Chamber of Finance directly at his disposal, which provided a certain efficiency in the in- and outflow of cash. The abolition of the Kormlenije-system, a payment system for the provincial administration where salaries were paid 'in natura' directly from the hands of the peasants, and the redressing of the provincial administration organization made the monarchy much more efficient and powerful. Unfortunately for Russia, these reforms were not enough to hold the State afloat after the costly and disastrous Livonian Wars at the end of Ivan IV:s reign;;;;;;;;;;7658 EVENTHIST3412;The defection of one of Ivan's best field commanders, Prince Andrey Kurbsky, to Poland in 1564 greatly shocked the Czar, who announced later that year his intention of abdicating in view of the boyars' betrayal. The Muscovites, however, led by the clergy, implored him to continue to rule, and in 1565 he acceded to their request on condition that he should be allowed to deal with the traitors as he wished and that he should form an Oprichnina-i.e., an aggregate of territory that would be administered separately from the rest of the state and put under his immediate control as crown land. The term Oprichnina also refers to the reign of terror which was conducted by the oprichniki, members of the tsar's new court, who were primarily drawn from the lower gentry and foreign population. The terror culminated with the proscription of the entire population of Novgorod and the sack of that northern city, which opposed Muscovite dominance (1570). The policy reduced the boyars' political power, disrupted the Russian economy, and contributed to the centralization of the Muscovite state. After 1572, when the oprichniki were disbanded, the term dvor (court) replaced Oprichnina.;;;;;;;;;;7659 EVENTHIST3411;Ivan felt that trade with Europe depended on free access to the Baltic and decided to turn his attention westward. In 1558 he went to war in an attempt to establish Russian rule over Livonia (in present-day Latvia and Estonia). Russia was at first victorious and succeeded in destroying the Livonian knights, but their ally Lithuania became an integral part of Poland in 1569. The war dragged on - while the Swedes (guarding their own interests in Estonia) supported Poland against Russia, the Crimean Tatars attacked Astrakhan and even made an extensive incursion into Russia in 1571 - they sacked and burned Moscow, leaving only the Kremlin standing.;;;;;;;;;;7660 EVENTHIST3410;In 1543, only 14 years old and with astonishing force and bravery, Grand Prince Ivan IV ended the reign of terror of the Boyars. Behind him stood his friend Alexi Adashev and the talented priest Sylvestr, who would succeed the wise Makari as metropolitan of Moscow. Sylvestr and Adashev belonged to a group of advisors called the Chosen Council, which was of great help in reforming Russia during the earlier part of Ivan IV's reign but fell out of favor following the death of Ivan's first wife Anastasia in 1560. Ivan, who had become unbalanced after his grave illness in 1553, accused his old friends of having poisoned his wife and had them exiled, leaving no one to temper his brutality.;;;;;;;;;;7661 EVENTHIST3409;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, the Germans have reverted to Roman Catholicism and threaten to launch a crusade against us.;;;;;;;;;;7662 EVENTHIST3408;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has announced that he has signed an Agreement with Denmark and Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7663 EVENTHIST3407;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has announced that he has signed an Agreement with Poland and Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;7664 EVENTHIST3406;Immediately after the fall of Astrakhan, in the year 1557, Ivan IV launched a campaign in the steppes south of Kazan, the realm of the Nogaï Horde, heirs of some Mongol people. This was the first stepping stone for the expansion eastward. The Russian expansion eastward, led between 1560 and 1581 by Cossacks under Yermak and the private venture of the Stroganov merchants of Nijni-Novgorod had seen much territory fall under control of the Russian Czar. The conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1584 and the destruction of the last realm of Genghis Khans heirs in Siberia was the last step before the exploration and control of the vast hinterland, that would eventually see the Cossacks build cities out of their Ostrogs (simple fortifications to ensure transit) and reach the Pacific ocean at Okhotsk in 1645.;;;;;;;;;;7665 EVENTHIST3405;Ivan IV of Russia had extended the borders of his homeland far to the South and the East, but had met with strong resistance in the West, in particular in Livonia. Wars with Poland, Lithuania (then a part of Poland) and even Sweden would last till 1583. Poland had annexed Lithuania in 1569 and, after many defeats at the end of the Polish army, Ivan had to sign a peace treaty in 1582 where he lost all his previous Western gains in territory. Enmity between the two countries would remain high, culminating with the Polish occupation of Moscow (1610) during the Times of Troubles (1598-1618).;;;;;;;;;;7666 EVENTHIST3404;In 1552, Czar Ivan IV the Terrible had launched an expedition against the Khanate of Kazan, east of Nijni-Novgorod and a blocking point on the Volga. The use of heavy bombard guns breached the walls of the Tatar city, which was promptly overwhelmed and annexed. In 1556, in the wake of its success against Kazan four years earlier, Czar Ivan IV the Terrible launched a new expedition against the Khanate of Astrakhan, southward down the Volga. The capture of Astrakhan opened an access to the Caspian Sea and put the whole Volga basin under Russian control. Cities like Samara (1586), Saratov (1590) and Tsaritsyne (1589) were founded along the river to ensure proper control.;;;;;;;;;;7667 EVENTHIST3403;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox Faith never had a head figure like the Papa of the Catholic Faith. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until...Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7668 EVENTHIST3402;In the year 1497, in the month of September, the Grand Prince of all Rus' Ivan Vasilievic, with his children and boyars, compiled a code of law on how boyars and major-domos (okolnichii) are to administer justice.;;;;;;;;;;7669 EVENTHIST3401;After Muscovites invaded Novgorod in 1471 and Lithuania failed to come to Novgorod's assistance, Novgorod was forced to accept the Korostyn' Treaty, which further limited its independence. Ivan III, still wary of uprisings because of what happened to his father, deported many of the citizens of Novgorod. He also replaced leaders of the Novgorodian church with Russian Orthodox leaders. Lands were taken from the natives and given to cavalrymen in return for military service. After establishing the reform of land management, called the pomestie system, there, he introduced it into Muscovite. By seizing the local nobles', called boyars, estates and giving it to his army, he helped bolster and centralize his power (remember during this time, land is power) and create loyalty in his army and other servants. By 1489, Novgorod was a shell of its former self and now part of the ever-growing Russian state;;;;;;;;;;7670 EVENTHIST3400;Upon his ascension to the throne, Mahmud I was faced with the unpleasant task of restoring order after the Patrona Halil uprising in Constantinople in 1730. Advised by the Comte de Bonneval (Humbaraci Ahmed Pasa, a French convert to Islam), he initiated a series of comprehensive military reforms. The artillery corps was reorganized and a new military academy (Kara Muhendishanesi) was established.;;;;;;;;;;7671 EVENTHIST34;Navy reformation be it from new tactics weapons or command or any other reason often translated into better combat efficiency.;;;;;;;;;;7672 EVENTHIST3399;The Serbian independence movement grew strong under Karageorge and Milos Obrenovic in the first two decades of the 19th century. The two men hated each other, and Milos probably had Karageorge murdered in 1817. After the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29, Serbia finally became an internationally recognized principality under Turkish suzerainty and Russian protection.;;;;;;;;;;7673 EVENTHIST3398;Since the Ottoman conquest of 1517-1518, the Mameluks of Egypt had lost official independence, but managed to retain most of the levels of power, although nominally under command from a pasha nominated by the Sultan in Constantinople. In the late 18th century, the influence of the Turkish Pasha was insignificant and the Mameluk Beys behaved nearly as the rulers of an independent nation, paying tribute and taxes whenever they wanted and limiting their duties as Turkish vassals to the minimum. Under Mehmet Ali (who became viceroy in 1805 after French evacuation, and until his death in 1849), the factual independence became official at last.;;;;;;;;;;7674 EVENTHIST3397;In 1730, discontent with the westernization and the excesses of the ruling classes finally erupted in a rebellion led by Patrona Halil. Nevsehirli Ibrahim Pasa was killed and Ahmed III deposed. Not content with that, the pavilions and mansions were demolished to erase all traces of the Tulip Era.;;;;;;;;;;7675 EVENTHIST3396;During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Anatolia was afflicted with intermittent outbreaks of cholera and the bubonic plague.;;;;;;;;;;7676 EVENTHIST3395;During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Anatolia was afflicted with intermittent outbreaks of cholera and the bubonic plague.;;;;;;;;;;7677 EVENTHIST3394;When war broke out between Russia and Turkey, Ali Bey declared Egypt's independence and proposed to fight on the Russian side, refusing to pay any more taxes to the Ottomans. Next, he invaded Syria, but he was betrayed by his rival Ismaïl Bey and killed in 1773.;;;;;;;;;;7678 EVENTHIST3393;Under the rule of Sultan Ahmed III and Sadrazam Damat Ibrahim Pasha, the Ottoman Empire entered a period of unprecedented westernization. The printing press, previously outlawed by the Sheikh-ul-Islams, is introduced to the nation's capital. Ambassadors were sent to Western European nations for the first time in history. Modern textile, paper and porcelain manufactories were built. Despite these improvements, much of the treasury was also wasted on new palaces, gardens and parks in Istanbul. The lavish lifestyle of the royal family and the court aristocracy was intensely resented by the public and religious authorities.;;;;;;;;;;7679 EVENTHIST3392;In 1711, Ahmad Karamanli, a Turkish cavalry officer and Janissary Dey, killed the Ottoman governor of Tripolitania and prevailed upon the Sultan to name him Bey. The post of governor remained hereditary in the Karamanli family until 1835. While the Karamanlis formally answered to Istanbul, Tripolitania was in effect an autonomous state.;;;;;;;;;;7680 EVENTHIST3391;In the first decades of the 18th century the Beys and Deys (Janissary leaders) of Northern Africa were in a rebellious mood in the wake of the Peace of Carlowitz between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League. In 1705, Hussein bin Ali Agha of Cretan origin staged a coup and founded the Husseinic dynasty which ruled Tunisia until 1957. Tunisia did not become truly autonomous at once, but it gained a large measure of independence.;;;;;;;;;;7681 EVENTHIST3390;Poland and Turkey came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to Turkey and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by Turkey. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Turks and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Turkish withdrawal from Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7682 EVENTHIST3389;Poland and Turkey came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to Turkey and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by Turkey. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Turks and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Turkish withdrawal from Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7683 EVENTHIST3388;Poland and Turkey came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to Turkey and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by Turkey. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Turks and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Turkish withdrawal from Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7684 EVENTHIST3387;The Treaty of Kasr-i Sirin, signed between the Ottoman Empire and Persia in 1635, established borders that have changed little to this day. Hostilities between the two great empires decreased remarkably following the treaty as their relations steadily improved until 1722 when war broke out again. However, the treaty was dusted off and renewed in 1747.;;;;;;;;;;7685 EVENTHIST3386;During the reign of Ibrahim I, 'Kemankes' Kara Mustafa Pasha, was the Sadrazam, or prime minister. He tried to curtail overspending and revitalized the navy, but was finally executed by the Sultan in 1644. The Sultan had instead started to heed Jinji Hoja--a minor religious official with a reputation for occult powers who was brought into the palace to remedy the sultan's lack of heirs.;;;;;;;;;;7686 EVENTHIST3385;Born around 1575/1580 in the village of Radnick in Albania, Mehmed Köprülü was a young Christian boy taken by the devshirme system (abducted and raised in the Muslim faith, just like most Janissary troops). He started his career as a cook, then moved to the Treasury. A pasha in central Anatolia, he gained a name for himself as an excellent and honest administrator--a rare creature in the Ottoman Empire. Governor of Damascus, he was called by the mother of the young sultan Mehmed IV as Grand Vizier on 15th September 1656. A fierce fighter of corruption, he enacted many successful reforms, balanced the budget and led the war against Venice. After his death in 1661, his son Fazil Ahmed 'the Virtuous' succeeded him and governed till 1676. Other Grand Viziers such as Kara Mustafa (1676-1683), Mustafa Pasha (1689-1691) and Hussein Pasha (1697-1702) were his direct heirs.;;;;;;;;;;7687 EVENTHIST3384;Old Kösem Sultana, still meddling in high politics, probably attempted to have her grandson Mehmed IV killed, but was herself strangled by men in the entourage of her daughter-in-law, Turhan Sultan. Although the old conniving witch was hardly missed by most, she still had loyal supporters among the Janissaries, who were outraged by her murder.;;;;;;;;;;7688 EVENTHIST3383;At the end of the 16th century the recruitment policy for the Janissaries was relaxed to allow others than the specially raised and converted Christian children into their ranks. This event marked the beginning of the end for their effectiveness as a military force, transforming them instead into powerful and bothersome meddlers. Their dethronement and murder of Sultan Osman II in 1622 made clear that their power had to be broken. Young Osman tried and paid for it with his life...;;;;;;;;;;7689 EVENTHIST3382;In 1658 Central Anatolia once again rose up in revolt under a new breed of Jelalis.;;;;;;;;;;7690 EVENTHIST3381;The provincial governors, or 'Beys', were powerful men, usually ambitious, and not always loyal. Although the Ottoman Empire did not have a noble class or a feudal system like most European nations, the Beys were a close equivalent with many of the same intrinsic problems. Intrigues and internal feuds could escalate into little civil wars without the central government objecting overly much. Naturally, the Beys were reluctant to give up their powers and usually demanded even more concessions...even to the point of outright independence.;;;;;;;;;;7691 EVENTHIST3380;The provincial governors, or 'Beys', were powerful men, usually ambitious, and not always loyal. Although the Ottoman Empire did not have a noble class or a feudal system like most European nations, the Beys were a close equivalent with many of the same intrinsic problems. Intrigues and internal feuds could escalate into little civil wars without the central government objecting overly much. Naturally, the Beys were reluctant to give up their powers and usually demanded even more concessions...even to the point of outright independence.;;;;;;;;;;7692 EVENTHIST3379;The provincial governors, or 'Beys', were powerful men, usually ambitious, and not always loyal. Although the Ottoman Empire did not have a noble class or a feudal system like most European nations, the Beys were a close equivalent with many of the same intrinsic problems. Intrigues and internal feuds could escalate into little civil wars without the central government objecting overly much. Naturally, the Beys were reluctant to give up their powers and usually demanded even more concessions...even to the point of outright independence.;;;;;;;;;;7693 EVENTHIST3378;The Drusians of Lebanon and the Ottoman governor of Syria rose up against Ottoman rule in 1699. Yet again, the provincial system had produced a serious rebellion.;;;;;;;;;;7694 EVENTHIST3377;Ahmed I married a beautiful Greek slave girl who would prove a very mixed blessing to the people of the Ottoman Empire. Kösem Sultana ruled her husband as she would rule no less than four of his successors--with an iron grip. Kösem was the real power behind the throne, and although she was a very able ruler, she was not a very popular one.;;;;;;;;;;7695 EVENTHIST3376;In 1598 a sekban leader, Karayazici Abdülhalim, united the dissatisfied groups in Anatolia, forcing the towns to pay tribute and dominating the Sivas and Dulkadir provinces in central Anatolia. When Ottoman forces were sent against them the Jelalis withdrew to Urfa in southeastern Anatolia, making it the centre of resistance. Karayazici rejected offers of governorships in Anatolia and died in 1602. His brother Deli Hasan then seized Kutahya, in western Anatolia, but later he and his followers were won over by grants of governorships. The unrest, however, continued under the leadership of Janbuladoglu in Aleppo and Yusuf Pasa and Kalenderoglu in western Anatolia. They were finally suppressed by the grand vizier Kuyucu Murad Pasa, who by 1610 had eliminated a large number of Jelalis.;;;;;;;;;;7696 EVENTHIST3375;Sultan Süleyman I became known as Kanuni--Lawgiver--to his own people thanks to his huge legal reforms and just rule. By codifying the secular laws, 'kanun', he lessened the importance of the rigid Muslim Shari'ah laws.;;;;;;;;;;7697 EVENTHIST3374;Mimar Sinan planned and oversaw the construction of countless mosques, aqueducts, bathhouses, bridges, palaces, caravanserais and schools during his half-a-century long career. His masterpieces are the Selimiye and Suleymaniye Mosques in Adrianople and Constantinople respectively.;;;;;;;;;;7698 EVENTHIST3373;The treacherous governor of the newly conquered Mameluk Egypt, Canbirdi Ghazeli, rose up in rebellion against the Ottomans hoping to re-establish the Mameluk state under his own leadership.;;;;;;;;;;7699 EVENTHIST3372;In the 1520's, the brothers Barberus, who were Greek renegades who had gone on piracy ventures in the Barbary Coast of Algiers. After much fighting, Arudj, the elder brother, assassinated the pasha of Algiers, but was later himself killed in a combat. His brother Kayr al Din succeeded him and had, at some time, 100 galleys and 4,000 pirates that he used to terrorize the whole Mediterranean. Having received a regular commission of admiral from the Sultan, he placed Al Djazaïr (Algeria) under Ottoman sovereignty prompting Spanish expeditions against Algiers.;;;;;;;;;;7700 EVENTHIST3371;Following the spectacularly successful Mameluk campaign, Sultan Selim I brought the last of the Abbasid caliphs to Istanbul as his 'guest'. The title of Caliph was then transferred to the House of Osman. Henceforth Ottoman monarchs were also the spiritual leaders of all Sunni Muslims.;;;;;;;;;;7701 EVENTHIST3370;Yet again the Shiites of Eastern Anatolia rose up in rebellion, this time led by a charismatic man named Celal. For centuries, subsequent uprisings in Asia Minor, whether of religious nature or not, were to be called Celali.;;;;;;;;;;7702 EVENTHIST3369;Ismaïl emerged at the age of 14 to take his father's position as head of the Kizilbash (a Shiite Turkmen tribe). He quickly established a base of power in north-western Persia, and in 1501 he took the city of Tabriz and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran. In a succession of swift conquests he crushed the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep Turks) and resurrected the nation of Iran under his Safavid dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;7703 EVENTHIST3368;Cem Sultan, the governor of Karaman and Konya rebelled against his older brother Sultan Beyazid II upon the death of their father. However, Bayezid had broader support in court and Cem was ultimately defeated. He fled to Rhodes, where he remained a captive of the Knights of St. John until his death in 1494.;;;;;;;;;;7704 EVENTHIST3367;Selim I, called the Grim, was an ascetic man with a sharp mind. Seeing the threat of the great Christian navies, especially the Venetian one, he realized that the Ottoman Empire had to greatly expand its navy. In emulation of the Arsenale in Venice, he thus ordered the construction of the 'Imperial Halic Shipyard' in Constantinople. The great shipyard stood complete in 1517.;;;;;;;;;;7705 EVENTHIST3366;Süleyman I was probably the greatest of the Ottoman Sultans. Called Kanuni (Lawgiver), he was an unsurpassed administrator who realized that the power of the provincial Beys had to be curbed by a strong central government. Thus he struggled to promote a powerful royal bureaucracy which was not popular in all camps...;;;;;;;;;;7706 EVENTHIST3365;The infidel dogs, the Knights of St. John, seized one of our treasure carracks off the coast of Alexandria but decided to let it go - no doubt fearing our reprisal.;;;;;;;;;;7707 EVENTHIST3364;In 1569 a richly laden Turkish vessel was seized near Alexandria by two galleys of the Knights of St. John on a privateering expedition. The nine percent levy aid on the value of the landed booty was a welcome addition to the common treasury and no doubt was instrumental in helping Grand Master Pietro del Monte (1568-72) to decide to encourage further similar forays.;;;;;;;;;;7708 EVENTHIST3363;The Spahi revolts in Eastern Anatolia encouraged the Persian Shah to seek revenge for the humiliating losses incurred by Murad III. War broke out yet again in 1603.;;;;;;;;;;7709 EVENTHIST3362;Murad III, a Sultan ruled by women, fought the Persians in an exhausting war (1578-90) that severely strained the Empire and forced heavy taxes upon the citizens. Though the war was not for nothing--Persia had to cede Azerbaijan, Tiflis and Hamadan to the Ottomans--the resources might have been better spent elsewhere.;;;;;;;;;;7710 EVENTHIST3361;Süleyman the Great fought many wars with Persia to the overall advantage of the Ottomans. Yet another serious conflict sailed up on the horizon in 1559, when the Princes Selim and Bayezid fought each other in a civil war. Bayezid lost and fled to Persia in 1561, where he probably hoped to gain the support of the Shah, but Süleyman managed to get him returned for a large sum of gold. Bayezid and his sons were then executed in the most tragic event of Süleyman's life.;;;;;;;;;;7711 EVENTHIST3360;Ever since the Safavid Shah Ismail the Great threw off the yoke of the White Sheep Turks to re-establish Persia as a nation, the Shiite heresy had grown stronger in Anatolia. Near the end of the reign of Bayezid II, the Kizilbash (Shiite Turkmen) rose up in revolt against the Sunni regime. Supported by Shah Ismail and Bayezid's own son Ahmed, the rebels threatened to change the course of Ottoman history...;;;;;;;;;;7712 EVENTHIST3359;Since the capture of Constantinople by the Turks on May 29th, 1453, Venice had seen its commercial positions in the Black Sea deteriorate. Numerous wars had been fought between 1456 and 1490, pitching the Republic against the Ottomans, with the consequence of Venice losing more pieces of her commercial empire (inherited from the 4th Crusade in 1204) in the Aegean sea and in Greece (Athens in 1460, Negrepont in 1470). A war erupted again in 1499, Venice losing fortresses in Morea such as Modon, Coron and Navarrin.;;;;;;;;;;7713 EVENTHIST3358;Mehmed II codified the tribal laws of Kayi Turks--the 'Atam-Dedem Kanunu' (Laws of the Forefathers)--thus giving them official recognition along with Islamic and Roman laws which were already in use. Together, they are known as the 'Kanunname-i Ali Osman' in the Ottoman Turkish language. Mehmed II thus becomes the first Lawgiver.;;;;;;;;;;7714 EVENTHIST3357;Enderun (the Imperial College) was established by Mehmed II in Constantinople. Promising devsirmes (kidnapped Christian children from the Balkans) and sons of prominent Ottoman officials were trained in literature, theology, engineering, mathematics etc. at Enderun, preparing them for government service as civil servants and janissaries. The janissaries became rivals to the landed timariot spahi soldiers that made up the bulk of the Ottoman army, and tensions were inevitable between the two classes.;;;;;;;;;;7715 EVENTHIST3356;Molla Fenari becomes the first Sheikh-ul-Islam in 1425. This was an office whose main function was to ensure that the conduct of government was in accordance with Islamic law. In later eras, Sheikh-ul-Islams were to wield tremendous influence in government affairs, plot against the Sultans, incite Janissary uprisings and prevent the modernization of the army and civil service.;;;;;;;;;;7716 EVENTHIST3355;The reigns of Mehmed I and Murad II saw the Ottoman Empire reunified after the crushing defeat it had suffered at the hands of Tamerlane. The military was expanded and reformed to match any potential threat and ensure further expansion. It was also during this period that the Ottomans started to realize the vital importance of a strong navy.;;;;;;;;;;7717 EVENTHIST3354;The reigns of Mehmed I and Murad II saw the Ottoman Empire reunified after the crushing defeat it had suffered at the hands of Tamerlane. The military was expanded and reformed to match any potential threat and ensure further expansion. It was also during this period that the Ottomans started to realize the vital importance of a strong navy.;;;;;;;;;;7718 EVENTHIST3353;Mehmed II's first action upon conquering Constantinople was marching into the Hagia Sofia and converting it into a mosque. The Sultan planned to make the great city the capital of a new revitalized--and Moslem--version of the Eastern Roman Empire. Mehmed dreamed of expanding the borders of his empire to match the Byzantines at their peak. He did not live to see that happen, but he did oversee the move of the Ottoman capital to Constantinople, which henceforth became known as Istanbul.;;;;;;;;;;7719 EVENTHIST3352;Prior to his conquest of Constantinople Mehmed II signed several generous agreements with the mercantile empires of Venice and Genoa to ensure their neutrality, but when the great city had fallen he was not late in breaking the western merchants' strangle-hold on the Black Sea trade. Mehmed was a mercantilist who strived to maintain state control over the merchants, yet his protectionist measures had the intended effect and the Ottoman economy thrived.;;;;;;;;;;7720 EVENTHIST3351;As the English colonists in America had to fend for themselves against Indians, French and Spanish troops there evolved a certain kind of self-assurance, a pride of their own. They started to get a self-identity that was not English but American. This fact would increase the fire of the American Revolution in the 1770's.;;;;;;;;;;7721 EVENTHIST3350;As the English colonists in America had to fend for themselves against Indians, French and Spanish troops there evolved a certain kind of self-assurance, a pride of their own. They started to get a self-identity that was not English but American. This fact would increase the fire of the American Revolution in the 1770's.;;;;;;;;;;7722 EVENTHIST3349;As the English colonists in America had to fend for themselves against Indians, French and Spanish troops there evolved a certain kind of self-assurance, a pride of their own. They started to get a self-identity that was not English but American. This fact would increase the fire of the American Revolution in the 1770's.;;;;;;;;;;7723 EVENTHIST3348;The settlement of white people in North and South American had reached considerable proportions in the 18th century (they were nearly 2.5 million whites in North America at the time). Seeing their hunting and farming grounds taken over by settlers, the few remaining hard-pressed tribes would go on rampage and raid nearby settlements with total savagery, matched equally by the white reprisals.;;;;;;;;;;7724 EVENTHIST3347;The settlement of a growing number of white people in the colonies brought discontent and hatred both among the natives and the settlers. The English colonists would ignore the natives as long as they could grab their land and would suppress, on false pretexts, all attempts at reaction and redress of wrongs. The French were more conciliatory towards natives, trying to convert and assimilate them into their religion, realm and culture. However, they also sometimes gained the enmity of powerful tribes (such as the Mohawks) by their interference in Indian tribal conflicts and fur trade control. Once in a while, hard-pressed tribe would go on rampage and raid nearby settlements with total savagery, matched equally by the white reprisals.;;;;;;;;;;7725 EVENTHIST3346;The settlement of a growing number of white people in the colonies brought discontent and hatred both among the natives and the settlers. The English colonists would ignore the natives as long as they could grab their land and would suppress, on false pretexts, all attempts at reaction and redress of wrongs. The French were more conciliatory towards natives, trying to convert and assimilate them into their religion, realm and culture. However, they also sometimes gained the enmity of powerful tribes (such as the Mohawks) by their interference in Indian tribal conflicts and fur trade control. Once in a while, hard-pressed tribe would go on rampage and raid nearby settlements with total savagery, matched equally by the white reprisals.;;;;;;;;;;7726 EVENTHIST3345;When the English colonists arrived in America they immediately met Native Americans. Slowly they pressed the Natives back and conquered more land to settle. But they did not manage to subjugate the Native American, whom moved deeper into their vast continent. More or less from the outset the colonists where plagued by Indian raids, pillaging and burning their farms and hamlets. The Anglo-French and Anglo-Spanish competition did not make the things easier for the colonists as the French and the Spaniards induced the Natives to raid and sometimes provided guns and leadership. In this situation His Majesty's Government in London had two possibilities. Either to invest in a perimeter defense of forts and garrisons or let the colonials form into militias and solve the defense on their own. The first solution was costly and London rarely viewed it a viable option. However the price London had to pay was a growing self-assurance among the colonists, a self-assurance that would become a serious problem in 1773.;;;;;;;;;;7727 EVENTHIST3344;When the English colonists arrived in America they immediately met Native Americans. Slowly they pressed the Natives back and conquered more land to settle. But they did not manage to subjugate the Native American, whom moved deeper into their vast continent. More or less from the outset the colonists where plagued by Indian raids, pillaging and burning their farms and hamlets. The Anglo-French and Anglo-Spanish competition did not make the things easier for the colonists as the French and the Spaniards induced the Natives to raid and sometimes provided guns and leadership. In this situation His Majesty's Government in London had two possibilities. Either to invest in a perimeter defense of forts and garrisons or let the colonials form into militias and solve the defense on their own. The first solution was costly and London rarely viewed it a viable option. However the price London had to pay was a growing self-assurance among the colonists, a self-assurance that would become a serious problem in 1773.;;;;;;;;;;7728 EVENTHIST3343;When the English colonists arrived in America they immediately met Native Americans. Slowly they pressed the Natives back and conquered more land to settle. But they did not manage to subjugate the Native American, whom moved deeper into their vast continent. More or less from the outset the colonists where plagued by indian raids, pillaging and burning their farms and hamlets. The Anglo-French and Anglo-Spanish competition did not make the things easier for the colonists as the French and the Spaniards induced the Natives to raid and sometimes provided guns and leadership. In this situation His Majesty's Government in London had two possibilities. Either to invest in a perimeter defense of forts and garrisons or let the colonials form into militias and solve the defense on their own. The first solution was costly and London rarely viewed it a viable option. However the price London had to pay was a growing self-assurance among the colonists, a self-assurance that would become a serious problem in 1773.;;;;;;;;;;7729 EVENTHIST3342;On 5th may 1789 the General Estates met at Versailles. The different sections of the French society were divided on which issues and what to decide. Only farmers wanted a social reform, while some noblemen could accept a constitutional reform. The Bourgeois was ambiguous, as they on one hand wanted to share the right of the nobility and on the other hand not franchise the populace. However, that a financial reform was needed were beyond doubt by all members. On several occasions the king counteracted initiatives to produce a constitutional and social reform and on 11th July the king dismissed the popular minister of finance, Necker, took over government and started to send troops to Versailles. This was just too much for the frustrated and on 14th July the Bastille was stormed. A revolutionary wave went through the masses and as the politicians failed to produce justice for all people took the matters in their own hands. The French Revolution had begun...;;;;;;;;;;7730 EVENTHIST3341;Count Mörner believed that Sweden needed a French Marshal as King and asked Bernadotte, the Prince of Pontocorvo, of he would accept. After that Mörner went to Napoleon to get the Emperor's consent. Napoleon judged Bernadotte as a schemer and wanted to get rid of him and thus accepted. Back in Sweden, Mörner told the Parliament that Bernadotte had accepted and that Napoleon supported him. So the Parliament was more or less forced to elect Bernadotte.;;;;;;;;;;7731 EVENTHIST3340;Joseph II was a controversial ruler. He began his reign with liberal reforms like the Edict of Toleration, which gave Lutherans, Calvinists, and Orthodox near equality with Roman Catholics. He also abolished serfdom and (temporarily) eased up on official censorship. However, Joseph was also an extreme centralist. In 1784 he informed the Hungarian government that it's official language, Latin, was really not effective for modern government and would be changed to German. To add to their horror, Joseph refused to submit to a coronation in Hungary lest he have to swear to uphold laws that he did not wish to, and then he had the sacred crown of the kingdom moved to Vienna. In March 1787 Joseph swept away the constitution of the Austrian Netherlands and announced that from then on it would be ruled according to absolutist principles. Resistance simmered in the Austrian Netherlands until 1789 when it boiled over into open revolt. By that time there also were rumors of rebellion in Hungary and in Galicia, and for a time it appeared as if revolution might erupt in many parts of the monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;7732 EVENTHIST3339;At long last, serfdom is formally abolished in Estonia and Latvia. Peasants in Lithuania, as well as in Russia proper, have to wait another 50 years before serfdom is struck from the books. But while the Estonians and Latvians gain their freedom by law, their lives do not change that much in practice: German barons continue to own all the land, and they retain rights to restrict the movement of peasants and to inflict physical punishment. Without land, most peasants can't sustain themselves economically and are forced to keep working for their centuries-old German masters.;;;;;;;;;;7733 EVENTHIST3338;Following the first partition of the country in 1772, the 1788-1791 Fours Years Diet of Poland took opportunity of the war between Russia, Turkey and Sweden (1788-1790) to attempt the transformation of Poland into a hereditary constitutional monarchy, which was proclaimed in the Constitution of May 1791. Influenced by Russia, the opposition forced the King to join and called Russian troops to restore order. This led to a further partition of the country in 1793, between Prussia and Russia, which deprived Poland of most of her territory. She would disappear after the 1794 popular uprising of Kosziucko and the final dissolution of the state in 1795.;;;;;;;;;;7734 EVENTHIST3337;Stanislas II Poniatowsky (1764-1795) had been elected King of Poland under Russian pressure. The favorite of Catherine II of Russia, he aspired to reform the conditions of his realm, described as anarchy tempered by civil war. Russia placed her supporters in the 1767 Confederation of Slutsk to prevent any curtailment in the Liberum Veto. Civil war occurred in 1768 and by 1772, the powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria, under the inspiration of Frederick II, proceeded to the first partition of Poland, taking border provinces from her and demanding that the Liberum Veto be maintained and all reforms abandoned.;;;;;;;;;;7735 EVENTHIST3336;Maria Theresa determined from the outset of her reign that the Habsburg monarchy would never again be perceived as too weak to defend itself. Consequently, even while the war was under way she had been studying reforms, and when it ended she immediately began implementing them. First and foremost was reform of the army. Maria Theresa realized, however, that no military reform would be effective without financial reform and in this area she (advised by the brilliant Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von Haugwitz) achieved her perhaps greatest accomplishments. Following the military and financial reforms other changes came, generally in administrative matters. Although these reforms were subjected to many modifications and changes throughout Maria Theresa's reign and after, the result was a government far more centralized than it had ever been before.;;;;;;;;;;7736 EVENTHIST3335;In 1578 Alessandro Farnese, son of the former regent Margerete, arrives in the Netherlands. Farnese have good character and is humane, as well as being both a good general and politician. In him William of Oranien get a powerful opponent. Farnese quickly understands that Austria only can keep its mastery of the Netherlands if it complies with the wishes of the catholic provinces. In 1579 Farnese manages to get some of the southern catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which makes peace with Austria. However some of the Northern provinces now create the Union of Utrecht the first sign of a new country. Later on Farnese uses the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North and the northerners are only saved by the thirteen year long war between Austria and the Ottomans that started in 1593.;;;;;;;;;;7737 EVENTHIST3334;In 1567 the Duke of Alba arrived in the Netherlands bringing Croat and German Elite troops and very determined to break the Dutch Insurrection. Alba issues the Edict of Blood, which allow him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition is intensified and hundreds of people are executed. In 1568 Alba arrest and execute the Count Horn and Egmont making William of Oranien the only leader left to take up the flag. In 1570 Alba by himself introduces a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch have paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spreads in the Netherlands...In 1573 it is clear that the 'Heroic General' has failed to subjugate the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;7738 EVENTHIST3333;A young Transylvanian, Imre Tököll, led a revolt that forced Leopold in 1681 to restore the constitution and revoke many of his harshest measures. The Porte, encouraged by Tököll's successes against the empire, sent into Hungary a vast army that in 1683 reached the walls of Vienna.;;;;;;;;;;7739 EVENTHIST3332;The Turkish occupation of central Hungary remained a volatile issue, for every Hungarian resented the Habsburgs' policy of leaving the Turks unmolested while pursuing ambitious objectives in the west. Emperor Leopold sent a force against the Turks - but, although the Austrian general Raimondo Montecuccoli defeated the Turks at Szentgotthárd on Aug. 1, 1664, the subsequent Peace of Vasvár recognized all the sultan's gains. Now even the highest magnates of Royal Hungary plotted to expel the Habsburgs with Turkish and French help. Your Excellency, the Hungarian magnates are untrustworthy. Perhaps we should consider a reorganization of the provincial government...;;;;;;;;;;7740 EVENTHIST3331;Ferdinand I started to reorganize Austrian administration. In 1527 he created new central organs: the Geheimer Rat, for foreign affairs and dynastic matters;;;;;;;;;;7741 EVENTHIST3330;Upon becoming duchess of Brittany, the young Anne's hand was eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria, King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragón sent forces to Anne's aid. Nevertheless, Anne's situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength. Besieged at Rennes in 1491, Anne was forced by the French to annul her marriage and was quickly married to Charles VIII. Your Excellency, the French have outmaneuvered us. Shall we accept this turn of events?;;;;;;;;;;7742 EVENTHIST3329;Upon becoming duchess of Brittany, the young Anne's hand was eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria, King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragón sent forces to Anne's aid. Nevertheless, Anne's situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength... Your Excellency, the Duchess may not be beautiful, but she is a stone in Charles VIII's shoe!;;;;;;;;;;7743 EVENTHIST3328;The Habsburg ruler reserved two places for Hungarians in the Hofrat which he was organizing as his central advisory council for his dominions as a whole - it was they themselves who failed to take up the offer;;;;;;;;;;7744 EVENTHIST3327;In 1578 the Duke of Mayenne, member of the powerful Guise family, arrives in the Netherlands. The Duke of Mayenne have good character and is efficient, as well as being both a good general and politician. In him William of Oranien get a powerful opponent. Mayenne quickly understands that France only can keep its mastery of the Netherlands if it complies with the wishes of the catholic provinces. In 1579 France manages to get some of the southern catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which makes peace with France. However some of the Northern provinces now create the Union of Utrecht the first sign of a new country. Later on Mayenne uses the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North and the northerners are only saved by the murder-attempt of Mayennes two elder brothers in 1588 forcing him to leave for France immediately.;;;;;;;;;;7745 EVENTHIST3326;In 1567 the Duke of Guise arrived in the Netherlands bringing French Elite troops and very determined to break the Dutch Insurrection. Guise issues the Edict of Blood, which allow him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition is intensified and hundreds of people are executed. In 1568 Guise arrest and execute the Count Horn and Egmont making William of Oranien the only leader left to take up the flag. In 1570 Guise by himself introduce a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch have paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spreads in the Netherlands...In 1573 it is clear that the 'General of the League' has failed to subjugate the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;7746 EVENTHIST3325;In 1566 Dutch Nobles courts the regent Margerete of Parma in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene. The only answer they get is from the Count de Barlaymont saying 'Ce Gueux' (These Beggars!) in a spiteful voice. The Dutch take to that name with pride calling themselves 'The Gueses'. One of the effects of the insulting denial is that the citizenry of Antwerpen storms the churches and destroy the relics and paintings. It then spread from town to town. Knowing the effect in Paris William of Oranien try to stop these acts of violence, but it's futile. The grass has caught fire...;;;;;;;;;;7747 EVENTHIST3324;The Anjou family continues the rule its lands after the death of Rene I, however they adhere to our suzerainty.;;;;;;;;;;7748 EVENTHIST3323;The French crown has inherited the lands of René I of the Anjou family.;;;;;;;;;;7749 EVENTHIST3322;Anne of Brittany sought throughout her life to maintain the independence of Brittany within the French kingdom. The daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany and Marguerite de Foix, Anne became Duchess of Brittany in 1488 when her father died without leaving a male heir. France, to which Brittany had feudal obligations, tried to secure Brittany in order to extend its territory. To counter this threat Anne married Maximilian I of Austria (later emperor) by proxy in 1490, but France had this marriage annulled the following year. That same year the French regent, Anne of France, invaded Brittany and forced Anne to surrender and marry Charles VIII of France. In 1498 Charles died and Anne married his successor, Louis XII. Anne insisted that Brittany's rights and privileges should be maintained and that the duchy should be inherited separately from France - by the eldest daughter or second son of her marriage to Louis. She devoted the rest of her life to the administration of Brittany. Despite Anne's efforts Brittany formally became part of France in 1532 when Francis, Duke of Angoulême, who had married Anne's daughter Claude, became King Francis I of France.;;;;;;;;;;7750 EVENTHIST3321;Anne of Brittany sought throughout her life to maintain the independence of Brittany within the French kingdom. The daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany and Marguerite de Foix, Anne became Duchess of Brittany in 1488 when her father died without leaving a male heir. France, to which Brittany had feudal obligations, tried to secure Brittany in order to extend its territory. To counter this threat Anne married Maximilian I of Austria (later emperor) by proxy in 1490, but France had this marriage annulled the following year. That same year the French regent, Anne of France, invaded Brittany and forced Anne to surrender and marry Charles VIII of France. In 1498 Charles died and Anne married his successor, Louis XII. Anne insisted that Brittany's rights and privileges should be maintained and that the duchy should be inherited separately from France - by the eldest daughter or second son of her marriage to Louis. She devoted the rest of her life to the administration of Brittany. Despite Anne's efforts Brittany formally became part of France in 1532 when Francis, Duke of Angoulême, who had married Anne's daughter Claude, became King Francis I of France.;;;;;;;;;;7751 EVENTHIST3320;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Maximilian of Habsburg. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Maximilian inheritance was transmitted to Philip the Fair, their son and husband of the Spanish heir. Their only son, Charles V, would reign over Spanish and Habsburg territories.;;;;;;;;;;7752 EVENTHIST3319;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Charles of France. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Charles inheritance was transmitted to Louis the Spider King, their son. Ruling over France and 'Lothars Kingdom' only the Imperial Crown lay between him and the rebirth of the Empire of Charlemagne...;;;;;;;;;;7753 EVENTHIST3318;On the death of Charles VI on Oct. 21, 1422, Charles VII assumed the title of king of France. His worst difficulties were of a financial nature: the taxes voted by the States General (representative assembly) were insufficient for his needs;;;;;;;;;;7754 EVENTHIST3317;Gilles de Rais was a marshal of France and man of wealth whose distinguished career ended in a celebrated trial for satanism, abduction, and child murder. The trial revealed that de Rais was not alone in his perversity. In the beginning, he kept the number of conspirators at a minimum, but as time went on and the tally of victims rose, more people both men and women, were brought into the butchery. It is still not totally clear if de Rais was innocent or a psychotic murderer. However, France's enemies had lot to win by his demise as he had been one of Jean d'Arc's favorite generals.;;;;;;;;;;7755 EVENTHIST3316;In 1578 Alessandro Farnese, son of the former regent Margerete, arrived in the Netherlands. Farnese had good character and was humane, as well as being a good general and politician. In him William of Oranien got a powerful opponent. Farnese quickly understood that Spain only could keep its mastery of the Netherlands if it complied with the wishes of the catholic provinces. In 1579 Farnese managed to get some of the southern catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which made peace with Spain. However some of the Northern provinces then created the Union of Utrecht the first sign of a new country. Later on Farnese used the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North and the northerners were only saved by the multiple events of the War between England and Spain and the sudden death of Farnese in 1592.;;;;;;;;;;7756 EVENTHIST3315;In 1567 the Duke of Alba arrived in the Netherlands bringing Spanish Elite troops and very determined to break the Dutch Insurrection. Alba issued the Edict of Blood, which allowed him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition was intensified and hundreds of people were executed. In 1568 Alba arrested and executed the Count Horn and Egmont making William of Oranien the only leader left to take up the flag. In 1570 Alba by himself introduced a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch had paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spread in the Netherlands...In 1573 it was clear that the 'Heroic General' had failed to subjugate the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;7757 EVENTHIST3314;René I have willed us the suzerainty of his lands, in an attempt to keep the lands of the Anjou family from being incorporated into the domains of the French crown.;;;;;;;;;;7758 EVENTHIST3313;Recalled to office in April 1784, Bernstorff, until his death, served as foreign minister in a moderate liberal government. He supported a series of reform measures including the regulation of landlord-peasant relations and the emancipation of the serfs. In foreign affairs, Bernstorff carefully pursued a policy of neutrality. When the French Revolution broke out, he condemned any interference in the domestic affairs of France and avoided every anti-French coalition. In March 1794 he negotiated a neutrality treaty with Sweden for protecting the merchant shipping of both countries by combined squadrons. Bernstorff's foreign policy won him the respect of European diplomats - his domestic policy gained him such popularity among the Danes that his death (June 21, 1797) was regarded as a national calamity.;;;;;;;;;;7759 EVENTHIST3312;Høegh-Guldberg was of humble background. He earned a theology degree in 1753, and in 1761 became professor of rhetoric at Sorø academy. He was appointed tutor to Prince Frederik, half brother of the future king Charles VII, in 1764. As Frederick's private secretary in 1771, he shared Frederik's hostility to Count Johann Friedrich Struensee, then supreme in Denmark through his domination of Christian VII - Høegh-Guldberg took part in a conspiracy that led to Struensee's arrest and execution in 1772. Thereafter, Høegh-Guldberg, along with Prince Frederik and the dowager queen Juliana Maria, gained significant power in the Danish state. In 1774 Høegh-Guldberg was made confidential cabinet secretary. Soon, without consulting the other council ministers, he was issuing orders signed by the incompetent Christian VII. He took over control of foreign policy after dismissing foreign minister Count A.P. Bernstorff in 1780. Høegh-Guldberg was forced out of power during a 1784 coup d'état led by Prince Frederik.;;;;;;;;;;7760 EVENTHIST3311;Denmark was and is primarily an agricultural nation, and it was one of the first to adopt the new farming methods and tools that were invented in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Fields were reallotted, improved ploughs were used, crop rotation was introduced and new high-yield crops (potato, Indian corn) from the new world were taken into wide use. Not all of the reforms were greeted with joy by the peasants, but the most unpopular by far involved the splitting of villages into separate farms so that the peasants could live closer to their fields.;;;;;;;;;;7761 EVENTHIST331049;Born in the Castle of Mirandola (in the Duchy of Modena) at the age of fourteen went to Bologna to study Canon Law, but, repelled by the purely positivist science of Law, he traveled to chief universities of Italy and France where he studied Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Latin and Greek as well as the philosophy of Averroes. In December 1486, Pico published in Rome his 900 these and invited all scholars to a public disputation in January, 1487. However, Pope Innocent VIII suspended the disputation and appointed a commission to examine the theses. Pico published an Apologia to defend his theses, but this only made things worse and started a conflict with the Papal authorities that lasted for the rest of his life. Pico then fled to Florence, where he became an important part of the Academy there, even though he stood in opposition to the standard Platonism fashionable there. His most important work - which is still studied by philosophers today - was the Oration on the Dignity of Man, which was probably originally composed in preparation for the disputation. It held that man was separate from the rest of nature not because we were the center of the universe, but because we are free to become either animals or angels, or, that is, anything in it: ''I have set thee,' says the Creator to Adam, 'in the midst of the world, that thou mayst the more easily behold and see all that is therein. I created thee a being neither heavenly nor earthly, neither mortal nor immortal only, that thou mightest be free to shape and to oversome thyself. Thou mayst sink into a beast, and be born anew to the divine likeness. To thee alone is given a growth and a development depending on thine own free will. Thou bearest in thee the germs of a universal life.'' In his later life he dedicated his work to defending Christianity against the Jews and Mohammedans and became a follower of Savonarola. His interest in Kabbalah led to a broad current of Christian Kabbalahism which included John Reuchlin and remained important throughout the 16th century. On Pico's deathbed, Savonarola had a vision where the Virgin came to assure him that Pico would not die. Savonarola explained this vision later by saying that the Virgin meant the 'second' life, not the first. In his funeral oration for his friend, Savonarola criticized Pico for not entering a monastic order, but reassured his audience that Pico would be found safely in Purgatory, due to the preacher's alms and prayers. Pico della Mirandola died on 17 November 1494, the day King Charles VIII entered Italy. The Oration was published posthumously.;;;;;;;;;;7762 EVENTHIST331048;Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was one of the most influential figures of the Enlightenment in Germany and can be considered the father of the modern German theater and literary criticism. Born in Upper Lusatia in 1729, he came in contact with literature and philosophy at the university of Meissen. After working quite unsuccessfully as a playwright and literary critic in Leipzig, Berlin, Breslau and Hamburg, he finally got an office as librarian in Wolfenbüttel, paid by his patron, the elector of Hannover. He was strongly influenced by classic poetry and dramaturgy and, especially, by Shakespeare and wanted German theater to follow these ideals instead of the French classical theater. While he tried to contribute to the establishment of a German national theater in Hamburg between 1766-1769 (which eventually failed), he wrote down his ideas of a drama true to the spirit of Aristotelian dramatic unities and devoted to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment in the Hamburgische Dramaturgie. According to him, the audience should be made to identify with the actors through pity and fear, and, witnessing the catastrophic outcome, be freed from unnatural desires and emotions. He opposed simple, unrealistic black-and-white characters and introduced more ambivalent personalities in his plays. Most of them were set in a middle-class environment and advocate the ideals of the burghers, thus following Lessing's idea of the Bürgerliches Trauerspiel. His most famous plays are Miss Sara Sampson (1755), Minna von Barnhelm (1763), Emilia Galotti (1772) and Nathan der Weise (1779), the last being the most prominent one due to its controversial plea for tolerance and religous freedom. Lessing was also important as a merciless and aggressive literary critic, the first who in a brillant way honestly expressed his opinion of contemporary literature.;;;;;;;;;;7763 EVENTHIST331047;William Blake was born to a middle class family in London on 28 November 1757. Blake worked in his father's shop until his talent for drawing became so obvious that he was apprenticed to an engraver at the age of 14. Finishing his apprenticeship at the age of 21, Blake set out to make a living as an engraver. Blake, however, was not much of a businessman and much more interested in exploring the mystical visions he claimed he had. He explored his visions through his poetry, which was all printed with accompanying illustrations engraved in copper plates (through a method he claimed he 'received' in a dream. Although Blake's poetry was never recognized by many during his life, he was sufficiently intriguing to the elites to belong to a circle of radicals in London which included William Godwin, Mary Wollenstonecraft and Thomas Paine. Blake was a revolutionary that especially hated the doctrinaire attitude of organized religion, 'Remove away that black'ning church:/Remove away that marriage hearse:/Remove away that place of blood:/You'll quite remove the ancient curse' but hated Voltaire and Rousseau just as much for they were prophets of the unspiritual, the rational and scientific life. Blake's poetry paved the way for the transcendentalism of later poets (especially in the United States) and, paradoxically, represented the anti-intellectualism which was so important to the advent of nationalism and the 20th Century's totalitarian states. He also was one of the first writers to react to the Industrial Revolution. His poetry and illustrations rank among the best ever produced in the West. His most famous series of poems today are 'Songs of Innocence/Songs of Experience', which was first printed in 1783. He died in 1827 and was buried in an unmarked grave.;;;;;;;;;;7764 EVENTHIST331046;Baruch Spinza (1632-77) was born to Portuguese Jews who had emigrated to the Netherlands in order to escape the Inquisition. His early education was Talmudic, but he was excommunicated from the synagogue at Amsterdam for defending heretical ideas in 1656. At about that time he abandoned the Hebrew form of his name, Baruch, for its Latin equivalent, Benedict. Writing and studying in private, Spinoza supported himself through a series of grants, pensions and bequests. He was also a lens grinder of great skill, an occupation which he probably pursued out of scientific interest and which probably led to his death by consumption. Private circulation of his philosophical treatises soon garnered him a reputation throughout Europe and, in 1673, he was offered a post at Heidelberg. Spinoza, however, turned the job down, preferring to work alone. Spinoza's first serious work was The Principles of Descartes' Philosophy (1663). It presented Descartes' thoughts with suggestions for its improvement. In 1670, Spinoza published A Theologico-Political Treatise, (the only work he published in his lifetime) which criticized the House of Orange's militant Protestantism, defended religious toleration, and argued that the anthropomorphic conception of God was logically and theologically unsound. He proposed historical-critical methods for biblical interpretation. In the year of his death, 1677, his Ethics came out. It argued in an Euclidean fashion that the world was a monad - an ancient sophist position defended most famously by Zeno and derided most famously by Aristotle - and that that monad was God, thus paving the way for the transcendentalism of the Romantic period. His 'pantheism', however, was regarded as heresy in his day, which is probably why he only published once in his lifetime.;;;;;;;;;;7765 EVENTHIST331045;There was printing in Europe prior to Johann Gutenberg (c. 1394 - 1468) if what is meant is the making of images by applying pressure. Others had thought of carving an image in reverse on wood or metal, then pressing with color onto paper or what have you. Gutenberg's crucial invention was a new way of multiplying the multiple type for individual letters. He saw that a page of text was the task of printing frequently repeated individual letters, which led to the idea of making many copies of each letter to be reused as often as possible. Gutenberg's profession as a goldsmith and metal caster helped him solve the problems of casting letters that were interchangeable. In 1448, after some failed business dealings in Strasbourg having to do with his invention, Gutenberg found a wealthy investor in Mainz - his birthplace - in the person of Johann Fust, a wealthy lawyer. Fust invested two installments of 800 guilders in the project, but after five years had not received the expected return on his investment. In 1455 Fust sued for his principal plus compound interest and possession of all Gutenberg's assets. Gutenberg lost the suit, was ordered to pay 2,026 guilders and had over all his materials and equipment. Fust's son-in-law, Peter Schöffer, had beenGutenberg's foreman and so knew all the secrets of his invention and the product of his efforts, 'The Gutenberg Bible' - which was published sometime before 1456 - as well as the process itself became the property of the new firm of Fust and Schöffer. They promptly published a Latin Psalter (1467) and the Catholicon (1460). Even after his bankruptcy, another Mainz personage staked him a full set of printing equipment. Later, Count Adolph of Nassau, the Arch-Bishop of Mainz, rewarded Gutenberg, who was by then destitute and nearly blind, a modest pension. There are too many effects of the printed book to mention here. The key is a decrease in the cost of books. This made it much cheaper to build a nice library which meant that learning was from then on available to many more. It also facilitated the triumph of national languages over Latin, since many who were literate did not read Latin. It also spelled doom for many dialects - we know of more than 3,000 in Europe in Gutenberg's day - as mass production made choosing one language for a broad area a profitable choice. It marks the beginning of the democratization of ideas that continues to this day.;;;;;;;;;;7766 EVENTHIST331042;Janus Pannonius (1434 - 1472) is widely considered the first significant Hungarian poet. His uncle, János Vitéz, Bishop of Várad, sent him to Ferrarra, where, besides rhetoric, Greek, Latin, philosophy, and poetics, Pannonius was also trained as a diplomat. He later went to Padua where he became a friend of Galeotto Marzio - Mantegna painted a portrait of the two which has unfortunately been lost. Pannonius' sharp witted poetry like 'One for Pope Paul': 'Rome, do not ask for the Pontiff Paul to be testicle-tested!/ Isn't his daughter herself manly enough, like her Dad?' made him famous throughout Italy. Pannonius earned his doctorate in 1458 and returned to Hungary to serve as personal secretary to King Mattias Corvinus. In 1459 he became Bishop of Pécs. He devoted most of his time as Bishop to political writings. He was later appointed Head Chamberlain to the Queen and then sent to Rome to consult with the Pope about the Turkish threat. In 1468 he accompanied the King on his war in Morava and around 1470 he was made Palatine in charge of southern Hungary and Slavonia. The King, however, soon distanced himself from Janus which caused the poet to join a conspiracy against the King which was quickly quashed. Pannonius died in the castle of his friends the Brothers Thuz near Zagreb. King Corvinus then collected his poetry for inclusion in the King's library - the Corvinae.;;;;;;;;;;7767 EVENTHIST331041;Since the last years of Friedrich I's reign, the introduction of a constitution in Württemberg had been contemplated by the King and his ministers and demanded by both democrats and the conservative old estates in Wirtemberg. There was however a conflict about how influence would be distributed. The sketch of a new constitution making few concessions and vesting most of the power in the Duke presented to representatives of the estates and the country was rejected shortly before Friedrich's death in 1816, and it was upon his successor Wilhelm to find a compromise. Finally on September 25th 1819, a constitution was enacted by the King. Therein, a bi-camerial parliament, the upper chamber(Standesherrenkammer) composed of representatives of the King, the nobility and the old estates, the lower (Abgeordnetenhaus)elected by census vote, was created and granted some influence (e.g. it had to consent to the appointment of ministers and to the King's budget), while most of the power remained with the King. Although these parliaments were dominated by the bourgeoisie and the nobility, the constitution can be considered the beginning of representative democracy in Württemberg.;;;;;;;;;;7768 EVENTHIST331040;When war between Napoléon and Austria started again in 1805, Friedrich of Wirtemberg first intended to stay neutral. However, faced with the impressive French army invading Southern Germany and realising that this would be the only way to prevent his country from being overrun, he accepted Napoléons proposal of an alliance. Because of that alliance he was one of the German princes who profited most from the peace with Austria signed in Pressburg. He was ceded most of the Hapsburg possessions in Swabia and, since the empire was dissolved, achieved unlimited sovereignity in his territories. Thushe was able to declare himself King on January 1st 1806. After his coronation, Friedrich began to reform his country after the example of France. The administration was centralized, a system of ressort ministeries created, the country divided into several districts, the law adjusted to the Code Napoléon and serfdom largely abolished. Württemberg, as the Kingdom was called, had developped into a modern state, and this was not changed by the eventual defeat of Napoléon.;;;;;;;;;;7769 EVENTHIST331039;By the Treaty of Lunéville of 1801 the empire formally ceded everything left of the Rhine to Napoleonic France, with the princes who thereby lost territory demanding a compensation and the empire disintegrating, it was evident that the empire would need to be drastically reformed. Negotiations began in 1802, and victorious France soon tried to influence them, in order to strengthen the medium powers like Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hessen to be counterweights against Austria and Prussia. On February 25th an agreement was reached. The two most important decisions were the Mediatisation of all free cities except for Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, Frankfurt, Augsburg and Nürnberg and of most small independent principalities andthe Secularisation of almost all church possessions in the empire. The big countries in Southern Germany that France wantedto ally with, Bavaria, Wirtemberg and Baden, massively increased their territories. By receiving the possessions of the abbeys of Ellwangen and Weingarten, several small former church territories and the Imperial cities of Weil, Reutlingen, Eßlingen, Rottweil, Aalen, Gieningen, Hall, Gmünd and Heilbronn, Wirtemberg got in total 850 sqm of new land with 124000 inhabitants.;;;;;;;;;;7770 EVENTHIST331038;In the last years of his reign, Karl Eugen became more of a benevolent monarch than the tyrant he had been before. This change was probably due to the influence of his mistress Franziska von Hohenheim that he got to know and fell in love with in 1771. She used her position to get the Duke to care about his subjects and improve their situation. Instead of wasting his money for his pleasure, the Duke started to provide funds for viticulture, education and the construction of roads and generally was more dedicated to the administration of his countries. In a manifest proclaimed in the country's churches on his 50th birthday in 1778, the Duke openly regretted his mistakes and declared his desire for a reversal and recommencement. Corrupt ministers were replaced, some imprisoned dissidents released and former unfair decisions annuled. Therefore Franziska was very popular among the populace despite her illegitimate liaison with the Duke. After the death of Karl Eugen's first wife, Friederike Elisabeth Sofie, he was able to marry Franziska and did so in 1785.;;;;;;;;;;7771 EVENTHIST331036;During the long reign of Karl Eugen despotism and extravagance reached their peak in Wirtemberg. Huge amounts of money were spent for his personal amusement: new castles, excessive feasts and several travels. His ministers financed this by extortion, sale of offices, loans, monopolies, lotteries and French subsidies. During his whole reign, dissensions with his subjects arose that he sought to suppress by tyrannic measures. Critics like the writers Schubarth and Schiller were either imprisoned or banned. Nonetheless, his rule also had good aspects: he further enhanced ducal control of the economy, supported the establishment of a porcelain manufactory in Ludwigsburg and created a standing army that was involved in the Seven Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7772 EVENTHIST331035;In 1718 the construction of the castle in Ludwigsburg was almost complete, and Eberhard Ludwig decided to move to his new residence. Consisting of 18 buildings with 452 rooms, it is the biggest baroque castle in Germany. Its interior and the garden, designed by famous Italian, French and Dutch artists, are among the most beautiful examples of baroque art, architecture and horticulture.;;;;;;;;;;7773 EVENTHIST331034;Eberhard Ludwig of Wirtemberg was keen on copying not only Louis XIV's absolutist rule, but also his castle Versailles since he, like Louis, wanted to demonstrate his greatness and power by constructing a splendid castle. Following Louis' example, he chose a little, insignificant village, Ludwigsburg, close to his capital, Stuttgart, as site for his project. In 1704 the builders Johann Friedrich Nette and Donato Giuseppe Frisoni were recruited for the construction of a castle similar to Versailles. Initially, Nette planed a palace comprising three wings, connected by narrow galleries, around a representative court. Frisoni expanded it by two more side buildings and a magnificent baroque castle church. While thecastle was built, the former village Ludwigsburg was transformed into a representative residential town, also with Nette and Frisoni in charge. Eberhard Ludwig officially moved his residence to Ludwigsburg in 1718.;;;;;;;;;;7774 EVENTHIST331033;The example of Louis XIV's Absolutism in France influenced almost all of Europe, and many princes, even those with diminutive factual power, were eager to copy him, both in his authority and in his extravagancy. Eberhard Ludwig of Wirtemberg was one of these princes. Despite fighting him in the War of Spanish Succession, he was a great admirer of Louis and his French state, and he attempted to rule in a similar way. In Wirtemberg however, the Estates had a strong influence and extensive privilegues since the 16th century, and they were eager to keep this position. Eberhard Ludwig summoned them only once during his reign and thereby simply ignored Wirtemberg's constitution, substantially strengthening his position, but also causing dissent against his rule.;;;;;;;;;;7775 EVENTHIST331032;In 1767 members of the Wirtemberg army informed Duke Carl Eugen about the horribly bad educational background of his officers and advised him to create an academy for young officers. This idea was realised in 1770. Carl Eugen commissioned Christoph Dionysius Seeger with the establishment of a school for children of soldiers at the ducal castle Solitude. On December 16th 1770 the academy was officially founded as a gardener school, however from the beginning it was to educate officers just as well as gardeners. The classes and the tuition followed strict military principles: drill, permanent supervision and wearing uniforms were forced upon the students. Nevertheless, it soon became a quite famous and highly esteemed institution, emphasizing not only military training, but trying to give the future officers a wide, versatileknowledge. They learned French, Latin, Greek, Italian and High German, were taught artillery theory, engineering, strategy, law and philosophy and additionally got specific professional educations, e.g. forestry, medicine, economy or arts that were supposed to prepare them for their functions as officers, clerks or Ducal artists. Due to this outstanding quality, not only students from Wirtemberg, but from the whole of Germany and from abroad were interested in the school. In order to be able to accomodate them, the academy was moved to Stuttgart and made a residential school. In the next years, it quickly developed from a purely military academy into a more general institution, visited by several famous politicians, scientists, officers and artists, most notably Friedrich Schiller whose work was deeply influenced by his time at the Karlsschule. Acknowledging this, it was transformed to a university called 'Carls Hohe Schule' on February 11th 1782.;;;;;;;;;;7776 EVENTHIST331031;After the unexpected early death of Carl Alexander, the hatred towards his minister Süß-Oppenheimer erupted openly. The Landstände who had suspected Carl Alexander and Oppenheimer of intending to suppress its influence and thewealthy classes who had felt threatened by his economic policies now wanted to see Oppenheimer dead. Since he considered itthe only way to cope with the unrest and distract the tensions from the ducal dynasty, the regent Carl Rudolf let Oppenheimer's enemies put up a trial against him in which he was accused of high treason, fraud, defalcation and adultery. From the beginning it was an unfair process: he was denied information on the reproaches, his assigned counsel did nothing for him,the judges were appointed by the estates, his pleading remained unread and he was not even allowed to attend to his trials.Eventually he was, also in absence, condemned to death and strangled at the marketplace of Stuttgart where his dead body was exhibited for 6 years.;;;;;;;;;;7777 EVENTHIST331030;Duke Carl Alexander of Wirtemberg was heavily influenced by his financial adviser Joseph Süß-Oppenheimer, a Jewish merchant from Frankfurt. Süß-Oppenheimer wanted to conduct radical economic reforms according to mercantilist principles and following the example of France, thus modernising the economy andcreating a solid base for absolutistic rule.Despite the resistanceof Wirtemberg's estates and of the nobility he was determined to enact these mercantilist policies and had the full support of the Duke. He established monopolies for leather, wine, tobacco and salt, taking he free trade in salt which had been guaranteed to communities for centuries under state control, and extended the already existing one on manufacturing. At his order, several porcelain and silk factories were built and the first bank in southern Germany founded. These measures were initially quite successful. Süß-Oppenheimer thereby managed to greatly increase the Duke's wealth, to expand his authority and introduce effective control of Wirtemberg's economy. However, he was bitterly opposed by the wealthy classes who feared for the estates' and their own privilegues, were generally against a strong central authority and had a certain hostility towards Oppenheimer because he was a Jew and considered a parvenu.;;;;;;;;;;7778 EVENTHIST331029;On November 23rd 1731 Friedrich Ludwig, the only legitimate son of Duke Eberhard Ludwig and heir to the throne of Wirtemberg, died. Since Eberhard Ludwig was already 55 and his wife 51 years old, it was evident that they would have no more offspring. Therefore, Carl Alexander of Wirtemberg-Winnental, a side branch of the ducal dynasty, was successor to the throne. Carl Alexander had served successfully in the Imperial army during the Turk Wars and the War of Spanish Successionand became a close confidant of Prince Eugene and the Emperor. They convinced him to ceremonially convert to catholicism in the court chapel of Vienna in 1712. When Eberhard Ludwig died in 1733 and Carl Alexander was to succeed to Wirtemberg, the estates, afraid that catholicism would be imposed on them and their privilegues reduced, forced him to accept the Religions-Reversalien, a guarantee to maintain protestantism as the Duchy's main religion.;;;;;;;;;;7779 EVENTHIST3310;In 1784, by order of the crown prince, Count Ludvig Reventlow drew up a plan to improve the conditions for the serfs ('fæstebønder'). The plan was approved on Jul. 18 and the so called Landbo Commission was appointed to see to its execution. Thanks to the strong leadership of Reventlow, a compassionate humanitarian, the original commission was expanded in 1786 and, through gradual improvements and temporary setbacks, eventually led to the complete abolishment of serfdom ('stavnsbåndet') in Denmark in 1800.;;;;;;;;;;7780 EVENTHIST3309;Johann Friedrich Struensee took over as the real ruler of Denmark after Bernstorff was dismissed. Originally a German physician, Struensee came to know the Danish king when he was named to accompany the mentally unstable Christian VII on a European tour (1768-69), a post that led to Struensee's appointment as court physician in 1769. Dominating the king, he became the lover of Queen Caroline Matilda in 1770. He was soon able to abolish the council of state and the office of statholder (governor) of Norway in 1770. In June 1771 he had the king name him privy Cabinet minister, and in July he was made a count. From March 1771 until January 1772 Struensee introduced a number of reforms, including freedom of the press, reduction of peasant labor service, a unitary judiciary, and reform of Copenhagen's municipal government. Having alienated many officials,however, he was the victim of a conspiracy in January 1772, when he was arrested and tortured to death for his liaison with the queen.;;;;;;;;;;7781 EVENTHIST3308;In 1766 Christian VII was crowned king of Denmark, succeeding his father Frederik V. Christian was unfortunately quite insane. His mental instability has been attributed to a brutal childhood governor and to morally corrupt court pages. After his 1766 marriage to Caroline Matilda, the daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales, he gave himself up to debauchery. During his entire reign the country was run by others. First up was the foreign minister J.H.E. Bernstorff, a devious and competent man who managed to get Catherine II of Russia to renounce certain of her claims to parts of the duchy of Holstein. However, Bernstorff's position grew increasingly precarious and he was dismissed from office on Sep. 15, 1770.;;;;;;;;;;7782 EVENTHIST3307;Like his consort, Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Christian VI was imbued with German pietism and devoutly encouraged a pietistic national church. He banned theater performances on Sundays and holidays, and after 1738 actors and entertainers were not even allowed to enter the country. Frivolous amusements were also banned at court, but the royal couple's love of splendor led to costly buildings, such as Christiansborg Castle (built 1733-45).;;;;;;;;;;7783 EVENTHIST3306;The serfdom, or 'vornedskab', was first abolished in 1702 (it was in use only on the islands), then re-invented for all of Denmark in 1733 under the name of 'stavnsbåndet' - male peasants below the age of 36 were forbidden to move from the manor without the consent of the landowner. (Less than 5 percent of the land was owned by peasants.) The new law had the effect of securing cheap labor for the nobles as well as a good supply of soldiers for the state but was, of course, intensely hated by the victims.;;;;;;;;;;7784 EVENTHIST3305;Christian VI was a firm believer in heavy-handed mercantilism and large state controlled manufactories. Although his protectionist reforms did have a positive effect on the for Denmark all-important agriculture, they were mostly costly failures that retarded the commercial development of the nation for decades to come.;;;;;;;;;;7785 EVENTHIST3304;Your Excellency, the Swedes have elected our dear prince Frederik heir to the Swedish throne! It would appear that the Union of Kalmar has risen from the dust.;;;;;;;;;;7786 EVENTHIST3303;Your Excellency, the Swedes have scorned our prince and elected Adolf Frederik from Holstein-Gottorp as their new crown prince!;;;;;;;;;;7787 EVENTHIST3302;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7788 EVENTHIST3301;The concentration of power in the person of the king strengthened the tendency toward juridical unity in the entire kingdom. On 15 April 1683 Christian V signed the Danish Law ('Danske Lov'), a comprehensive Statute Book, which represented a break with the regional juridical variations of earlier times (the provincial laws, or 'landskabslove'). In the Danish Law it was expressly forbidden to criticize the king, the government and Absolutism, while the situation was also maintained regarding censorship. Yet, the Danish Law of 1683 and Norwegian Law of 1687 were exceptional for their time in their uncommonly humane legislation. The peasant laws were also important, providing as they did tenant farmers with legal recourse against abuses by the landlords.;;;;;;;;;;7789 EVENTHIST3300;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislas Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;;;;;;;;;;7790 EVENTHIST33;Army reformation be it from new tactics weapons or command or any other reason often translated into better combat efficiency.;;;;;;;;;;7791 EVENTHIST3299;Peder Griffenfeld was perhaps the most brilliant advisor a Danish king has ever had. Peder was born Schumacher to a wealthy Copenhagen family. After study and travel abroad in 1654-62, he returned to enter state service as royal librarian. Soon winning the favour of the absolutist king Frederick III, he became secretary of the king's chamber, in which post he drafted the 1665 Kongeloven ('King's Law'), which was a justification of absolutism. In 1670, the year of the king's death, Schumacher was made Count Griffenfeld. By 1674 he had risen to the post of high chancellor of Denmark under King Christian V.;;;;;;;;;;7792 EVENTHIST3298;The reign of Frederik II saw a marked increase in Danish sea power, and the king took a deep personal interest in building up the fleet. This policy was continued and further developed by his legendary son, Christian IV, who sailed with the fleet every year during his reign. Christian IV's intense interest in the fleet was manifest at all levels, from the naval base at Bremerholm to the duties of his admirals and the equipment of the ships.;;;;;;;;;;7793 EVENTHIST3297;Absolutism in Denmark was a result of the lengthy political crisis and the acute state of emergency which resulted from the last of the Karl Gustav wars against Sweden in 1657-60. Despite his weak position when elected king in 1648, Frederik III's political skill allowed him to succeed in ousting two of his main adversaries in the Rigsråd as early as the 1650s. The two were the seneschal Corfitz Ulfeldt and the governor of Norway Hannibal Sehested, who were both married to Frederik's half-sisters. The king's heroic conduct during the siege of Copenhagen in the winter of 1659 had, in addition, made him widely popular at a time when the nobility and the Rigsråd were increasingly being discredited. In October 1660, these events led the estates - the nobility only reluctantly - to create a hereditary monarchy. The new system meant that the king was no longer dependent on the Rigsråd, and he immediately used his new power to introduce absolutism, which was temporarily established on 10 January 1661 in the Hereditary Monarchy Act before being fully set out in Kongeloven (the King's Law) of 1665, the basic law of Danish absolutism.;;;;;;;;;;7794 EVENTHIST3296;Christian IV was inclined to occupy himself with every minor detail of his administration while losing sight of the larger problems. Not only did he personally lay down the lines of Denmark's mercantilist policy, he even established the import duties, he started state-subsidized and privileged trading companies and manufactories--all of them with no marked success--and insisted on auditing their accounts personally.;;;;;;;;;;7795 EVENTHIST3295;The founding of the first Danish East India Company was based chiefly on hopes and ambitions that had been aroused by the enormous revenues produced by the initial ventures of the British and Dutch companies. At the same time, there was a desire upon the part of the Danish monarch to play a dominant role in contemporary world trade, a desire that was apparently not always wholeheartedly endorsed by the Danish merchants of the period. In fact, the Danish trading venture proved to be without large or durable profits. The company itself lasted for only 34 years, and, throughout its existence, the company brought only seven cargoes of Asiatic goods to Copenhagen.;;;;;;;;;;7796 EVENTHIST3294;Peder Oxe was a financial genius who was recalled from exile by Frederik II when the Nordic Seven Years War had ruined the Danish economy. With Oxe at the helm from 1567 it did not take long before the state finances had recovered. He convinced the aristocracy to contribute more and reorganized the Sound Due so that the revenues tripled. He also improved the agriculture and educational system. Until his death in 1577, Peder Oxe and a few other lords were the de-facto rulers of Denmark.;;;;;;;;;;7797 EVENTHIST3293;When Frederik I died in 1533 the bishops and most of the aristocracy were initially opposed to the election of his son Christian, duke of Holstein, as new king because he was a Lutheran. The burghers and peasants on their part wanted a return of the deposed Christian II who was imprisoned at Sønderborg. The mayors of Copenhagen and Malmö devised a plan together with the Hansa to free Christian II and turn the two largest Danish cities into partners of the Hanseatic League. The Danish Council gained the help of arch-enemy Gustav Vasa to thwart the plot, which became known as 'Grevefejden' (The Count's Feud) because the rebel forces were led by Count Christoffer of Oldenburg.;;;;;;;;;;7798 EVENTHIST3292;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. The Grandmaster has announced that the Knights have converted back to Catholicism and will defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7799 EVENTHIST3291;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has accepted an Agreement with Denmark and Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7800 EVENTHIST3290;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has accepted an Agreement with Poland and Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;7801 EVENTHIST3289;The crown councils of Norway, Sweden and Denmark had agreed in 1397 to the Union of Kalmar, a kind of united monarchy of northern nations where Danish influence was dominant. Constant fighting in the late 1470's between Sweden and Denmark led to the dissolution of the Union in 1523, under the reign of Swedish king Gustav I Vasa (1523-1560), long after Regent Sten Sture the elder of Sweden had defeated the Danes at the battle of the Brunkeberg (1471). The Union has fallen.;;;;;;;;;;7802 EVENTHIST3288;Under King Hans, who came to the throne in 1481, the fleet was given a more organised structure, and during his reign large ships were built by royal order. The 'Engelen' was built in Sønderborg, where there was a good supply of oak for shipbuilding. The 'Maria', which was just as big, seems to have been built in Copenhagen, which has gradually become the home port of the fleet. By 1509 Denmark had one of the largest and best navies in Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7803 EVENTHIST3287;In 1481 King Christian I died and left the throne to his son Hans. Since the Battle of Brunkeberg in 1471, Sweden had not been a part of the Union in anything but the name. In 1483 the Councils of the Scandinavian kingdoms drafted the Halmstad Recess, an attempt to provide a Scandinavian constitution which asserted the supremacy of the high nobility, but Sten Sture, the chancellor of Sweden, refused to send a delegation to Halmstad. The Swedes delayed signing the document until 1484, and then with certain provisos.;;;;;;;;;;7804 EVENTHIST3286;Up until the late 15th century the peasants in Denmark, like in Sweden, had been blessed with liberties uncommon to their class in Europe at the time. Under King Hans however, this took a bitter end with the adoption of 'vornedskab', or serfdom. Peasant sons were no longer allowed to move from their lands, and particularly the peasants who worked the fields of the aristocracy soon found themselves oppressed like never before.;;;;;;;;;;7805 EVENTHIST3285;Upon succeeding to the throne, Christian II bypassed the Rigsråd and used the chancellery to grant commercial privileges to merchants, overriding the claims of Danish nobles and traders of the Hanseatic League. In 1517 Christian accused the governor of Copenhagen Castle of poisoning his lover Dyveke, and thereafter he ignored the Rigsråd and the royal charter. He created an essentially bourgeois government with the burgomaster of Malmö, Hans Mikkelsen, as his special counsellor;;;;;;;;;;7806 EVENTHIST3284;The Sound Due was introduced by King Erik in 1429 and was not abolished until 1857. All ships passing through the Sound ('Øresund') were forced to anchor off Helsingør and pay dues to the Danish Crown. The merchants had no choice but to comply since the Sound was the only water lane into the Baltic Sea. The due was enormous, and its impact on politics was almost as big as on the economy - the Danish king could easily decide on different levels of tariffs for the various nationalities of the ships passing through. Swedish merchants were often particularly targeted, which was an important contributing factor to the bitter enmity between the nations.;;;;;;;;;;7807 EVENTHIST3283;Union King Erik was a harsh man, and his sheriffs reflected all of his worst traits. One of the cruellest was Jösse Eriksson, a nobleman of Danish birth and appointed sheriff of Bergslagen in Sweden. Acting like a petty chieftain, Jösse took whatever he fancied from the oppressed people - including their women. Finally, the peasants and miners had had enough and sent Engelbrekt to demand that Jösse be replaced by a decent man. King Erik agreed and sent an almost equally cruel sheriff, a German named Hans von Eberstein, to Bergslagen. The flames of revolt rose up in 1434...;;;;;;;;;;7808 EVENTHIST3282;With the Revolution in France, intellectuals in Portugal also formed to crave the 'Rights of Men' and with a reactionary government this created instability in the country for several years.;;;;;;;;;;7809 EVENTHIST3281;After the death of the king the forces that had been conspiring to end his life earlier now turned their attention towards the person that had been the real ruler of the Portuguese kingdom, Marquis de Pombal. With no support from a king Pombal's position was hazardous at best and he was forced to flee. Consequently the reforms he had started that had gotten Portugal back on the path to prosperity where not to continue. Instead grossly reactionary policies implemented by the 'Old Nobility and the Men of the Church' again moved Portugal backwards, threatening to let her end up in the backwater of most of the other European power in the centuries to come.;;;;;;;;;;7810 EVENTHIST3280;A conspiracy to kill King Don José I (1750-1777) was revealed and prevented, by Marquis de Pombal. Pombal used this event to forge his power into a virtual dictatorship. Pombal was a radical reformer, but he was also very power-hungry and without remorse he hunted down anyone that could threaten him in the name of the King.;;;;;;;;;;7811 EVENTHIST3279;Literally from the ashes of Lisboa, a new leader rose to the power and managed to shake entire Portugal out of the paralyzation caused by the earthquake. He forced through many far reaching reforms. During his rule Lisboa was rebuilt and Portugal entered into the pre-industrial era. In many ways his excellent governing would, for a time, bring back Portugal almost to its former level of glory a few hundred years back.;;;;;;;;;;7812 EVENTHIST3278;The Earthquake that destroyed Lisboa was a catastrophe of huge proportions that resounded all across Europe and even into the new world. 1 November 1755, a beautiful day, when next to everyone was in the churches celebrating a holiday the ground suddenly started to shake and the churches started caving in, crushing the visitors. For those that escaped it was far from over as a heavy breeze of wind suddenly started to come in over the area beating the small fires into a virtual inferno incinerating thousands. But yet thousands of people would fall victim for the grand tidal wave reaching land just a few minutes later. The death count was estimated to 20.000-40.000 people at the time and given all four elements (wind, fire, earth & water) the explanation ''punishment by god'' was a view widely spread both in Portugal and elsewhere.;;;;;;;;;;7813 EVENTHIST3277;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7814 EVENTHIST3276;Count da Ericeira was a strong believer of Mercantilism and helped reform Portugal state towards higher control of the Portuguese trade.;;;;;;;;;;7815 EVENTHIST3275;John Methuen was born in 1650. An accomplished diplomat, he is well remembered for the treaty signed in 1703 between England and Portugal. The main purpose of the treaty was to allow free introduction of English wool and cloths to Portugal in exchange of free entry of Portuguese wine into England (Port wine). The treaty made in effect Portugal an economic and political satellite of England, was effectively in place all the way to 1750, when King D José I choose to ignore it, even while it was still formally in effect until 1836. John Methuen died in 1706 shortly after his greatest success.;;;;;;;;;;7816 EVENTHIST3274;After the Portuguese king had died without an heir, the Portuguese was forced to elect Filipe II of Spain as king over Portugal. He would rule both his nations in an excellent way, and was mourned not only by the Spanish, but also the Portuguese at his death. His successors however did not make a very good job - a fact that would result in a National Uprising.;;;;;;;;;;7817 EVENTHIST3273;The plague comes sweeping in over the country from Spain with devastating effects and horrible losses;;;;;;;;;;7818 EVENTHIST3272;In the year 1578, King Sebastião of Portugal embarked on an expedition to conquer Morocco, where Portugal already held the region of Tangiers and Ceuta. Shortly after his landing, at the battle of Al-Khazar Kebir, the Moroccan Berbers of Moulay Ismaïl so soundly defeated the Portuguese army that the King was killed, along with most of the Portuguese nobility fighting with him. This disaster led the way to Spanish control of Portugal and was the starting point of Portugal's decline. However, as the Ghost of Portugal you might want otherwise. What is your choice, Sire?;;;;;;;;;;7819 EVENTHIST3271;Leading colonists where given strips of land that extended from the Brazilian coast reaching into the interior. The captains (land owners) settled colonists in their respective captaincies and were required to provide them protection and justice. As the captaincies were independent they were unable to defend themselves from foreign pirates. João III appointed a governor general with authority over the captaincies. De Sousa established his capital at São Salvador da Baía. He defeated French pirates in a naval engagement in the bay of Rio de Janeiro. De Sousa also intensified colonization and created stability in Brazil.;;;;;;;;;;7820 EVENTHIST3270;The Societas Jesu was a religious order with the main agenda to spread catholic faith. Wherever the Portuguese went across the world the Jesuits followed in their trail.;;;;;;;;;;7821 EVENTHIST3269;The Holy Inquisition came from Spain also to Portugal in 1536 and stayed until 1668, however it had more influence with the Spanish monarchs than the Portuguese ones.;;;;;;;;;;7822 EVENTHIST3268;When the Portuguese had settled themselves in India, they started a blockade and privateer campaign against Arab shipping in the Oman Sea, effectively stopping trade and cutting off the Spice supplies to Alexandria, where Venetian tradesmen used to buy these prized exotic goods. This prompted a reaction from the Caliph of Cairo who decided to send a fleet, partly build with Venetian help in Suez, which met the Portuguese squadron under Albuquerque off the Indian port of Diu in 1508. Portuguese caravel cannons and seamanship soundly defeated the Caliphs fleet and the Spice trade was more than ever in the hands of the Lusitanian.;;;;;;;;;;7823 EVENTHIST3267;King Afonso was only 6 years old when he became king of Portugal. For the first 8 years of his reign (1438-46) the country was rules well by the Duke of Coimbra in his place. However, after Don Afonso had ascended the throne as was customary at the age of 14, intriguing noblemen at the court managed to cast doubts in the young king's mind about the intentions of the duke. The Duke was sent away from the king, but later decided to return to his side and help him rule the country. The Duke not wanting to leave anything to chance, in fear of his conspiring enemies at the court, made the bad decision to approach the king accompanied by a force of several dozen soldiers for his own protection. The conspirators however managed to convince the king that his old beloved friend was now trying to start a rebellion against him. The king thus sent out an army to engage the enemy before he arrived. There was no real battle, but the Duke of Coimbra was killed never the less.;;;;;;;;;;7824 EVENTHIST3266;Throughout Portuguese colonization the salary for officials was only a token sum. However it was assumed that any important position would allow for the person appointed to gain huge personal wealth. It was two sides of the same coin. On one side, the king didn't have to pay high salaries, but on the other hand large parts of the profits stayed in the hands of the officials.;;;;;;;;;;7825 EVENTHIST3265;João I was chosen by the people to rule in Portugal in 1385. He was also much loved throughout his reign and made a lot of changes to the benefit of both the people and to strengthen the Portuguese trade as well as ability to explore the new world. Of course there where powerful noblemen not happy about these changes since it meant losing some of the power they had before.;;;;;;;;;;7826 EVENTHIST3264;Gustav IV Adolf has always been blamed for the loss of Finland, and been accused of being a weak and insanely stubborn monarch. Time has forgotten the many important reforms he put in motion - not the least of which was the great agricultural reform supervised by Rutger MacLean. MacLean was a harsh man, who didn't hesitate to burn down the houses of peasants who refused to move to their assigned lots. But in the end the farmers thanked him, as the new methods and larger fields resulted in more bountiful harvests than ever before.;;;;;;;;;;7827 EVENTHIST3263;In response to the rising clamor for more power to the aristocracy, Gustav III appealed to the three lower estates (clergy, burghers, and peasants) of the Riksdag and in 1789 established a new constitution that augmented the royal authority. This Act of Union and Security was in effect almost a return to the days of absolutism under Charles XI and XII. It proved too much for the aristocracy however, and the King was murdered while attending the Stockholm opera house on March 16, 1792;;;;;;;;;;7828 EVENTHIST3262;Gustav III, upon succeeding to the Swedish throne, beheld a nation being sucked down into a maelstrom of chaos by the paralyzing bickering of the Hat and Cap parties. Something had to be done, and soon, or Sweden might share the same fate as poor, unfortunate Poland. So, rather than standing back and watching his nation being torn asunder by Scylla and Carybdis, the King took matters in his own hands and seized power through a bloodless Coup d'Etat. Thus began the Gustavian period of Swedish history.;;;;;;;;;;7829 EVENTHIST3261;Gustav IV Adolf was in many ways the complete opposite of his father. Upon assuming the throne, he immediately put an end to the glamorous but costly balls, state dinners and parties that Gustav III had so dearly loved. Indeed, despite his other failures, Gustav IV Adolf had a keen sense of economy and the state finances improved significantly under his administration.;;;;;;;;;;7830 EVENTHIST3260;The devastating loss of Finland in 1809 was widely blamed on King Gustav IV Adolf, and on March 13, 1809 he was deposed in a coup d'Etat by certain liberal officials and officers in Sweden's western army. Gustavus and his heirs were deprived of their royal titles and encouraged to leave the country. The deposed king eventually settled in Switzerland under the name of Colonel Gustafsson. While the search went on for a new crown prince Sweden was ruled by Gustavus's aged and childless uncle Charles (XIII). The Danish prince Christian August was elected, but died suddenly in 1810. The Riksdag frantically cast about for a replacement and finally decided on the French marshal Jean-Baptist Bernadotte.;;;;;;;;;;7831 EVENTHIST3259;Gustavus III, the 'theatre king', declared war on Russia in the summer of 1788. His main goals were to reclaim the honor of the Swedish military, retake some land that had been lost to Russia in previous wars and perhaps most importantly - put a stop to the incessant Russian meddling in Swedish politics. At the time, Sweden had a magnificent fleet and a rather effective army, but most of the officers could be described as politicians rather than soldiers. The Swedish army began marching on St. Petersburg and won some minor battles despite the compact resistance from the officers. On August 12 a group of 112 Finnish noble officers formed the 'Anjala League' and opened up negotiations with the Russians, declaring the war to be illegal and probing for the possibility of an independent Finnish state. This event effectively ended all hopes of a Swedish victory since the king was in a poor position to execute the traitors and have them replaced.;;;;;;;;;;7832 EVENTHIST3258;Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. In 1765 the Caps finally managed to regain power in the Riksdag after almost 30 years of more or less disastrous Hat rule. The Caps only ruled for three years, and despite but managed to institute freedom of press and initiate limited free trade reforms.;;;;;;;;;;7833 EVENTHIST3257;Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. The situation at the Riksdag of 1760 was a Hat party that was losing its French support due to its ineffectual policies and a revitalized Cap party propagating for freedom of press and free trade. Nevertheless the Hats won yet again, perhaps due to the ongoing war with Prussia.;;;;;;;;;;7834 EVENTHIST3256;The Swedish king Adolf Frederick had been reduced to a puppet that had to sign whatever document the National Council put on his desk. Nevertheless, the king and his queen, Lovisa Ulrika, tried to sabotage the council sessions and enforce their will whenever they got the chance. In 1756, the Council informed the king that they were going to start using a royal seal on documents he refused to sign. Furious at this blatant insult, the Queen began planning a Coup d'Etat in June, but her co-conspirators were exposed and executed. As a result, royal power was reduced yet another notch.;;;;;;;;;;7835 EVENTHIST3255;Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. At the Riksdag of 1746 the Hats once again got the upper hand, despite their recent disastrous war against Russia. Sweden entered a defensive pact with Prussia and began reforming the army and navy with French subsidies.;;;;;;;;;;7836 EVENTHIST3254;Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. At the Riksdag of 1738 the Hats managed to outmaneuver the peaceful Arvid Horn and seize power. Horn had made the mistake of renewing the defensive alliance of 1724 with Russia and at the same time trying to negotiate a subsidy treaty with France, which was still officially supporting Stanislas Leszinski against the Russians in Poland.;;;;;;;;;;7837 EVENTHIST3253;The Swedish Hat party, impressed by the large manufactories in the Netherlands and England, decided to speed up the industrialization in Sweden by founding a number of state controlled ventures in cooperation with the potato farmer and industrial magnate Jonas Ahlströmer. Success was limited, but some of the manufactories proved able to turn out a handsome profit... eventually.;;;;;;;;;;7838 EVENTHIST3252;King Fredrik had several children by his mistress Hedvig Taube, but his marriage with Ulrika was cursed with childlessness. Naturally, the two opposing parties of the Riksdag were embroiled in a bitter fight over the choice of a crown prince. The Caps argued for the Danish prince Frederik, but the Hats had found another candidate in Adolf Frederik of Holstein-Gottorp. In 1743 Adolf Frederik was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the Hats, who favored a foreign policy that would regain Swedish hegemony in the Baltic. The Hats hoped by their choice to obtain better conditions of peace from the Russian empress Elizabeth, who was favorable to the house of Gottorp.;;;;;;;;;;7839 EVENTHIST3251;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on April 19 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child - even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. The Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7840 EVENTHIST3250;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Sejm managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;;;;;;;;;;7841 EVENTHIST3249;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;;;;;;;;;;7842 EVENTHIST3248;Pietism was a religious movement that started in Germany during the latter part of the 17th century. Traditionally, the Pietist movement has been viewed as a backlash against intellectualism prevalent in and among the Protestant ranks, especially in the Lutheran Church during that period. The poor Swedish soldiers, who spent long years as prisoners in Tobolsk following the battle of Poltava, had to hold their own Lutheran mass thus learning to appreciate pietism. It was with their return that the movement really took off in Sweden. However, the Swedish Lutheran Church disapproved most strongly of unauthorized preaching, which led to the Conventicle Edict of 1726, forbidding any religious gatherings outside the framework of the Church.;;;;;;;;;;7843 EVENTHIST3247;In 1724, following the disastrous conclusion to the Great Northern War, the Swedish Riksdag decided to implement a policy similar to the English Act of Navigation of 1651. Success was very limited. Although the ship building industry was stimulated as a positive side-effect, the increase in trade revenues was slight. In the end, the act mainly succeeded in garnering the hostility of the English and Dutch merchants who were the obvious targets.;;;;;;;;;;7844 EVENTHIST3246;The death of the childless Charles XII left his younger sister Ulrika Eleonora in charge as Queen. The staunch parliamentarian, Chancellor Arvid Horn, immediately seized this opportunity to bring down the absolutism and strengthen the powers of Parliament. While his democratic leanings were in a way commendable, his actions were to completely destabilize Sweden and make her a puppet of foreign interests for the next 50 years. This so called Age of Freedom also saw the aristocracy regain some of their lost ground. However, the young queen saw no clear alternative that would not upset her war weary people too much.;;;;;;;;;;7845 EVENTHIST3245;The Great Northern War required powerful allies - something Sweden had rarely been blessed with before. Charles XII thought he had found such allies in the Ottoman Empire and the Ukrainian Cossacks under Mazepa, but his hopes were eventually most cruelly dashed. Mazepa proved much less resourceful than expected and the Turks were notoriously unreliable. However, the only alternative allies were the great nations of Western Europe, and they were in no real position to strike against Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7846 EVENTHIST3244;Charles XI was not a great warrior king like his father and his son, but he was a great reorganizer and consolidator. Apart from his centralization efforts and huge reduction of aristocratic land holdings he also remodelled the army. Most importantly, he devised the genial 'indelningsverk', or military-tenure system. The system was a military organisation where the soldiers were given a croft to live in and cultivate (made possible by the reduction), where the harvest served as their wages. Thus the country could maintain a large army in both times of peace and of war. If a peasant assumed the responsibility of maintaining an enlisted rider, his horse and equipment, he was exempted from conscription and freed from paying taxes. The peasants could cooperate in groups of 2-5 farms and maintain a soldier or a sailor. The soldiers were organized into companies of 150 men, and every county should field a regiment of 1200 men. The new system also made no distinction between officers of noble birth and commoners.;;;;;;;;;;7847 EVENTHIST3243;The Swedish kings of the 16th and 17th centuries alternated between acceptance and dislike of the nobility. In Gustav Vasa's time there was little difference between a rich farmer and a nobleman, but the situation changed towards the end of his life. Erik XIV kept the nobles on a short leash whereas his brother John wanted to expand their privileges. The third brother, who was to become Charles IX, hated the nobility with an almost revolutionary fervor and surrounded himself with men of the lower classes, toying with ideas that were unheard of in his time. Under Gustavus Adolphus and Axel Oxenstierna the pendulum swung the other way and the nobles gained both land and power. This tendency took an abrupt end with Charles XI, who after the humiliating defeat of Sweden in 1679 commenced a policy of wide scale reductions of the lands and powers of the nobility and abolished the special privileges of the Baltic lords.;;;;;;;;;;7848 EVENTHIST3242;Charles XII spent six years (1701-1706) campaigning in Poland trying to force the Polish nobles to depose Augustus of Saxony and accept a peace settlement. In 1704 the Polish nobleman Stanislaus Leszczynski was installed on the throne, but Augustus still had many supporters. In 1706 Charles XII invaded Saxony and forced August to abdicate, but Charles's defeat at Poltava in 1709 saw Augustus back on the throne and Stanislaus in exile in Alsace. Poland has been vassalized, do you want to install Stanislaus Leszczynski as king?;;;;;;;;;;7849 EVENTHIST3241;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislas Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;;;;;;;;;;7850 EVENTHIST3240;On his deathbed, Charles X appointed the regents for his son Charles in a way that would limit the power of the high aristocracy to avoid a situation similar to Axel Oxenstierna's regency. Soon after he was dead however, the Council and the House of Lords managed to replace two of his closest supporters, Prince Adolf Johan and Herman Fleming, with the more pliable Lars Kagg and Gustav Bonde. The result was a return to the government statutes of 1634, with policies closely aligned with the interests of the landed nobles.;;;;;;;;;;7851 EVENTHIST3239;At the parliament of 1650 Christina had set her mind on making her cousin Charles Gustavus heir to the throne and she also did. But what if....? Her intention to abdicate had reached the ears of Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie and the men around him. The High Nobility of Sweden defied this and managed to break any burgher-peasant coalition Christina manages to create. In a nightly discussion De la Gardie promised the Queen that she might herself chose the religion of her conscience if she stayed as Queen and ruled together with the cream of the Nobility. However, should she decide not to then De la Gardie and his friend would see to it that Charles Gustavus never became heir. Thus, Christina surrendered and chose stay on the throne in 1654.;;;;;;;;;;7852 EVENTHIST3238;Queen Christina's reign was troubled by her struggle with the high lords of the Council, particularly the chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna. In spite of his opposition, she was a prime mover in concluding the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and ending the Thirty Years War. An assiduous politician, Christina was able to keep the bitter class rivalries that broke out after the war from lapsing into civil war but was unable to solve the desperate financial problems caused by the long years of fighting. In the end, she had to recall Oxenstierna and accept the failure of her reform program.;;;;;;;;;;7853 EVENTHIST3237;Charles Gustavus selection as crown prince came about only with promises of change for the peasants and burghers at the Riksdag of 1650. Thus, when he succeeded Christina to the throne in 1654 he felt an obligation to lighten their burden as well as strengthen the state finances. As always, there were only two real ways of accomplishing this - reduction or increased contributions from the aristocracy. With great reluctance the nobles agreed to a limited reduction. After all, increased contributions were almost the same thing as paying taxes, something nobles simply didn't do.;;;;;;;;;;7854 EVENTHIST3236;Upon Gustavus Adolphus not entirely unexpected but greatly feared demise at Lützen on November 6, 1632 Axel Oxenstierna had to shoulder the full burden of governing the realm as head regent for Gustavus's six year old daughter Christina. The brilliant administrator kept the nation running smoothly, but the aristocratic tendencies that had been kept in check by the late king were unleashed in full by the high lords of the regency to the great detriment of the lower classes and the Crown. One of the other five regents was Karl Karlsson Gyllenhielm, bastard brother to Gustavus and high admiral of the realm. Of the lot, he was the least concerned with personal wealth and privileges.;;;;;;;;;;7855 EVENTHIST3235;Gustavus Adolphus founded the first Swedish court of appeals, 'Svea Hovrätt', in 1614 as a higher instance than the old local courts, or 'tingsrätt'. Today there are six such courts in Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;7856 EVENTHIST3234;The crown councils of Norway, Sweden and Denmark met in 1397 in the city of Kalmar and decided to unite the three Scandinavian nations under a single monarch. This 'Union of Kalmar', at the time the largest state in Europe, was troubled from the start by its loose organization and unbalancing Danish domination. Constant strife in the late 1470's between Sweden and Denmark led to the final dissolution of the Union in 1523, when the national council of Sweden chose the freedom fighter Gustav Eriksson Vasa as King Gustav I. You however, have chosen to roll the dice earlier...;;;;;;;;;;7857 EVENTHIST3233;Born in 1583, Axel Oxenstierna started his civil career for the Swedish State in 1602, and became Chancellor between 1612 and 1654. He proved to be the most able administrator Sweden has ever had. Like Charles IX, Oxenstierna was impressed by Calvinism, and harbored notions of adopting at least elements of that faith. As Gustavus Adolphus's right hand man, he fought against the King's plans to intervene in the Thirty Years War. However, after the death of the King at Lützen in 1632, he assumed the leadership of the Protestant cause and managed to convince the French to actively participate in the conflict. He always followed domestic policies closely, but lost most of his influence following the abdication of Queen Christina, which he opposed. He died in 1654, shortly after the coronation of King Charles X Gustavus.;;;;;;;;;;7858 EVENTHIST3232;After the disastrous war of 1674-79, which Sweden was more or less forced into by France, Charles XI and broad layers of the Swedish administration realized that something had to change. The King, in two surprisingly painless parliament sessions 1680 and 1682, assumed sole control of the country with no obligation to heed either parliament or royal council. Thus began the period of Caroline absolutism in Sweden, with the king called 'the Graycoat' for his humility and simple habits, answerable only to God.;;;;;;;;;;7859 EVENTHIST3231;During the first half of the 17th century, the newly risen great power of Sweden sought ways of reforming her trade as effectively as she had the army. Foreign entrepreneurs (mostly from the Low Countries, like Louis de Geer) started up flourishing businesses and provided excellent role models for Swedish merchants. The Swedes were even persuaded by certain Dutchmen to embark on lucrative colonial ventures, but the attempts were half-hearted as Sweden chose instead to pursue an aggressive continental policy. Swedish trade never really took off either, due to the constant mercantilist interference of a money starved government.;;;;;;;;;;7860 EVENTHIST3230;During the Russian Time of Troubles, Sweden intervened in favor of the elected Czar Vasily Shuisky. Poland also intervened and managed to place their candidate Vladislav Vasa on the throne for a short while, ousting Vasily Shuisky. When the Poles were eventually driven off, the Russians agreed to elect the Swedish prince Karl Filip, brother to Gustavus Vasa, but the young prince was reluctant to go, and certain political factions desired territorial concessions from the Russians instead. In 1613 the Russians got tired of waiting and united under Michael Romanov instead.;;;;;;;;;;7861 EVENTHIST3229;John III had a son named Sigismund who was crowned king of Poland-Lithuania in 1587. Although his father was a Lutheran (albeit one who sought reconciliation with the Pope), he was raised a catholic by his mother and was tutored by Jesuits. When John died in 1592, Sigismund also inherited the Swedish crown, creating for a few years the most powerful political entity in Europe. However, Sigismund's Catholicism alienated him from many important Swedish nobles who could not stomach the thought of seeing their country revert to papism. Sigismund's uncle Charles rose up in rebellion as soon as the king had left for Poland after his coronation in 1594. Sigismund returned with an army but was defeated at Stångebro in 1598, which effectively ended the brief union. For decades to come, the Polish kings would regard Charles and his successors as usurpers - a claim that would spark several bloody wars between the nations.;;;;;;;;;;7862 EVENTHIST3228;In the early 17th century, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus undertook a set of measures to reform the Swedish military system. Sweden would develop a professional army around the conscription of soldiers on the basis of same geographical origin (cities, hamlets, villages) that would bring team spirit and cohesion to units that did not exist in most mercenary armies of the time. The tactical innovations included shallower and broader formations to maximize firepower, cross training between the army branches, and light, highly mobile field artillery. The new Swedish tactical doctrine was based on firepower and mobility, eschewing heavy artillery and slow-moving tercios.;;;;;;;;;;7863 EVENTHIST3227;In 1614, the Walloon entrepreneur Louis de Geer set up shop in Sweden and undertook the development of the iron ore mining and foundries in northern Sweden. For some time already, Walloon craftsmen from the Hainaut, Brabant and Luxemburg regions had been fleeing unemployment and immigrated to Sweden. The influx of master metal workers and ore refiners vitalized the industry and led to a massive improvement in steel quality - a major advantage in weapons manufacture. In a few decades, Sweden became a major exporter of steel and cannon as well as copper and iron.;;;;;;;;;;7864 EVENTHIST3226;During the Swedish liberation war, the Crown had accrued enormous debts to the Hanseatic League and Gustav Vasa needed money quickly in order to placate the powerful merchants. At the Parliament of Västerås in the summer of 1527 he took the first step towards Protestantism when the church was obliged to 'lend' the state money in the form of silver chalices, bells and other valuable objects. Over the coming three decades, Sweden gradually slipped into the evangelic faith despite several uprisings.;;;;;;;;;;7865 EVENTHIST3225;Gustav Vasa had four sons - Erik, John, Magnus and Charles. Erik was the oldest and succeeded his father on the throne as Erik XIV (although he was actually only the eighth king of that name) in 1560. He was an able king who reformed the army and pursued an aggressive foreign policy, securing the northern part of Estonia for Sweden in 1561. However, his relation to his brother John, the Duke of Finland, plummeted when the latter married a Polish princess against the king's will. John and his wife were sentenced to death (but later pardoned) and imprisoned until the paranoid king Erik suffered a period of insanity and stabbed one of his advisors to death in 1567. Fleeing into the countryside, the king was found wandering a few days later and eventually recovered. However his brothers (except Magnus, who went insane in 1562) conspired against him and managed to depose him in 1568. Erik died in prison in 1577 - probably murdered at the order of King John.;;;;;;;;;;7866 EVENTHIST3224;Nils Dacke was a well-off farmer from Småland who got so fed up with the centralism, high taxes and confiscation of church property that he led the old border county in open revolt. Thousands of peasants with improvised weaponry marched across the border into Östergötland. Initially the peasants were successful, but when the king brought in German mercenaries their fortunes quickly reversed. In the forests of Småland, Nils Dacke is still regarded as a hero of the common folk.;;;;;;;;;;7867 EVENTHIST3223;Upon his ascension to the Swedish throne, Gustav Vasa was faced with a seemingly endless list of discouraging tasks. The country was in massive debt to the Hansa (which threatened to side with Denmark in its attempts to restore the Union), the nobles were untrustworthy, and the army and navy were in shambles. Worst of all, however, was the unbalanced distribution of land. The crown lands were too small to provide the vital taxes needed to support the state. The King proved up to the challenge, and with unpopular reductions and obsessive micromanagement he got the country back on its feet. In his early reign, Gustav also sought to gain the Skåne counties and Gotland from Denmark with the help of the Hansa. He didn't succeed, but the claim had been staked...;;;;;;;;;;7868 EVENTHIST3222;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has decided to revert to Catholicism and defy all claims on its territories.;;;;;;;;;;7869 EVENTHIST3221;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of the collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has accepted to sign an Agreement with Denmark and Russia.;;;;;;;;;;7870 EVENTHIST3220;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of the collapse of the Livonian Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has accepted to sign an Agreement with Poland and Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;7871 EVENTHIST3219;The crown councils of Norway, Sweden and Denmark met in 1397 in the city of Kalmar and decided to unite the three Scandinavian nations under a single monarch. This 'Union of Kalmar', at the time the largest state in Europe, was troubled from the start by its loose organization and unbalancing Danish domination. Constant strife in the late 1470's between Sweden and Denmark led to the final dissolution of the Union in 1523, when the national council of Sweden chose the freedom fighter Gustav Eriksson Vasa as King Gustav I (1523-1560), long after Regent Sten Sture I of Sweden had defeated the Danes at the battle of the Brunkeberg in 1471.;;;;;;;;;;7872 EVENTHIST3218;Following Sweden's victory over Russia in 1497, the scheming Union King Hans realized he had to curb the power of the Swedish marshal Sten Sture (the elder). Defeating the Swedes at Rotebro he marched into Stockholm and was crowned King of Sweden, but only after granting amnesty to Sten Sture and the rebels. This event was called the 'Kalmar Recess'. In 1500, following King Hans's crushing defeat by the peasant rebels in the Ditmarsk, Sten Sture and the Swedish nobles rejected the Kalmar Racess, claiming Hans had not been honoring the agreement. This was to mark the beginning of the end for the Union of Kalmar.;;;;;;;;;;7873 EVENTHIST3217;Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson is a legendary and enigmatic figure in Swedish medieval history. In 1434 the peasants of Dalarna (The Dales) in Sweden had had enough of union king Erik's crushing taxes and brutal sheriffs. Led by Engelbrekt, the peasants and miners, supported by certain factions within the church and gentry, rose up in open rebellion. They captured castle after castle and soon controlled the greater part of Sweden. Meanwhile, Erik Puke had joined Engelbrekt in revolt in Finland. For two years, Engelbrekt was the de-facto ruler of Sweden, but intrigue among the noblemen and infighting between Engelbrekt, Erik Puke and Karl Knutsson finally resulted in Engelbrekts murder at the hands of Måns Bengtsson Natt och Dag.;;;;;;;;;;7874 EVENTHIST3216;Joseph II, 1741-90, Holy Roman Emperor (1765-90), King of Bohemia and Hungary (1780-90). After his fathers death 1765, Joseph acted as emperor and co-regent with his mother but had little real influence. Resenting this fact, he takes to traveling until his mothers death in 1780. He then begins reformations largely based on his own philosophy and principles, rather than those originating in the Enlightenment. These reforms consisted of nothing less than the abolition of hereditary and ecclesiastic privileges as well as the creation of a civil service based on merit and loyalty rather than birth.;;;;;;;;;;7875 EVENTHIST3209;Many countries had view the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7876 EVENTHIST3208;Metternich began his state career in 1797 as representative of the Westphalian College of counts at the Congress of Rastatt, but in less than a decade, he had managed to become ambassador of Saxony and Preussen as well as the Austrian representative in France. His career primed in 1809 when he was assigned the post as minister of Austrian foreign affairs. Until 1813 Metternich will pursue a policy of acquiescence to French supremacy. A policy which ends with the creation of the Quadruple Alliance, the war against France, and the allied victory the very same year. The following 35 years have been called the Age of Metternich for during this time he was the chief arbiter of Europe. The Metternich system depended upon political and religious censorship, espionage, and the suppression of revolutionary and nationalist movements. This system holds part of the blame for the revolutions of 1848.;;;;;;;;;;7877 EVENTHIST3207;After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dynasty in Bavaria (1777), Joseph II endeavored to strengthen the position of Austria within the Empire. His plan to exchange territories with Charles Theodore of the Palatinate, the heir of the Bavarian throne (Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate for Lower Austria) led to the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779). Prussia intervened in July 1778 in what she saw as a dangerous Austrian expansion. It was a short conflict which started with a Prussian invasion of Bohemia but was terminated in May 1779s when Empress Maria Theresa forced her son Joseph II to capitulate. The peace was concluded at Teschen on 16th May 1779 and Austria settled for the small Inn district.;;;;;;;;;;7878 EVENTHIST3206;Wenzel-Anton, Earl and then Prince of Rittberg-Kaunitz (1711-1794) is a noble from Bohemia. Impregnated of the culture of the Englightenment, a devoted civil servant, he always had the full confidence and support from Empress Maria-Theresa. After a diplomatic career, he became Chancellor of Austria in 1753, till 1792. A partisan of alliance shifts, he worked out the closer ties with France that led to the Seven Years War, but also managed to renew with Frederick II of Prussia in time to be part of the first partition of Poland.;;;;;;;;;;7879 EVENTHIST3205;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7880 EVENTHIST3204;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;;;;;;;;;;7881 EVENTHIST3203;In 1731 the Archbishop of Salzburg purged his lands from Protestants. The Protestants had grown in number over the years and the archbishop had started to feel his powers threatened by their existence. More than 26000 ethnic German Protestants fled for their lives. 17000 of them were welcomed in Prussia in 1732 and most of them settle in East Prussia. Several protestant countries started nation-wide collections to help the fugitives.;;;;;;;;;;7882 EVENTHIST3202;The company was a highly successful colonial trading company, mostly active in the Chinese tea trade and also in the Bengals where it had a colony/fort factory. Its success was short-lived however because of Habsburg dynastical reasons when Maria Theresia came to the throne. The VOC was so annoyingly successful to the Dutch and the English that the abolishment of it was a demand to not oppose the ascending to the throne of Maria Theresia.;;;;;;;;;;7883 EVENTHIST3201;As struggles came and went the ruling family of Hungary, the Habsburgs, had established the following pattern in treating their nobility. During times of foreign war, nobles were granted rights which the crown then tried to recall as soon as peace came. This, naturally, often triggered revolts. Following this pattern, taxes and military drafts were imposed upon the nobles after Hungary's decisive victory over the Turks in 1699. But, when Austria went to war with France in 1703, the nobles revolted once again, and forced the Emperor Charles V to restore the old system of noble privileges, in the Peace of Szatmar of 1711.;;;;;;;;;;7884 EVENTHIST3200;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus tried to name Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. However in the late phase of the Franco-Spanish negotiations a secretary of one of the Spanish ministers leaked out information and Habsburg partisans back in Madrid argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, so Charles II hard beset, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Charles of Habsburg. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against Austria and Spain. Thus when Austrian forces reinforced the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;;;;;;;;;;7885 EVENTHIST3199;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;;;;;;;;;;7886 EVENTHIST3198;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;7887 EVENTHIST3197;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and Austria took up the offensive in the Netherlands again. The brilliant, but eccentric General Pappenheim won victory after victory. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. Pappenheim was not a brutal man, but he was very realistic and let the people bear the costs of war. Thus the majority of the Dutch in the united provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the Imperial troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to Pappenheim, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but Pappenheim took it back within 6 months and he also took Nijmegen and one of his German armies had now moved into Geldern from Münster and effectively threatened Utrecht. But the best was yet to come. In a nightly sea battle the Spanish navy managed to win and land 12000 men in Zeeland, within a year Austria had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace Austria harshly subjugated all non-Catholics. Catholics were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between the All the Catholic Subjects of His Imperial Majesty was instituted. Many Calvinist left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful Austrian rule in the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7888 EVENTHIST3196;This brief document purported to do no more than enforce the terms of the Peace of Augsburg. However, the interpretation put on that document was that which had been urged by partisans of Catholicism. Thus it became the source of outrage from many important protestant leaders as Christian IV of Denmark and Gustav II Adolphus of Sweden, and also a good reason for war...;;;;;;;;;;7889 EVENTHIST3195;The 1620's were characterized by long and cold winters, late springs and cold and wet summers, leading to crop-failure and sharp increases in grain prices. Into this atmosphere of enhanced tension broke a climatic event of unusual severity. In 1626, during the last week of May, in the middle of the vegetation period, winter returned. The temperature fell so that lakes and rivers froze and trees shed their leaves. The unexpected return of winter caused panic and anxiety among the peasants who could not remember ever experiencing such destruction of their fields. This event, combined with the brutal persecution of protestants, led the mainly protestant peasants of Upper Austria, pledged to Bavaria, to revolt. The peasants were defeated after heavy fighting, and in 1628 the country passed into the hands of the emperor again.;;;;;;;;;;7890 EVENTHIST3194;The revolt began in Prague after the royal letter of Bohemia had been recalled. Two royal officers were hurled from a window by Protestant members of the Bohemian diet-the so-called Defenestration of Prague (May, 1618). Ferdinand was declared deposed and the Bohemian throne was offered to Frederick V, the elector palatine.;;;;;;;;;;7891 EVENTHIST3193;Pressed by the Estates of Bohemia and fearing the increasing power of his brother Ferdinand, Emperor Rudolf issued the Royal Letter of Bohemia. The letter gave religious freedom for all Protestants in Bohemia and the later recall of the letter would be one of the causes for the thirty years war.;;;;;;;;;;7892 EVENTHIST3192;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7893 EVENTHIST3191;In 1566 Dutch Nobles courts the regent Margerete of Parma in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene. The only answer they get is from the Count de Barlaymont saying 'Ce Gueux' (These Beggars!) in a spiteful voice. The Dutch take to that name with pride calling themselves 'The Gueses'. One of the effects of the insulting denial is that the citizenry of Antwerpen storms the churches and destroy the relics and paintings. It then spread from town to town. Knowing the effect in Vienna William of Oranien try to stop these acts of violence, but it's futile. The grass has caught fire...;;;;;;;;;;7894 EVENTHIST3190;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;;;;;;;;;;7895 EVENTHIST3189;Opened at Augsburg on Feb. 5, 1555, was proclaimed by Charles V, but not wishing to take part in the inevitable religious compromises, he refused to attend the proceedings and empowered his brother Ferdinand (the future emperor Ferdinand I) to settle all questions. It determined that in the future no member of the empire should make war against another on religious grounds and that this peace should remain operative until the denominations were peacefully reunited. Only two denominations were recognized, the Roman Catholics and the Lutherans. Moreover, in each territory of the empire, only one denomination was to be recognized, the religion of the prince's choice being thus made obligatory for his subjects. Protestant and Catholic citizens in the free and imperial cities remained free to exercise their religion as they pleased. The wish for a lasting settlement was so strong that the compromise peace, which satisfied no one completely and had many loopholes, was accepted. In spite of its shortcomings, the Peace of Augsburg saved the empire from serious internal conflicts for more than 50 years.;;;;;;;;;;7896 EVENTHIST3188;A temporary doctrinal agreement was proclaimed in May 1548 between German Catholics and Protestants and became imperial law on June 30, 1548. It was prepared and accepted at the insistence of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who hoped to establish temporary religious unity in Germany until differences could be worked out in a general council of the Catholic Church. The Augsburg Interim primarily reflected a Catholic viewpoint. It did, however, allow clerical marriage and communion in both kinds (bread and wine) for the laity. Several Protestant electors objected to the Catholic emphasis of the Augsburg Interim and refused to abide by it. Charles attempted to force its acceptance, an action that led the Protestants to adopt the Leipzig Interim, which upheld Protestant doctrines, at a subsequent Diet. Neither interim was fully accepted so a German religious settlement was not brought about until the Peace of Augsburg (1555).;;;;;;;;;;7897 EVENTHIST3187;In the year 1526 King Lajos II died childless, Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg, also King-elect of Bohemia and thus Elector of the Empire managed to have the kingship become hereditary in his family.;;;;;;;;;;7898 EVENTHIST3186;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Hapsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;;;;;;;;;;7899 EVENTHIST3185;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Hapsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;;;;;;;;;;7900 EVENTHIST3184;In 1521 the Turkish sultan Süleyman I taking advantage of Hungary's political, economic, and military decline during the regimes of Vladislav (Ulázsló II) Jagiello lo and his son Louis II (reigned 1516-26), demanded tribute. When Louis refused to pay, the Turks advanced toward Hungary, capturing the fortresses of Sabac, Belgrade, and later Petervárad (Peterwardein) in July 1526. Louis hurriedly assembled a force of fewer than 20,000 men and advanced from Buda to meet the Turks. Without waiting for reinforcements, he attacked Süleyman's army of more than 100,000 troops at Mohács. The Hungarian force was annihilated;;;;;;;;;;7901 EVENTHIST3183;The Fuggers were a peasant family of weavers from Augsburg during the 15th Century who rose through trade and transactions in money to Bankers of the Habsburgs and the Popes. Jakob Fugger the Rich (1511-1525) financed Charles V wars and election to the Empire, controlled European lead, silver and copper production and obtained a monopoly in quicksilver. Anton Fugger (1525-1560) had trading concessions in Chile, Peru and Moscow. However, the company declined by the end of the 16th Century because of state bankruptcies in Spain, family conflicts and lack of interest on the part of the heirs.;;;;;;;;;;7902 EVENTHIST3182;In 1508 Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice, which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;;;;;;;;;;7903 EVENTHIST3181;The Duchy of Milan, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, had become a powerful Condottiere (mercenary) nation under the Sforza family, led by Ludovic Le More (1451-1508). Upon his capture in 1500, the Duchy is open to opposing claims. Louis XII of France is the grandson of Valentine Visconti (great-granddaughter of the first Duke of Milan) and has thus a direct claim. The Emperor has also a claim as suzerain of an Imperial fiefdom. The Duchy would end in the Emperor's basket, by force of arms, after the disastrous defeat of the French at Pavia in 1525.;;;;;;;;;;7904 EVENTHIST3180;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Charles of France. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Charles inheritance was transmitted to Louis the Spider King, their son. Ruling over France and 'Lothars Kingdom' only the Imperial Crown lay between him and the rebirth of the Empire of Charlemagne...;;;;;;;;;;7905 EVENTHIST3179;In 1496, when the King of Aragon Ferdinand and the Queen of Castile Isabella married their heir Joan the Mad to Habsburg heir Philip the Fair, they started the historical union between what would be called the Spanish and the Austria Habsburgs. The son from this marriage, Charles V, would become the emperor of the largest territory in Western Europe, having inherited the lands of Castile, Aragon, Burgundy and Austria. The Habsburgs would pursue this intra-family wedding policy till the end of the 17th century. From where do you want the Habsburg Empire to be ruled My Lord?;;;;;;;;;;7906 EVENTHIST3178;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Maximilian of Habsburg. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Maximilian inheritance was transmitted to Philip the Fair, their son and husband of the Spanish heir. Their only son, Charles V, would reign over Spanish and Habsburg territories.;;;;;;;;;;7907 EVENTHIST3177;Many countries had view the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7908 EVENTHIST3176;In the late 18th century Spain was far from its former power and glory. However the creation of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 to get a better rule of the colonial areas as well as manage a better defense of its colonial areas quickly made a big difference in revenues by tripling the income to the Spanish government. Of course not all subjects in the colony areas liked the stricter colony areas liked the stricter control & thus higher taxes.;;;;;;;;;;7909 EVENTHIST3175;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was Spain, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. His brother, Josef Bonaparte, would once become King of Spain herself.;;;;;;;;;;7910 EVENTHIST3174;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7911 EVENTHIST3173;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out. My Lord, whom do you name your successor?;;;;;;;;;;7912 EVENTHIST3172;Louis strove vigorously for supremacy in foreign affairs for the next ten years the king limited his policies to diplomacy. He set up chambers of reunion to unearth legal grounds for claims on a number of cities, which Louis promptly annexed.;;;;;;;;;;7913 EVENTHIST3171;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and Spain took up the offensive in the Netherlands again. The brilliant General Spinola won victory after victory. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. Spinola was not a brutal man, but he was very realistic and let the people bear the costs of war. Thus the majority of the Dutch in the united provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the Spanish troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to Spinola, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but Spinola took it back within 6 months and he also took Nijmegen and one of his German armies had now moved into Geldern from Münster and effectively threatened Utrecht. But the best was yet to come. In a nightly sea battle the Spanish navy managed to win and land 12000 men in Zeeland, within a year Spain had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace Spain harshly subjugate all non-Catholics. Catholics were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between the All the Catholic Subjects of His Spanish Majesty was instituted. Many Calvinist left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful Spanish rule in the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;7914 EVENTHIST3170;In 1647, popular revolutions broke out in Naples and Palermo, and soon these two cities were in the hands of revolutionary governments. In Naples, at least, it was again the excessive taxation, imposed for Spain's war effort that had precipitated the rebellion. The Spanish monarchy, wrote the Venetian ambassador to Madrid at the time, 'resembled that great colossus that during an earthquake had collapsed in a few moments while everyone hurried along to enrich himself with the fragments.' In fact, Spain survived and even managed to hold on to much of its empire. The revolts of Naples and Sicily, directed as much against the local nobility as against Spain, were put down in 1648.;;;;;;;;;;7915 EVENTHIST3169;In 1639 Olivares opened a campaign against southern France from Catalonia. If the Catalans had to defend their country, Olivares argued, they would have to support the army. This logic was lost on the Catalans. The peasants, urged on by their clergy, refused to support the troops. Soon there were clashes with the population, then riots and open rebellion. On June 7 the mob murdered the viceroy in Barcelona. In the autumn of 1640 Olivares scraped together the last available troops and sent them against the Catalan rebels. The rebel leader, Pau Claris, countered by transferring Catalan allegiance to the king of France, 'as in the time of Charlemagne' (Jan. 1641). French troops now entered Catalonia. Only when the renewed French civil wars (the Fronde) induced the French to withdraw their army was the Castilians able to re-conquer Catalonia (1652).;;;;;;;;;;7916 EVENTHIST3168;In 1640, Portugal had been under the domination of Spanish kings for 60 years, since the fall of the Aviz dynasty in 1578. However, in 1640, the Portuguese rose up in revolt and started a long liberation war against Spain. A long 24 years struggle, along with Spanish defeat in the Thirty Years War (1648), Peace with France (1659) would lead to a renewed independence for Portugal, under the new Braganza dynasty, which would turn to Stuart England as an ally and protector (marriage of Catherine of Braganza with Charles II and transfer of Bombay to England as a dowry).;;;;;;;;;;7917 EVENTHIST3167;Moriscos, Moors converted to Christianity after the Christian re-conquest (11th-15th cent.) of Spain. The Moors, who had become subjects of Christian kings as the re-conquest progressed to the 15th cent, were called Mudéjares. They remained Muslim, and their religion and customs were generally respected. After the fall of Granada (1492), Cardinal Jiménez converted many Moors by peaceful means. However, the rigorous treatment of those who refused conversion or apostatized from the new faith led to an uprising (1500-1502) in Granada. This was soon suppressed. Faced with choosing between conversion and banishment, the majority accepted conversion, but many continued secretly to practice Islam. The Moriscos at times provided the Ottoman Turks with information facilitating Turkish raids on the Spanish coast. Persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition and subjected to restrictive legislation (1526, 1527), the Moriscos rose in a bloody rebellion (1568-71), which Philip II put down with the help of John of Austria. The Moriscos prospered in spite of persecutions and furthered Spanish agriculture, trade, and industries. However, in 1609 Philip III, influenced by Lerma, decreed their expulsion for both religious and political reasons.;;;;;;;;;;7918 EVENTHIST3166;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7919 EVENTHIST3165;The epidemics that swept Spain in the 1590s significantly reduced the population. In addition, as Philip II strengthened the Inquisition, intellectual life became narrower and less open to new currents of thought. At his death in 1598 Philip left a country that was declining domestically and internationally;;;;;;;;;;7920 EVENTHIST3164;In 1596, a couple of years after the disastrous defeat of the Armada, Philip II were again forced to declare the country bankrupt. Spain had for many years undercut its tax base and what was worse, had no control of the price-fluctuations from the inflow of American silver and gold. It was impossible for the Spanish minister of finance to forecast any repayments as all costs fluctuated volatile. The spending was based on the planned budget, but the inflow was irregular at best which made Spain spend more than it actually had, thus the Great Bankruptcies of 1557 and 1596.;;;;;;;;;;7921 EVENTHIST3163;Philip II (Philip III in Spain) arrived in Portugal and was accepted as King by the Cortes in 1621. He undertook to nothing to preserve Portuguese autonomy, and considered the union as a mean to keep Portuguese competition at bay, and to this advent he appointed only Spaniards to the administration, rarely summoned Cortes, and ignored the Portuguese council in Madrid.;;;;;;;;;;7922 EVENTHIST3162;Philip I arrived in Portugal and was accepted as King (1580-98) by the Cortes held at Tomar (1581). He undertook to preserve Portuguese autonomy, to consider the union as a personal one like that of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand and Isabella, to appoint only Portuguese to the administration, to summon Cortes frequently, and to be accompanied by a Portuguese council in Madrid.;;;;;;;;;;7923 EVENTHIST3161;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again….;;;;;;;;;;7924 EVENTHIST3160;Southern parts of Spain were inhabited mostly by Moslem Morisques. From the time of the Spanish Inquisition (1478), however, attempts at conversion were made more forcibly, often including confiscation of property, torture, or murder.;;;;;;;;;;7925 EVENTHIST3159;In 1566 Dutch Nobles courts the regent Margerete of Parma in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene. The only answer they get is from the Count de Barlaymont saying 'Ce Gueux' (These Beggars!) in a spiteful voice. The Dutch take to that name with pride calling themselves 'The Gueses'. One of the effects of the insulting denial is that the citizenry of Antwerpen storms the churches and destroy the relics and paintings. It then spread from town to town. Knowing the effect in Madrid William of Oranien try to stop these acts of violence, but it's futile. The grass has caught fire...;;;;;;;;;;7926 EVENTHIST3158;In 1557, on the very first year as Spanish king, Philip II was forced to declare the country bankrupt. Spain had for many years undercut its tax base and what was worse, had no control of the price-fluctuations from the inflow of American silver and gold. It was impossible for the Spanish minister of finance to forecast any repayments as all costs fluctuated volatile. The spending was based on the planned budget, but the inflow was irregular at best which made Spain spend more than it actually had, thus the Great Bankruptcies of 1557 and 1596.;;;;;;;;;;7927 EVENTHIST3157;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;;;;;;;;;;7928 EVENTHIST3156;Being driven from the island of Rhodes by the Turks the knights wandered homeless until in 1530 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V conferred upon them the sovereignty of the island of Malta.;;;;;;;;;;7929 EVENTHIST3155;The commons, angered by the exploitation by the nobles formed into brotherhoods, notably the 'Communeros' of Castile and the 'Germania' of Valencia, and attempted to pressurize the nobles into giving them more rights and a better deal.;;;;;;;;;;7930 EVENTHIST3154;The Fuggers were a peasant family of weavers from Augsburg during the 15th Century who rose through trade and transactions in money to Bankers of the Habsburgs and the Popes. Jakob Fugger the Rich (1511-1525) financed Charles V wars and election to the Empire, controlled European lead, silver and copper production and obtained a monopoly in quicksilver. Anton Fugger (1525-1560) had trading concessions in Chile, Peru and Moscow. However, the company declined by the end of the 16th Century because of state bankruptcies in Spain, family conflicts and lack of interest on the part of the heirs.;;;;;;;;;;7931 EVENTHIST3153;With the discovery of the New World, Seville entered its greatest period of prosperity. It was the chief port of trade with the new colonies. Quickly the Spanish monarchs let it have the monopoly on freights from the Spanish colonies.;;;;;;;;;;7932 EVENTHIST3152;After the Conquest of Granada, Spain was filled with veterans and warriors of the faith with nothing to do and many needs. Deeds and needs would be fulfilled as Cortez and Pizarro started out to conquer South- and Central America. All these people became the hacienda-owners and trader-barons of the New World bringing wealth both into their own pockets and the vaults of the Spanish treasury.;;;;;;;;;;7933 EVENTHIST3151;In 1496, when the King of Aragon Ferdinand and the Queen of Castile Isabella married their heir Joan the Mad to Habsburg heir Philip the Fair, they started the historical union between what would be called the Spanish and the Austria Habsburgs. The son from this marriage, Charles V, would become the emperor of the largest territory in Western Europe, having inherited the lands of Castile, Aragon, Burgundy and Austria. The Habsburgs would pursue this intra-family wedding policy till the end of the 17th century. My Lord, King Carlos has decided to rule the world from Vienna.;;;;;;;;;;7934 EVENTHIST3150;After having expelled the Jews on 3rd August 1492, the Catholic sovereigns of Spain decideded it was time to look after the Moorish population of Al-Andalus, the southern part of the peninsula acquired from the old muslim kingdoms of Valencia Granada. With the renewal of the Inquisition under Torquemada, Spain became a country of religious fanatics where Moors were either forced converted, enslaved or, put to death. Although many Moors were able to flee the Inquisition establishing new homes in Muslim North Africa.;;;;;;;;;;7935 EVENTHIST3149;After the defeat of Austria and Prussia Napoleon had a free hand to reorganize Europe and numerous relatives to install on the thrones of his satellite kingdoms. The result was known as the Grand Empire. In a glamorous crowning Napoleon picked his crown from the hands of the Pope and put it on his own head. Then he started to readdress Europe. Having annexed Tuscany, Piedmont, Genoa, and the Rhineland directly into France, Napoleon placed the Kingdom of Holland (which until 1806 was the Batavian Commonwealth) under his brother Louis, the Kingdom of Westphalia under his brother Jérôme, the Kingdom of Italy under his stepson Eugène as his viceroy, the Kingdom of Spain under his brother Joseph, and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (carved out of Prussian Poland) under the nominal sovereignty of his ally the king of Saxony. To link his allied states in northern and southern Germany, Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine. Even Austria seemed to fall into Napoleon's sphere of influence with his marriage to Archduchess Maria Louise in 1810;;;;;;;;;;7936 EVENTHIST3148;Born in Corsica on 15th August 1768, Napoleon Bonaparte undertook military education at the royal military college of Brienne (graduated in 1785). A young artillery lieutenant when the French revolution erupted, he grabbed his first opportunity at the siege of Toulon in 1793 and then become the youngest general in the French revolutionary armies. A military genius, his victories in Italy in 1796 (and again 1800) and his campaign in Egypt 1798 would sharpen his thirst for power and he would become consul, then Emperor, marking the dawn of a new age.;;;;;;;;;;7937 EVENTHIST3147;As the French revolution dragged on and saw permanent turmoil and the outburst of war, the people of the western province of France (Poitou, Vendée, Brittany) came to regret the old regime and its relative stability, if not liberty. The unwise move of the Republican government to suppress the old clergy and replace the Catholic cult, combined with the return of some Royalist nobles, were the sparks that ignited a terrible revolt in 1794 that would force the diversion of large number of troops and mass massacres.;;;;;;;;;;7938 EVENTHIST3146;After the failed flight of the royal family on 20 June 1791 the king is forced into house-arrest. When the Reign of Terror starts the nobility is beheaded en-masse and the king is declared to have conspired with foreign powers and thus considered a traitor. The king is first forced to abdicate, imprisoned and called 'Citizen Capet'. On 15 Jan 1793 the National Convent votes for a proposal to execute the king with the figures 361 votes against 360. On 21 Jan 1793 King Louis is beheaded.;;;;;;;;;;7939 EVENTHIST3145;As Robespierre's militantly radical faction was brought to power in the People's Assembly a campaign to root out the 'Enemy within' started. Mass arrests of 'thought-to-be' royalist sympathizers were followed by the September massacres, after which Madame Guillotine was held warm by the blood of the people.;;;;;;;;;;7940 EVENTHIST3144;The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 was a success for France and revenge from previous defeats. However, it did nothing to ease the financial problems but rather increased the burden of debts. The success of the American independence movement also reinforced criticism of the regime. The 1786 commercial treaty with Britain was followed by a sharp decline in domestic industrial production, a very severe famine resulting from bad harvests, unrest and finally public bankruptcy in 1788. The King was forced to recall the Estates General, a feat unseen since 1626. On 5th May 1789, the Estates General convened at Versailles and soon pronounced itself a National Assembly (17th June), pledging to stay until they devised a constitution. Louis XVI acknowledged the changes in the situation, but the dismissal of his popular finance minister Necker and troop concentrations in the suburbs prompted the Paris masses to storm the state prison of La Bastille on 14th July 1789. The French Revolution had started.;;;;;;;;;;7941 EVENTHIST3143;In 1786 William Pitt the Younger signed an important commercial agreement, the Eden Treaty, with France. It was in keeping with the argument made by the economist Adam Smith in his The Wealth of Nations (1776) that Britain should be less economically dependent on trade with America and become more adventurous in exploring trading opportunities in continental Europe.;;;;;;;;;;7942 EVENTHIST3142;Jacques Necker was originally a conservative compromise to the post as minister of finance. He however introduced a number of financial reforms, including a more equitable system of taxation and a plan for the funding of the national debt. In 1781 Necker is forced to announce the budget deficit in an effort to get new loans. The figures are highly colored, but every one can now see what absurd sums the Court spends.;;;;;;;;;;7943 EVENTHIST3141;Turgot issued his Six Edicts eliminating the forced labor system of building roads, dissolved the guild system, lifted all sorts of tariffs and foreign trade controls, and implemented the Physiocrats' favorite policy - a single tax on landowners.;;;;;;;;;;7944 EVENTHIST3140;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was France, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769.;;;;;;;;;;7945 EVENTHIST3139;Neither the aristocracy nor the clergy pay the general land tax, the taille;;;;;;;;;;7946 EVENTHIST3138;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;7947 EVENTHIST3137;Born in 1653 the son of a tax collector, Hercule de Fleury becomes the preceptor of the young Louis XV on 23rd August 1715. A great confidence always prevailed between master and student and in 1726, at 73 years of age, Fleury becomes Prime Minister, and this till his death in 1743. Faithful, honest, Fleury was above all a partisan of peace and did his best to maintain it. Under his government, France enjoyed the longest peaceful period of its history for the last 3 centuries.;;;;;;;;;;7948 EVENTHIST3136;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne. My Lord, we do not know whom has control of the Kingship, but we must act quickly.;;;;;;;;;;7949 EVENTHIST3135;Charles de Broglie was an Earl of France that became the master spy organizer of King Louis XV. Under the King direction and ideas, he organized the first complete and structure secret service, Le Secret du Roy. His network covered most of Europe and, if its first mission in the Polish succession question failed, his major achievement was the role played during the American War of Independence, in providing the first and precious help to the Insurgents (military supplies, finance, diplomatic support to Franklin's mission in Paris, etc…);;;;;;;;;;7950 EVENTHIST3134;In 1716 the Scotsman, John Law, had created a Bank in France. His ideas were not new. The Bank was a copy of the Bank of England and Amsterdam Bank. The Bank printed banknotes and exchanged them for gold and silver. The trust in the new money was secured by a fund of precious metal. In 1718 the French Government bought the Bank and the industry flourished. There was an ongoing discussion of implementing a new financial legislation, but it was never approved and then came the crash. Because of the lack of governmental restrain, a consequence of not having legislation, the government let the printing press go wild and with to much money in circulation the wild speculation started which soon brought down both the Bank and the Mississippi Trade Company. But what if the legislation had been issued?;;;;;;;;;;7951 EVENTHIST3133;After the early success with John Law's Bank and the Mississippi Trade Company the government bought the Bank and borrowed 1.5 billion livres from the Trade Company to pay mortgage on its huge national loans. These events brought a hausse to the French industry and the government lacked all restrains printing stockpiles of money without any security. When the overheated economy started to recycle with reality the shareholders of the trade company panicked driving both the Bank and the Trade Company into bankruptcy. As much of two years of collected tax money disappeared in the catastrophe and France thus was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1724.;;;;;;;;;;7952 EVENTHIST3132;In 1717 the Mississippi Trade Company was founded. It had a Royal Monopoly on the utilization of the large colonial areas along the Mississippi River in America. In 1719 the Government borrowed 1.5 billion livres from the company. The company was more of a financial institution than a Company of Trade and Industry and the price of shares hit the roof. In 1720 the French hausse turned into a baisse and the fact that the shares of the Company were overvalued was evident even to the man on the street. Soon panic broke out and the Company was declared bankrupt. John Law was force to flee from France.;;;;;;;;;;7953 EVENTHIST3131;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus tried to name Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. However in the late phase of the Franco-Spanish negotiations a secretary of one of the Spanish ministers leaked out information and Habsburg partisans back in Madrid argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, so Charles II hard beset, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Charles of Habsburg. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against Austria and Spain. Thus when Austrian forces reinforced the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;;;;;;;;;;7954 EVENTHIST3130;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;;;;;;;;;;7955 EVENTHIST3129;Since the day Henri IV instituted the Reformed Church of France religious peace had only been upheld by the Edict of Nantes. His son tried to uphold this fragile peace and at the same time supported the reformed faith and it managed to peacefully convert many people. His grandson, Louis XIV, did feel that the change was not fast enough. And as one of the preoccupations of Louis XIV had been the restoration of national unity, it also included religious unity. Safeguarding the Reformed Faith by royal privileges and forbidding communication with the Holy Seal, he also sent dragoons to harass French Catholic families, persecuting them into conversions. In 1685, his revocation of the Edict of Nantes prompted nearly three million Leaguers (French Catholics) to flee the country, to more pleasant places such as Spain (from where many migrated to South America) or realms that welcomed them (80 000 to Poland alone). With them, France lost an agricultural workforce and lowered the manpower for her armies, to the benefit of her enemies.;;;;;;;;;;7956 EVENTHIST3128;One of the preoccupations of Louis XIV had been the restoration of national unity, in particular religious unity. Safeguarding the Catholic Church by royal privileges and censoring Papal decrees (Gallicanism), he also sent dragoons to harass French Protestant families, persecuting them into conversions. In 1685, his revocation of the Edict of Nantes prompted nearly half a million Huguenots (French Protestants) to flee the country, to more tolerant places such as Holland (from where many migrated to South Africa) or realms that welcomed them (20 000 to Prussia alone). With them, France lost commercial, judicial and cultural elite, to the benefit of her enemies.;;;;;;;;;;7957 EVENTHIST3127;Aiming at European hegemony and the rounding of French frontiers in the North and in the East (to the Rhine), Louis XIV had established the Chambers of Reunion, courts that advanced claimed to Imperial territories. These expansionist policies were at first tolerated by France powerless neighbors. It reached its climax in 1681, with the annexation of the free city of Strasbourg in Alsace and the 1684 occupation of Luxembourg. The reunion were recognized by the Empire in the 1684 Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683) and this led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686);;;;;;;;;;7958 EVENTHIST3126;It was an insignificant village made famous by Louis XIV, who built (mid-17th cent.) the palace and grounds that have become almost synonymous with the name Versailles. The growth of the town began in 1682, when Louis moved his court there. The huge structure, representing French classical style at its height, was the work of Louis Le Vau, J. H. Mansart, and Charles Le Brun. André Le Nôtre laid out the park and gardens, which are decorated with fountains, reservoirs, and sculptures by such artists as Antoine Coysevox. A huge machine was built at Marly-le-Roi to supply water for the fountains. The park contains two smaller palaces, the Grand Trianon and the Petit Trianon, as well as numerous temples, grottoes, and other decorative structures. The scene of the beginnings of the French Revolution, Versailles never again became a royal residence;;;;;;;;;;7959 EVENTHIST3125;The major influence which France did exert over the baroque age was one of courtly opulence. In 1669 Louis XIV (1638-1715) decided to convert an old hunting lodge at Versailles into a palace of unprecedented magnificence. It was completed in 1682, and the court moved in 1683. There was not a kingly or princely court in Europe which could match Versailles for the opulence of its gilded interiors, its mirrors and chandeliers, with an appropriately matching flamboyance of courtly ceremony, and there was not a kingly or princely court in Europe which did not, either openly or secretly aspires to match this model;;;;;;;;;;7960 EVENTHIST3124;Nominated Minister of Finance in 1661, Jean-Baptiste Colbert (born 1619) developed the first national economy of the modern age. His state-guided economy included better tax collection, statistical planning of the budget and regular bookkeeping. An advocate of Mercantilism (also Colbertism), he aimed at a favorable French balance of trade through the export of valuable finished products (luxury items, etc...) and high import tariffs. He encouraged a more efficient domestic trade (roads, canals, suppression of local duties), established state monopolies, subsidized manufactures, promoted navigation and trade associations, fixed agricultural prices, encouraged marriage and prohibited emigration (except to Canada), etc.. To support his policies, he also greatly enlarged the size of the royal navy. While mercantilism promoted commerce and crafts, thereby increasing prosperity, peasants were not stimulated to increase their production. When he died in 1683, his son Colbert de Seignelay pursued his task till 1690.;;;;;;;;;;7961 EVENTHIST3123;Cardinal Richelieu a liberal patron of literature, he created l'Academie Francaise in 1636 in order to promote French language and literature pursuits. Although the scientific academy never matched the associated literary Académie in fame, it did make a number of important scientific discoveries in the eighteenth century. It was French expeditions in 1735 and 1743, for instance, which established the oblate shape of the earth.;;;;;;;;;;7962 EVENTHIST3122;The Fronde (1648-1653) was mostly the last revolt of the French nobility against royal absolutism. It had started by the revolt of the Parliament of Paris (at the time the highest French court with jurisdiction over royal edicts) against the domestic policies of Cardinal Mazarin, who acted as Prime Minister of the 5-year-old Louis XIV. It was followed by that of the upper nobility (Fronde des Princes), but the rebellion was finally suppressed by a combination of Machiavellian diplomacy, betrayals and reverses of fortune. The Parliament was muzzled (it would not be convened again before 1789) and the upper nobility deprived of political power, preparing the advent of total royal absolutism under the Sun King, Louis XIV, after 1661.;;;;;;;;;;7963 EVENTHIST3121;The immediate issue was the French Protestants' struggle for freedom of worship and the right of establishment. Of equal importance, however, was the struggle for power between the crown and the great nobles and the rivalry among the great nobles themselves for the control of the king.;;;;;;;;;;7964 EVENTHIST3120;Armand Du Plessis, Cardinal of Richelieu, was 39 years old when he became Chief Minister of King Louis XIII in 1624. His main successful efforts in domestic policy were the fight against the upper nobility and the Protestant political privileges. He also supported overseas trade, colonial expansion and the constitution of a permanent royal navy. Its most notable achievement remained the diplomatic game he played during the Thirty Years War, pushing with French gold the Swedish intervention in 1630 and ultimately joining the war in 1635. His aimed had been the reduction of the House of Habsburg and the extrication of France from encirclement by enemy territory. He is considered as the inventor of the concept of Real Politik.;;;;;;;;;;7965 EVENTHIST3119;In the reign of King Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu decided to suppress Protestant political privileges. An uprising (1621-22) against the introduction of Catholicism in Béarn was put down by Richelieu, and the Protestants lost all the strongholds given to them under the Edict of Nantes, except Montauban and La Rochelle.;;;;;;;;;;7966 EVENTHIST3118;Marie de' Medici was married to Henry in 1600. After his assassination 1610 she became regent for her son Louis XIII. She reversed the policies set by her husband;;;;;;;;;;7967 EVENTHIST3117;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;;;;;;;;;;7968 EVENTHIST3116;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;;;;;;;;;;7969 EVENTHIST3115;Samuel de Champlain was sent by a man named Aymar de Clermont who had been given the privilege to establish a fur trading company by the king of France. During his travels Samuel de Champlain made friends with the Indians. He spent time with the Algonquin and Huron Indians exploring the area.;;;;;;;;;;7970 EVENTHIST3114;Michel Le Tellier (1603-1685) was the son of a counselor at the Account Chamber. Pinpointed by Prime Minister Cardinal Mazarin, he his named Secretary of War in 1643. He starts the needed reformation of the French army and war administration as minister till 1666 and Chancellor till 1677. His eldest son, Louvois, perfected his achievement and offered his master, Louis XIV, with the largest and best army of the last half of the 17th century.;;;;;;;;;;7971 EVENTHIST3113;In May 1588 the Wars of Religion in France entering its final chapter. The people of Paris, under the influence of inflammatory Leaguer preachers, were becoming more and more dissatisfied with Henri III and his failure to suppress the Protestants. To be a moderate Catholic was almost as bad as being heretic to the Leaguers and a popular uprising on the streets of Paris for caused Henri III to flee the city. The Catholic League took complete control of the government and welcomed the Duc de Guise to the city. The League pressed for a meeting of the Estates-General. Their proposed heir to the crown was the Cardinal de Bourbon, Navarre's uncle. There was even a fear that Henri III would be forced to abdicate and that the people might proclaim Guise king. On Christmas Eve in 1588, when Guise was at Blois for the meetings, Henri III invited him to his quarters for some discussion. When he entered, the doors were bolted and although he struggled heroically, he was cut to pieces, his body burnt, the bones dissolved, and the ashes scattered to the wind. The same fate was visited on his brother, the Cardinal de Guise. This cut the two best heads from the house of Guise, but it still left the younger brother, the Duc de Mayenne, who now became leader of the League. Henri's triumph over the House of Guise was short-lived. The League presses took over printing revolutionary tracts and the Sorbonne proclaimed that is was just and necessary to depose Henri III, and that any private citizen was morally free to commit regicide. And in fact, one of them eventually did. The League sent an army against Henri III, and Henri III turned to Navarre for an alliance. The two kings joined forces to reclaim Paris. In July 1589, a monk named begged an audience with the king and put a long knife into his spleen. On his deathbed, Henri III called for Navarre and named him his heir. Henri IV's position was delicate. Some of the late Henri III's followers gave their loyalties to the new sovereign, and others melted away into the night. The League staged coups in many of the principal cities of France. Well financed with Spanish money, Mayenne took to the field. Henri IV brought the war out of the south and into the north, which he knew was critical if he wanted to be king of France and not just king in Gascony. In September of 1589, Henri met Mayenne and gave him a serious defeat at Arques. His army swept through Normandy, taking town after town that winter, and then he inflicted an even more crushing defeat on the League in March of 1590 at Ivry. The League pretender, the Cardinal de Bourbon, died, weakening the League position further. Henri laid siege to Paris in the spring and summer of 1590. The situation alarmed Philip II of Spain, who ordered the Duke of Parma, perhaps the most able military commander of the age, to divert himself from suppressing the Dutch to relieving the siege. The two met in a pitched battle around Paris, Henri IV won and forced the Spaniards to withdraw from the French scene. The Parisians might impressed by Henri's feats acknowledged him as King. In 1593, the Moderates held an Estates-General in Paris, to name a candidate for the throne of France. The Spanish proposed the daughter of Philip II who would be married to the Duc de Guise. This was a shocking departure from the Salic law, and Parliament passed a decree that the crown could not go to any foreigner. At this point, Henri IV made his bid, rounded up all Catholic leaders, executing them. Quickly all important posts were taken up by Hugenotts. All Catholic Churches were put under surveillance, and destroyed if any conspiracies where found. France where declared a reformed country, but religious freedom was to be ensured for all by law. Henri was King without needing to pay lip-service to the Catholic Church...;;;;;;;;;;7972 EVENTHIST3112;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pie V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again….;;;;;;;;;;7973 EVENTHIST3111;In May 1588 the Wars of Religion in France entered its final chapter. The people of Paris, under the influence of inflammatory League preachers, were becoming more and more dissatisfied with Henri III and his failure to suppress the Protestants. To be a moderate Catholic was almost as bad as being a heretic to the Leaguers and a popular uprising on the streets of Paris caused Henri III to flee the city. The Catholic League took complete control of the government and welcomed the Duc de Guise to the city. The League pressed for a meeting of the Estates-General. Their proposed heir to the crown was the Cardinal de Bourbon, Navarre's uncle. There was even a fear that Henri III would be forced to abdicate and that the people might proclaim Guise king. On Christmas Eve in 1588, when Guise was at Blois for the meetings, Henri III invited him to his quarters for some discussion. When he entered, the doors were bolted and although he struggled heroically, he was cut to pieces, his body burnt, the bones dissolved, and the ashes scattered to the wind. The same fate was visited on his brother, the Cardinal de Guise. This cut the two best heads from the house of Guise, but it still left the younger brother, the Duc de Mayenne, who now became leader of the League. Henri's triumph over the House of Guise was short-lived. The League presses took over printing revolutionary tracts and the Sorbonne proclaimed that it was just and necessary to depose Henri III, and that any private citizen was morally free to commit regicide. And in fact, one of them eventually did. The League sent an army against Henri III, and Henri III turned to Navarre for an alliance. The two kings joined forces to reclaim Paris. In July 1589, a monk begged an audience with the king and put a long knife into his spleen. On his deathbed, Henri III called for Navarre and named him his heir. Henri IV's position was delicate. Some of the late Henri III's followers gave their loyalties to the new sovereign, and others melted away into the night. The League staged coups in many of the principal cities of France. Well financed with Spanish money, Mayenne took to the field. Henri IV brought the war out of the south and into the north, which he knew was critical if he wanted to be king of France and not just king in Gascony. In September of 1589, Henri met Mayenne and gave him a serious defeat at Arques. His army swept through Normandy, taking town after town that winter, and then he inflicted an even more crushing defeat on the League in March of 1590 at Ivry. The League pretender, the Cardinal de Bourbon, died, weakening the League position further. Henri laid siege to Paris in the spring and summer of 1590. The situation alarmed Philip II of Spain, who ordered the Duke of Parma, perhaps the most able military commander of the age, to divert himself from suppressing the Dutch to relieving the siege. The two never met in open combat, but Henri IV was obliged to withdraw. In 1593, the League held an Estates-General in Paris, to name a candidate for the throne of France. The Spanish proposed the daughter of Philip II who would be married to the Duc de Guise. This was a shocking departure from the Salic law, and Parliament passed a decree that the crown could not go to any foreigner. At this point, Henri IV made his 'perilous leap' and abjured his faith in July 1593, in the church of St. Denis, reputedly with the famous witticism that 'Paris is worth a mass.' Finally, in the spring of 1594, Henri IV entered Paris without firing a shot.;;;;;;;;;;7974 EVENTHIST3110;There are traditionally eight different Wars of Religion in France between 1562 and 1598. The first seven ones (1562-1563, 1567-1568, 1568-1570, 1572-1573, 1575-1577, 1577, 1579-1580) have common features: a split society between Catholics and Protestants, fragmented and erratic military operations, peace edicts that are more like truce than real peace. The question of the royal succession put the very existence of the kingdom at stake, even dividing Catholics in opposing fractions, After 1589 and King Henry III murder, Spanish intervention transforms the civil war in outright international conflict. The violence and hatred between Protestants and Catholics had increased all over France in the years 1562-1572. The powerful Duke of Guise (from the Lorraine province) set up a Catholic League to react against the Protestants and what he considered a weak royal power. Although he was assassinated on 23rd December 1588 upon the order of King Henry III, the League then openly revolted and refused to recognize the king or his designated heir, and called for Spanish military aid, going so far as to offer the throne to the Spanish infant. These moves were the sparks that would light the fire.;;;;;;;;;;7975 EVENTHIST3109;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;7976 EVENTHIST3108;During the Period 1524-1529 the French King experienced several setbacks. Not only did he starts and lose several campaigns in Italy, but in 1526 he was also captured and brought to Madrid in chains where he had do denounce all his claims. It did not end with that though. The French King refused to denounce his claims and again and again attacked in Italy. However, slowly he understood that the Italians would not accept a French monarch. For them belonging to a weak Holy Roman Empire was much better, and the French King also found that his opponents never had a problem with getting the majority of the lesser Italian states into their alliance. So at last after numerous fruitless wars the French King gave up his claims in Italy.;;;;;;;;;;7977 EVENTHIST3107;In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;;;;;;;;;;7978 EVENTHIST3106;The word gilde, or ghilde, is but one of many terms used formerly in France and in the Low Countries to denote what the more modern word corporation stands. In France and the Low Countries a guild was originally a sort of fraternity for common support, protection, and amusement. The members paid each a certain contribution to the common fund. After the end of the fifteenth century, under the despotic rule of the French kings, the guilds ceased to be a means of protection for a majority of their members. Their privileges became a means of filling the royal coffers at the expense of the employers;;;;;;;;;;7979 EVENTHIST3105;The Kingdom of Naples had become a possession of Aragon (and thus of Spain) in 1443, as well as Sicily. Its last ruler, Rene of Anjou had lost his realm to Ferdinand of Aragon who reigned from 1458 to 1494. His death in 1494 led a weak king, Alfonso, on the throne. His kingdom would probably end into the hands of the rulers of Spain. However, Charles VIII of France, a direct heir of the house of Anjou, also had legal claims to the throne. Following Charles VIII expedition to Naples in 1494 to claim his Anjou inheritance, and which had ended in disaster despite his brilliant victory at Fornova on 5th July 1495 (the Furia Francese), other wars were to erupt due to dispute over Milano, Swiss intervention in the conflict and the diplomatic and covert efforts of the Papacy under Julius II from 1503. In total, six wars would ravage the peninsula, from 1494 (Naples) to 1559 (peace concluded between France and the Habsburgs at Catteau-Cambresis on 3rd April). They would see the alternance of French victories (Marignano in 1515) and defeats (Pavia 1525) and would even extend to the borders and interior of France.;;;;;;;;;;7980 EVENTHIST3104;Louis XI benefited from the outcome of the hundred year war. The virtual destruction of the feudal nobility enabled him to unite France more solidly under the royal authority and to promote and ally with the middle class.;;;;;;;;;;7981 EVENTHIST3103;Charles VII, although dominated by his mistress, Agnès Sorel, proved an able administrator. He reorganized the army into a permanent force after forcing the British withdrawal from Guienne.;;;;;;;;;;7982 EVENTHIST3102;Charles VII remodeled French finances, established heavy taxation, particularly through the taille, a direct land tax. Extracting the wealth of the land has always been a tough nut to crack for the centralizing French kings. To tap the vast riches of the French lands new and improved taxation methods were needed time after time. Throughout history the methods used became more and more rationalized to optimimize gains for the treasury. The Birth of a Permanent Taxation Systems was a major step towards this aim.;;;;;;;;;;7983 EVENTHIST3101;At a young age Joan of Arc began to hear voices-those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the dauphin, later King Charles VII. Charles gave her an army and her inspiration rescued France from defeat against the English.;;;;;;;;;;7984 EVENTHIST3100;In 1733 there had been great conflict in Europe centered on the election of King Stanislaus Leszczynski. Russia and Austria had supported Friedrich Augustus II:s son, but he lost the election. War had been close and several plans had been discussed to secure peace for all. One was that Friedrich Augustus II:s son got the throne and Stanislaus would have been compensated with Lorraine. However that situation never materialized and when François III Stephan of Lorraine married Maria-Theresia of Austria the lands of Lorraine would be inherited by their eldest son, Josef.;;;;;;;;;;7985 EVENTHIST3099;Religious antagonism played an important part when war between the empire and the Turks broke out again in 1591. In the so-called Fifteen Years' War, imperial troops entered Transylvania, and their commander, George Basta, behaved there (and in northern Hungary) with such insane cruelty toward the Hungarian Protestants that a Transylvanian general, István Bocskay, formerly a Habsburg supporter, revolted. His army of wild herdsmen (hajduks) drove out Basta, and in June 1606 Bocskay concluded with Rudolf the Peace of Vienna, which left him prince of an enlarged Transylvania and also guaranteed the rights of the Protestants of Royal Hungary.;;;;;;;;;;7986 EVENTHIST3098;Johan Zapolya was king of Hungary, voivode of Transylvania. He was born John Zapolya, the son of Stephen Zapolya. He ruthlessly crushed a peasant uprising in 1514. His anger at the marriage of Anna to Ferdinand of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I) probably motivated his failure to assist Uladislaus' son, King Louis II of Hungary, The struggle between John and Ferdinand ended in 1538, when John, who was then childless, agreed that the crown should pass to Ferdinand after his death.;;;;;;;;;;7987 EVENTHIST3097;In 1608 the tension increased between the catholic parts and the protestant parts of the empire. The Protestants entered a union under the prince Fredrik of Pfalz that was supported by Brandenburg and Hessen-Kassel. The Catholics answered by forming a union of their own, the catholic league. It was led by Maximilian of Bavaria. In 1618 the Protestants of Bohemia rebelled by throwing catholic emissaries from the windows of their mansion. They continued to choose a protestant king of Bohemia, prince Fredrik of Pfalz. The emperor couldn't accept this, as he also was king of Bohemia. He sent his experienced commander Jean Tcerclaes Tilly with his troops to Bohemia and in the battle of the White Mountain (8 November 1620), Fredrik of Pfalz reign ended and all protestant resistance in Austria and southern Germany was crushed. Fredrik escaped from Bohemia and was named winter king due to his short reign.;;;;;;;;;;7988 EVENTHIST3096;The internal situation of Spain, with the struggle between absolutists and liberals, contributed to the independence of the colonies. The deathblow to Spain's ability to keep her American colonies happened in 1820, when the troops, commanded by General Riego, prepared to go overseas, revolted in Cadiz (Spain) in favor of the Constitution of 1812, ending provisionally the absolutist regime.;;;;;;;;;;7989 EVENTHIST3095;The Cortes, when it met at Cadiz in 1810, was dominated by liberals who wished to go beyond the mere support of the war effort and establish a constitution that would make impossible the revival of rule by a favorite like Godoy. The Constitution of Cadiz gave Spain a strictly limited monarchy (the king must work through his responsible ministers), a single-chamber Parliament with no special representation for the church or the nobility, and a modern centralized administrative system based on provinces and municipalities.;;;;;;;;;;7990 EVENTHIST3094;After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain (1767), he was sent to Rome as ambassador to obtain the papal suppression of the Society of Jesus. He was ennobled (1773) for the success of his mission. In 1776 Charles III appointed him chief minister. Under Florida Blanca, Spanish enlightened despotism reached its peak, but his internal reforms, notably in finance, He made peace and concluded economic treaties with the Ottoman Empire and with Morocco and reached agreement with Portugal.;;;;;;;;;;7991 EVENTHIST3093;John Methuen was born in 1650. An accomplished diplomat, he is well remembered for the treaty signed in 1703 between England and Portugal. The main purpose of the treaty was to allow free introduction of English wool and cloths to Portugal in exchange of free entry of Portuguese wine into England (Port wine). The treaty made in effect Portugal an economic and political satellite of England, and was abrogated only in 1836. John Methuen died in 1706 shortly after his greatest success.;;;;;;;;;;7992 EVENTHIST3092;In 1810 American frontiersmen in the Baton Rouge section rebelled against Spanish control, and the remainder was soon included in the Mississippi Territory. In the Transcontinental (Adams-Onís) Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded all claim to West Florida, which came under official U.S. jurisdiction two years later.;;;;;;;;;;7993 EVENTHIST3091;Adams-Onís Treaty, or Purchase of Florida, accord between the United States and Spain that divided their North American claims along a line from the southeastern corner of what is now Louisiana, north and west to what is now Wyoming, thence west along the latitude 42° N to the Pacific. Thus Spain ceded Florida and renounced the Oregon Country in exchange for recognition of Spanish sovereignty over Texas.;;;;;;;;;;7994 EVENTHIST3090;England received Florida in return for Havana in 1763 and replaced its military government with civilian officials. During the U.S. War of Independence, the area was used as a base for attacks on colonial coastal cities. Three decades of instability followed Florida's return to Spain after the war. General Andrew Jackson's capture of Pensacola led to the cession of Florida to the United States in a treaty signed in 1819.;;;;;;;;;;7995 EVENTHIST3089;The United States have no use off Louisiana, since the facts on what they were offered unclear. The wording of the treaty was vague;;;;;;;;;;7996 EVENTHIST3088;Precisely what the United States had purchased was unclear. The wording of the treaty was vague;;;;;;;;;;7997 EVENTHIST3087;French failure in Santo Domingo, the imminence of renewed war with Great Britain, and financial stringencies has prompted Napoleon in 1803 to offer for sale to the United States the entire Louisiana Territory.;;;;;;;;;;7998 EVENTHIST3086;Many countries had view the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;;;;;;;;;;7999 EVENTHIST3085;The opening of the Scottish Chamber of Commerce did a lot for helping Scottish pre-industrial trade and was one of the many factors behind keeping the Scottish economy Scottish.;;;;;;;;;;8000 EVENTHIST3084;The improving of roads and trade routes in northern Scotland had a great impact on Scottish economy in these areas, leading to increased trade and thus also higher tax incomes;;;;;;;;;;8001 EVENTHIST3083;As all other nations in this time with a coastline also the Scottish tried to duplicate the efforts of the highly successful English East Indian Company.;;;;;;;;;;8002 EVENTHIST3082;The king after Charles II, his brother James II, was a Catholic. He was accepted as king grudgingly by most English people, but when he started to force the issue of equal rights between Catholics and Protestants in the Protestant Commonwealth the issue heated up. In itself it might not have had such dire consequences, but in the light of Louis XIV revoking of the Edict of Nantes and the following the losses in the English Civil War, James II actions caused much anger and discontent. Thus the king's effort on behalf of Catholics was doomed. Seven eminent Englishmen, among them the Tory Earl of Danby and Henry Compton, bishop of London, wrote inviting William of Orange, stadholder in the Netherlands, to help get rid of James II. William in need of an ally against France accepted the invitation and on the 5th of November 1688 his troops landed in Bixham. He slowly advanced almost unopposed on London giving ample time for those still loyal to the highly unpopular king to reconsider. In the end James II realized his weak position and fled to France. James flight was interpreted as an abdication and William was offered the English crown.;;;;;;;;;;8003 EVENTHIST3081;After years of chaotic civil war in the commonwealth and the death of basically the only person that could realistically receive support from all sides, Cromwell, the situation was, if possible, more confused then ever before. When one group of officers determined to dissolve the remains of the Long Parliament, called the Rump, a former royalist and commander of the largest force in Britain, George Monck, decided that enough was enough. He promptly marched his army down from Scotland to reinstitute the Rump. However once there he realized that probably the only real long-term solution to the mess was to restore Charles II as king. In February 1660 Monck reversed Pride's Purge, inviting all of the secluded members of the Long Parliament to return to their seats under army protection. A month later the Long Parliament dissolved itself, paving the way for the return of the king.;;;;;;;;;;8004 EVENTHIST3080;The English Civil War (1642-1648) was the result of a long power struggle between the Stuart monarchs and the Puritan-led Parliament. Intensification of royal judicial procedures (Star Chamber) and demands for taxes (1635, ship money for naval construction) was faced by Parliamentary opposition (summary of grievances in the 1641 Grand Remonstrance) and execution of royal advisors. The arrest of John Pym, the Puritan leader and the Catholic uprising in Ulster (1641) sparked the war between the Royalists and the Parliament. The decisive reform and new royal army of the led to the routing and destruction of the puritan cause (1649) and the establishment of the English Monarchy, a religious peace enforced by royal military dictatorship controlled by the King and a reduced (Rump) Parliament. Following successful wars against Holland (1652-1654) and Spain (1654-1659), the monarchy would establish Absolutism in 1688, to the profit of the Stuart Dynasty, fervent absolutists.;;;;;;;;;;8005 EVENTHIST3079;The English Civil War (1642-1648) was the result of a long power struggle between the Stuart monarchs and the Puritan-led Parliament. Intensification of royal judicial procedures (Star Chamber) and demands for taxes (1635, ship money for naval construction) was faced by Parliamentary opposition (summary of grievances in the 1641 Grand Remonstrance) and execution of royal advisors. The arrest of John Pym, the Puritan leader and the Catholic uprising in Ulster (1641) sparked the war between the Royalists and the Parliament. The decisive reform and new model army of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) led to the capture and execution of king Charles I (1649) and the establishment of the English Commonwealth, a military dictatorship controlled by a Lord Protector (Cromwell - 1653) and a reduced (Rump) Parliament. Following successful wars against Holland (1652-1654) and Spain (1654-1659), the monarchy would be re-established by General Monk in 1658, to the profit of Charles II Stuart (1660-1688), a fervent absolutist.;;;;;;;;;;8006 EVENTHIST3078;Being of Tudor blood on his mothers side, king James VI inherited his mother's claim on the English throne when she was executed by Elizabeth I. Keeping good relations towards the English, even though they had executed his mother, would put him within reach of the English crown, while an outcry for revenge would probably have earned him respect among many of his noblemen it would possibly have squandered any opportunity to gain the English crown peacefully.;;;;;;;;;;8007 EVENTHIST3077;Since the abdication of Mary Stuart a regency ruled Scotland in the name of the minor aged king James. When the regent James Stewart-Moray, the protestant and very pro English bastard brother of Mary Stuart, was murdered in January 1570, the country plunged into a power struggle between the supporters of the Queen and the supporters of the regency.;;;;;;;;;;8008 EVENTHIST3076;In 1565 Mary married her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, an English nobleman. The bridegroom was proclaimed Henry, King of Scots. Their only child was to become James I of England. Mary soon became disenchanted with Henry. He had become overbearing, arrogant and carried away by his new title. He made enemies of some of the powerful nobles and, because of that enmity, there was a plot to kill him. Some thought that Mary had knowledge of the plot. The rift between Mary and her husband became public knowledge. She turned to a Scottish nobleman, a very powerful man, the Earl of Bothwell, for support. He and other Scottish noblemen proposed to do whatever they could to help the queen in her dilemma. This decision led to a failed explosion plot and to the strangulation death of Darnely. A few months later, Mary and the Earl married. This angered the populace who suspected Bothwell's participation in the murder of their King. Mary's subjects were outraged and turned against her. She was able to lead an army against them, and although it was equal in number to the confederate army, it was visibly inferior in discipline. On June 15, 1567, Mary's forces were defeated at Carberry Hill, and she was forced to abandon Bothwell and surrender herself to the confederate lords. On July 24, at Lochleven, she was prevailed upon to sign an act of abdication in favor of her son, who was crowned as James VI five days afterward at Stirling. Escaping from her island-prison at Lochleven on May 2, 1568, she was able within a few days to assemble an army of 6000 men. On May 12 her army was defeated by the regent Moray at Langside, near Glasgow. Four days afterward, in spite of the entreaties of her best friends, Mary crossed Solway Firth and sought refuge at the court of Elizabeth I, queen of England, only to find herself a prisoner of Elizabeth for life.;;;;;;;;;;8009 EVENTHIST3075;In 1557, a powerful group of nobles, called the Lords of the Congregation, drew up a Protestant proclamation which was later called the First Covenant, calling for the expulsion of the Catholic Church from Scotland. The motives however were probably much more to be able to confiscate the vast riches of the Catholic Church in Scotland then purely true faith.;;;;;;;;;;8010 EVENTHIST3074;John Knox became something of a spokesman for Protestantism in Scotland in the 1540s. Initially he was accompanying George Wishart on his preaching tours, but Wishart was captured and handed over to Cardinal David Beaton in St Andrews. There he was trialed and burned on the stakes in 1546 for spreading Protestantism heretics. Three months later Cardinal Beaton was murdered in revenge by Protestants. When John Knox arrived in St Andrews about a year later he was persuaded by scholars at the university to preach in the town. In June 1547, French assistance to fight the Protestants arrived and the castle of St Andrews which capitulated on terms that was later not kept. Knox and others were carried off to slavery in the French galleys but due to English intervention Knox was released 19 months later. He could however not return to Scotland and continue his preaching but had to stay under the protection of the English and had a large influence on the forming of the English Puritanism. He stayed in England until the Catholic Mary Tudor ascended the throne, at which time he thought it wise to flee to the continent. There he formulated his view that God-fearing magistrates and nobility have both the right and the duty to resist, if necessary by force, a ruler who threatens the safety of true religion. In 1559 he again was able to return to Scotland and was astounded by the progress made by the Reformed cause and by the eager reception given to him by all classes in the community.;;;;;;;;;;8011 EVENTHIST3073;As a trusted advisor of James V, Cardinal David Beaton managed to make sure that Scotland did not follow in England's footsteps and become Protestant. Instead he worked to strengthen the bond to catholic France and even managed to arrange two marriages with French noblewomen which both brought considerable dowries in gold to the Scottish courts treasury.;;;;;;;;;;8012 EVENTHIST3072;In 1512 France and Scotland renewed their ''Auld Alliance'' as a counterbalance to England's involvement in the anti-French schemes of Pope Julius II. This later drew the Scottish into a disastrous war against the English.;;;;;;;;;;8013 EVENTHIST3071;In 1449 the king James II was old enough to marry and reclaim control of his kingdom. He immediately seized the Livingston estates, but was a bit more lenient against the Douglasses. In a quarrel in 1452 however he himself stabbed William, 8th Earl of Douglas, to death. Historically this was the end of the power of the Douglas family and 3 years later all their land was confiscated and their castles demolished.;;;;;;;;;;8014 EVENTHIST3070;In February 1437 James I was assassinated by conspirators within the nobility looking to gain control of the crown for Walter Stewart, earl of Atholl. James I's wife however quickly saw to it that the responsible where tortured to death. However James son was only 6 years old and the Scottish kingdom was thrown into a time of power struggle between mainly 3 families (the Crichtons, the Livingstons, and the Douglases) for control of the young Scottish king and realm.;;;;;;;;;;8015 EVENTHIST3069;The rightful king of the Scots, James I, had been imprisoned in England since 1406. During his imprisonment the country was ruled by this Uncle Robert Stewart (1406-1420), 1st duke of Albany, and later his son Murdac (1420-1424). Neither of the two, nor the majority of the Scottish nobility, had any real interest in seeing the return of a strong king back on the throne. It thus took until 1424, 18 years, before the ransom was collected and finally sent to England to have the king freed. Historically James I took his revenge by executing Murdoc and a few other noblemen and taking a lot of actions to reduce the power of the Scottish nobility. He also managed to introduce a lot of other good reforms to strengthen Scotland as a country.;;;;;;;;;;8016 EVENTHIST3068;After the second war with England, The War of 1812, the United States' economic dependency on England had finally come to an end. Domestic industry, filled the vacuum created by a suspension of trade with Europe, emerged from the war a vital, expanding force in the economy. America had taken its first steps in the evolution from a largely agrarian nation into an industrial giant.;;;;;;;;;;8017 EVENTHIST3067;During the First Seminole War (1817-1818) US forces had attacked Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves in Florida that had raided Georgia and massacred residents. To root out the problem General Andrew Jackson burnt villages and overthrew the Spanish governor. This episode convinced the Spanish government that the United States was capable of seizing Florida at will. This belief grew so strong that the Spanish government offered Florida to the United Sates for a lump sum of money. The agreement was finalized by U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Spanish Minister Luis de Onís. Mr. President, we will get Florida for a lump sum of 500 ducats should we heed the offer?;;;;;;;;;;8018 EVENTHIST3066;Campaign and the Issues, 1816: There were no big issues. James Monroe was supported by two popular former presidents, Jefferson and Madison, and Monroe was a skilled tactician doing very little campaigning. The election was a sure thing all from the beginning as there were in fact only one efficient party, the Republicans. The Federalists existed, but was trashed from opposing the War of 1812 and had its voters in the New England area. Its organization and form was old and obsolete and it did not even officially nominate a candidate. It though supported Rufus King who put up only token opposition against the republican juggernaut. The Republicans was on the other hand an all-American movement with strong bases in New York, Virginia and in the South from which it campaign with skill and effect. Four republican presidential terms in a row had strengthened the party proportionally to the decline of the Federalists. James Monroe won a walk-over even if it was not as superior as his victory in 1820 where he grabbed all electors but one. Electoral Votes: Monroe 183, King 34. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;;;;;;;;;;8019 EVENTHIST3065;Campaign and the Issues, 1812: The War of 1812 dominated the campaign. Because the United States suffered early defeats in the West, DeWitt Clinton's supporters blasted the president for incompetence in directing the war effort, a war that Federalists denounced as groundless. Madison's campaigners defended the war as necessary to establish American neutral rights. Madison was not that popular, but two things turned against Clinton. First, Clinton tried to appeal to hawks and doves alike making his position non-credible. Second, Madison was a president at war and people rallied to his defense. Electoral Votes: Madison 128, Clinton 89. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;;;;;;;;;;8020 EVENTHIST3064;During the years up to the War of 1812 the English had never respected the independence of the United States de facto. England disrespected US neutral rights at sea and impressed American seamen and confiscated the goods of her ships at sea. She also encouraged and supported Indian Unrest in the West. This together with the fact that some American gentlemen like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun lobbied aggressively for war in an effort to exploit the opportunity to seize Canada made it hard for the President in International affairs. The Nation was though badly divided and when the President asked the Congress for a declaration of war (June1) the South and the west voted for and New England against. The war was not a great success for the United States military and the White House was bombard by the Royal Navy. Only the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 was considered a victory. The war ended in a status quo peace, but it could very well have ended differently. Who will you choose Mr. President?;;;;;;;;;;8021 EVENTHIST3063;Campaign and the Issues, 1808: As Thomas Jefferson retired he endorsed James Madison as his successor. Madison was only vulnerable to one issue - The Embargo. As Secretary of State he had been handled the Embargo which was both retaliation against French and British disrespect and a policy of Protectionism. The Embargo was very unpopular in both camps, thus the Federalists once again revitalized under Charles Pinckney and Free-Trade Republicans threatened to support the republican vice presidential candidate George Clinton. The Free-Trade threat never materialized and although Pinckney did well he could not compete with the popularity of former President Jefferson. Jefferson was instrumental in urging fellows and foes alike to stand behind Madison and thus securing his victory. Electoral Vote: Madison 122, Pinckney 47, Clinton 6. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;;;;;;;;;;8022 EVENTHIST3062;Campaign and the Issues, 1804: President Jefferson handily checked a feeble challenge from the dying Federalist Party. The Party had been severely damaged by a radical group within called the Essex Junta, which had tried in vain to enlist some eastern seaboard states to secede from the union forming a New England Confederacy free of Jeffersonian Democracy. Among the elites of the country many still supported the Federalists and Pinckney, but the masses were discouraged by the behavior of the Junta. The Biggest Issue was the Louisiana Purchase as Federalists feared that more immigrants (Jefferson-supporters that is) would break the balance of power at the expense of the Federalists. Thus Jefferson made significant inroads in once solidly Federalist New England and victory was his. Electoral Votes: Jefferson 162, Pinckney 14. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;;;;;;;;;;8023 EVENTHIST3061;In 1803 Napoleon of France was hard pressed for cash as he was set on a dream of European hegemony. He therefore offered the Louisiana Territory, a vast region between the Mississippi and the Rockies against a lump sum of $15 million. The President and the Senate agreed and the United States nearly doubled its size. Sire, you would only get the provinces that France presently owns (South of Canada and North of Mexico) for a lump sum of 1000 ducats. How will you choose, Mr. President?;;;;;;;;;;8024 EVENTHIST3060;Campaign and the Issues, 1800: The Federalists urged voters to choose God-and a religious President (Adams) over Jefferson…and no God. Initially the Federalists monopolized the media thanks to the Sedition Act that outlawed most opposition as treason. Though this Act was also the rallying point of the Anti-Federalists, or the Republicans, as they were now called as James Madison had written the controversial Virginia and Kentucky Resolution in 1798-1799 which declared the Sedition Act unconstitutional. At a late stage the majority in New York changed and the new electoral votes changed the balance into the favor of Jefferson. However as the nominally vice presidential candidate Aaron Burr got the same number of electoral votes as the Jefferson, Burr later forced the issue to a vote in the House which was eventually won by Jefferson. The Electoral Votes: Jefferson 73, Burr 73, Adams 65. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;;;;;;;;;;8025 EVENTHIST3059;In July 1798 President Adams approved legislation levying federal taxes on property. This had consequences. The most obvious was the Fries Rebellion of 1799, a group of armed Pennsylvanians resisted tax assessors and collectors. But it also created a great debate of the limits of power of government that never ended, but continues up to this day and beyond. However, depending on the political position of the President and the representatives in Congress a different legislation package could have been approved. How will you choose, Mr. President?;;;;;;;;;;8026 EVENTHIST3058;Campaign and the Issues, 1796: Federalist flocked under the banner of John Adams, who vowed to reinforce Washington's Strong Government. Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists opposed the growing government and rode the wave of popular fears of insidious royalism. Adams supporters retaliated by condemning the French Revolution as Monocracy, the former cherished by the Anti-Federalists. The Anti-Federalists on the other hand still viewed England as the principal enemy and said that Adams was going to pay lip service to Her Majesty's Government. Washington's support and the New Englanders effort to stop Alexander Hamilton from sabotaging Adams campaign gave Adams a marginal electoral victory, 71-68. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;;;;;;;;;;8027 EVENTHIST3057;In 1787 the representatives of all colonies except Rhode Island met to create a joint constitution. After four months' hard labour the US constitution was signed. This made the US the first modern democracy, but it had its price. It was a great compromise between many interests and thus a source of both conflict and cooperation among the citizens of the new United States of America. During the forging of the constitution a number of different approaches were tried. Which one will you choose, O Spirit of America?;;;;;;;;;;8028 EVENTHIST3056;In 1779 the Military situation was severe, but the economic situation was even worse. The Congress was not yet an efficient vehicle of governance and members of it let the printing press run freely. The money was needed, but the effect was a growing inflation. The usage of the printing press was a collective decision the body of men responsible could have decided differently. How will you decide, Sire?;;;;;;;;;;8029 EVENTHIST3055;On May 10, 1775 representatives from all thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia deciding to create a national army, The Continental Army, under the leadership of the Cavalier George Washington of Virginia. This was a very important for the young Nation as the Professional Army was the first stepping stone to recognition from the Old World. The form of the army was though hotly debated. How will you choose, Sire?;;;;;;;;;;8030 EVENTHIST3054;A bad harvest in 1795 led to food riots;;;;;;;;;;8031 EVENTHIST3053;The first coalition of anti-French states, consisting of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Spain, Holland, and Austria, disintegrated by 1796. A British expeditionary force to aid Flanders and Holland was defeated, and Holland was occupied by the French. By 1797 the cost of maintaining its own forces and subsidizing those of its European allies had brought Britain to the verge of bankruptcy. For a time the Bank of England suspended payments in cash.;;;;;;;;;;8032 EVENTHIST3052;As the British won what they call 'The War of American Rebellion' hostilities dragged on. Heavily occupied by British troops isolated insurrectionists held on to the flag of freedom with guerilla attacks. The British Government though took certain measures, making all colonists British citizens and all territories of His Majesty's Government equal in rights and power. Most so-called 'Americans' still felt themselves being different from the average Londoner, but King George's rule was just and fair. Slowly the insurrectionists attacks started to strike back at themselves as ordinary people started to view them as brigands. In pace with their failure to get support they become more radical and when the French Revolution appeared they happily picked up that ideology of violence and hatred. The Reign of Terror in France and the British problems in Quebec quickly made ordinary people to flock to the English banners. The British Government seized the initiative and issued the Act of the North American Union. All colonies would now become province with their own parliament fully empowered for local governance. The same would be true for the Motherland. The British Government in London and the Grand Parliament would now also accept and include members from the North American Union. This decision was very successful and with the power of the New World behind her back London could much direct the decisions of the Congress of Vienna in 1801.;;;;;;;;;;8033 EVENTHIST3051;The American Revolution shattered the British Empire in North America. The conflict was rooted in British attempts to assert economic control in her American colonies after her costly victory over the French during the Seven Years War. When protests and riots met the British attempts to impose taxes on the colonists, the British responded with political and military force. Out of the struggle between the Thirteen Colonies and their mother country emerged two nations: the United States and what would later become Canada. Not all of the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies opposed Britain. The United Empire Loyalists were those colonists who remained faithful to the Crown and wished to continue living in the New World. Therefore, they left their homes to settle eventually in what remained of British North America.;;;;;;;;;;8034 EVENTHIST3050;William Pitt was the second son of William Pitt, 1st earl of Chatham. In December 1783, King George III took the opportunity to dismiss the coalition and asked the 24-year-old Pitt to form a government. When Parliament reassembled in January 1784, the government was at once defeated by 39 votes on a virtual motion of censure, but Pitt refused to resign, and gradually the coalition's majority in Parliament began to crumble. By March 8 the majority against him was one vote, and on March 25 Parliament was dissolved. In 1788 he signed the Triple Alliance between Britain, Prussia, and Holland, thereby ensuring that in a future war his country would not be bereft of allies as it had been during the American Revolution. In 1790 he demonstrated Britain's renewed power and prestige by negotiating a peace between Austria and Turkey. In 1784 he passed his own India Act, creating a board of control regulating Indian affairs and the East India Company. Finally, in 1791 the Canada Constitutional Act was passed. London became responsible for the government of both Lower and Upper Canada, but both provinces were given representative assemblies.;;;;;;;;;;8035 EVENTHIST3049;Following the closure of Boston harbor in 1773, there were skirmishes at Lexington and Concord in 1775, and an attempted invasion of British Canada late in 1775. The lack of compromise from the British and the spirit of the Sons of Liberty on the colonial side led to the meeting of a Continental Congress which issued the Declaration of Independence on 4th July, 1776. The United States of America were born and would endure nearly 7 years of guerilla and regular warfare, with its lot of betrayal, unrest, torn-families, defeats and victories (Saratoga 1777, bringing in the French alliance in 1778, and Yorktown 1781) that would finally lead England to concede defeat, lose all the territory of her former 13 colonies, and recognize the American independence at the Treaty of Paris in 1783.;;;;;;;;;;8036 EVENTHIST3048;Lord North has come to power in Britain and immediately abolishes the hated tolls in America, with one exception-The Tea Toll. The reason is to underscore the right of the British Parliament to pass laws. This retreat though comes too late. The struggle against the tolls have become a struggle for constitutional rights and when bloodshed occur in Boston, in what have been called the Boston Massacre, the tension is at maximum level.;;;;;;;;;;8037 EVENTHIST3047;In 1765-1767 the British Parliament issues the Stamp tax and numerous tolls in the American Colonies. It is view appropriate that the colonists pay for the high costs of the Seven Years War or The French and Indian Wars as it is known in America. The colonists however react spontaneously. The Congress of Massachusetts expresses a sharp protest, which is seconded by many other colonies. The most important of the agitators are Samuel Adams, who creates the 'Sons of Liberty' in Boston, and the lawyer Patrick Henry. His Majesty's government decides to send troops to America and order the Governors to dissolve the congresses of the colonies. This increases the revolutionary tendencies further...;;;;;;;;;;8038 EVENTHIST3046;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was England who bought it in 1768 and restored order, making it the major Mediterranean base from which to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte the Great Son of the Island.;;;;;;;;;;8039 EVENTHIST3045;Created two years before its Dutch equivalent, the English East India Company had a difficult start. Its first trading posts in the Moluccas (Amboina) and Indonesia were soon overwhelmed and closed by the Dutch and activity concentrated to India (Madras, Bombay, Calcutta). It is there that she would know its greatest success, from a small trading ventures of harbor factories to the large Indian Empire build by Warren Hastings and Robert Clive (from 1757 onwards) that would control most of the Indian subcontinent. The company would outlast all its competitors and would only be taken over by the British government in 1867, in the wake of the great Sepoy revolt of 1857.;;;;;;;;;;8040 EVENTHIST3044;William Pitt, the first Pitt.(1708-1778) was the grandson of the Governor of Madras. Initially destined for a military career, he became a deputy in the Commons, member of the Whigs and an ardent patriot. Striving to give England a world maritime empire, he leads the coalition government of 1757 despite the profound hatred of George II and obtained decisive results in Canada and India. His departure in 1763 saved France from the toughest clauses of the Treaty of Paris ending the Seven Years War. Back to power in 1766-1778 despite his poor health, he advocated war against France in 1778.;;;;;;;;;;8041 EVENTHIST3043;In 1745, the war of the Austrian Succession was raging in Europe. England had most of her troops busy in the Austrian Netherlands. The time seemed ripe for Charles-Edward Stuart (1720-1788) to boldly land in Scotland. He and his Jacobite supporters managed to beat an English army at Prestonpans on October 2nd, 1745 and entered Edinburgh where he had his father James recognized as King of Scotland. At the head of a small army, he then invaded England as far as Derby, but had to retreat when promised French support did not materialized (the intended landing of French troops had failed). Caught up by the British army under Cumberland (recalled from the Low Countries), he is soundly defeated at Culloden on 16th April, 1746. This was the best shot the Stuarts ever got to reclaim the throne, but the rash young prince did not listen to the sober advice of his Generals, thus forever burying the Stuart cause.;;;;;;;;;;8042 EVENTHIST3042;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;;;;;;;;;;8043 EVENTHIST3041;The War of Jenkins's Ear (which merged into the War of the Austrian Succession) was the result, amongst other things, of a minor, alleged confrontation between Spanish Guarda Costas and the Captain and crew of the Glasgow brig 'Rebecca' in 1731. Captain Jenkins claimed that, whilst in the Caribbean, his ship had been boarded by the Guarda Costa and his crew maltreated, and that the Spaniards had then cut off one of his ears. Additionally, he claimed he was tortured and threatened with death. There were no major actions fought during this war, although the declaration of war led to the dispatch of Anson's squadron to attack the coast of South America, and to finally circumnavigate the globe, and Admiral Edward Vernon's fleet attacked Spanish territory in the Caribbean.;;;;;;;;;;8044 EVENTHIST3040;Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford (1676-1745) was appointed War Minister in 1708. Compromised in many scandals, he loses his functions but is recalled upon the advent of the Hanoverian dynasty. He fervent partisan of European overall peace and balance, he dominated English political life from 1721 to 1742, as First Lord and Exchequer, a Prime Minister in fact if not in title.;;;;;;;;;;8045 EVENTHIST3039;This rebellion of the Jacobite cause led by the Earl of Mar began in 1715. By the end of September, most of the Highlands were in his control and his army numbered some 5,000 with more appearing daily. But all this was done without even notifying the King they were claiming to support. The Old Pretender, King James III, was not even aware of the situation as of yet. Word was sent to the King, and the size of the force continued to grow. The Earl, with his growing army, moved to Perth and established his base there after taking the city. Meanwhile another Jacobite army was forming to the south, The Old Pretender hearing the news began to make preparations for his trip to Scotland and his crowning. By early November, the northern Jacobite army numbered some 12,000, mostly Clansmen from the Highlands. The Earl then decided to march south where he soon met the army of the Duke of Argyll, the only remaining government troops in Scotland. The Jacobite forces were mismanaged and split. The southern army marched south to raise Lancashire instead of turning on the Duke of Argyll's flank, while a much smaller force under the Duke defeated the larger northern army of the Jacobites at Sherrrifmuir on November 13th. The southern army was also met and defeated at Preston by other government forces in England. The Jacobites were forced to retreat to Perth, while still waiting for their leader to arrive. The Old Pretender finally arrived in Scotland on the 22nd of December after leaving fittingly enough from Dunkirk. But the matter was already settled, as the Duke of Argyll was already receiving reinforcements of experienced troops and was preparing an overwhelming force to march north. The King, James III, was again forced to retreat after spending a dismal six weeks in Scotland.;;;;;;;;;;8046 EVENTHIST3038;The 1701 Act of Establishment had been voted to regulate the succession to the throne, ensuring no Catholic dynasty would ever rule England. When the personal union with Holland had ended in 1702 (death of William of Orange), his daughter Queen Ann (1702-1714) reigned but failed to provide a legitimate heir. The English crown went to George I of Hanover (1714-1727), her most direct parent. He and his son George II (1727-1760) were German born and would always follow closely the fate of their Electorate, making it in fact if not in law a vassal of England.;;;;;;;;;;8047 EVENTHIST3037;In the midst of the Spanish Succession War (1700-1713), the Parliament voted the Act of Union in 1707. When confirmed by the Scottish vote, it established the Union of Scotland and England (and its Irish possessions) under the same monarch into one realm under the title of Great Britain. A new flag, the Union Jack was adopted as a symbol of the Union.;;;;;;;;;;8048 EVENTHIST3036;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus tried to name Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. However in the late phase of the Franco-Spanish negotiations a secretary of one of the Spanish ministers leaked out information and Habsburg partisans back in Madrid argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, so Charles II hard beset, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Charles of Habsburg. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against Austria and Spain. Thus when Austrian forces reinforced the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;;;;;;;;;;8049 EVENTHIST30352;After the death of Rajaram, his wife Tara Bai was ruling on behalf of her son Shivaji II. The Mughals released Shahu from captivity in 1708 and a struggle for power ensued. As a result the Maratthi's kingdom split into two: Shivaji and Tara Bai had to flee to Kolhapur, and Shahu remained in Satara.;;;;;;;;;;8050 EVENTHIST30350;Shahu Shambhaji was a great general in the service of the last ruler of Bijapur, Sikandar Adil Shah. After the Mughal invasion in 1686 Bijapur was annexed, but Shambhaji escaped and started the fight against the Mughals and Islamic domination in south central India.;;;;;;;;;;8051 EVENTHIST3035;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;;;;;;;;;;8052 EVENTHIST30349;Deccani (the old nobility) massacred many of the newcomers in retaliation for their gaining influence at their expense with the Sultan.;;;;;;;;;;8053 EVENTHIST30348;Some of the new immigrants from across the ocean claim to have evidence that treachery contributed to our defeat in one of the skirmishes against the northern Gujarat hordes. Shall we believe them?;;;;;;;;;;8054 EVENTHIST30347;Nearing his death, Ahmad I gave the throne to his son, Ahmad II. He split the kingdom into regions giving his other sons rule over them in exchange for their word they would follow Ahmad II. After his death, all but one kept their word.;;;;;;;;;;8055 EVENTHIST30346;After the death of Shams ud-Din Muhammad, Bahmani Sultanate quickly fell into chaos and disintegrated into 3 smaller states. The last 3 sultans were kept in prison, and their Kwajas ruled for them. After Kalim ul-Lah went in exile and died disaffected, and his son disappeared on his way to Mekkah, the Bahmani dynasty came to an end.;;;;;;;;;;8056 EVENTHIST30345;Soon after ascending the throne, the ruler of Bijapur Ali Adil Shah re-converted back to Shia creed.;;;;;;;;;;8057 EVENTHIST30344;Soon after ascending the throne, the ruler of Bijapur Ibrahim Adil Shah converted back to Sunni.;;;;;;;;;;8058 EVENTHIST30343;In 1502 the ruler of Bijapur, feeling the rising power of Shia Persia and Shah Ismail, as well as a pressure from some of the nobles at his court, has converted to Shia religion.;;;;;;;;;;8059 EVENTHIST30342;After the death of Krishna Deva Raya in 1529, his half-brother Achyuta has ascended the throne. However, he was soon challenged by Krishna Deva's son-in-law Rama Raya and had to make him a co-ruler. Achyuta invaded Bijapur, while Rama Raya was running the administration. He appointed his friends and relatives, took 3,000 Muslim soldiers into his service, and in 1535 put Achyuta in prison, proclaiming himself king. Southern nobles rebelled against Rama Raya. While he was fighting them, Achyuta was restored to the throne, and Rama Raya had to step down.;;;;;;;;;;8060 EVENTHIST30341;During his 20 year long reign, Krishna Deva Raya concentrated even more in his hands than his predecessors. To suppress possible unrest he reduced taxes, protected local merchants, and expanded agriculture and trade of the kingdom.;;;;;;;;;;8061 EVENTHIST30340;During the reign of Devaraya II, Vijayanagar was involved in the series of wars in Sri Lanka and against the muslim states of Deccan. In order to strengthen his army, he allowed muslims to serve in the army, and started to tolerate the practices of Islam. He also centralized the government to curtail the power of local chiefs.;;;;;;;;;;8062 EVENTHIST3034;The Bank of England was founded in 1694. It soon enjoyed a reputation of seriousness and reliability, in particular regarding the credibility of the English Pound Sterling, in a time where most other currencies were at the mercy of state bankruptcies and coinage debasement. This stability was preponderant in the slowly but constantly increasing domination of the world economy by Great Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. It also allowed a greater flexibility to the British government in raising funds for warfare.;;;;;;;;;;8063 EVENTHIST30335;In 1481 the nobles, afraid of the growing influence of Mahmud Gawan, conspired against him, and prepared a false document on his behalf saying that he wanted the Bahmani State to be partitioned between him and Purushottum of Orissa. The Sultan was furious and sentenced the Prime Minister to death at the age of 73. Later on, the Sultan learned of Mahmud Gawan's innocence, but there was nothing he could do.;;;;;;;;;;8064 EVENTHIST30334;Mahmud Gawan was made the Prime Minister in 1467, and his rule saw the Bahmani state attaining greatness unequalled in its entire history. During this period Parenda Fort, the Great College of Bidar and Medresa at Bidar were constructed. Kapileswar of Orissa was defeated and Goa was annexed in 1470. The boundaries of the Bahmani Kingdom now stretched from the Bay of Bengal in the east to the Arabian Sea in the west. Mahmud Gawan was one of the first ministers in Medieval India to order a systematic measurement of land, establishing the boundaries of villages and towns and making a thorough assessment of sourves of revenue.;;;;;;;;;;8065 EVENTHIST30332;After the false accusation and execution of Mahmud Gawan, the Bahmani Sultanate slowly fell into decline. In 1489-90 the governors of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur declared their independence, and Bidar followed up soon after. The ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate became a mere figurehead in the hands of the cunning Qasim Barid. The last sultan disappeared on his way to Mekkah, and with him the Bahmani dynasty came to an end.;;;;;;;;;;8066 EVENTHIST30331;During his lengthy reign Sikandar Shah Lodi proved to be a good administrator, and a skillful soldier. Despite being a religious fanatic, his reign in general didn't see many uprisings, while schools were built, and education and trade were promoted. He also significantly enhanced his realm, both through diplomacy and war.;;;;;;;;;;8067 EVENTHIST3033;After the Glorious Revolution in 1688 William of Orange-Nassau, stadholder of the Netherlands, and his wife, Mary II, arrived in England from Holland and were appointed joint sovereigns in 1689 of England by the Parliament. This effectively put William, one of the foremost Protestants of his time, in charge of both England and Holland under a personal union.;;;;;;;;;;8068 EVENTHIST30327;In 1526 Daulat Khan Lodi, a governor of Punjab, and a relative of Ibrahim Shah, having had enough with Shah's insults and mistreatment, invited a ruler of Kabul to intervene on his side. This led to the battle of Panipat, fall of Lodi power and a conquest of Northern India by Babur.;;;;;;;;;;8069 EVENTHIST30326;Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah has built many forts in his capital.;;;;;;;;;;8070 EVENTHIST30325;Nasir ud-Din Nusrat Shah has issued first coins as part of his reforms.;;;;;;;;;;8071 EVENTHIST30324;Our ruler has proposed sweeping reforms in order to modernize and restructure our state. These include economic reforms, a better tax-gathering system, a streamlined beaurocracy, and military restructuring. However, such a plan will be expensive and will cause a fair amount of resentment among the populace, the bureaucracy, and the military. Shall we implement the reforms?;;;;;;;;;;8072 EVENTHIST30323;King Narameikhla of Arakan was driven out of his country by Burmese in 1404, and remained in exile at the Bengali court until 1425-26, when the sympathetic king of Bengal provided him with troops and a general, Wali Khan, to march and liberate his country. Wali Khan turned out to be traitor, and Narameikhla was captured by Burmese. He soon escaped, and supplied with fresh Bengalese troops he managed to liberate his capital and re-establish the kingdom of Arakan in 1430. Grateful to his Bengalese hosts, he voluntarily made himself a tributary to the king of Bengal. The vassalship was removed by his successor in 1434, without much of a hindrance from the Bengalese court.;;;;;;;;;;8073 EVENTHIST30321;Arakanese kingdom was restored in 1430 with the help of the king of Bengal. The grateful king of Arakan recognized this by voluntary becoming a Bengalese vassal.;;;;;;;;;;8074 EVENTHIST30320;Grateful king of Arakan decided to recognize our effort in bringing him back to the throne, and made himself our tributary.;;;;;;;;;;8075 EVENTHIST3032;When Charles I had won the English Civil War he set out persecuting the Puritans many of which moved to the American colonies. He also closed Parliament and ruled by decree which created dissent among most groups in the English society. His son Charles II though fully understood that the moderate Protestants were the key group and he needed them badly. By introducing religious freedom, disqualifying religion as an issue when attaining a governmental post, and creating an ideology of the Monarch as standing above all religious issues he managed to create a feeble truce among Englishmen. As a consequence Charles revived Parliament, but greatly diminished it powers. However, Charles set high standards ensuring fair and regular elections and that every one was equal under law. His brother James was a staunch catholic and not particular found of the opposition that had deified a lot of his ambitions. James, influenced by the Duke of Tyrconnell and the Earl of Sunderland, had the Tory leader, Earl Danby propose in Parliament that the royal suspension power was to be abolished if Parliament passed a Declaration of Rights. In a masterly executed scheme the Whig leader, Earl Shaftsbury, made the proposal fall. King James was outraged and held a speech in Parliament in forming the Gentlemen that either he would govern as the appointee of God or they pass a redrafted Declaration of Rights. The choice was theirs, theirs alone. Finally after days of negotiation the Parliament accepted what would be called the Bill of Rights creating a division of powers between Parliament, an independent Star Chamber and the King. Parliament would create and pass laws, and control certain taxes as tax of income and wealth, while the King would approve laws and direct the foreign policy, execute wars and control the majority of taxation. Thus the venerable series of events called 'The Glorious revolution' came to be...;;;;;;;;;;8076 EVENTHIST30318;In 1434, upon his ascension to power, Ali Khan has procalimed he was no longer a Bengali vassal. The news went pretty much unnoticed at the Bengali court.;;;;;;;;;;8077 EVENTHIST30317;In 1459 Kalima Shah made a daring raid against the Bengali-held city of Chittagong and captured it. The ruler of Bengal was weak and inefficient, and no retribution followed, though the city remained a bone of contention between Arakan and Bengal for the next 150 years.;;;;;;;;;;8078 EVENTHIST30316;In 1459 Arakanese troops led by Kalima Shah made a daring raid and captured the port city of Chittagong. The ruler of Bengal, weak and inefficient Barbak Shah, decided against a campaign against Arakan. As a token of their respect to the muslims of Chittagong and king of Bengal, rulers of Arakan used muslim titles, and put arabic (or persian) inscriptions on their coins. However, Chittagong would remain a bone of contention betwen Arakan and Bengal for the next 150 years.;;;;;;;;;;8079 EVENTHIST3031;James II came to power in 1685 and needed only three years to spend all of his credibility within Parliament. He openly worked for Catholicism and his own well being and with methods unacceptable for both Tories and Whigs. In 1688 Parliament called for William of Orange to become joint ruler of England together with his wife Mary, who was the Protestant daughter of James II. The marriage paved the way for the throne but also the fact that he was the son of the daughter of Charles I. William III brought 15,000 men but no blood was shed in the Glorious Revolution. For any royalist the problem was obvious;;;;;;;;;;8080 EVENTHIST3030;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;;;;;;;;;;8081 EVENTHIST3029;Charles II was secretly catholic and his brother James II openly. The Decree of Indulgence issued in 1672 was aimed at relieving the situation for dissenters and Catholics. In addition to personal reasons, any king who supported Catholicism could count on the support from France. In fact, Charles II got his reward in form of a large sum of money in a Treaty closed behind the back of the Parliament. Around the same time Parliament issued the Bill of Test which again excluded dissenting religious groups (including Catholics) from public offices and allowed persecution. The Parliament subsequently raised the issue of excluding the openly catholic James II from succession rights.;;;;;;;;;;8082 EVENTHIST3028;Cromwell died in 1658. When his son Richard resigned office after only a year, the door was open for political anarchy as the flag of Rebellion was raised for Charles II in exile. Parliament was summoned. The Army started to rumble. A new Lord Protector by the name of John Lambert was suggested, but his role would be more of a military dictator than a protector. The people of good standing were poised with either a plundering army or a coalition between the army and political and religious radicals. A return to Monarchy, even with Bishops and House of Lords, but with guarantees for law and order started to sound like a good alternative. Cromwell's trusted man General Monk walked to London with his Army and Charles II was elected as King in 1660 after giving guarantees for amnesty and army salaries and the role of Parliament.;;;;;;;;;;8083 EVENTHIST3027;Cromwell, Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth promulgated the Act of Navigation in 1651. It was mostly directed against the Dutch carrier trade and provided that all goods shipped to and from England was to be transported on English ships, while also confirming the colonial exclusive policy. The Act directly caused the first English-Dutch war of 1652-1654 and the second in 1665-1667. At the Peace of Breda (1667), New Amsterdam (New York) was exchanged for Surinam (Dutch Guiana) and the Act slightly modified. It nevertheless contributed to the enormous growth in English naval and colonial trade.;;;;;;;;;;8084 EVENTHIST3026;Oliver Cromwell, a parliamentary member, had played a significant part as commander of forces leading to the Royalists defeat in 1646. While the Army was strong, the weak link of the Republic was the Parliament. It was filled with idealists and opportunists who did not want general elections until they had altered the system to be able to keep their seats. The Army was more concerned with being granted tax funds by a Parliament that had the legitimacy of the people. Finally, the Army lost patience and by force drove out the members of the House of Commons. Cromwell was proclaimed Lord Protector for life by the Generals and a very informal gathering elected to form a new constitution. The Generals made sure to put a great deal of the power in their own hands and a decree to keep a standing force of 30 000 men. Cromwell had the same problems with the new Parliament as the Kings preceding him had. The Government relied on the Army and rapidly England was becoming a country ruled by the military both centrally and locally.;;;;;;;;;;8085 EVENTHIST3025;The English Civil War (1642-1648) was the result of a long power struggle between the Stuart monarchs and the Puritan-led Parliament. Intensification of royal judicial procedures (Star Chamber) and demands for taxes (1635, ship money for naval construction) was faced by Parliamentary opposition (summary of grievances in the 1641 Grand Remonstrance) and execution of royal advisors. The arrest of John Pym, the Puritan leader and the Catholic uprising in Ulster (1641) sparked the war between the Royalists and the Parliament. The decisive reform and new model army of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) led to the capture and execution of king Charles I (1649) and the establishment of the English Commonwealth, a military dictatorship controlled by a Lord Protector (Cromwell - 1653) and a reduced (Rump) Parliament. Following successful wars against Holland (1652-1654) and Spain (1654-1659), the monarchy would be re-established by General Monk in 1658, to the profit of Charles II Stuart (1660-1688), a fervent absolutist.;;;;;;;;;;8086 EVENTHIST3024;The 16th century saw the number of members in the House of Commons increase, while the House of Lords remained significantly smaller. The power base in Parliament shifted to the House of Commons who were well aware of the fact. Elizabeth I had a mix of determination, majestic presence and kindness towards the members of Parliament that her successors James I and his son Charles I did not. The Parliament wanted to have more said in matters about the church, justice and taxes to which the King naturally opposed. When James I tried to propose marriage of his son to Spanish, and later a French princess (both Catholic) they had enough. The Parliament of 1628 voiced the Petition of Right which forbad arrests and taxation ordered by the King. In 1629 the Parliament voted for resolutions to condemn Religious and Tax politics and the King opposed the Parliament and tried to dissolve it. Eleven years of Dictatorship ensued. In 1642 the Civil War divided the country into Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads.;;;;;;;;;;8087 EVENTHIST3023;In 1628 the English Parliament passed the Petition of Rights. Under its terms the King could not levy any new taxes without the consent of Parliament. Furthermore soldiers could not be billeted in private homes. Martial law could not be imposed in time of peace. Finally, the Petition of Rights forbids the imprisonment of individuals without cause.;;;;;;;;;;8088 EVENTHIST3022;Hugh O'Neill lived in England in the 1560s. He served the government in the 1580s but in 1594 rebelled. Dissatisfied with the English government's persistent policy of playing the chiefs against one another, O'Neill was also angered by the English refusal to restore the lands granted to his grandfather. At last he formed an alliance with the other Irish chiefs and sought aid against Protestant England from Catholic Spain. He achieved something like unity among his allies and, after 1595, defeated some of Queen Elizabeth's best commanders in Ireland. O'Neill was defeated while attempting to join a Spanish force that arrived at Kinsale in 1601. His Irish allies dispersed, and O'Neill retreated to Ulster. In 1603 he made peace with the English, surrendering his tribal authority. King James I later pardoned him.;;;;;;;;;;8089 EVENTHIST3021;Elizabeth's popularity began to wane towards the end of her reign. The war with Spain dragged on inconclusively. The parliament became less tractable and began to object to the abuse of the royally granted monopolies, which was used to reward her favorites and tolerate considerable corruption. A last Golden speech to Parliament in 1601 reaffirmed her love for her subjects, but it came in the context of a bitter clash over royal monopolies, which she ceased from.;;;;;;;;;;8090 EVENTHIST3020;Born in 1542, six days before the death of her father, Mary Stuart is crowned Queen of Scotland in her infancy. Raised in Catholic France and married at fifteen to the heir of the French throne in alliance against the Protestant English. She returned to Scotland only after the death of her husband in 1560;;;;;;;;;;8091 EVENTHIST302;Historically there are many such edicts in the later part of the sixteenth century, all aiming at stopping hostilities and imposing tolerance and mutual recognition between the religious factions. Most of them were broken nearly as soon as they were signed. The effects of the Counter Reformation and the Treaty of Tordesillas have been cancelled.;;;;;;;;;;8092 EVENTHIST3019;The year 1571 saw the creation of the London Stock Exchange. Although small in importance and with limited trading in the 16th and 17th centuries, it would grow and gradually overcome its Amsterdam competitor and prove to be the most active stock market in 18th century Europe, boosting the English trade, manufacturing and economy as a whole. England would then benefit from an easy and reliable access to credit.;;;;;;;;;;8093 EVENTHIST3018;Queen Elizabeth I sought to bring about a religious settlement with the objective of establishing in England a protestant Anglican Church with herself as the Supreme Governor. History records that her task was accomplished with the minimum of persecution (just the right amount of persecution perhaps?). Things however began to fray around the edges when Mary Queen of Scots fled to England, seemingly because the Scots got fed up with her mismanagement of Scottish affairs. The problem for Elizabeth I was that Mary was a catholic claimant to the English throne and therefore more than a bit of an embarrassment. So Elizabeth I locked Mary away in various castles (including the local Castle Bolton in Wensleydale). Mary became the centre of numerous conspiracies to overthrow the 'upstarts' who had displaced the ancient aristocracy. The basic idea was to marry Mary to Norfolk, England's only Duke. This combination represented a serious threat to Elizabeth I but Norfolk seemed undecided and continued to delay until Elizabeth I invited him to London whereupon she locked him in the Tower. Elizabeth I had correctly suspected that the Earls of Northumberland, Westmorland and Cumberland (Percys, Nevilles and Cliffords) were involved in the conspiracy and accordingly invited them to London. The Earls guessed their accommodation would be the Tower and opted instead for a rebellion which began at about midnight on the 9 November 1569. There was some popular support. The Catholic faith had survived in the North and there was real resentment against the extension of Tudor domination and Elizabeth I:s new men. The Earl of Northumberland did muster his troops in Richmond on the 16 November offering great wages to all who came forth and burning for those who did not. On 28 November the annoyed Earl of Northumberland returned with 1000 horsemen and a few foot soldiers and 'spoiled' the town. Around the 23 November a few wealthy inhabitants willingly joined the rebellion (just as it neared collapse). This defection did not go unnoticed and this time the other side led by Lord Willoughby ransacked the surrounding countryside. Sir George was appointed provost marshal and martial law was declared (except of course for the wealthy that was exempt). Elizabeth I ordered that 700 of the riffraff be executed (the wealthy would forfeit their estates to help fund the Crown's costs), 200 of these were to be from or around Richmond. On the 8 January the provost marshal arrived. Questioning of the prisoners began and on the 10 January the executions were carried out. How many were actually executed is not known but seemingly it was a smaller number, perhaps around 57, 12 of whom were from Richmond. The decade after the Rebellion was a difficult period for Catholics who faced constant persecution. Religious meetings were held in secret away from the eyes of unfriendly informants. It seems however that the few gentry who were accused in court of holding Catholic beliefs were the 'mere tip of a great pyramid' which represented a hidden underground movement.;;;;;;;;;;8094 EVENTHIST3017;English financier, born in London, and educated at the University of Cambridge. After attending the university, he was apprenticed to his uncle, a merchant, in whose service he displayed unusual business ability. In later years he became one of the wealthiest men in England. In 1551 he was appointed a factor, or royal agent, by King Edward VI. Charged with the management of the royal debt abroad, he virtually liquidated it by adroit financial manipulations on the bourse, or stock exchange, of Antwerp. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1559. While serving as her financial agent abroad, Gresham found that his tasks were difficult to execute because of the lower value of English currency in relation to the currencies of other countries;;;;;;;;;;8095 EVENTHIST3016;Sir Francis Walsingham was Queen Elizabeth's Private Secretary. His main achievement was the perfect organization of a secret service and spying network that proved extremely efficient in aborting all conspiracies against the Queen's life and all other political and diplomatic plots. Extremely anti-Spanish, he was also the protector of Drake and financed most of the famous privateer early expeditions against the Iberian power.;;;;;;;;;;8096 EVENTHIST3015;In 1553, the Merchant Adventurers Company sent a fleet of three ships with the intent of sailing to China through the Northeast Passage. Most ships were struck frozen by the ice-cap and all their crew died of starvation, except the Edward, under senior navigator Richard Chancellor, who entered the White Sea and reached Arkhangelsk, a small village that would later grow to a port in 1584. There he learned about the wealth and power of the Russian emperor and journeyed in horse-drawn sleighs, in winter, to Moscow. Although Russia and England had diverging interests in establishing relationships with each other, the Muscovy Trade Company formed to exploit the new trade was a commercial success, in particular with the Russian fur trade.;;;;;;;;;;8097 EVENTHIST3014;In 1554 the catholic Queen Mary married Felipe of Spain, a union that opened great possibilities for both England and Spain. Felipe was granted the title King of England by Parliament, but was not allowed to govern the country. But the imminent question of importance was over religion. The Act of Supremacy had given clerical control to the monarch, but the people of England were sundered over religion. Catholics demanded papal authority, while protestant wanted liberal clerical laws. Mary chose to throw in her lot with the fanatical Catholics, and a wave of terror commenced earning her the nickname 'Bloody Mary'. My Eminence! How will you act?;;;;;;;;;;8098 EVENTHIST3013;As the granddaughter of King Henry VIII's elder sister Mary, Lady Jane Grey had a claim to the English throne. Married against her will in 1553 to Lord Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland, she was used as a pawn by Northumberland, who was King Edward VI's regent, in his determined effort to retain his power after the king's death. King Edward VI was deadly sick and during his last illness Northumberland had him sign a 'device' excluding Henry VIII's daughters, the future queens Mary I and Elizabeth I, from the throne in favor of Jane. On July 10, 1553, four days after Edward's death, Jane was proclaimed queen. Her reign lasted only until July 19. The country supported the Catholic Mary's claim, and Northumberland's forces were dispersed by troops loyal to Mary. Lady Jane's life was initially spared, but convinced she did not need another focus of Protestant opposition and a further rival to the throne Mary had Jane and her husband executed on Tower Hill on February 12, 1554.;;;;;;;;;;8099 EVENTHIST3012;In the 1550's, to navigators who habitually used a globe, it seamed obvious that there must be a more direct route to the East across the Arctic, than round the Cape of Good Hope. Most 16th century maps shown the Arctic as an open sea, but little else was known. A considerable number of northern voyages were planned in England and, to this end many trading companies were being formed. The most famous is the 'Company of Merchant Adventurers for discovery of regions, dominions, islands and places unknown.' who had as first Master the aging Sebastian Cabot.;;;;;;;;;;8100 EVENTHIST3011;The Admiralty was instituted to give the growing naval power an efficient and strong strategic leadership at Sea. Earlier there had only existed a number of odd King's ship's, each of which where the king's personal property. By making the admiralty responsible for all warships and the production of new and the repair of old the English navy got continuity and order. The Admiralty was also a plant school for military leaders and also important figures in the political life of London.;;;;;;;;;;8101 EVENTHIST30105;In 1605 the king of Gowa adopted Islam. Aparently his invitation to the Bugis and other states to adopt the new faith was rejected. Gowa responded with a series of campaigns in 1608-11, as a result of which islam was imposed throughout the Bugis-Makasarese area.;;;;;;;;;;8102 EVENTHIST30104;The measures introduced by Tuma'pari'si Kallona were further reinforced by his successor Tunipalangga (1546-1565), who not only continued the reorganisation of the government but also revolutionised traditional warfare. He was the first to introduce cannon to local forts, the production of bullets, and the use of smaller shields and shorter spear staffs for greater manoeuvrability in battle. These innovations, coupled with his brilliance as a war strategist, resulted in Gowa's successful conquests on Sulawesi, Banggai, Butung, Sula and Sumbawa.;;;;;;;;;;8103 EVENTHIST30103;In the first half of the 16th century the kingdom of Makassar underwent a major reorganisation under its ninth ruler, Tumapa'risi' Kallonna. He arranged the union between the two Makasar kingdoms of Gowa and Tallo, instituted a new code of laws, and systematised the collection of taxes under a new office, the syahbandar.;;;;;;;;;;8104 EVENTHIST301023;The Ottoman Sultan Selim I was determined to eliminate all potential enemies in the east in order to be able to overrun Europe without fearing an attack from the other direction. Having defeated Safavid Persia, he turned to the Mameluk Empire. At that time, the Mameluk state already was in a state of anarchy and its armies hopelessly inferior to those of the Ottomans, and thus Selim's armies rushed through its defenses at an incredible speed. On August 24 the Syrian army led by the Sultan himself who got killed in that battle was destroyed near Aleppo, the city of Damaskus conquered on October12th and the rest of Syria and Palestina quickly overrun. After wintering in Damaskus, Selim progressed to Egypt. On January21st, the last remaining Mameluk army engaged for the final battle near Radania and was decisively defeated. This battle marked the end of the Mameluk Empire. Selim offered vassal status to the last Sultan Tumanbeg. The cowardly dog has acceptedthis humiliation and will now rule Egypt as a subject of the Ottoman Sultan.;;;;;;;;;;8105 EVENTHIST301022;The Ottoman Sultan Selim I was determined to eliminate all potential enemies in the east in order to be able to overrun Europe without fearing an attack from the other direction. Having defeated Safavid Persia, he turned to the Mameluk Empire. At that time, the Mameluk state already was in a state of anarchy and its armies hopelessly inferior to those of the Ottomans, and thus Selim's armies rushed through its defenses at an incredible speed. On August 24 the Syrian army led by the Sultan himself who got killed in that battle was destroyed near Aleppo, the city of Damaskus conquered on October 12th and the rest of Syria and Palestina quickly overrun. After wintering in Damaskus, Selim progressed to Egypt. On January21st, the last remaining Mameluk army engaged for the final battle near Radania and was decisively defeated. This battle marked the end of the Mameluk Empire. Selim offered vassal status to the last Sultan Tumanbeg, but he proudly refused and preferred being beheaded. Syria, Palestina and Egypt were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire that now stretched over three continents.For the administration of the new African possessions a third Beglerbeg with his seat in Kairo was appointed.;;;;;;;;;;8106 EVENTHIST3010;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;;;;;;;;;;8107 EVENTHIST3009;Henry VIII Tudor of England (1509-1547) had first received in 1521 the papal title of Defensor Fidei (Defender of the Faith) for his pamphlet against Luther. The king's main concern was over his succession and in 1529, when the papal Curia rejected his proposal to divorce Catherine of Aragon, he had the Legate of the Pope, Cardinal Wolsey, executed and coerced the English clergy to recognize the king as the supreme head of the Church. He had his divorce granted in 1533 and married the lady-in-waiting Ann Boleyn (executed 1536). Altogether, Henry VIII contracted 6 marriages.;;;;;;;;;;8108 EVENTHIST3008;The population of England lived on the land under a manorial system. They were primarily tenant farmers who were tied to a particular locality, rarely if ever leaving their places of birth. With the rise of commerce, it became increasingly profitable for the aristocracy who owned the land to enclose it. The enclosure movement displaced the tenant farmers and caused a movement into the cities. As people congregated in cities, they became sources of cheap labor for the factories and mines that developed. The concentration of population into cities, however, also created a class of poor, many of whom were willing to became 'indentured servants' and migrate to the North American colonies in search of a better life.;;;;;;;;;;8109 EVENTHIST3007;The Court of Star Chamber was a court of law which evolved from meetings of the king's royal council. Although its roots go back to the medieval period, the court only became powerful as a separate entity during the reign of Henry VII. In 1487 the court became a judicial body separate from the king's council, with a mandate to hear petitions of redress. The Court of Star Chamber was named for the star pattern painted on the ceiling of the room at Westminster Palace where its meetings were held. In a sense the court was a supervisory body.;;;;;;;;;;8110 EVENTHIST3006;King Henry did continue the Yorkist tradition of promoting government officers from the middle class (primarily clerics and lawyers.) But he did not create the middle class government that many historians propose;;;;;;;;;;8111 EVENTHIST3005;The position of Justice of the Peace (JP) originated in England in about the 12th Century AD, believed to be from a Royal Edict issued by King Richard I (the Lionheart) and the Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 1195 AD. The title was first known as Custodes Pacis (Custodians of the Peace), but was later changed to Justices of the Peace. An act concerning Justices of the Peace was passed in 1489. It required that justices devote part of every quarter session to acknowledgment of the areas in which they themselves are particularly weak. The same act provided the general populace with the right to complain about the actions of justices directly to the monarch or his council. The appointment of the justices by the Lord Chancellor at irregular annual intervals allowed for the possible removal of uncooperative gentlemen at the next annual re-issue of the commissions.;;;;;;;;;;8112 EVENTHIST3004;The Hundred Years War was the last great medieval war. It was a war not just between kings, but lesser nobles were also able to pursue their own personal agendas while participating in the larger conflict. Future wars saw far less factionalism, at least on the scale found in medieval conflicts. The Hundred Years War was actually dozens of little wars and hundreds of battles and sieges that went on for over a century (1337-1453), until both sides were exhausted. While neither side won in any real sense, the end result was that while there were two kingdoms at the beginning of the war, there were two nations at the end of it.;;;;;;;;;;8113 EVENTHIST3003;Richard III had many enemies, and on 7 August, Henry Tudor landed near Milford Haven with about 2,000 French mercenaries and a handful of Lancastrian lords and knights. He gathered reinforcements as he marched through Wales, then through Shrewsbury, Stafford and Atherstone. Richard was at Nottingham, and moved from there to Leicester on 19 August, and by 21 August the two armies were facing each other about two and a half miles south of Market Bosworth. Richard's army was just under 12,000 strong, but 4,000 of his troops were commanded by the Stanley brothers, whose loyalty was suspect. Henry had only 5,000 troops. During the battle Both the Stanleys changed allegiance to Henry, swinging the numerical advantage to his favor. The battle was fought on and around Ambion Hill, close to Sutton Cheney, and lasted only two hours. Richard had the better position, but did not take advantage by attacking Oxford while he was still deploying his troops. This allowed Oxford to launch the first attack and the Duke of Norfolk, who was commanding Richard's forward battle division, was soon killed. For the first hour, the fighting was evenly matched, but Richard lost the battle through the treachery of the Stanleys, who deserted his cause. Even more damaging was of the Earl of Northumberland's failure to bring Richard's reserves into action when he saw the Stanleys go over to the enemy. Richard made a last attempt to win victory by directly attacking Henry with is personal guard, and almost succeeded, having cut down Henry's standard bearer. Richard's gamble failed, and he was struck down. The battle ended because his followers had no other definite leader. Richard was the last king of England to die on the battlefield. His death effectively ended the Wars of the Roses, and Henry VII started a new dynasty, the Tudors.;;;;;;;;;;8114 EVENTHIST3002;The Wars of the Roses, so called, took place over a period of about 35 years, between 1452 and 1487. They were a series of battles, skirmishes and sieges, in which were killed many hundreds of men, including many of the nobility of England. The fighting was interspersed with long periods of peace. They were in essence a struggle between two branches of the royal family, the Plantagenets. The main branch of the family in the person of Richard II was deposed in 1399 by Henry, Duke of Lancaster who became king as Henry IV. He, his son Henry V and his grandson Henry VI ruled England for the next 60 years uninterruptedly. The Lancastrians were a junior branch of the Plantagenets, descended from the third son of Edward III John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. A rival branch of the royal family were descended from Edmund Duke of York, fourth son of Edward III but also descended in the female line from Lionel, Duke of Clarence, his second son. They thus had a superior dynastic claim which they allowed to lie dormant until the incapacity of Henry VI caused a break down in law and order. This allowed Richard Duke of York an opportunity in the 1450s to present himself as the one man who could bring peace and justice to the country as rightful king. Richard of York was killed at the battle of Wakefield in late 1460 and his son Edward, the new Duke deposed and imprisoned Henry VI and was crowned king in February 1461. Edward ruled a disturbed realm for nearly ten years, until he was in turn deposed and sent into exile in favor of a restored Henry VI. The following year Edward returned from exile and Henry was again deposed after the decisive battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury in 1471 and this time was murdered to prevent any further restorations;;;;;;;;;;8115 EVENTHIST3001;Lollards were a heretical group following the theological teaching of John Wyclif. Popular protests against the wealth, power, and pride of the clergy, were frequent, and in times of disorder would express themselves in an extreme form. They had been persecuted several times during the 14th century, and its last appearance was in the early 15th century.;;;;;;;;;;8116 EVENTHIST30;Epidemics in the early-modern era were far deadlier than wars or even famine. Diseases that with modern medicine are relatively harmless like smallpox or flu took a heavy toll whenever they struck especially among infants.;;;;;;;;;;8117 EVENTHIST3;After the Reformation, the European continent would have to live for several hundred years with religious differences causing rebellions and uprisings more or less frequently.;;;;;;;;;;8118 EVENTHIST29016;In 1803 Heidelberg university was reformed by Grand Duke of Baden Karl Friedrich. He instituted a natural sceince college and renamed it to Rupertus-Karolus University.;;;;;;;;;;8119 EVENTHIST29015;In 1764 a lightning bolt hit the upper part of the castle for the second time, which destroyed all of the repares that were done after the last war. This time the the castle was finally abandoned.;;;;;;;;;;8120 EVENTHIST29014;In 1750 Karl Theodor had the largest barrel of wine made. Wine makers from the entire Rhine region were needed to fill the barrel. This collaboration and the following parties helped their relations with neighboring provinces.;;;;;;;;;;8121 EVENTHIST29013;There was a major freeze in the winter of 1708/1709 in the Palatinate. On the 10th of January in 1709 the Rhine river froze and was closed for five weeks. Wine froze into ice. Grapevines died. Cattle died in their sheds. Many Palatinates traveled down the Rhine to escape.;;;;;;;;;;8122 EVENTHIST29012;In 1653 the University of Heidelberg publishes the Heidelberg Catechism. This book becomes the most prominent religious body of its time.;;;;;;;;;;8123 EVENTHIST29011;At the end of the thirty years war the Heidelberg University was reopened.;;;;;;;;;;8124 EVENTHIST29010;The armies of the Palatinate were able to sack Rome and regain the artifact the Bibliotheca Palatina!;;;;;;;;;;8125 EVENTHIST29009;The Imperial General Tilly has stolen the Bibliotheca Palatina, and sent it to the Vatican! What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;8126 EVENTHIST29008;In 1622 the Imperial General Tilly captured Heidelberg and had the famous Bibliotheca Palatina carried off to the Vatican.;;;;;;;;;;8127 EVENTHIST29007;The invading army catches the University open. They proceed to burn it to the ground and kill most of the intellectuals that are there. The total destruction of the university removes a vital part of the Palatinate economy.;;;;;;;;;;8128 EVENTHIST29006;The invading army catches the University open. They proceed to burn it to the ground and kill most of the intellectuals that are there. The total destruction of the university removes a vital part of the Palatinate economy.;;;;;;;;;;8129 EVENTHIST29005;At the start of the thirty years war the Heidelberg University was closed to protect the intellectuals and the University from destruction.;;;;;;;;;;8130 EVENTHIST29004;After extensive rebuilding in 1556, the castle is finished by elector Otto Heinrich in a wonderful style. At the time most people thought it was the most beautiful palace north of the Alps.;;;;;;;;;;8131 EVENTHIST29003;In 1537 a lightning bolt hit the upper part of the castle destoying it, which caused turmoil in the nation.;;;;;;;;;;8132 EVENTHIST29002;In 1508 Ludwig V decided to restructure the defenses in Heidelberg.;;;;;;;;;;8133 EVENTHIST29001;After unifying the Palatinate in 1449, Friedrich der Siegreich formed the bases of municipalities and ground laws that reorganized the Palatinate.;;;;;;;;;;8134 EVENTHIST28012;The cities of the low countries did not take kindly to the efforts of the Dukes of Burgundy to bring them under central control and in 1465 the people of Liege rose in revolt.;;;;;;;;;;8135 EVENTHIST28011;After two years the commune of Ghent was defeated at Gavre, enabling Philip the Good to strengthen his authority in Flanders.;;;;;;;;;;8136 EVENTHIST28010;The cities of the low countries did not take kindly to the efforts of the Dukes of Burgundy to bring them under central control and in 1451 the people of Ghent rose in a revolt that took two years to crush.;;;;;;;;;;8137 EVENTHIST28009;The cities of the low countries did not take kindly to the efforts of the Dukes of Burgundy to bring them under central control and in 1436 the people of Bruges rose in revolt.;;;;;;;;;;8138 EVENTHIST28006;Philip the Good has been crowned king of Lotharingia.;;;;;;;;;;8139 EVENTHIST28005;After the death of Louis the Pious in 840 the Carolingian Empire was divided between his three sons. Two of these kingdoms would survive to become France and the Holy Roman Empire. The third kingdom, Lothairingia, dwindled and, upon the death in 900 of king Zwentibold was absorbed into Germany. Twice during his reign Philip the Good requested from Emperor Frederick III the vacant crown of Lotharingia.;;;;;;;;;;8140 EVENTHIST28003;The monopoly on positions of authority by those born in Brabant, many of whom abused their positions for personal profit, has become a source of resentment in the remainder of the low countries. Demands for power to be devolved to the cities were presented by the burghers of Amsterdam, Haarlem and Delft. Most of the remaining cities outside Brabant and some of the rural nobility soon signed up to this League of Holland. We have two courses of action to choose between. Firstly, we could replace some of our officials with wavering individuals from within the League, thus dividing the League, removing one of their key grievances and cleansing our bureaucracy of graft. Alternatively, we might have to accede to the League's demand to share power.;;;;;;;;;;8141 EVENTHIST28002;The monopoly on positions of authority by those born in Geldern, many of whom abused their positions for personal profit, has become a source of resentment in the remainder of the low countries. Demands for power to be devolved to the cities were presented by the burghers of Amsterdam, Haarlem and Delft. Most of the remaining cities outside Geldern and some of the rural nobility soon signed up to this League of Holland. We have two courses of action to choose between. Firstly, we could replace some of our officials with wavering individuals from within the League, thus dividing the League, removing one of their key grievances and cleansing our bureaucracy of graft. Alternatively, we might have to accede to the League's demand to share power.;;;;;;;;;;8142 EVENTHIST28001;The monopoly on positions of authority by those born in Friesen, many of whom abused their positions for personal profit, has become a source of resentment in the remainder of the low countries. Demands for power to be devolved to the cities were presented by the burghers of Amsterdam, Haarlem and Delft. Most of the remaining cities outside Friesen and some of the rural nobility soon signed up to this League of Holland. We have two courses of action to choose between. Firstly, we could replace some of our officials with wavering individuals from within the League, thus dividing the League, removing one of their key grievances and cleansing our bureaucracy of graft. Alternatively, we might have to accede to the League's demand to share power.;;;;;;;;;;8143 EVENTHIST28000;The monopoly on positions of authority by those born in Flandern, many of whom abused their positions for personal profit, has become a source of resentment in the remainder of the low countries. Demands for power to be devolved to the cities were presented by the burghers of Amsterdam, Haarlem and Delft. Most of the remaining cities outside Flandern and some of the rural nobility soon signed up to this League of Holland. We have two courses of action to choose between. Firstly, we could replace some of our officials with wavering individuals from within the League, thus dividing the League, removing one of their key grievances and cleansing our bureaucracy of graft. Alternatively, we might have to accede to the League's demand to share power.;;;;;;;;;;8144 EVENTHIST28;Maritime trade expansion led to a growing desire among merchants to start new shipping and trade ventures on the high seas.;;;;;;;;;;8145 EVENTHIST273032;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible. Hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia, married to the oldest sister Marie-Eleonore, had no male heir himself and ceded his claim to the husband of his daughter Anna, Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg. This claim was questioned by the husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm. The Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony considered themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, declared both female succession and the treaties invalid and was about to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief. The protestant princes of Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg however, encouraged by the Evangelic Union, France and the Netherlands, managed to agree on a common administration in order to fight off all other claimants. They proclaimed complete religious toleration for all christian confessions in the Duchies and were acknowledged by the Estates in Jule 1609. Unable to push his claim and unwilling to go to war over the matter, the Elector of Saxony made no real attempt to conquer the territories. The titles of Duke Jülich,Cleves and Berg and Count of Mark and Ravensberg were however used by the Electors of Saxony until the 18th century.;;;;;;;;;;8146 EVENTHIST273031;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible. Hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia, married to the oldest sister Marie-Eleonore, had no male heir himself and ceded his claim to the husband of his daughter Anna, Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg. This claim was questioned by the husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son WolfgangWilhelm. The Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony considered themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, declared both female succession and the treaties invalid and was about to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief. Our legitimate claim eventually prevailed and we are now in possession of the whole United Duchies.;;;;;;;;;;8147 EVENTHIST273006;The Wettin fraternal war destabilised the family's holdings and saw several local nobles taking advantage of the situation by demanding extended privilegues or fiefs for support. One of these nobles was Kunz of Kaufungen, a knight fighting on the side of Friedrich II. When the conflict was over, he demanded a compensation for the damages inflicted to his Thuringian territory of Milowitz and for the ransom of 4000 Gulden he had to pay after being arrested near Gera in 1446. Since Friedrich refused Kaufungen took him to an imperial arbitrarian court. However, the court decided in favour of the elector which caused Kaufungen to leave it angrily and to swear that he would take revenge on Friedrich's own offspring. It was no empty promise: In the night between July 7th and 8th 1455 he kidnapped the Saxonian princes Ernst and Albrecht from the castle of Altenburg with the intention to take them to Bohemia. This could only be prevented by the coincidental help of two charburners who arrested Kaufungen and saved the princes. Already on July 14th, Kaufungen and his accomplices were beheaded at the marketplace of Freiberg.;;;;;;;;;;8148 EVENTHIST273001;The brothers Albrecht and Ernst ruled all Wettin lands except for the Duchy of Saxony-Wittenberg jointly since their father's death in 1464. For 20 years, they cooperated very well, conducted successful administrative, commercial and territorial reforms and led their country to prosperity. However, the heirless death of Wilhelm of Thuringia in 1480 sparked a quarrel between the two about who would rule Thuringia, also some differences about the government of Saxony emerged then. Eventually, Ernst, the elder who had the electoral title, was fed up with this and decided, against the resistance of the Saxonian estates, to partition all Wettin territories between him and his brother. On August 26th 1485 the partition was sealed in Leipzig, granting the Margraviate of Meissen and a small part of Thuringia to Albrecht and the rest, including the electorate, to Ernst. This division between the Ernestine and the Albertine branch of the Wettin dynasty turned out to be a perpetual one and their territories were never again entirely united.;;;;;;;;;;8149 EVENTHIST273000;The influence of the Askanians who had once been the most powerful dynasty in Eastern Germany slowly faded in the 14th and 15th century. First in Brandenburg, then in Lauenburg and finally 1423 in electoral Saxony the branches got extinct, and the remaining members of the family lacked unity and determination to secure the territories. Instead, the Hohenzollern and Wettins were given the old Askanian lands and took their former rank. The last step in this process was the extinction of the electoral branch in Saxony-Wittenberg with the heirless death of Albrecht III. This caused a tough contest between the Hohenzoller Elector Friedrich of Brandenburg and the Wettin Margrave Friedrich IV of Meissen for Albrecht's possessions. Eventually, Emperor Sigismund decided in favour of the Wettin and granted the Electorate and Saxony-Wittenberg to him. Henceforth, the electoral title remained within the Wettin family that managed to become one of the predominant forces in the Empire while the Askanians left in Anhalt were virtually powerless.;;;;;;;;;;8150 EVENTHIST27;Unexpected inventions sometimes led to immediate technical applications, and manufactories were built to exploit them.;;;;;;;;;;8151 EVENTHIST26;Colonial expansion led to a growing desire among people to move from their homeland to the New World in search of a new better life or to achieve fame and wealth through exploration colonization and conquest.;;;;;;;;;;8152 EVENTHIST251101;The more moderate wing of the heretic Hussites of Bohemia had been granted limited religious freedom in 1436 bythe Compactates and since then practiced its faith openly in Bohemia, tolerated by the Catholic church. When Pius II rose tothe holy see, he was determined to end this situation. He got George of Podiebrad who was a Hussite himself to promise converting to catholicism and suppressing all heresy in Bohemia just before his election in 1458. Podiebrad however, while indeed planning to return to the Roman Church himself, had no intention to persecute his former coreligionists and insistedon the Compactates. As a reaction, on March 31st 1462 Pius declared that the Compactates had been valid only for the generation that lived back then and were now invalid and demanded Bohemia's full return to catholicism. At an assembly of the estates in Prague, George refused and said he would to his death remain true to the communion of both kinds, and that hewas ready to risk his life and his crown in defense of his faith. Pius then quickly terminated negotiations with Bohemia and declared George a heretic in 1464. Encouraged by the church, the Catholic nobles of Bohemia began a revolt against Podiebrad in 1465. The King of Bohemia was officially excmmunicated and his subjects released from their oaths on December 23rd 1466. Afterwards, the - theoretically now vacant - Bohemian throne was offered first to Friedrich of Brandenburg and, when he refused, to Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. The King of Hungary accepted and began a campaign against Bohemia.;;;;;;;;;;8153 EVENTHIST25105;In 1782 a royal decree was issued that the west coast of Greenland were to be colonized. This were the first major colonization attempt by the Danish king, since he assumed control of the colonizations in 1774.;;;;;;;;;;8154 EVENTHIST25104;By 1774 the danish state assumed control of the colonization of Greenland.;;;;;;;;;;8155 EVENTHIST25102;In 1721 colonization and conversion of Greenland is initiated by Hans Egede. These colonizations where funded and operated as a joint danish/norwegian project without involvement of the state.;;;;;;;;;;8156 EVENTHIST25101;In 1585 the country of Greenland where rediscovered by John Davis and Martin Frobisher, having been forgotton since it lost contact with Norway in 1410. Norway, of course, claimed their long lost territory. This claim of territory was widely accepted in Europe, and granted Norwegian whalers an edge in the competition against the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;8157 EVENTHIST25100;In 1585 the country of Greenland where rediscovered by John Davis and Martin Frobisher, having been forgotton since it lost contact with Norway in 1410. Christian IV claimed the long lost Norwegian territory part of Denmark. This claim of territory was widely accepted in Europe due to the Danish control of Norway, and granted Danish whalers an edge in the competition against the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;8158 EVENTHIST25007;Ukrainian Cossacks have sought the protection and overlordship of the Ottoman Sultan. This was not such an unusual idea - Wallachia and Moldavia have survived with a great deal of autonomy under the protection of the Ottoman Turks...;;;;;;;;;;8159 EVENTHIST25006;Ukrainian Cossacks have sought to return to the control of Poland, but on their terms. In order for the Cossacks to return the power of the nobility would have to be reduced.;;;;;;;;;;8160 EVENTHIST25005;After Ukrainian Cossacks have sought the protection and overlordship of the Russian Tsar in their struggles with their former masters, Poland, it gave Russia an opportunity to help become a great European power, but would also mean trouble with Poland.;;;;;;;;;;8161 EVENTHIST25004;Bohdan Khmelnytsky knew the fledgling Ukrainian nation needed two things to survive: the support of a major foreign power, and a legitimate ruler. Khmelnytsky was not of royal blood, and did not feel he could be a monarch. In order to meet both of those needs Khmelnytsky looked for a foreign monarch to become overlord of Ukraine.;;;;;;;;;;8162 EVENTHIST25003;Khmelnytsky knew that the Cossacks' great weakness in fighting the Poles was their lack of cavalry. His response was a bold one: he approached the Cossack's traditional rivals, the Khanate of Crimea, for an alliance.;;;;;;;;;;8163 EVENTHIST25002;After much bloodshed, the Cossack revolts have been stamped out.;;;;;;;;;;8164 EVENTHIST25001;In 1646 a Polish nobleman, Daniel Czaplinski, laid claim to the estate of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, a captain in a Cossack regiment. Czaplinski raided Khmelnytsky's estate, killed his youngest son, and abducted the woman that the recently widowed Cossack intended to marry. When numerous appeals to the Polish cort did not bring any satisfaction, Khmelnytsky resolved to lead the Cossacks in revolt against the Poles.;;;;;;;;;;8165 EVENTHIST25000;Since the Great Schism of 1054 between the Catholic and Orthodox faiths, Christians had looked for a way to bring the two religions together. In 1596 several Orthodox and Catholic Bishops met in a church council in Brest to propose a limited union. The Orthodox Bishops offer to recognize the authority of the Pope as long as their traditional liturgy and rights were allowed to continue, including the rights of priests to marry.;;;;;;;;;;8166 EVENTHIST25;Diplomacy between European nations was often affected by the fame and numerous other achievements of a nation. Her diplomats would capitalize on those factors to achieve better results than usual in their negotiations.;;;;;;;;;;8167 EVENTHIST24060;During the reign of Fasiladas the Great, the city of Gondor became the center of Ethiopian culture. Also during this time many fortified palaces were built.;;;;;;;;;;8168 EVENTHIST24059;Egypt has gained autonomy from the Ottomans.;;;;;;;;;;8169 EVENTHIST24056;The Knights were always in a precarious position, being caught between the two fueding powers of Hapsburg Spain and the Ottoman Empire. Their rulership of Tripoli put them right in the middle of the Ottoman Turks quest for supremacy in North Africa. In 1551, the Turkish admiral, Sinan Pasha, was sent to drive the Knights out of Tripolitania. In doing so, he helped to spread the influence of the Ottoman Empire.;;;;;;;;;;8170 EVENTHIST24053;During the sixteenth century, Spain and the Ottoman Empire were pitted in a struggle for supremacy in the Mediterranean. Spanish forces had already occupied a number of other North African ports when in 1510 they captured Tripoli, destroyed the city, and constructed a fortified naval base from the rubble. Upon his ascension, Emperor Charles V wanted Tripoli to stay free of Turkish control but had no desire to use Spanish forces to protect the city. Eventually, he decided to leave the burden of Tripoli to the Knights of St. John.;;;;;;;;;;8171 EVENTHIST24052;Emperor Charles V felt it important that the city of Tripoli not fall into the hands of the Ottoman Turks. However, he did not want to spend the resources to capture the city. Instead, he placed the burden of securing the city on the Knights of St. John. Such an order was annoying, because the Knights had no desire to rule over Tripoli.;;;;;;;;;;8172 EVENTHIST24051;In 1441, Muhammad IX, emir of Granada, requests the aid of the Mameluk sultan, Sáid Caqmaq for aid against the Castillians. Caqmaq rejected the request, but send to Granada money and sumptuous presents.;;;;;;;;;;8173 EVENTHIST24050;The reign of sultan al-Ghawri was characterized by continuous attempts to impose his authority over the emirs of Syria and other clans of Mamelukes. The decline of the Egyptian economy continued, under the repeated blows of the epidemics of plague. The freedom of trade is again granted to foreign traders in Egypt to stop the decline of the economy of the sultanate. Finally, in 1511, against the will of the Mamelukes, al-Ghawri creates a unit of artillery in its army and a foundry of guns.;;;;;;;;;;8174 EVENTHIST24049;After the death of Qa'itbay, a 5 year long struggle for power between various clans ensued. al-Nasir Muhammad, who succeeded Qa'itbay, is quickly deposed by Khamsumia. He, in turn, is assassinated at the instigation of Qansuh less than a year later. In the middle of this struggle, plague strikes the country again in 1498, the year Qansuh seized the power thanks to the support of the Bedouins and the clan of the former sultan Qa'itbay. But in 1499 Qansuh is faced with yet another uprising by rival Mamelukes, who force him to abandon the throne and flee Cairo. Finally, in the time period of 1499-1501 al-Ashraf Djanbulat is brought to the throne with the support of emir Tumanbay, then replaced by Tumanbay himself, but not for long. Tumanbay is proclaimed sultan in Damascus, then assassinated after a few months of reign. al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri is proclaimed sultan following the revolt of emirs in Cairo.;;;;;;;;;;8175 EVENTHIST24048;In 1494 a severe famine completely devastated the lands of Egypt.;;;;;;;;;;8176 EVENTHIST24047;On campaign against the Ottomans, Mameluke army suffered a devastating blow, as plague decimated their ranks, and they had to sue for peace.;;;;;;;;;;8177 EVENTHIST24046;In 1481 brother of Ottoman sultan Bayezid II Cem revolted, but was quickly defeated and had to flee. Mamelukes offered him asylum, partially because Qa'itbay was concerned with the growing might of the Ottomans and their meddlings in the affairs of smaller states in Asia Minor.;;;;;;;;;;8178 EVENTHIST24045;During his exceptionally long reign, sultan Qa'itbay resumed the trade policy by granting new privileges to Italian merchants, and exercising a stricter control over governors. He also undertook a massive construction program in both Cairo and in Medina. Unfortunately, the coffers of the State were empty by then and the country was struck heavily and impoverished by natural disasters.;;;;;;;;;;8179 EVENTHIST24044;Sultan Khushkadam has died without naming the successor, and his atabeg al-Zahir Yalbay became a sultan. However, he was quickly deposed by his own atabeg al-Zahir Timurbugha, who, in turn, after the reign of less than a year, is overthrown by his own atabeg, Qa'itbay. Qa'itbay, unlike his predecessors, treats former sultans with honor. His lengthy reign, mostly peaceful, will be followed by increasingly unstable 20 years which will bring the downfall of the oldest Islamic dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;8180 EVENTHIST24043;From 1462 through 1466 Bedouins and arabic tribes in Syria and Northern Arabia revolted and terrorized the population in these provinces. Sultan Khushqadam had to send multiple expeditions against them, but still couldn't subdue them by the end of his reign.;;;;;;;;;;8181 EVENTHIST24042;After the death of sultan Inal, his elder son, Ahmad al-Muayyad, ascended the throne but only for a few months and was soon deposed by his atabeg, Khushkadam. However, he soon realizes that the governors of Damask and Djedda, that helped to bring him to the helm, are frightening rivals.;;;;;;;;;;8182 EVENTHIST24041;In 1460 a plague devastated Egypt.;;;;;;;;;;8183 EVENTHIST24040;After the death of sultan Caqmaq, grand amirs and the caliph chose his 19 years old son Uthman to succeed him. However, he immediately had to face a revolt of Mamelukes, and was deposed by his atabeg al-Ashraf Inal, who managed to gather sufficient support to be recognized sultan. He at once appointed Mamelukes loyal to him to all essential positions of the State and the army.;;;;;;;;;;8184 EVENTHIST24039;After conducting unsuccessful military campaigns against the Knights of Rhodes, sultan Cakmak signed a peace with them in 1444. For the rest of his reign, al-Zahir Cakmak was pursuing a policy of peace inside and tried to maintain good diplomatic relations with the Timurides, Ottomans and the princes of Asia Minor.;;;;;;;;;;8185 EVENTHIST24038;During the rule of the sultan Barsbay, the administration of the Sultanate was cleared of the Jews and Christians. Many goods belonging to Europeans were confiscated in Egypt and Syria, high customs duties were imposed on merchants, the circulation of the Christian currencies was prohibited.;;;;;;;;;;8186 EVENTHIST24037;In 1438 sultan Barsbay was campaigning with his troops in Syria, when an epidemic of plague struck and left him and thousands of his soldiers dead. Barsbay's son Yusuf al-Aziz succeeded him under the regency of of his former atabeq Cakmak, but was deposed a mere few days later. Unhappy beys had revolted and were finally subdued in 1439.;;;;;;;;;;8187 EVENTHIST24035;Spices, and pepper in particular, from the Orient were carried by Arab merchants and unloaded at Jiddah, which the Mameluks had control of. From here it was shipped to Egypt, and offered for sale to the Venetians, who dominated the spice trade from Egypt by this time. There were no other alternative spice routes to Europe, as Cyprus was controlled by the Mamelukes. In 1426 sultan Barsbay decided to make pepper a royal monopoly by increasing the price of pepper, and then again in 1428 and 1430. The Venetians had a choice of paying up, or giving up the centerpiece of their trade. They paid. The Sultan's demands went up and up in the 1430s, and his successor continued the extortion.;;;;;;;;;;8188 EVENTHIST24034;In 1426-27 sultan Barsbay launched a major offensive against Cyprus. The reason behind the campaign was twofold: to cut off the threat to Egyptian navigation from the French, and to enforce the monopoly on spice trade. The island was taken and its king, Jean de Lusignan, became vassal of the sultan. This success allowed Barsbay to gain an upper hand (albeit temporarily) in his dealings with Venetian traders.;;;;;;;;;;8189 EVENTHIST24033;After the death of al-Muayyad Shaykh, al-Muzaffar Ahmad, a child of three years old, ascended the throne under the regency of al-Zahir Tatar. A few month later, he was deposed by his regent, and the sultanate entered a state of political anarchy and economical collapse. Commercial concessions granted to foreign traders (mostly Venetians) were revoked, and their stay in the sultanate was limited.;;;;;;;;;;8190 EVENTHIST24030;In the 18th century Malta became a place of interest to the ever-expanding empires: Austria, England, France, and even Russia. Ekaterina II considered the island a great asset in her plans for expansion in the Balkans, and indeed, in 1768 a Russian squadron suddenly arrived off Malta, trying to enlist the Order's military help in their expedition against the Ottomans. Simultaneously, the empress' agents attempted to rouse the Maltese population against the Knights, and only with the help of the French royal court did the Order evade the threat. However, the French Revolution caused the Knights great financial problems, as over half of their lands were confiscated. When with the third partition of Poland the Russian czar took control of the Order's estates in Courland and Volyn, he decided to follow his mother's strategy, and declared himself the Protector of the Order of St. John. Distressed by the Revoltion and the Knights' internal problems, Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan has rejected our kind offer.;;;;;;;;;;8191 EVENTHIST24029;In the 18th century Malta became a place of interest to the ever-expanding empires: Austria, England, France, and even Russia. Ekaterina II considered the island a great asset in her plans for expansion in the Balkans, and indeed, in 1768 a Russian squadron suddenly arrived off Malta, trying to enlist the Order's military help in their expedition against the Ottomans. Simultaneously, the empress' agents attempted to rouse the Maltese population against the Knights, and only with the help of the French royal court did the Order evade the threat. However, the French Revolution caused the Knights great financial problems, as over half of their lands were confiscated. When with the third partition of Poland the Russian czar took control of the Order's estates in Courland and Volyn, he decided to follow his mother's strategy, and declared himself the Protector of the Order of St. John. Distressed by the Revoltion and the Knights' internal problems, Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan accepted the offer in 1797.;;;;;;;;;;8192 EVENTHIST24028;In the 18th century Malta became a place of interest to the ever-expanding empires: Austria, England, France, and even Russia. Ecaterina II considered the island a great asset in her plans for expansion in the Balkans, and indeed, in 1768 a Russian squadron suddenly arrived off Malta, trying to enlist the Order's military help in their expedition against the Ottomans. Simultaneously, the empress' agents attempted to rouse the Maltese population against the Knights, and only with the help of the French royal court did the Order evade the threat. However, the French Revolution caused the Knights great financial problems, as over half of their lands were confiscated. When with the third partition of Poland the Russian czar took control of the Order's estates in Courland and Volyn, he decided to follow his mother's strategy, and declared himself the Protector of the Order of St. John. Distressed by the Revolution and the Knights' internal problems, Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan accepted the offer in 1797.;;;;;;;;;;8193 EVENTHIST24027;In 1797 general Napoleon Bonaparte arrived on Malta with an expeditionary force to claim the island as a base for his Egyptian campaign. The island was surrendered without a single shot fired, as the Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch was faced with the prospect of mutiny from the French knights, who refused to fight against their countrymen. On the night of June 17th, 1798, the Grand Master left his palace and the island, taking with him but a few religious artifacts. The French however did not have a chance to settle down on Malta. Their reckless pillaging resulted in a full-scale uprising in a matter of months. The Maltese, supported by Portugese and English forces, retook the island. On the 15th of June, 1802, a group of Maltese nobles, led by Marquis Testaferrata, offered the island to the British crown. Soon it proved to be invaluable, serving as a perfect operating base for the English fleet after the declaration of Napoleon's continental blockade.;;;;;;;;;;8194 EVENTHIST24026;In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte arrived on Malta with an expeditionary force to claim the island as a base for his Egyptian campaign. Many brethren were too old to fight, and some French and Spanish knights were unwilling to take part in its defense. Others, French knights embittered by the Revolution, were ready to man the walls. Early reverses in small engagements demoralized the Maltese, who began to desert. The Grandmaster, Ferdinand von Hompesch, faced with the prospect of mutiny, lost his nerve and asked for an armistice. On the night of June 17, 1798 the Grandmaster left his palace and the island taking with him all but a few religious artifacts. The French did not get a chance to settle down on Malta, as their reckless pillaging resulted in a full-scale uprising in a matter of months. The Maltese, supported by English and Portugese forces, retook the island, and on June 15, 1802, a group of Maltese nobles led by Marquis Testaferrata offered the island to the British crown.;;;;;;;;;;8195 EVENTHIST24025;New republics and new ideas spreading across Europe fostered hostility against the aristocratic Knights. When it was discovered that the Order had helped to subsidize Louis XVI's unsuccessful flight to Varennes, the French Grand Priories were suppressed and the Knights no longer benefited from their revenues.;;;;;;;;;;8196 EVENTHIST24022;In 1607, Alofe de Wignacourt, Grand Master of the Knights of St. John was named a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.;;;;;;;;;;8197 EVENTHIST24021;The Jesuit Order, founded by Ignatius de Loyola, starts a medical school in collaboration with the Knights Hospitaller of St. John.;;;;;;;;;;8198 EVENTHIST24020;A new hospital, the Sacra Infermeria, opens. This facility is thought to be one of the finest in the western world, in part due to an unprecedented emphasis on hygiene. The Knights may have also been inadvertently influenced by the philosophies of Eastern medicine. The infirmary sheltered an average of 350 patients, and the staff included Doctors, surgeons, nurses, and pharmacists. The food was specially chosen (vermicelli and chicken for the weak, wine and game for the stong) and served on silver dishes. There were clinics for outpatients, one for leprosy and another for venereal disease, slaves and beggars receiving free prescriptions. An external nursing service tended the old in their own homes. During his novitiate, each Knight had to serve in the Hospital for one day a week, as did the Grand Master and the bailiffs on great feast-days.;;;;;;;;;;8199 EVENTHIST24019;The Inquisition is also instituted in the Order's holdings, although the Knights Inquisition never attains the influence or terror of the Spanish.;;;;;;;;;;8200 EVENTHIST24018;The English Langue has been dissolved in almost all but name. English estates or commanderies have reverted to the crown. Only one English brother remains with the Order, Sir Oliver Starkey, Lieutenant Turcopolier and Latin Secretary to the Grand Master.;;;;;;;;;;8201 EVENTHIST24017;The infamous Dragut, scourge of the Christians in the Mediterranean, has boldly raided the Order's homeland.;;;;;;;;;;8202 EVENTHIST24016;The magistral election of 1521 was hotly contested by Fra' Thomas Docwra, Prior of England, Fra' Andrea d'Amaral, the Portuguese Prior of Castile, and Fra' Philippe Villers de l'Isle Adam, Prior of Auvergne. The third candidate was chosen to the noisy dismay of d'Amaral, who shouted, 'This will be the last Grand Master of Rhodes!' It seems that d'Amaral may have tried to bring this about, as his servant has been caught communicating with the enemies of the Order. Put to the question, the servant has implicated his master in the plot.;;;;;;;;;;8203 EVENTHIST24015;The Morgarbina was a gigantic vessel with seven decks which plied the seas between Tunis and Constantinople. Wealthy merchants confidently used her to ship their richest wares, confident that not even the notorious Knights could capture her. Commander de Gastineau, a wily captain from Limousin, waylaid the leviathan off Crete. Under pretence of parleying, he laid the Order's own great carrack alongside and then mowed down the captain and officers on the poop with one murderous salvo of grapeshot. The leaderless crew struck their colours and the Knights boarded to find a staggering consignment of silver and jewellery as well as bales of silk, cashmere and carpets, and quantities of pepper, ginger, cloves, and cinnamon. On the way home, the brethern captured three smaller cargo ships, and the entire treasure was eventually sold in France, its owners being held to ransom or sent to the slave market.;;;;;;;;;;8204 EVENTHIST24014;The Islamic corsair known as Jamali had used artillery to breach the walls of a castle held by the Knights on an outlying island. The castle was thought to be staffed with only two Knights: an elderly bedridden commander and a young brother, Paolo Simeoni. However, upon approaching the breach, the corsairs were amazed to see before them a large contingent of brethern waiting in the breach. They hastily set sail, not realizing that Fra' Paolo had simply dressed the island's entire population, man, woman, and child, in the surcoats of the Order.;;;;;;;;;;8205 EVENTHIST24013;In 1485, the Knights of Rhodes were granted the wealth and possessions of the now defunct Order of the Sacred Tomb of St. Lazarus.;;;;;;;;;;8206 EVENTHIST24012;James Keating, prior of the Irish commandery, is revealed as little more than a bandit. Keating has even, on one occasion, seized Dublin castle! More importantly, he has failed to pay the responsions (revenues) due to the Order.;;;;;;;;;;8207 EVENTHIST24011;In 1481, Rhodes was struck by a devastating earthquake.;;;;;;;;;;8208 EVENTHIST24010;In September of 1459, Pope Pius II summoned a congress of the Christian powers at Mantua to organize a crusade, but the lack of enthusiasm among the delegates was notable. However, in 1462, it was announced that the Pope and the Duke of Burgundy, Phillip the Good, would lead the crusade and that Venice would provide a fleet. The Duke of Burgundy insisted on further delay, perhaps due to trouble at home or recognition that the Papal forces were in disarray and not likely to prove an effective ally for a desperate expedition. In any event, Pius II set out for Ancona with the Papal troops to meet the Venetian Doge, Cristoforo Moro. No other significant forces had shown themselves so it was inevitable that following the death of Pius II, the would-be crusaders dispersed.;;;;;;;;;;8209 EVENTHIST24009;In a sense, the Knights of Rhodes were a medieval form of a multicultural international corporation in that their members were drawn from numerous Christian Kingdoms and Principalities. They were divided into eight Langues, or Tongues, consisting of the eight European nationalities from whom its members were primarily recruited. These Langues were Auvergne, Provence, France, Aragon, Castile & Portugal, England, Germany, and Italy. In a fortress occupied by the Knights, each Langue was responsible for defending a particular section of the walls. These divisions might be thought to promote disunity, but on the other hand, they also fostered a kind of rivalry that could ultimately lift morale and prove of benefit, especially during seige conditions. Furthermore, the Knights owned estates and enjoyed the revenues of thousands of manors across these same European areas.;;;;;;;;;;8210 EVENTHIST24008;Giovanni da Verrazzano has joined the French navy in mid-1510s as a corsair. Following the defeat of his Italian policy at the hands of Carlos I, and a growing wealth of Spain through her New World possessions, Francis I has agreed reluctantly to finance the expedition of da Verrazzano. He set sail from France in 1523 and explored the East coast of North America from North Carolina almost all the way up to Maine. Sinking Spanish galleons with gold was a second objective of his journey. The details of his death are obscure, he either was killed by the natives in Antilles, or executed by Spanish for his piracy off the south coast of Spain.;;;;;;;;;;8211 EVENTHIST24007;Following Columbus's discoveries, many people flocked to Spain in hope of a quick fame, wealth or adventure. Amerigo Vespucci was one of this people who was given command of 3 ships in May 1497 to explore what's now known as coast of Brazil.;;;;;;;;;;8212 EVENTHIST24006;In 1491 Cristoforo Colombo submitted his plan of finding a Western route to India to Fernando for the second time. The timing was poor, as Fernando was at the gates of Granada, and the proposal was again rejected. In despair, Columbus told his story to one of the Dominican priors, who happened to be favored by Queen Isabella. He's got her interested, and she managed to convince her husband that such a voyage would bring Spain fame and wealth. The monarchs agreed to exorbitant terms Columbus demanded: he would be knighted if he were to succeed on his first voyage, appointed Admiral of the Seas, made viceroy of all the new lands, and on top of that awarded 10% of any new wealth. Expedition was financed mostly through Queen's private sources and by the Church.;;;;;;;;;;8213 EVENTHIST24005;In 1486 a Genoese named Cristoforo Colombo offered his plan of finding a Western route to India to Fernando. A commission of eclesiastics considered his plan and rejected it, based on insufficient information. Fernando was also in the middle of Reconqista and lacked the money for such an enterprise.;;;;;;;;;;8214 EVENTHIST24004;After the capture of Tripoli, Carlos V left the Knights of St John in charge of the defenses of this North African city. The Grandmaster Juan de Omedes was not particularly happy about this new burden, as it proved to be a drain on the Knights' budget and was very hard to defend. Despite this, Tripoli held its own advantages. Mainly it had richer soils than the rocks of Malta and more fresh water, which would have cut the Knights' dependence on Carlos's governors in Sicily. For a while, the idea of moving to Tripoli was seriously entertained by the Order, but bureaucratic delays and the eventual loss of Tripoli buried the idea before it could become a reality.;;;;;;;;;;8215 EVENTHIST24;Diplomacy between European nations was often affected by random factors from both sides involved that were most of the time beyond the control of the foreign ministers involved.;;;;;;;;;;8216 EVENTHIST235010;In 1650 Christoph Berhard von Galen became bishop of Münster. Before becoming Bishop he had fought in the armies of the emperor Ferdinand III. He dedicated himself to improving the spiritual and secular well being of his state, establishing a school system and enforcing Church discipline. Quickly he freed Münster from foreign occupation. In 1664 he became one of the directors of the Imperial armies fighting the Ottomans. After peace inthe East he invaded the Netherlands in alliance with Charles II of England. This brought diplomatic advantages but no tangible benefits as the French intervened to help the Dutch.Subsequently he joined in the French invasion of the Netherlands in 1672, but abandoned the French to Join the Grand Alliance at the behest of Emperor Leopold. Finally he conquered Bremen from Sweden and gained parts of that territory for Münster. By showing how a minor power like Münster could punch above it's weight he gained the nickname 'the Cannon Bishop'.;;;;;;;;;;8217 EVENTHIST235003;The anabaptists rejected the baptism of infants, military service and private propery, and believed that the apocalypse was imminent. On Easter 1531, as these doctines were gaining popularity in Strassburg, which had been declared the new Jerusalem, Berhard Rothmann, a preacher at a Münster church began preaching anabaptist doctrines in the city. Meanwhile, Jan Matthys, a baker from Haarlem, arrived in Strassburg, and declared that he was Enoch, the second witness described in the book of revelations. After encountering troubles in Strassburg Matthys announced that Münster was in fact the New Jerusalem, and that it would be the seat of the thousand year reign of Christ, which he and his followers would bring about. In February 1534 the Anabaptists, with the support of a faction in the city, started to arrive in Münster. The city went into a religious frenzy. By the end of February all Catholics and Lutherans were exiled from the city, and the Bishop was beginning a seige, supported by his neighbours, the Landgrave of Hesse, the duke of Cleves and the elector of Cologne. By Easter, all citizens were required to turn over all of their poperty so it could be evenly distributed to the people. On Easter Sunday, which Matthys had identified as the date of the second coming, he led a sortie agianst the bishop, assuring his followers that god had given him powers, and that he could not be harmed by their enemies. Despite this he was killed leading the sortie, and leadership of the Anabaptists passed to Jan of Leyden, Matthys' disciple. He banned all money, and in July decreed that marriage was compulsory for all women and that polygamy was required by the bible. In September he took the title 'King of the World' and took Matthys' widow as his sixteenth wife. Anabaptist writings did induce some revolts in the Netherlands, but the city received no help as the siege continued. After Easter 1535 passed without the second coming, thebesiegers managed to enter the city and overcome the remaining defenders. For two days the leaders were executed, and the privileges of all protestant sects in Münster were revoked.;;;;;;;;;;8218 EVENTHIST23021;Mehmed II was not the peaceloving man his father was. He seized on the Byzantine request as a convenient way to set aside the treaty of 1424. Constantinople had been lucky to escape so far, and with the vassalage now cancelled, the future looked most dire.;;;;;;;;;;8219 EVENTHIST23020;Faced with the onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate the Union of the Churches in a forlorn hope that by doing so the Catholic nations will aid them against the Muslims. Your Highness, the Western Church demands only concessions, not compromise - the 'Union' is little more than a surrender for Orthodoxy. The representatives have little choice but to accept due to the situation, but the populace of Constantinople and the hierarchy of the Orthodox Church are outraged. Do we accept the Union?;;;;;;;;;;8220 EVENTHIST23019;The Akritas was a petty border soldier-baron during the heyday of Byzantium and its subsequent decline. Like his Muslim counterpart, the Ghazi, with whom he often had more in common than his countrymen, he was largely independent and spent most of his time raiding across the border. While the akritai did not cost much to maintain, they were also difficult to control, and largely useless in foreign expeditions. They were used because they were very effective and because the central government could no longer afford a large enough standing, professional army. They also provided safe havens for heretics and other nonconformists.;;;;;;;;;;8221 EVENTHIST23018;Against all odds, the young Mehmed II has agreed to Constantine's demands!;;;;;;;;;;8222 EVENTHIST23017;Despite his prior behavior, Constantine XI actually held another royal Ottoman prince, Orhan, in exchange for modest payments from the Sultan drawn from Orhan's estates. Murad II had just died and his 19 year old son, Mehmed II, risen to the throne. In 1451, desperate for more money, the ever-bold Constantine requested an increase in the payments.;;;;;;;;;;8223 EVENTHIST23016;In 1453, Mehmed II the Conqueror took Constantinople and reconsecrated it as his capital. Content for the moment with putting his newly prestigious house in order, he left the shattered Byzantines alone in the Morea, as his vassals. The Despotate of Morea survived until he conquered it in 1458..;;;;;;;;;;8224 EVENTHIST23014;Artillery had become increasingly useful over the previous 150 years, and were now beginning to have a major impact on sieges. In 1452, a Hungarian engineer named Urban approached Constantine XI with a proposal for a major artillery development program. The cash-strapped emperor could not afford to finance it, and instead Urban went to Mehmed II. Mehmed was delighted to finance Urban, who eventually created a cannon with a 27 foot barrel that shot 1200 pound balls.;;;;;;;;;;8225 EVENTHIST23012;The Hexamilium, built by Manuel II in 1414, was a famous 6 mile line of fortifications across the Isthmus of Corinth that was meant to protect the Morea like a set of city walls. Like the Great Wall of China or Hadrian's Wall, it was a big lump of stone that captured the imagination of men, but failed rather badly to stop them from passing through it. The Turks easily penetrated it in 1423 and again in 1446, after the future Constantine XI had rebuilt it. Still, it added a great deal of security to the Morea.;;;;;;;;;;8226 EVENTHIST23011;In 1435 the Duke of Athens died without an heir. His wife was Greek, and the future Constantine XI, expanding Byzantine holdings from his Despotate in Morea, seemed to have convinced her to cede it to Byzantium. Despite the pressure from her Tuscan nobles, she did so. But Byzantium in turn yielded it to Tuscany, hoping to win much needed support in Italy.;;;;;;;;;;8227 EVENTHIST23009;In 1435 the Duke of Athens died without an heir. His wife was Greek, and the future Constantine XI, expanding Byzantine holdings from his Despotate in Morea, seemed to have convinced her to cede it to Byzantium. However, her nobles were Tuscans, and forced her to change her plans.;;;;;;;;;;8228 EVENTHIST23008;In 1430 Murad II's Turkish forces besieged Thessalonica, which the Venetians had held since 1430. Amazingly, Venice was able to break the siege and retain Thessalonica, plus the entire Macedonian hinterland. Venice's purse and prestige were both puffed up.;;;;;;;;;;8229 EVENTHIST23007;In 1430 Murad II's Turkish forces finally overcame the Venetians who had held Thessalonica since 1423. The loss of the rich trading city stung Venice's pockets and pride.;;;;;;;;;;8230 EVENTHIST23004;Murad rapidly put down Mustafa's revolt, and angrily attacked Byzantium. Manuel released another pretender, also named Mustafa, who was the brother of Murad, but this one fared no better. In 1423 the Turks invaded Morea, smashing through the Hexamilium (6 mile wall) that Manuel II had built across the Isthmus of Corinth for protection in 1414. They also pressed Thessalonica, still a Byzantine city, so hard that the governor turned it over to the Venetians and wished them better luck. By 1424, with no help forthcoming, the Byzantines sadly accepted vassalage to the Turks. Venice held onto Thessalonica until 1430.;;;;;;;;;;8231 EVENTHIST23000;In 1421 the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed I, died. His son, Murad II, ascended the throne. However, the Byzantines were holding Mehmed's brother, Mustafa, prisoner on the island of Lemnos. Hoping for the best, and urged on by his son (John VIII), Manuel II released this pretender to the throne, creating civil war in the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians took the opportunity to attack the Ottoman navy.;;;;;;;;;;8232 EVENTHIST22024;Finally, Friesland can be annexed.;;;;;;;;;;8233 EVENTHIST222000;Like most of the Danish kings before him Erik wanted to add Slesvig and Holstein to the list of their possessions, so in July 1413 he held a 'Danehof' which was to decide if Slesvig and Holstein was rightfully his. Since the 'Danehof' was a legal assembly used to solve territorial disputes within Denmark, and the counts of Holstein had waged war against the Danish crown in the past, the court ruled in favor of their monarch. The counts of Holstein rejected the ruling as they didn't view themselves as part of the kingdom and the 'Danehof' had no right to pass judgement over them. King Erik was prepared for this response and used it to portray the counts as traitors. The following war ended in favor of the counts, but the Holy Roman Emperor (Eriks cousin) forced the counts accept a truce in which they were to leave all occupied territory. The counts however didn't pull back their troops as ordered and in 1426 the war between Denmark and Holstein erupted again. This time the counts had the support of the Hansa League.;;;;;;;;;;8233 EVENTHIST22023;Following Karl V's purchase of Friesland, the Frisians were so outraged that their land had been sold to the count of Holland (their enemy-by-inheritance) that they called upon Karel of Gelre.;;;;;;;;;;8234 EVENTHIST22022;In 1515, Georg had become so dissapointed with being unable to control Friesland that he sold it to Karl V Habsburg, who was trying to unite the Netherlands. The Frisians were so outraged that their land had been sold to the count of Holland (their enemy-by-inheritance) that they called upon Karel of Gelre.;;;;;;;;;;8235 EVENTHIST22021;In 1512 Everwijn van Benthem executed two prominent Frisian nobles by the names of Gerbrand Mockema and Jemme Herjuwsma because they supposedly had connections with the count of Ostfriesland. This execution made many Frisians lose their love for the Saxon gouvernment.;;;;;;;;;;8236 EVENTHIST22020;In 1504 duke Georg came to Friesland to reform the gouvernment, to this end he enacted the 'Ordonnantie van Saksen' (Ordinance of Saxony). The Ordinance included extensive standards on how judical and civil gouvernment should be handled, he appointed a highest Court seated in Leeuwarden to oversee the implementation of the Ordinance. Furthermore, he founded a mint and improved the infrastructure of the province. He also reformed the taxation system.;;;;;;;;;;8237 EVENTHIST22019;In 1500 as many as 16000 Frisians revolted against the rule of the duke of Saxony because of the carelessness of his son Heinrich. The revolt was too disorganized to accomplish anything substantial, Albrecht himself defeated the rebels.;;;;;;;;;;8238 EVENTHIST22018;In 1498 the civil war had grown to unnacceptable proportions, prompting the Emperor to send in his loyal subject Albrecht von Sachsen to be potestate of Friesland. He built a fortress in Leeuwarden when he consolidated his rule.;;;;;;;;;;8239 EVENTHIST22017;The legal basis for Friesland's lordlessness in this period was sought in the so-called 'Charlemagne-privilege'. In this now believed to be faked document, Charlemagne gives the Frisians the freedom to appoint their own lord. Emperor Maximilian ratified the document in 1493.;;;;;;;;;;8240 EVENTHIST22016;In 1464 the 'Coronike van Vrieslant' was published in which the history of Friesland was greatly glorified and exagerated.;;;;;;;;;;8241 EVENTHIST22014;After consolidating his lordship over Friesland, Jan appointed a 'rentmeester' to look after his incomes from Friesland.;;;;;;;;;;8242 EVENTHIST22013;Despite their previous reconciliation effort, the Schieringers came to Jan once more, this time Jan accepted and became lord over Friesland.;;;;;;;;;;8243 EVENTHIST22012;In june 1420, the Schieringers asked Jan of Bavaria to aid them in their civil war against the Vetkopers.;;;;;;;;;;8244 EVENTHIST22011;When Jan of Bavaria refused to support the Schieringers in june 1420, the Schieringers tried to reconcile with the Vetkopers.;;;;;;;;;;8245 EVENTHIST22010;From 1392 to 1498, civil war between two parties, the Schieringers and the Vetkopers raged in Friesland. This results in low stability, and high revolt risk.;;;;;;;;;;8246 EVENTHIST22009;Karl V accepted our offer of selling Friesland to him for 200 ducats.;;;;;;;;;;8247 EVENTHIST22008;In 1515, Georg had become so dissapointed with being unable to control Friesland that he sold it to Karl V Habsburg, who was trying to unite the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;8248 EVENTHIST22007;In 1515, Georg had become so dissapointed with being unable to control Friesland that he sold it to Karl V Habsburg, who was trying to unite the Netherlands.;;;;;;;;;;8249 EVENTHIST22006;In 1498 the civil war had grown to unnacceptable proportions, prompting the Emperor to send in his loyal subject Albrecht von Sachsen to be potestate of Friesland. He built a fortress in Leeuwarden when he consolidated his rule.;;;;;;;;;;8250 EVENTHIST22005;In return for services rendered, the Emperor has decided to bestow the lordship over Friesland upon us.;;;;;;;;;;8251 EVENTHIST2200010;By the end of 1425, Gloucester was stirring up more trouble in England. Although he was the titular Protector of the Realm of England, and th eKing's Chief Councilor, the Council, led by his uncle, Henry Beaufort, quarreled with him daily over domestic and foreign policy. Beaufort, bishop of Winchester, had been offered a Cardinal's hat during Henry V's reign, though the King had refused to allow Beaufort to accept, requiring the Bishop's services during those critical years. He was in high favour during Henry V's and Henry IV's reigns, serving as Chancellor on more than one occasion. Gloucester remained a staunch supporter of the war in France, but more importantly, had harboured ill feelings towards his uncle for excluding him from assuming control of King Henry VI's Regency after Henry V's death. Although Beaufort held a majority of support among the councillors in England, Gloucester's popularity in the Commons tended to balance the two court parties. In several instanes, the two had come to bitter words, heated exchanges and blows. On this occasion, however, Beaufort felt his life was in danger. Gloucester had already incited several mobs protesting Beaufort's actions, and was now threatening to forecfully remove Beaufort himself. The bishop frantically wrote to the Duke of Bedford, begging him to return to the Council in order to straighten out the valiant Duke's irate younger brother. Thus Bedford was obliged to return to England, in order to soothe the two parties. He remained there, personally administrating England until the two parties had been somewhat reconsiled the situation had stabilized, temporarily abandoning his personal war efforts in France.;;;;;;;;;;8252 EVENTHIST2200000;When King Henry V departed for his last campaign in France, he had appointed his youngest brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, as Regent during his absence. Whilst Henry lived, the appointment was acceptable to all because Gloucester was firmly under the Royal Power of his eldest brother and could be called to order if the necessity arose. He was an intelligent man, and in the last months of King Henry V's reign, Gloucester discharged his office dutifully and conscientiously. He was one of the most prominent of the heroes of Agincourt and had been severely wounded in that epic battle, which ensured his immense popularity with the common people. Added to this he was affable, approachable, and a noted patron of letters and learning. He favoured the continuation of the war until the French were truly subjugated, a view commonly held by the people who felt that they deserved nothing less. Gloucester's troubles arose from his dealings with the magnates whose responsibilities enabled them to play a hand in England's government. They found him quarrelsome and difficult and so they disliked and distrusted him. Chief among those who held this view were the two remaining Beaufort brothers, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, and Thomas, Duke of Exeter, the infant King's guardian. Henry V had done what he could before his death to arrange for his son's rule. By his will Henry's brother John, Duke of Bedford was to control France and fight the war, and England was to be ruled by Gloucester. However, there was no constitutional precedent, and while Gloucester viewed his brother's dying wishes as his right, in actuality, it was the Lords of the Council who would determine Gloucester's place in government. Led by Henry Beaufort, the Council resisted Gloucester's wishes, and refused to invest a Regency in him. Instead, Gloucester was created 'Protector of the Realm of England', which gave him the positon as King's Chief Councillor, sinking however to the role of Second Councillor whenever his older brother John was present in England. So the council secured their rule despite Henry V's wishes and Gloucester's actions. Nevertheless, Parliament could reverse the development, and was to meet late in the year. Gloucester then pressed his cause before the Lords to be recognised as Regent of England, basing his claim on his blood relationship to the new king, and the dying wishes of his brother. The Lords, suitably prepared by the two Beaufort brothers and other members of the Council, flatly refused Gloucester's request. Thus parliament backed the Council's wishes and his reduced position was confirmed. Gloucester was deeply insulted by Beaufort's efforts, and would never truly forgive him. Meanwhile the nominal rule of a baby invited discord and frustrated the war effort. Sacrifice and unity were demanded at home, yet they depended heavily on the success of the war...;;;;;;;;;; EVENTHIST22;The creation of a Company of Trade was usually a boost to a country's economy, attracting more capital and people to overseas business ventures!;;;;;;;;;;8254 EVENTHIST219001;The Ottoman Sultan Selim I was determined to eliminate all potential enemies in the east in order to be able to overrun Europe without fearing an attack from the other direction. Having defeated Safavid Persia, he turned to the Mameluk Empire. At that time, the Mameluk state already was in a state of anarchy and its armies hopelessly inferior to those of the Ottomans, and thus Selim's armies rushed through its defenses at an incredible speed. On August 24 the Syrian army led by the Sultan himself who got killed in that battle was destroyed near Aleppo, the city of Damaskus conquered on October12th and the rest of Syria and Palestina quickly overrun. After wintering in Damaskus, Selim progressed to Egypt. On January21st, the last remaining Mameluk army engaged for the final battle near Radania and was decisively defeated. This battle marked the end of the Mameluk Empire. Selim offered vassal status to the last Sultan Tumanbeg, but he proudly refused and preferred being beheaded. Syria, Palestina and Egypt were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.;;;;;;;;;;8255 EVENTHIST21132;After the Jacobite Rising of 1745, the English and the Scots finally decided to break forever the power of the Highland clans, who were both Catholic and fiercely loyal to the Stuarts. The landscape of the Highlands had already been tamed with a network of military roads. The clan chiefs were encouraged to become absentee landlords in Edinburgh or London. Gaelic dress and traditions were forbidden, except in the new Highland regiments of the British army, where the symbols of a defeated civilization were used to strike terror into the hearts of Britain's enemies.;;;;;;;;;;8256 EVENTHIST21131;The north of England did not react with enthusiasm to the Act of Supremacy, and many were scandaled by the King's execution of Anne Boleyn and quick marriage to Jane Seymour. When Thomas Cromwell issued commissions to close the monastaries of the region, they were infuriated and rose in revolt under the leadership of Robert Aske. The rebels were numerous and managed to seize York and were joined by most of the gentry and many of the northern councillors. The Duke of Norfolk, with a small force to suppress the rebellion, promised to refer the grievances of the rebels to Parliament, but this did not amount to anything, and 200 rebel leaders, including Aske, were eventually executed.;;;;;;;;;;8257 EVENTHIST21130;Napoleon argued that he wanted to build a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government. But if this was indeed his goal, he intended to achieve it by taking power into his own hands. He supposedly intended to grant constitutions, introduce laws, abolished feudalism, create efficient governments and foster education, science, literature and the arts. The other powers of Europe looked on with alarm at an expansioinist France, bringing its revolutionary ideals and fervour abroad in the wake of Napoleon's military might. Fox, however, was in a weak position to mobilize England for war, due to his earlier support for Revolutionary France.;;;;;;;;;;8258 EVENTHIST21129;Napoleon argued that he wanted to build a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government. But if this was indeed his goal, he intended to achieve it by taking power into his own hands. He supposedly intended to grant constitutions, introduce laws, abolished feudalism, create efficient governments and foster education, science, literature and the arts. The other powers of Europe looked on with alarm at an expansioinist France, bringing its revolutionary ideals and fervour abroad in the wake of Napoleon's military might. Pitt was well placed to mobilize England for war.;;;;;;;;;;8259 EVENTHIST21128;With Napoleon at the helm, France is once more on the path to war.;;;;;;;;;;8260 EVENTHIST21127;Despite the increasingly belligerent tone of Revolutionary France, the policy of accomodation pursued to date by Fox would have made it difficult to reverse course and attempt to intervene against France.;;;;;;;;;;8261 EVENTHIST21126;With Revolutionary France becoming increasing bellicose, Pitt's hardline against France would have meant that pursuing an equally aggressive course against France would have met with some support about the elites of England.;;;;;;;;;;8262 EVENTHIST21125;Two forces pushed France towards war in 1792. Internally, the Jacobins were calling for a war to rid Europe of monarchy and despotism. Externally, the nobility fleeing to Austria and Prussia requested that those powers intervene to restore the French monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;8263 EVENTHIST21124;With the Dominion of New England having collapsed, the individual colonies have regained their semi-autonomy, and peace has been restored to the region.;;;;;;;;;;8264 EVENTHIST21123;In 1686, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts were merged together by James II into a single Dominion under a royal governor. In 1689, upset with the arrangement, they desposed the royal governor upon the abdication of James II.;;;;;;;;;;8265 EVENTHIST21122;In 1643, with England distracted by the Civil War, the New England colonies formed a Confederation to protect itself from Dutch and Spanish attacks.;;;;;;;;;;8266 EVENTHIST21121;In 1620, Sir Frederick Gorges incorporated the Council for New England, and made settlements in Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts. One of the contracts issued was the Pierce Patent of 1621, which gave the Mayflower colonists permission settle in New England. Massachusetts settlers, acting under the Council for New England, competing with the Dutch, established settlements at Hartford (1633), Windsor and Saybrook (1635), and Wethersfield (1636).;;;;;;;;;;8267 EVENTHIST21120;Eager to redeem himself after the failure of the attack on Cadiz, and taking advantage of existing antagonism towards France, Buckingham assembled a fleet of ninety ships and 10,000 men to relieve the besieged Huguenot city of La Rochelle. Like the Cadiz expedition, the La Rochelle adventure was ill-conceived and poorly executed. An already dangerously antagonized parliament was further outraged by Buckingham's latest blunder, and ultimately responded with the Petition of Right.;;;;;;;;;;8268 EVENTHIST21119;With Charles I still angry over his rude treatment at the hands of the Spanish court and Buckingham eager to regain popularity after the marriage of Charles to Henrietta Maria, a decision was made to sack the city of Cadiz. The expedition was a costly failure. Although English troops made it ashore, they did little plundering and much drinking, and the Royal Navy proved to be in a state of shabby disrepair. Parliament, angry over the failed expedition, blamed Buckingham, and called for his impeachment. To save his minister, Charles dissolved the parliament in spite of not receiving the appropriations he needed. Sir John Eliot, a leader in Commons was placed in the tower, and Charles resorted to the largest forced loan in English history to finance his government. Twenty-Seven members of Commons were jailed for refusing to contribute to the loan, and the cost to Charles in terms of the goodwill of the merchants and the gentry were enormous.;;;;;;;;;;8269 EVENTHIST21118;Following his rebuff by the Spanish in pursuit of the infanta, and believing that an alliance with France was necessary in the event of war with Spain, Charles, as newly crowned King of England, married Henrietta Maria. The marriage caused outrage in the parliament, because Charles, while still Prince of Wales, had sworn before both Lords and Commons that he would not marry a Catholic. In response, parliament severely curtailed Charles' military appropriations and his traditional 'tunnage and poundage' tax. The blame for Charles' marriage to Henrietta Maria, however, fell on Buckingham, who responded with an attempt to plunder Cadiz.;;;;;;;;;;8270 EVENTHIST21117;In 1623, George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and Charles, the Prince of Wales, travelled to Spain in hopes of cementing Anglo-Spanish relations with a marriage of the young prince to the Spanish infanta. Buckingham was snubbed by the Spanish court, and the infanta unimpressed by the juvenile and overblown antics of the prince. In addition, Spain was unwilling to marry the infanta to a protestant. Charles and Buckingham returned to England angry and full of anti-Spanish sentiment, and agitated for war. Parliament favored Buckingham and the Crown Prince, and granted James a subsidy for the purposes of making war on Spain. The failed marriage negotiations with Spain eventually led to Charles' marriage to Henrietta Maria of France.;;;;;;;;;;8271 EVENTHIST21116;In 1595, Raleigh personally led an expedition to the Orinoco River in South America, in the hopes of finding El Dorado. The expedition was a disappointment, and Raleigh came home empty-handed. He increasingly fell out of favour, and was imprisoned by James I in 1603, and was executed in 1618 after another failed expedition to the Orinoco.;;;;;;;;;;8272 EVENTHIST21115;In 1587, Raleigh again attempted to plant a colony in North America. Colonists were dispatched to Chesapeake Bay, but ended up again on Roanoke Island. The Spanish Armada prevented any supply ships from reaching the colony for three years. By the time ships were able to return, the colony and the colonists had completely disappeared. No trace of them was to be found. At the same time, Raleigh was also involved in the Irish Plantations, sending colonists to his lands in the south of Ireland, and helped to popularize tobacco, which increased interest in further colonial efforts in North America.;;;;;;;;;;8273 EVENTHIST21114;In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh, a veteran of wars in France and a favourite of Queen Elizabeth, was authorized to undertake the foundation of a colony in North America. Barred from voyaging to North America, he sent several associates to scout a suitable area for settlement. The following year, the first effort was made to plant a colony on Roanoke Island on the Carolina coast. However, the colonists arrived too late to plant crops, rapidly grew disinterested, alientated the natives, and left the following year with Sir Francis Drake when the latter visited the colony.;;;;;;;;;;8274 EVENTHIST21113;Two years after Bosworth, a last Yorkist attempt was made to unseat Henry Tudor.;;;;;;;;;;8275 EVENTHIST21111;In the decades after Towton Henry VI reigned, but the real power in the land was Queen Margaret of Anjou and her favorite the Duke of Somerset. Meanwhile, the Queen's eldest son Edward Prince of Wales grew to a sickly, arrogant and frivolous manhood. However, in 1461 the Queen delivered another boy, named Henry after his father - although the wags wondered aloud if that Henry is the king or Somerset. Henry VI enjoyed a long and futile reign, but his eldest son died before him, in July 1483, of consumption and gall at the long wait - so that when the aged but less than revered monarch passed away, he was succeeded by his second son Henry, the seventh of the name. Meanwhile, the new heir's cousin and namesake Henry Tudor, 2nd earl of Richmond, prefered to remain on his estates and was rarely seen at court, building a lavish residence in the latest Renaissance style near a town called Market Bosworth. He was often heard to grumble about the whims of fortune, and spent inordinate sums on seers and astrologers.;;;;;;;;;;8276 EVENTHIST21110;In the early summer of 1483, Richard of Gloucester seized the throne, murdered his late brother's chief supporter William Lord Hastings, and probably had his nephews put to death in the Tower. His actions alienated the English aristocracy and led to first a failed revolt by his former ally the duke of Buckingham, and ultimately his overthrow at the hands of Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond.;;;;;;;;;;8277 EVENTHIST21109;Even after his betrayal in 1470, Edward pardoned his brother Clarence and allowed him to retain enormous estates and power, but Clarence's erratic and provocative behavior became steadily more dangerous. Finally in 1478 Edward had had enough. Clarence was charged with treason, condemned by Parliament, and executed.;;;;;;;;;;8278 EVENTHIST21108;In March 1471 Edward embarked his return to England with a Burgundian-raised army of 2000 men. Landing at Ravenser on the Yorkshire coast, he soon rallied a larger force and marched on London, meeting and destroying Warwick's army and killing the Kingmaker himself at Barnet on 14 April. Having gained control of the capital (and quietly disposed of Henry VI), Edward turned west to meet another threat. Margaret of Anjou and her son the Lancastrian Prince of Wales had landed with a French-financed army in the southwest and were marching toward the Midlands. On May 4 Edward intercepted and defeated this last hope of the House of Lancaster at Tewkesbury, and according to legend killed the Prince of Wales with his own hand at the high altar of Tewkesbury Abbey. With the Lancastrian dynasty all but exterminated, Edward spent the next thirteen years reforming the government and giving England the peace and stability it longed for.;;;;;;;;;;8279 EVENTHIST21107;By the late 1460s, the Yorkist regime appeared to have gained considerable stability as the Lancastrian cause waned. Edward IV increasingly asserted his right to make his own policy, particularly in his choice of Elizabeth Woodville as his queen contrary to the advice and interests of his ally Richard earl of Warwick and his brother and heir George duke of Clarence. Frustrated and finding themselves isolated from the court inner circle, the two men established contact with the Lancastrian exiles and concocted a plot to remove Edward and 'readept' Henry VI, since Hexham was a prisoner in the Tower of London. The coup succeeded, but Edward and most of his supporters escaped to exile in Burgundy, where they began to plot their revenge.;;;;;;;;;;8280 EVENTHIST21106;After Towton, the defeated faction was driven into exile and disinherited, but they continued to foment unrest and rebellion in England, hoping to regain control of the kingdom. For several years, attempts were made to seize fortresses within England as bases for military action, particularly along the Borders where the exiles received aid from the king of Scots. Finally in early 1464 the royal army intercepted a large exile-led army invading from Scotland at Hexham, routed the force and killed and captured most of the exile leaders. The result was a restoration of stability in the kingdom in the years afterwards.;;;;;;;;;;8281 EVENTHIST21105;The fighting at St. Albans had destroyed any possibility for political harmony between Yorkist and Lancastrian factions. York found himself outmaneuvered, with no options except once again to resort to force. In a series of brief and rapid campaigns, open warfare broke out once more in England. York himself was killed in the battle of Wakefield in December 1460, but his son and heir Edward earl of March gained a victory at Mortimer's Cross in February the following year. Soon afterwards, the rival armies approached each other at the village of Towton, where in the midst of a blinding snowstorm they fought the largest and most brutal battle of the era. When the bloody day was done, the throne of England was the victor's prize.;;;;;;;;;;8282 EVENTHIST21104;Having emerged since Cade's Rebellion as the chief opponent of the Lancastrian court faction, the king's cousin Richard duke of York pursued an erratic course up to 1455, sometimes using displays of military power to browbeat the court. By 1455, relations had reached their lowest point between York and the Court, and when the two sides came together at the town of St. Albans the result was a confused affray, more street brawl than pitched battle. However, at the end of it, Henry VI was York's prisoner, many of the leaders of the Court faction were dead, and Englishmen had slain Englishmen for the first time in generations. While York attempted to govern through Henry in the months afterwards, the situation in the country slipped out of control as old feuds were settled and violence spread.;;;;;;;;;;8283 EVENTHIST21103;Throughout the 1440s, Henry VI and his advisors had lurched from disaster to disaster, but by early Henry was losing any influence that he had left inFrance, his chief minister was universally condemned, his cousin Richard duke of York was demanding reform and a share of power, and the treasury was, as always, empty. In the midst of this gloomy situation, the Commons of Kent, Sussex and Essex rose in arms under the leadership of Jack Cade. They marched on London demanding an end to misgovernment, occupied the city and executed the king's treasurer, but after several days the townsmen of London took up arms to drive the increasingly unruly mob out of their city, and the rebellion soon fizzled. But though the rebellion failed, the Lancastrian regime never recovered from the shock. Before a decade was over Henry was king no longer.;;;;;;;;;;8284 EVENTHIST21098;In the personal union of Hanover and England, it was agreed to keep separate budgets for both countries, and the King was not allowed to cover Hanoveranian expenses with English taxes, and vice versa. Yet King George I and King George II felt strong ties to Hanover and tried secretly to transfer some funds to the German administration and to pension of Hanoveranian officials with English money. As the taxes collected in England were watched closely by Parliament, the King relied on the Irish Tax, which was not watched very closely.;;;;;;;;;;8285 EVENTHIST21097;After being driven off by the English government and French Huguenots, many Catholics had nowhere to go but the colonies.;;;;;;;;;;8286 EVENTHIST21096;After being driven off by the English government and French Ultra-Catholics, many Huguenots had nowhere to go but the colonies.;;;;;;;;;;8287 EVENTHIST21094;After the Reformation France came to have a large number of Huguenots. The English government had to determine whether to allow them into the colonies.;;;;;;;;;;8288 EVENTHIST21093;After awhile the situation in Bretagne settled down.;;;;;;;;;;8289 EVENTHIST21092;After awhile the situation in Leinster settled down.;;;;;;;;;;8290 EVENTHIST21091;Over time the French colonization of Leinster caused the French to outnumber the Irish. Though this caused some resentment the fact that they shared a religion enabled them to coexist after a few years.;;;;;;;;;;8291 EVENTHIST21088;Over time the French migrated into Brittany and began to overwhelm the native culture.;;;;;;;;;;8292 EVENTHIST21086;With permission to travel to the colonies, some French settlers left France. Sometimes they would gather in a single colony and dominate culturally and religiously.;;;;;;;;;;8293 EVENTHIST21085;With the conquest of France, England had French who wished to move to new areas. There are three options available that they could travel to: emigrate to our far-flung colonies, resettle in Brittany, or colonize Leinster.;;;;;;;;;;8294 EVENTHIST21084;By the early 1680s, garrisoning Tangiers was becoming increasingly difficult and costly against a determined Moroccan effort to recover the city. In 1684, the decision was taken to abandon the enclave.;;;;;;;;;;8295 EVENTHIST21083;The marriage negotiations between England and Portugal have broken down without agreement.;;;;;;;;;;8296 EVENTHIST21082;Charles II has wed Catherine of Bragança. The Portuguese dowry consisted of a monetary gift.;;;;;;;;;;8297 EVENTHIST21081;Charles II has wed Catherine of Bragança. Included in the Portuguese dowry are the colonial possessions of Bombay and Tangier.;;;;;;;;;;8298 EVENTHIST21080;By the late 1650s, the Portuguese Empire was increasingly threatened by both Spain and Holland. Desperate to find friendly states that could render any assistance, Portugal turned to the rising maritime power of England for aid. The future Charles II was approached with the idea of a Portuguese marriage with Catherine of Bragança, daughter of the late King Joao IV and Queen Luisa de Gusmao. Charles II was tempted to agree, not only to increase England's overseas empire, but because weakening Spain and Holland by protecting Portugal was very popular domestically.;;;;;;;;;;8299 EVENTHIST21079;By the late 1650s, the Portuguese Empire was increasingly threatened by both Spain and Holland. Desperate to find friendly states that could render any assistance, Portugal turned to the rising maritime power of England for aid. The future Charles II was approached with the idea of a Portuguese marriage with Catherine of Bragança, daughter of the late King Joao IV and Queen Luisa de Gusmao. Part of the dowry was that Portugal would hand over the possessions of Bombay and Tangier to England. Charles II agreed, not only to increase England's overseas empire, but because weakening Spain and Holland by protecting Portugal was very popular domestically.;;;;;;;;;;8300 EVENTHIST21078;With the American Revolution underway, another destination was required for transported convicts at a time when the necessity for transportation seemed to be increasing due to a much larger population and more domestic dissent. The most common destination for these convicts came to be Australia, where these convicts, and the heritage and traditions they brought with them and created on arrival, formed a significant component of the nascent Australian society.;;;;;;;;;;8301 EVENTHIST21077;As the rebels in the Thirteen Colonies increased in strength and appeared to be organizing a formal government dedicated to independence, emigration to British North America dried up.;;;;;;;;;;8302 EVENTHIST21076;Changes in the Scottish Highlands in the mid-1700s resulted in significant waves of emigration across the Atlantic. Not only did the aftermath of the '45 Rising drive many out as the traditional clan system was destroyed, but economic changes in the region, included agrarian improvement and rent inflation, pushed many Highland Scots off their land and in search of new opportunities overseas.;;;;;;;;;;8303 EVENTHIST21075;After the Scottish Act of Union, Scottish merchants and labourers from the Lowlands took advantage of their association with the British Empire to emigrate to British North America. In particular, Scottish merchants played an important role in the Chesapeake tobacco trade, ensuring that by 1760 Glasgow had surpassed London as Britain's leading tobacco port.;;;;;;;;;;8304 EVENTHIST21072;By the middle of the 1700s, an increasing number of the immigrants arriving in British North America were skilled or semi-skilled labourers. As opposed to the unskilled labourers, who arrived in the New World to escape poverty in the British Isles, these skilled or semi-skilled labourers saw emigration across the Atlantic as an opportunity to achieve prosperity. These new immigrants in turn helped the burgeoning economy of the British colonies to further expand.;;;;;;;;;;8305 EVENTHIST21069;Convicts from the British Isles formed a significant component of pre-Revolution British North America, especially as their situation made them a labour force ideal for the sorts of outdoor tasks that the more established colonists considered beneath them.;;;;;;;;;;8306 EVENTHIST21068;Transportation as a punishment for an offence first began during the late 1600s. The rudimentary English prison system was woefully inadequate for the numbers convicted of offences, and hence the relocation of convicts to the colonies acted both as a safety value on domestic dissent and unrest, while providing a labour force for the new colonies. Transported convicts were first sent to British North America, but were diverted to Australia after the American Revolution.;;;;;;;;;;8307 EVENTHIST21065;Indentured Servants were immigrants that, in exchange for the cost of passage and maintenance, were required to spent a period of years in the service of other, generally wealthy, colonists, often working in agriculture. These indentured servants were a major source of immigration into British North America, and the practice continued well into the 1700s.;;;;;;;;;;8308 EVENTHIST21064;After a Royalist victory in the English Civil War, a significant number of hardline Puritans, who could not accept defeat and the return of the Stuarts to power, would have fled overseas and found sanctuary in the existing Puritan colonies in the New World.;;;;;;;;;;8309 EVENTHIST21063;As religious turmoil continued to plague England into the 17th century, some Puritans decided to emigrate to the New World in order to practice their religion freely. These emigrants were the foundation of the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Company, and shaped the politics and society of that region for decades.;;;;;;;;;;8310 EVENTHIST21062;Almost from the moment the Navigation Act was adopted, ways were found to circumvent the restrictions imposed by the Act. Enforcing mercantilism became increasingly expensive and difficult, and smuggling became endemic. Local depressions or surpluses increased the pressure for local interests to be granted special treatment. Often it was easier to surrender to such demands than oppose them. Irish linen in 1704, sugar destined for Europe in 1739, and southern rice in the 1760s all were exempted from the provisions of the Navigation Act. So many exemptions had been granted by the Napoleonic Wars that the Navigation Act had been rendered almost meaningless.;;;;;;;;;;8311 EVENTHIST21061;The Hudson's Bay Company was established in 1670 under the patronage of Prince Rupert, who lent his name to the vast Canadian hinterlands that soon came under Company control. It exploited the large and very profitable fur trade, and as such was in direct competition with the French until 1713. The Company has continued to exist to this day, making it the oldest corporation still in operation.;;;;;;;;;;8312 EVENTHIST21060;From the early 1600s, various companies were granted charters by the Crown for colonial and trading purposes. Chartered companies like the Newfoundland Company, the Bermuda Company, and the famous two Virginia Companies heralded an age of substantial colonization and overseas expansion.;;;;;;;;;;8313 EVENTHIST21059;In 1589, Richard Hakluyt published the 'Principall Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation' in an attempt to persuade England to explore and colonize the lands across the Atlantic and beyond. Later he publicized the idea of the North-West Passage, and was an advisor to the new East India Company in 1600. His work helped raise the profile of colonial efforts and increased their popularity.;;;;;;;;;;8314 EVENTHIST21057;In 1759, Arthur Guinness bought a run down brewery in Dublin and built it up to greatness.;;;;;;;;;;8315 EVENTHIST21056;John Wilkes, a Member of Parliament for Middlesex, then an Alderman for London, pushed the boundaries of acceptable political expression by satirising King George III and mocking the established elites. He advocated extensive parliamentary reform and was seen as a potential revolutionary by the political leadership.;;;;;;;;;;8316 EVENTHIST21055;The South Seas Company was originally chartered to trade with Spanish possessions in South America. Through dishonest means and speculation, the stock soared, and the company promised to take over 60 percent of the national debt. The attractive interest rates drew investors in droves, and the stock soared from 128 to 1000 from January to August 1720. This was the Bubble, which burst later that year, dropping the stock to 124, ruining both great and small investors. The Government was also implicated, with three Ministers of the Crown and both King's mistresses implicated in corruption and bribery. The effect on the economy and the country was severe.;;;;;;;;;;8317 EVENTHIST21054;Pepys, famous for his diary, became Secretary to the Admiralty in 1673, helping the Navy to reform itself after the failures of the Dutch Wars.;;;;;;;;;;8318 EVENTHIST21053;Years of England's privateering in the Spanish Main, coupled with English support for the Dutch rebels, pushes Spain to the brink of war with England. The Spanish people yearn for revenge against the vile Protestant heathens of England, led by their excommunicated Queen.;;;;;;;;;;8319 EVENTHIST21052;As France struggles to put down Huguenot revolts, England comes to the aid of the Protestant rebels.;;;;;;;;;;8320 EVENTHIST21051;As the Huguenots fight for freedom from French Catholic tyranny, English aid is welcomed with open arms.;;;;;;;;;;8321 EVENTHIST21050;With the Huguenots of France having essentially declared independence from France, Elizabeth would have come under domestic pressure to support the Protestants across the Channel against the Catholic French.;;;;;;;;;;8322 EVENTHIST21049;England continues its support of the Dutch rebels as the so-called United Provinces declare independance.;;;;;;;;;;8323 EVENTHIST21048;With the now-independent United Provinces at war against their Spanish oppressors, English proves of great importance in the desperate struggle against the Catholics.;;;;;;;;;;8324 EVENTHIST21047;The formal declaration of independence by the United Provinces brings a predictably harsh response from the Spanish, in the form of open warfare. Elizabeth would come under pressure to step up assistance to the Dutch, both to help out coreligionists and to ensure that a rival power does not dominate the Dutch Provinces.;;;;;;;;;;8325 EVENTHIST21046;As the Duke of Alba continued his campaign against the Dutch rebels, he was soon faced with a new problem. English support for the Dutch, in a variety of fields, began to weigh in against the Spanish effort to suppress the rebels. For Spain, it helped make a bad situation worse.;;;;;;;;;;8326 EVENTHIST21045;As the Dutch rebellion gathered steam, Elizabeth came under pressure to come to the aid of the Dutch. Supporting the Calvinist Dutch against the Catholic Spanish would have significantly helped Elizabeth's domestic position, but at the cost of greatly antagonizing Spain, to say nothing of the cost of the actual aid to the Dutch.;;;;;;;;;;8327 EVENTHIST21043;In 1585 and early 1586, Sir Francis Drake, operating with letters of marque from Elizabeth, conducted a series of operations that electrified England and infuriated Spain. He raided Vigo, the Canaries, and the Cape Verde Islands, then crossed the Atlantic and attacked Hispaniola and Cartagena. He returned to England with a vast amount of plunder.;;;;;;;;;;8328 EVENTHIST21041;In 1577, Sir Francis Drake was commissioned to sail to the western coast of the Americas to seek treasure and spices. After passing the Strait of Magellan, he caught the Spanish completely by surprise. For months, Drake sailed up and down the Pacific coast of the Americas, sacking towns like Lima and Valparaiso, and seizing the galleon 'Cacafuego', with its large cargo of treasure. Drake then crossed the Pacific and returned home to England.;;;;;;;;;;8329 EVENTHIST21040;In 1572 and 1573, Sir Francis Drake and a small group of Englishmen, assisted by escaped slaves known as Cimaroons, raided along the Mexican coast and, in a stunning coup, captured a large mule train laden with gold and silver inbound to Nombre de Dios, gaining an incredible amount of treasure.;;;;;;;;;;8330 EVENTHIST21039;In 1572 and 1573, Sir Francis Drake and a small group of Englishmen, assisted by escaped slaves known as Cimaroons, raided along the Mexican coast. In a stunning coup, they captured a large mule train laden with gold and silver inbound to Nombre de Dios, and gained an incredible amount of treasure.;;;;;;;;;;8331 EVENTHIST21038;In the later 1500s, English privateering became a serious thorn in the side of the Spanish, diverting significant attention from the problems with the Dutch rebels and denying the Spanish important bullion supplies. This helped hasten conflict with England.;;;;;;;;;;8332 EVENTHIST21037;As England and Spain became rivals, England turned to privateering as a means of damaging Spain. The most prominent among these privateers was Sir Francis Drake. England can choose to support his privateering adventures, balancing occasional infusions of cash from plundered Spanish galleons with earning the enmity of Spain. On the other hand, England can employ Drake as an explorer instead.;;;;;;;;;;8333 EVENTHIST21036;In 1549 the Act of Uniformity made it illegal to use the Latin Prayer Book, which was to be replaced by the new English Book of Common Prayer. The people of Cornwall, who were used to the old service and many of whom did not speak English, rose up in revolt demanding a return to the Latin mass.;;;;;;;;;;8334 EVENTHIST21035;Founded in 1799, the Society for Missions in Africa and the East (it was not known as the Church Missionary Society until 1812) was the first serious attempt by the Church of England at missionary work. One of its most important backers was noted Evangelical philanthropist and anti-slavery crusader William Wilberforce.;;;;;;;;;;8335 EVENTHIST21034;By the late 1750s, the evangelical revival that had swept the nothern colonies in the 1740s had spread to the southern colonies as well.;;;;;;;;;;8336 EVENTHIST21033;While Methodism was suppressed in England, the ideas of John Wesley found a receptive home in British North America, where the 'Great Awakening' became not only a rebirth of religious fervor but was coupled with hostility towards England for suppressing the Methodists. As well, the new religious ideas emphasized industriousness and a high work ethic, thereby contributing to the increasing prosperity of the colonies.;;;;;;;;;;8337 EVENTHIST21032;As Methodism spread and grew in influence in England, a similar religious movement, 'the Great Awakening', spread across the American colonies, where it led to an increased sense among the colonists that they had more in common with each other than with the British back home. As well, the new religious ideas emphasized industriousness and a high work ethic, thereby contributing to the increasing prosperity of the colonies.;;;;;;;;;;8338 EVENTHIST21031;In the more tolerant religious atmosphere of the 18th Century, alternatives to conformist forms of worship grew popular. An important figure was John Wesley who, after a religious awakening in 1738, visited every part of the country, preaching in the open air. He believed in simplicity of worship and that the heart of religion lies in a personal relationship with God. His teachings, known as Methodism, took deep root in Wales and the West Country.;;;;;;;;;;8339 EVENTHIST21030;After the turbulance of Mary's reign, Elizabeth desired to restore stability to England and reaffirm the Protestant nature of the Church of England. At the same time, she did not want to alienate the significant number of English Catholics, and hence designed a religious settlement that appealed to both Catholic and Protestant moderates. The Elizabethian Act of Supremacy affirmed that she was the 'Supreme Governor of the Church of England', not the 'Head of the Church of England', as her father had been stylized. The Elizabethian Act of Uniformity created a single Protestant Book of Prayer, but allowed the communion to be vaguely worded, so that both Catholics and Protestants could participate. Despite the moderate tone, Parliament only passed the Act of Uniformity by a vote of 21 to 18, revealing that deep religious divides still cut through England.;;;;;;;;;;8340 EVENTHIST21029;After elections turn against the Whigs, George Canning becomes Prime Minister at the head of a moderate Tory government.;;;;;;;;;;8341 EVENTHIST21028;Grenville's administration proves inept, and Grey returns as Prime Minister.;;;;;;;;;;8342 EVENTHIST21027;By 1809, the Whig government under Grey has become weary after almost two decades in power, and William Wyndham Grenville forms a coalition government.;;;;;;;;;;8343 EVENTHIST21026;After the accomplishment of his life's objectives, Charles James Fox resigns to make way for his young Whig ally, Charles Grey.;;;;;;;;;;8344 EVENTHIST21025;After the assassination of Spencer Percival in the lobby of the House of Commons by a deranged man, the Earl of Liverpool becomes Prime Minister. His government proves to be both successful and durable.;;;;;;;;;;8345 EVENTHIST21024;After a series of military failures, the Duke of Portland resigns, and Spencer Percival assumes the leadership of the government.;;;;;;;;;;8346 EVENTHIST21023;With the collapse of the 'Ministry of All the Talents,' the Duke of Portland forms a government.;;;;;;;;;;8347 EVENTHIST21022;Upon the death of Pitt, William Wyndham Grenville forms a government that is derisively known as the 'Ministry of All the Talents', as the Cabinet appeared to singularly lack any significant talent, despite the inclusion of the aging Fox.;;;;;;;;;;8348 EVENTHIST21021;By 1804, Addington cannot carry on with Pitt still with influence and in opposition, so Pitt returns to lead the government.;;;;;;;;;;8349 EVENTHIST21020;With the failure of Pitt's efforts for Catholic Emancipation, King George III turns to Henry Addington to form a government, while Pitt promises never to raise the issue again.;;;;;;;;;;8350 EVENTHIST21019;Across the Channel, Napoleon has risen to power in France, a portent to future problems with France.;;;;;;;;;;8351 EVENTHIST21018;As the international situation remains calm and calls for significant reform are few and far between, Pitt the Younger continues as Prime Minister into the 1790s unchallenged by any major domestic or foreign crisis.;;;;;;;;;;8352 EVENTHIST21017;With Fox as Prime Minister, England is poised to enter an era of significant reform. However, the public will be very much opposed to any war with France.;;;;;;;;;;8353 EVENTHIST21016;With Pitt as Prime Minister, England will be well-prepared for war with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. However, beware of domestic dissent.;;;;;;;;;;8354 EVENTHIST21015;In 1797, Charles Grey, Fox's young Whig ally, submitted a bill to reform Parliament. With Fox as Prime Minister, such a bill would have had full government support, and stood a reasonable chance of being enacted.;;;;;;;;;;8355 EVENTHIST21014;With Fox as Prime Minister, much of England would have been reluctant to support a war effort against France, whose Revolution had been praised by Fox. Also, efforts to mobilize and unify the country behind the war effort would have been hindered by the atmosphere supportive of reform that had been fostered by Fox.;;;;;;;;;;8356 EVENTHIST21013;Early in 1792, Fox encouraged some young Whigs to form the Society of the Friends of People, which advocated reforms. As Prime Minister, Fox would be expected to support English radicals and let them work unhindered.;;;;;;;;;;8357 EVENTHIST21012;As Napoleon rises to power in France, many in Europe are appalled at the rise to power of a commoner and his pretensions to imperial power. However, Fox and his government would not be as harsh, seeing Napoleon as consolidating the positive aspects of the Revolution and bringing to an end the anarchy of the Reign of Terror.;;;;;;;;;;8358 EVENTHIST21011;As the French Revolution degenerated into anarchy and murder, many in England were revolted. A government led by Fox, though, would have been constrained both by its close links with many English radicals and prior statements of support for the French from protesting too strongly against the Reign of Terror.;;;;;;;;;;8359 EVENTHIST21010;In 1797, as the war with France continued, Pitt faced a mounting budget deficit. He devised a plan by which the land tax, long the mainstay of English public finance, was eliminated, and replaced by an income tax. This change signalled the beginning of modern taxation methods and efficiency. This new tax was first levied in 1799.;;;;;;;;;;8360 EVENTHIST21009;As the war against Revolutionary France continued with worsening results, England confronted a rival employing radical methods and mass armies as the means to victory. Pitt was faced with the prospect of England standing alone against the French, with England vulnerable to invasion. Pitt decided that Volunteer Militias needed to be raised along the coast to assist in the defence of the Home Islands. These militias, comprised of both middle- and lower-class men, were numerous, even if their effectiveness, never tested in battle, was questionable.;;;;;;;;;;8361 EVENTHIST21008;As Pitt's government suppressed radical dissent, Thomas Hardy, a leader of the London Corresponding Society, was put on trial for high treason, along with John Thelwall and Horne Tooke. However, the manoeuver backfired, as the jury acquitted the defendents of treason. The result was a major blow to Pitt and his government.;;;;;;;;;;8362 EVENTHIST21007;In January 1792, the London Corresponding Society was established to agitate for parliamentary reform. Soon, affiliates were established in Manchester, Norwich, Sheffield, and Stockport. These and other such societies were open in their support of the French Revolution, and the London Corresponding Society presented addresses of support to the French Convention in November 1792.;;;;;;;;;;8363 EVENTHIST21006;William Pitt the Younger, who became Prime Minister in 1783, led England into the era of the wars with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. Though earlier he had been a reformer, during the period after 1790 he became a reactionary and a conservative, suppressing radical dissent and moblizing the nation for war. His primary opponent was Charles James Fox, a leading Whig. Fox and his Whig allies advocated political reform and other liberal causes. When the Revolution in France broke out, Fox, true to his liberal principles, supported the changes across the Channel.;;;;;;;;;;8364 EVENTHIST21005;The cause of Catholic emancipation was long championed by Charles James Fox and his Whig allies. Even though George III was strongly against Catholic emancipation, it is possible that Fox, a Prime Minister with a large public following, could force the King to yield.;;;;;;;;;;8365 EVENTHIST21004;By 1800, England desired to centralize rule over Ireland at Westminster. They also wished to be rid of the troublesome Irish Parliament and its constant demands for increased autonomy. The English government used its patronage and control of the rotten boroughs in the Irish Parliament to get it to vote itself out of existance, and the Irish Act of Union was adopted. However, the abolition of the Irish Parliament was not to become a bone of contention with the Irish people until long after 1820.;;;;;;;;;;8366 EVENTHIST21003;While England was distracted by war overseas, the native Irish Parliament demanded a degree of autonomy from Westminster. The English, wishing to avoid another colonial uprising, gave in to the Irish demands.;;;;;;;;;;8367 EVENTHIST21002;After the Victory of Parliament in the English Civil War, Cromwell brutally repressed the Irish, who had risen in support of Charles I. In particular, the populace of the towns of Drogheda and Wexford were massacred. This increased the hatred the Irish felt towards the English.;;;;;;;;;;8368 EVENTHIST21001;Early in the 17th century the process of plantation reached its peak of intensity in Ulster, where not only was the settler population the highest vis-a-vis the native Irish, but the settlers were Scottish Presbyterians, who were particularly opposed to the Catholic Irish. The result was a bitterly divided Ulster that was increasingly unlike the rest of Ireland. Meanwhile, the Ulster Plantation became one more grievance against the English.;;;;;;;;;;8369 EVENTHIST21000;By the mid-16th century, the English policy of ruling Ireland indirectly and from a distance was believed to be a failure. The dissolution of the monastaries in Ireland accentuated religious and cultural differences. Risings in Offaly and Leix convinced the government that the Irish were incorrigible and could not be trusted. An alternate policy was to be followed: the Irish were to be removed. The process of clearing the Irish out to make room for English settlers, known as plantations, began in 1556 with the clearances of Offaly and Leix, which were renamed Queen's County and King's County. The process of plantation soon spread through Ireland, and caused both misery and outrage, and became a long-standing Irish grievance against English rule. However, it did not get rid of the Irish, only impoverish them.;;;;;;;;;;8370 EVENTHIST21;The creation of a Stock Exchange paved the way for the early forms of capitalism and signaled the start of easier access to financing, thereby improving the economic life of a country.;;;;;;;;;;8371 EVENTHIST20605;In 1731, the Dublin Society was founded. It concentrated in particular on the desire to promote agricultural and industrial growth. The Society offered grants for land reclamation, textiles, fisheries, and other pursuits, and helped spur growth around Dublin.;;;;;;;;;;8372 EVENTHIST20600;Prior to the independence of Eire, Irish taxes from Connaught were diverted from English coffers to Hanover. With the achievement of independence, this diversion obviously comes to an end.;;;;;;;;;;8373 EVENTHIST20402;In 1296 Edward I of England invaded Scotland and took from Scone Abbey the Stone of Destiny, upon which the Scotish kings had been crowned since time immemorial, which he took to London and placed under the English throne. In capturing London the Scots recovered this most important symbol of Kingship, leading to an increase in Royal legitimacy.;;;;;;;;;;8374 EVENTHIST204;Luther's followers created a formal church but Zwingli and later Calvin's followers created many churches – among them the French Huguenots the English Puritans the Scottish Presbyterians and the Dutch Reformed Church. Protestant nations may now convert to Reformed Christians thereby increasing their long term tax incomes.;;;;;;;;;;8375 EVENTHIST20320;The Emperor has made Phillip the Good of Burgundy King of Lotharingia, reviving the ninth century kingdom of Lothar. Not only is the emperor asserting priority over the king of France, but he has granted land that has been French for centuries.;;;;;;;;;;8376 EVENTHIST20319;The Emperor has made Phillip the Good of Burgundy King of Lotharingia, reviving the ninth century kingdom of Lothar. The emperor has granted some of our lands to Burgundy!;;;;;;;;;;8377 EVENTHIST20312;With his Mediation Act of 1803, Napoleon eventually restored order and stability. This new constitution reestablished a political structure similar to that of the old Confederation of 13 cantons. Some new cantons were even added. In return for this more suitable regime, however, the Swiss had to maintain not less than 16,000 men in the French army on a permanent basis.;;;;;;;;;;8378 EVENTHIST20311;Napoleon abolished the Confederation and established the Helvetic Republic, with a single constitution, giving little consideration for the history and traditions of the country. Internal disorder arose and steadily worsened. The pro-French puppet state was unable to cope with the situation. Anarchy prevailed for years.;;;;;;;;;;8379 EVENTHIST20310;The Paris mob, inflamed by the heinous writings of Marat, stormed the Tuileries Palace. The King escaped but most Swiss guards were killed. The other Swiss Regiments in the French Army were later disbanded. This was felt like an affront in all Switzerland.;;;;;;;;;;8380 EVENTHIST20309;Louis XIV embarked on a policy of persecuting the Protestants. Finally, in 1685, he declared that the majority of Protestants had been converted to Catholicism and that the Edict of Nantes of 1598, having thus become superfluous, was revoked. Thousands of French Protestants fled abroad to escape the violent persecutions which followed immediately. Switzerland, like England, the Netherlands and other Protestant states, appealed to many highly skilled and industrious people, who strenghtened her economy.;;;;;;;;;;8381 EVENTHIST20308;Maitre Jean Calvin, the famous scholar, wants to settle in our country. He was about to be burnt at the stake in Paris last year and barely escaped. Should we welcome him?;;;;;;;;;;8382 EVENTHIST20307;Between 1513 and 1536, Switzerland took the shape she still has today. Five new cantons (Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel, Schaffhausen and Appenzell) had joined the Confederation already, and the takeover of Vaud and Valais brought even more land and more wealth to the country. This also brought some stability to the balance of denominations, preventing the collapse of the Confederation for religious reasons.;;;;;;;;;;8383 EVENTHIST20306;The Pope asked for 150 hallebardiers to form an elite bodyguard troop in Rome.;;;;;;;;;;8384 EVENTHIST20305;We have tried to reestablish our ancestral domination over the Swiss, but this pathetic bunch refuses to pay our imperial taxes and to submit to our courthouses!;;;;;;;;;;8385 EVENTHIST20304;At last, the Swiss acknowledge our authority. They must have a master! Let us promote our judges and tax collectors there.;;;;;;;;;;8386 EVENTHIST20303;Maximilian I of Austria set out to reestablish by force the Habsburgs' ancestral domination of Switzerland, in alliance with the Swabian League, under the slogan 'The Swiss, too, must have a master'.;;;;;;;;;;8387 EVENTHIST20302;The Italian wars of Louis XII caused some trouble in Switzerland. The losses among Swiss mercenaries in the French armies were too high. Local corruption became a serious problem. Furthermore, Louis XII refused to pay the mercenaries as agreed!;;;;;;;;;;8388 EVENTHIST20301;Charles the Bold's greatest dream was to establish a grand duchy which would link the North Sea to the Mediterranean. To expand in Italy, he needed to secure the Alps passes. In 1474, encouraged by Louis XI, the Swiss seized the opportunity of a rebellion in Alsace to anticipate this expansion and declared war on Burgundy.;;;;;;;;;;8389 EVENTHIST20300;The Alsatians dared to overthrow our local governor!;;;;;;;;;;8390 EVENTHIST20096;On his deathbed Edward VI, encouraged by his regent the Duke of Northumberland, signed a device excluding his sisters Mary and Elizabeth from the throne. Instead, to maintain Edward's religious settlement and Northumberland's grip on power he named Lady Jane Grey, Northumberland's daughter in law, as his heir. She ruled for only nine days. England came out in support of Mary, and Northumberland's forces there were dispersed by troops loyal to her. Jane and her husband were executed. Meanwhile in France segments of the French nobility, who had never become reconciled with English rule, saw this usurpation as an opportunity to regain their power. They took control of Paris and proclaimed their own candidate, Henri duc d'Orleans, as rightful king of the French part of the English empire.;;;;;;;;;;8391 EVENTHIST20091;England's acquisition of Bearn has made the English claim to the province unanswerable.;;;;;;;;;;8392 EVENTHIST20082;England's control of Bourgogne has made the English claim to the province unanswerable.;;;;;;;;;;8393 EVENTHIST20081;England's control of Picardie has made the English claim to the province unanswerable.;;;;;;;;;;8394 EVENTHIST20080;England's control of Artois has made the English claim to the province unanswerable.;;;;;;;;;;8395 EVENTHIST20077;Despite the death of King Rene of Provence, that state has refused the unanswerable English claim, traced through the Anjou ancestry of the English King, to the province of Maine.;;;;;;;;;;8396 EVENTHIST20076;With the death of King Rene of Provence, the province of Maine has been ceded to England, due to the long-standing English claim based on the Anjou ancestry of the English King.;;;;;;;;;;8397 EVENTHIST20075;With the death of King Rene, English claims to the province of Maine have become unanswerable.;;;;;;;;;;8398 EVENTHIST20074;Upon the death of Duke Francois II of Brittany in 1488, the duchy passed to her daughter. She refused marriage offers, and with her death, the duchy has passed to an obscure relative. This leaves England with the best claims to the duchy.;;;;;;;;;;8399 EVENTHIST20073;Upon the death of Duke Francois II of Brittany in 1488, the duchy passed to her daughter. She has spurned the marriage proposals of Maximilian of Austria, who coveted her lands. This leaves England with the best claims to the duchy.;;;;;;;;;;8400 EVENTHIST20072;After the English victory in the Hundred Years' War, Brittany became concerned about its independence. With the death of Duke Francois II in 1488, his daughter inherited the duchy, which lead to a competition for her hand in marriage. Fearful of English aggression, she married Maximilian of Austria, thus denying the English claims to her duchy.;;;;;;;;;;8401 EVENTHIST20056;The rise of a new monarchy in Paris prompted many magnates to once again swear fealty to the French crown.;;;;;;;;;;8402 EVENTHIST20055;A new king of France has been crowned in Paris. Should we switch our loyalties to him, as our subjects wish, or remain true to the English?;;;;;;;;;;8403 EVENTHIST20050;By Henry's hand orders were dispatched to Sir Francis Surienne, governor of Mans, commanding him to surrender that place to Charles of Anjou. Surienne, either questioning the authenticity of the order or regarding his government as his sole fortune, refused compliance. It became necessary for a French army, under the Count of Dunois, to lay seige to the city. The governor made as good a defence as his situation could permit, but receiving no relief from the governor of Normandy, was at last forced to capitulate, and to surrender all of Maine. Surienne, at the head of two thousand five hundred men, retired into Normandy. Surienne in expectation of being received, was refused by Somerset, the governer of Normandy, because of his disobedience in Maine. Surienne marched into Britanny, seized the town of Fougeres, and set his army loose to ravage the surrounding country. The Duke of Brittany demanded compensation from England.;;;;;;;;;;8404 EVENTHIST20049;When Henry VI married Margaret there was a secret article that the province of Maine, which was at the time in the hands of the English, should be ceded to Charles of Anjou, her uncle, who was prime minister and favorite of the French king, and who had already received from his master the grant of that province as his appanage.;;;;;;;;;;8405 EVENTHIST20048;With the death of Charles the Bold, the Burgundian lands passed through his daughter Anne to the Austrians by marriage. However, certain Burgundian lands remain under the vassalage of the King of England, and England hence has legitimate claims to these territories.;;;;;;;;;;8406 EVENTHIST20047;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. By marriage Mary would pass the lands of her father to Austria, but what would have happened if Charles the Bold would have survived at Nancy the world will never know. We can only speculate...;;;;;;;;;;8407 EVENTHIST20046;The wise and former Duke of Burgundy accepts rightful claim, and submits to our overlordship. We will reserve our claim to their French lands until a later date as long as they remain loyal to the Anglo-French crown.;;;;;;;;;;8408 EVENTHIST20045;The foolish Duke of Burgundy dares to defy our rightful claim, and refuses to submit to our authority. We shall now exercise our claim to their French lands, and they shall loath the day they defied fuedal law.;;;;;;;;;;8409 EVENTHIST20044;Nothing could be more repugnant to the interests of the house of Burgundy than to unite the crowns of France and England on the same head, an event which, had it taken place, would have reduced the duke to the rank of a petty prince. The Kingdoms of England and France are united under one crown, and the time has come to sort out matters of the state. The lands of Bourgogne, Picarde, and Artois are rightful lands of the Anglo-French crown, and as such our Duke is subject to their rule. We now have a choice: shall we accept the rank of prince, or shall we defy our leige lords and keep our duke?;;;;;;;;;;8410 EVENTHIST20043;Nothing could be more repugnant to the interests of the house of Burgundy than to unite the crowns of France and England on the same head, an event which, had it taken place, would have reduced the duke to the rank of a petty prince. The Kingdoms of England and France are united under one crown, and the time has come to sort out matters of the state. The lands of Bourgogne, Picardie, and Artois are rightful lands of the English crown, and as such the Duke of Burgundy is subject to our rule. We now have a choice. Do we reduce the rank of the duke to a prince, or shall we allow him to rule his lands free of English overlords?;;;;;;;;;;8411 EVENTHIST20028;The King of England has been crowned as King of France. Should we accept his suzerainty?;;;;;;;;;;8412 EVENTHIST20024;By 1590, the various religious factions within the French provinces have fought themselves to the point of exhaustion. The situation calms across the Channel, as neither side has the will or ability to dominate the other. However, if any faction has achieved independence and retains that independence for more than a few years, English rule will be discredited.;;;;;;;;;;8413 EVENTHIST20023;Even though the Wars of Religion had come to an end, the Huguenots remained independent of English rule. England could either let the Huguenots go, and retain control over the rest of France, or force them to return to English rule, ensuring that the alienated Huguenots would undermine English control of the French provinces.;;;;;;;;;;8414 EVENTHIST20022;Even though the Wars of Religion had come to an end, the Ultra-Catholics remained independent of English rule. England could either let the Ultra-Catholics go, and retain control over the rest of France, or force them to return to English rule, ensuring that the alienated Ultra-Catholics would undermine English control of the French provinces.;;;;;;;;;;8415 EVENTHIST20021;Though England attempted to work with French moderates to keep the peace in the Wars of Religion, the Huguenots ultimately believed it necessary to form their own state in order to defend their religious and political beliefs. If the Ultra-Catholics reach a similar conclusion, the effect for English rule could be devasting.;;;;;;;;;;8416 EVENTHIST20020;Though England attempted to work with French moderates to keep the peace in the Wars of Religion, the Ultra-Catholics ultimately believed it necessary to form their own state in order to defend their religious and political beliefs. If the Huguenots reach a similar conclusion, the effect for English rule could be devasting.;;;;;;;;;;8417 EVENTHIST20019;The English policy of allying with the French Ultra-Catholics ultimately led to the breaking away of the Huguenots to form an independent state. If they are allowed to remain free, their flaunting of English power could irreparably harm English control over its French provinces.;;;;;;;;;;8418 EVENTHIST20018;The English policy of allying with the French Huguenots ultimately led to the breaking away of the Ultra-Catholics to form an independent state. If they are allowed to remain free, their flaunting of English power could irreparably harm English control over its French provinces.;;;;;;;;;;8419 EVENTHIST20017;Despite the neutrality of the English government, the Huguenots and Ultra-Catholics of France concluded that they could not protect their interests under the English crown. They have both declared independence and established states in which they could pursue their separate religious and political aims. Having lost the support of both French Protestants and Catholics, English rule in France was shattered.;;;;;;;;;;8420 EVENTHIST20016;Despite the support of the English government, the Huguenots of France concluded that they could not protect their interests under the English crown. They declared independence and established a state in which they could pursue their religious and political aims. Having lost the support of French Protestants as well as Catholics, English rule in France was shattered.;;;;;;;;;;8421 EVENTHIST20015;Despite the support of the English government, the Ultra-Catholics of France concluded that they could not protect their interests under the English crown. They declared independence and established a state in which they could pursue their religious and political aims. Having lost the support of French Catholics as well as Protestants, English rule in France was shattered.;;;;;;;;;;8422 EVENTHIST20014;By the early 1580s, the Ultra-Catholics in the French provinces were increasingly concerned about their position and power, and questioned the continuing ability of the English government to treat them in the way they felt proper. Not surprisingly, foreign Catholic powers were more than willing to support the French Ultra-Catholics, and indirectly undermine English control over their wealthy French provinces.;;;;;;;;;;8423 EVENTHIST20013;In the summer of 1572, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre was to marry the Catholic Margarite of Valois, and prominent leaders on all sides of the religious conflicts converged on Paris for the ceremony. On August 22nd, however, Admiral Coligny, a leading Huguenot, was assassinated. Ultra-Catholic leaders, fearing Huguenot reprisals, decided to strike first. On the 24th a three-day massacre of Huguenots began in Paris, and soon spread to nearby Catholic towns. The surviving Huguenot leaders redoubled their efforts to oppose the Ultra-Catholics, and their resistance increased accordingly.;;;;;;;;;;8424 EVENTHIST200110;The agreement between Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg did not last long. Both parties still were keen on securing the whole inheritance for themselves, and soon disagreements on fiscal, personal and administrative matters arose. In order to secure support for their cause, they both prepared religious conversions. While Ernst, the brother of the Elector who represented him in the Duchies, became reformed in 1610 and the Elector himself adapted Calvinism at the urge of his Dutch and Palatine allies in 1613, Wolfgang Wilhelm of Palatinate-Neuburg began secret negotiations with the Emperor and his Wittelsbach relatives in Bavaria and Cologne. He was eventually convinced to convert to Catholicism, first secretly in Munich in summer 1613 and openly on May 16th 1614 in Düsseldorf. These two conversions almost immediately caused the Dutch and Spanish, acting in the interest of their respective new coreligionists, to invade the Duchies. It's upon you to decide who will prevail and get the inheritance, so how do you choose?;;;;;;;;;;8425 EVENTHIST200109;The agreement between Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg did not last long. Both parties still were keen on securing the whole inheritance for themselves, and soon disagreements on fiscal, personal and administrative matters arose. In order to secure support for their cause, they both prepared religious conversions. While Ernst, the brother of the Elector who represented him in the Duchies, became reformed in 1610 and the Elector himself adapted Calvinism at the urge of his Dutch and Palatine allies in 1613, Wolfgang Wilhelm of Palatinate-Neuburg began secret negotiations with the Emperor and his Wittelsbach relatives in Bavaria and Cologne. He was eventually convinced to convert to Catholicism, first secretly in Munich in summer 1613 and openly on May 16th 1614 in Düsseldorf. These two conversions almost immediately caused the Dutch and Spanish, acting in the interest of their respective new coreligionists, to invade the Duchies. The stage was set for a huge religious war. Afraid of the consequences of such a conflict, Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg concluded a tentative treaty of partition in the city of Xanten on November 14th 1614. Neuburg received Jülich and Berg, Brandenburg got Cleves, Mark and Ravensberg. Nevertheless, the succession was not finally settled until 1672, and even thereafter both of them continued to claim the whole inheritance.;;;;;;;;;;8426 EVENTHIST200107;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible. Hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. The protestant husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm, has managed to seize the Duchies with support from the Netherlands, France and the Evangelic Union. His claim is disputed by the Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony who consider themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several ancient treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, who declares both female succession and the treaties invalid and intends to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief.;;;;;;;;;;8427 EVENTHIST200105;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible. Hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia, married to the oldest sister Marie-Eleonore, had no male heir himself and ceded his claim to the husband of his daughter Anna, Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg. This claim was questioned by the husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm. The Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony considered themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, declared both female succession and the treaties invalid and was about to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief.;;;;;;;;;;8428 EVENTHIST200103;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible. Hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. The protestant husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm, has managed to seize the Duchies with support from the Netherlands, France and the Evangelic Union. His claim is disputed by the Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony who consider themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several ancient treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, who declares both female succession and the treaties invalid and intends to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief.;;;;;;;;;;8429 EVENTHIST200101;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible. Hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia, married to the oldest sister Marie-Eleonore, had no male heir himself and ceded his claim to the husband of his daughter Anna, Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg. This claim was questioned by the husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm. The Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony considered themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, declared both female succession and the treaties invalid and was about to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief. The protestant princes of Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg however, encouraged by the Evangelic Union, France and the Netherlands, managed to agree on a common administration in order to fight off all other claimants. They proclaimed complete religious toleration for all christian confessions in the Duchies and were acknowledged by the Estates in Jule 1609. A more permanent solution was to be agreed on later...;;;;;;;;;;8430 EVENTHIST20009;By the early 1560s, the simmering religious unrest in the French provinces had exploded into open rivalry and conflict. Various factions maneouvred for power and numerous massacres were commented on all sides. There were the Ultra-Catholics, generally based in the centre and northeast of France, and the Reformed Huguenots, generally based in the south, with the moderate Catholics and Protestants stuck in between these two extremes. All factions desired the support and aid of the English government to achieve their religious aims. England could not remain neutral;a choice had to be made. However, the faction England chooses to support may not be popular with the English people or nobility themselves. Also, there was the always present danger that if the factional and religious fighting got out of hand, England's ability to rule its French provinces might be forever damaged.;;;;;;;;;8431 EVENTHIST20008;Though England had triumphed in the Hundred Years' War, French resistance continued under the surface. Now, the state of France has been reborn, and a new King of France has been crowned. Those French who remain under English rule are becoming increasingly restless, and no longer recognize the claims of England to the lands of France. English rule in the French provinces has been dealt a staggering blow.;;;;;;;;;;8432 EVENTHIST20007;Though the French people once languished under English oppression, they have risen up, and France is again a power to be contended with. The eyes and loyalties of the French people are once again turned towards their King and their Country!;;;;;;;;;;8433 EVENTHIST20006;With the War of the Roses at an end, the English were able to concentrate on restoring their authority in France.;;;;;;;;;;8434 EVENTHIST20005;The War of the Roses were as much about the crown of France as they were about that of England, so it should come as no surprise that much of the most vicious fighting was in the larger of the two kingdoms. Both the Lancastrians and the Yorkists saw France as an important battleground and recruitment centre. The situation was further complicated by attempts by some members of the French nobility to restore the House of Valois to the French throne.;;;;;;;;;;8435 EVENTHIST200047;While the civil war between Schieringers and Vetkopers continued to rage, the two parties often bound together in times of war.;;;;;;;;;;8436 EVENTHIST200002;Johann, the oldest son of Duke Adolf of Kleve and Mark, was educated at the burgundian court, with his uncle Philipp the Good his mentor and advisor. Besides a sense for culture and sciences, he received an excellent military education that should prove very useful in the Feud of Soest. When the conflict started, his father appointed him commander of the clevian troops and sent him to Soest with 2400 foot and 800 mounted soldiers. On the way, Johann occupied the city of Xanten and still arrived in Soest much faster than the archbishop of Cologne had expected. There he took Soest's oath of allegiance and started to prepare the defense of the Westphalian towns. In the feud, he used fire arms very efficiently, as the first military leader;Vauban and Clausewitz consider the Feud of Soest as the birth of artillery as an effective weapon. After the victories against Cologne's bohemian mercenaries at Soest and Lippstadt that were achieved with a great amount of artillery he was called the Lion of Lippstadt and Soest.;;;;;;;;;8437 EVENTHIST200001;In the Feud of Soest that lasted from 1444 to 1449 the westphalian town of Soest, which was then among the biggest and richest cities of Germany, backed by Cologne's old enemy, the Duke of Kleve, managed to maintain its liberty against the claims of Archbishop Dietrich of Cologne. Like many other territorial princes of his time, the archbishop tried to consolidate his rule and to extend it according to the principles of roman law against the resistance of the Westphalian cities. A great part of former episcopal authority had been granted to the westphalian towns by incompetent archbishops, or outright assumed by the town councils. Thereby, so argumented the council of Soest, it became part of the town's liberty charter. The archbishop's desire to recover his old rights therefore seemed to be an attack on Soest's very existance. The town opposed these policies by accepting the Duke of Kleve and Mark as its new overlord on June 5th 1444. Kleve had been struggling for hegemony in the region with the colonian archbishops for a long time, and they took this chance to win a useful ally. The Duke confirmed Soest's privilegues and granted new ones to them. This sparked a feud between the Archbishop and the Duke, which soon turned into major war with Burgundy, Münster, Osnabrück, Paderborn, Lippstadt, Hohenstein, Hoya and Lippe supporting Kleve and Bavaria, Saxony, Nassau and Brandenburg on Cologne's side. At the peak of the conflict, both factions fielded over 100000 soldiers;the possessions of Kleve and Cologne were severely devastated and depopulated. The turning point was when a bohemian mercenary army recruited by the Archbishop failed to take Soest and Lippstadt in 1447. Johann of Kleve, the son of the Duke who led the klevian army, then managed to convince the Bohemians to stop fighting. The feud ended with the decision of Pope Nicolas in favour of Kleve in 1449 that both sides had agreed to accept at a congress in Maastricht.;;;;;;;;;8438 EVENTHIST20000;At a young age Joan of Arc began to hear voices - those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the dauphin, the would-be king Charles VII, who was trying to gather support for an attempt to retake the French crown. Joan's religious fervour would inspire the peasantry into a revolt which linked up with the dauphin's small force of exiles and mercenaries to produce a real threat to English rule in France.;;;;;;;;;;8439 EVENTHIST20;The creation of a centralized state bank brought serious improvement to the economic life of a country, as it helped stabilize the currency and regulate the state budgets.;;;;;;;;;;8440 EVENTHIST2;From time to time the colonists rebelled due to high taxes or duties lack of attention or cruel Governors. Similarly white men's oppression led to outbursts of native rebellion or slave revolts.;;;;;;;;;;8441 EVENTHIST19027;The marriage contract that Lajos II's father, Ulászló II arranged with the Hapsburgs promised Hungary and Bohemia to the Hapsburgs if Lajos should die without an heir. On August 22, 1526, Lajos was killed with no heir. The Hungarian nobility, however, chose János Zápolya instead. Ultimately, however, the Hapsburgs were able to collect their inheritence.;;;;;;;;;;8442 EVENTHIST19026;Zápolya's reign was contested from the very beginning. In 1538, Zápolya had secretly promised Ferdinand of Austria the Hungarian crown in order to buy peace. In 1540, while putting down a revolt in Transylvania, János died from illness, just three weeks after his Polish princess-bride had given him a son, János Sigusmund. With Zapolya's death, Ferdinand again invaded Hungary to try to claim his inheritence.;;;;;;;;;;8443 EVENTHIST19025;Lajos II (Louis), king of Hungary, Bohemia, and Croatia, was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. While riding with his companions on a hunting trip, King Lajos fell off his horse after it was suddenly startled, causing him to break his neck. Lajos left no direct heir. The Diet, Hungary's Parliament, convened to decide who would be the dead king's successor. Two factions formed around the candidates who were most likely to succeed him. The first was Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Hapsburg, and the other was János Zápolya of Transylvania. Ferdinand's claim was supported by Spain, Bohemia, England and the Papacy, while France, the Ottoman Empire, and Poland backed Zápolya. The Diet voted to give Zápolya the crowns of Hungary and Croatia. Ferdinand lauched a lightning campaign against the disorganized kingdom, and managed to secure a portion of it for himself.;;;;;;;;;;8444 EVENTHIST19024;Zápolya's reign was contested from the very beginning. In 1538, Zápolya had secretly promised Ferdinand of Austria the Hungarian crown in order to buy peace. In 1540, while putting down a revolt in Transylvania, János died from illness, just three weeks after his Polish princess-bride had given him a son, János Sigusmund. With Zapolya's death, Ferdinand again invaded Hungary to try to claim his inheritence.;;;;;;;;;;8445 EVENTHIST19023;When Ferdinand attempted to uphold his claims in the Balkans by force, Suleyman felt that he had no choice but to respond in the same vein, lest Ferdinand expand his domain right up to the Sultan’s border. The policy that was intended to secure the Ottoman Empire against the Hapsburg threat had instead plunged the two empires into war.;;;;;;;;;;8446 EVENTHIST19022;When Ferdinand attempted to uphold his claims in the Balkans by force, Suleyman felt that he had no choice but to respond in the same vein, lest Ferdinand expand his domain right up to the Sultan’s border. The policy that was intended to secure the Ottoman Empire against the Hapsburg threat had instead plunged the two empires into war.;;;;;;;;;;8447 EVENTHIST19021;Zápolya's reign was contested from the very beginning. In 1538, Zápolya had secretly promised Ferdinand of Austria the Hungarian crown in order to buy peace. In 1540, while putting down a revolt in Transylvania, János died from illness. With Zapolya's death, Ferdinand again invaded Hungary to try to claim his inheritence. Finally the Ottoman Sultan, having had enough with the chaos in his vassal, Hungary, split the country in two. He annexed Hungary, while Ferdinand held the Western portion. Hungary would remain divided between the two countries for the next 170 years.;;;;;;;;;;8448 EVENTHIST19020;Zápolya's reign was contested from the very beginning. In 1538, Zápolya had secretly promised Ferdinand of Austria the Hungarian crown in order to buy peace. In 1540, while putting down a revolt in Transylvania, János died from illness, just three weeks after his Polish princess-bride had given him a son, János Sigusmund. With Zapolya's death, Ferdinand again invaded Hungary to try to claim his inheritence. Finally the Ottoman Sultan, having had enough with the chaos in his vassal, Hungary, split the country into three parts. He kept Southern and Central Hungary for himself, giving Eastern Hungary to János Sigusmund, while letting Ferdinand hold the Western portion. Hungary would remain divided between the three countries for the next 170 years.;;;;;;;;;;8449 EVENTHIST19019;Zápolya's reign was contested from the very beginning. In 1538, Zápolya had secretly promised Ferdinand of Austria the Hungarian crown in order to buy peace. In 1540, while putting down a revolt in Transylvania, János died from illness, just three weeks after his Polish princess-bride had given him a son, János Sigusmund. With Zapolya's death, Ferdinand again invaded Hungary to try to claim his inheritence. Finally the Ottoman Sultan, having had enough with the chaos in his vassal, Hungary, split the country into three parts. He kept Southern and Central Hungary for himself, giving Eastern Hungary to János Sigusmund, while Ferdinand held the Western portion. Hungary would remain divided between the three countries for the next 170 years.;;;;;;;;;;8450 EVENTHIST19018;The Hungary nobility was able to keep Hungary from being absorbed into the Austria state for almost 170 years. The Hapsburgs were forced to rule Hungary as a seperate state until the early 18th Century.;;;;;;;;;;8451 EVENTHIST19017;With Lajos II dead, Suleyman ordered the nobility of Hungary to chose whomever they wished to be king, so long as he was not a Hapsburg. Most of the nobles voted for János Zápolya of Transylvania. Led by the nobility of Croatia, however, any nobles argued for Ferdinand of Austria, despite the Sultan's orders, saying that only he could protect them from Suleyman.;;;;;;;;;;8452 EVENTHIST19016;With Hungary defeated, Suleyman ordered the nobility of Hungary to chose whomever they wished for king, so long as he was not a Hapsburg. Most of the nobles voted for János Zápolya of Transylvania, as he had the only army in Hungary. Led by the nobility of Croatia, however, many nobles argued for Ferdinand of Austria, despite the Sultan's orders, saying that only he could protect them from Suleyman.;;;;;;;;;;8453 EVENTHIST19015;The nobles of Hungary were growing increasingly dissatisfied with the leadership of the boy-king. His failure to join the League of Cambrai against Venice and take back Dalmatia was not well-received. Submitting to be the vassal of the heathen Turks was the last straw. On August, 22, 1526, King Lajos of Hungary and Bohemia was assassinated by a conspiracy of nobles.;;;;;;;;;;8454 EVENTHIST19014;At the battle of Mohacs, the Hungarian army fought bravely and well, but was utterly defeated and virtually destroyed. Worst of all, King Lajos himself perished in the rout, thrown from his horse and drowned while fording a creek. With no army and no leadership, nothing could prevent the Turks from marching wherever they would. Lajos, a mere youth of twenty-one, had left no heir. Nothing could be done until the nobles selected a new king.;;;;;;;;;;8455 EVENTHIST19013;After seizing Belgrade and several other key forts guarding Hungary, Suleyman gave Lajos one last chance to see reason. An uprising in Egypt gave Lajos another year of breathing space, but he was still unable to find support in Europe. With the Sultan at the head of an 80,000 man army, Lajos prepared to face him with only 30,000 men.;;;;;;;;;;8456 EVENTHIST19011;When King Lajos agreed to Suleyman's terms, it seemed that Hungary would be secure, if somewhat poorer and no longer quite independent. Suleyman was now free to deal with the growing threat of the Portugese in the Indian Ocean. Lajos' act of statesmanship, however, was to prove his undoing.;;;;;;;;;;8457 EVENTHIST19010;When King Lajos of Hungary refused to answer the Sultan's ambassador, the Ottoman Empire had no option but to go to war. It was thought that the seizure of a few key forts would be enough to bring the Hungarians to heel. But things would not be that simple.;;;;;;;;;;8458 EVENTHIST19009;In 1520, Suleyman I demanded an extension of the peace between Constantinople and Buda, with the additional terms that young King Lajos submit to the authority of the Emperor and reject the right of the Hapsburgs to inherit Hungary. Lajos was also warned by Pope Leo X not to make peace with the Turk. Lajos detained Suleyman's ambassador while frantically seeking help around Europe. Due to his wars with France, however, his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles V of Spain, advised him to agree to Suleyman's demands. His other brother-in-law, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, promised him aid, but was in no position to grant it. Lajos' only other possible ally, Poland, was under attack by the Crimean Tatars. Lajos faced Suleyman alone.;;;;;;;;;;8459 EVENTHIST19008;When Suleyman I became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1520, he was faced with a grave crisis. The rise of the Habsburgs in Austria and Spain had created a superpower. Moreover, the Habsburgs had a potential claim to the Hungarian throne, currently occupied by the boy-king Lajos. Should the Habsburgs seize that throne, their armies would be within striking distance of Constantinople itself. In order to fend off this developing threat, Ottoman diplomats strove to strengthen relations with Venice and France. Hungary, however, must pay tribute to the Sultan, must grant the Ottoman troops transit rights through their country, and must renounce all ties with the Hapsburgs. If they refused, war would surely follow.;;;;;;;;;;8460 EVENTHIST19007;Ferdinand kept pressuring the Bohemian Diet for hereditary rights. Finally, he found the opportunity he was looking for. On June 2, 1541, all of Bohemia's state records were burned in a major fire at Prag Castle. Ferdinand convened the Bohemian Diet and ordered them to make his royal title hereditary unless they could find recorded evidence to the contrary. Since the contrary evidence had just gone up in smoke, the Diet acceded to Ferdinand's demands.;;;;;;;;;;8461 EVENTHIST19006;Radu cel Frumas (the handsome) has been decidly pro-Turkish since he was held hostage at the court of Murad II as a boy. Gossip even accused him, largely because of his good looks, of being one of the male minions in the harem of Mehmed, heir to the Ottoman throne. With our support, Radu has finally secured the throne of Wallachia and sworn fealty to the Sublime Porte.;;;;;;;;;;8462 EVENTHIST19005;In 1462, under pressure from Turkish incursions, Dracula sought the help of the throne of Hungary. Meanwhile, the Turkish sultan gave Dracula's younger brother, Radu, an army with which to support his claim to the throne. In addition, the boyars, rose up against Dracula due to his well-known cruelty and the suppression of their rights. Matthias Corvinas, King of Hungary, realizing Draculas precarious postion, and wary of his volatility and devious nature, treacherously took Dracula to Hungary as a political prisoner, while Radu was left free to reign in Wallachia. Now, in 1466, Dracula has converted to catholicism and married into the Hungarian royal family. The state is divided between the cruel, yet heroic anti-Turkish Dracula, and the pro-Turkish Radu.;;;;;;;;;;8463 EVENTHIST19004;Vladislav II was a member of the Danesti family, descended from one of the brothers of Vlad Dracul, Prince Dan. He came to the Wallachian throne with the support of the great White Knight of Christendom, the Hungarian John Hunyadi. Hunyadi had probably ordered the assassination of Dracul and his oldest son, Mircea, in response to their justifiable blame which they heaped upon the white knight for the failure of an expidition ot Varna. Regardless, Vlad's son, Dracula, had close ties of political necesity to the Hunyadis (John and his son Matthias), and developed a friendship with Stephen of Moldavia. It was with their support that Dracula claimed his fathers throne and ousted his rival.;;;;;;;;;;8464 EVENTHIST19003;In the spring of 1442, Sultan Murad II beguiled Dracul into a meeting, and insensitive to the snare, Dracul crossed the Danube with his 2nd son, Vlad Dracula (son of the Dragon), and his youngest son Radu cel Frumas (the handsome) in tow. It was intended that Dracul be brought in chains before the Sultan and forced to swear fealty, using his sons as hostages, however, the wily Dragon avoided the trap. However, his emissary still acknowledges a debt of gratitude to the Sublime Porte, and realizing our superiority, has offered to send Radu to our court to be raised properly.;;;;;;;;;;8465 EVENTHIST19001;In the spring of 1442, Sultan Murad II beguiled Dracul into a meeting, and insensitive to the snare, Dracul crossed the Danube with his 2nd son, Vlad Dracula (son of the Dragon), and his youngest son Radu cel Frumas (the handsome) in tow. Dracul was captured, bound in chains, and brought before the Sultan. Vlad Dracul was forced to swear fealty to Murad II, and both Dracula and Radu were kept as hostages, although each child had remarkably different reactions to their captivity. Radu developed marked pro-Turkish attitudes, while Dracula's thoughts were more difficult to fathom.;;;;;;;;;;8466 EVENTHIST19000;The German Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg and his 2nd wife, Barbara von Cilli, founded the Order of the Dragon in 1387 as a secret military and religious organization with the aim of protecting the Catholic Church against heretics, such as the Hussites (who rose in Bohemia recently). An additional objective is the organization of Crusades against the Ottoman Turks, who had overrun most of the Balkan peninsula. On February 8, 1431, Vlad, henceforth known as Vlad Dracul, or the Dragon, was inducted in this order along with King Ladislas of Poland and Prince Lazarevic of Serbia. In addtion, the Holy Roman Emperor has invested Vlad Dracul as the sovereign ruler of the Princedom of Wallachia. Dracul made good his claim by expelling Alexandru during the winter of 1436, and taking the throne.;;;;;;;;;;8467 EVENTHIST189208;The Kosaca-family rose to power in the 15th century under the wise leadership of its two members, Sandalj Hranic and Stjepan Vukcic. They had vast fiefs in the southern part of the country known as 'Hum and the Coast'. Under various kings they had been granted several privileges, they became the Grand Voivodes of Bosnia, lords of Pomorje and Zahumlje. Later, during the feuds, they managed to absorb the lands of their arch-enemy, the Pavlovic dynasty, establishing absolute power in the area. In 1448 Stjepan Vukcic assumed the title of Duke of Saint Sava, gaining independence from the Kingdom, and became the Duke( Herceg ) of Hum. From this very title developed the name 'Hercegovina'. The King, Stjepan Tomas, having no power to prevent it, accepted the separation, greeted Stjepan as a fellow ruler and married his daughter, Katarina. Stjepan Vukcic knew it very well that he won't be able to hold off the Turkish onslaught thus he started to look after supporters. Historically he found it in the person of Friedrich III, the Holy Roman Emperor, who officially became the defender of Hercegovina.;;;;;;;;;;8468 EVENTHIST188600;The Czech priest and professor Jan Hus developed radical reformatory demands on the base of the teachings of John Wyclif. Despite a guarantee of safe-conduct by Emperor Sigismund, he was executed at the stake for heresy at the Council of Constance in 1415. This could however not stop the Hussite movement in Bohemia. Hus' followers were rapidly growing, and when King Vaclav IV of Bohemia died and his brother Sigismund, already Emperor and King of Hungary was to succeed him, they, unwilling to forgive him the betrayal of Hus and afraid that he would supress them, refused to acknowledge him and gained control of most of Bohemia proper - while the lands of the Bohemian crown and the catholic part of Bohemia accepted Sigismund. Due to its radical anti-clerical and anti-feudal tendencies Hussitism posed a big threat to the church and nobility in the countries adjacent to Bohemia. Several German and European princes therefore decided to oppose the Hussites and to support Sigismund in his struggle with them that lasted for almost two decades. Should we decide to fight these heretics, we should be aware that this would be internationally regarded as an intervention in favour of Sigismund as rightful King of Bohemia rather than a war of conquest, and that therefore, if Sigismund prevails and manages to restore royal authority, we would be expected to turn over any conquests in Bohemia to the Kingdom of Bohemia.;;;;;;;;;;8469 EVENTHIST188123;In the last years of his reign Mathias Corvinus tried to ensure the succession of his highly gifted, but illegitimate son Janos, made him the largest landholder in Hungary after the King by several grants of territory, put him in charge of several of the strongest and most important fortresses, gave him the holy crown of St. Stephen and got a majority of the royal council to support Janos. However Mathias died of a stroke before the matter was definitely secured, and the young, inexperienced Janos was soon deprived of his rights and his property by the Hungarian magnates who were fed up with the strong central rule introduced by Mathias and desired a monarch 'whose beard they could hold in their fists'. Such a candidate was found in Vladislav Jagiello, King of Bohemia since 1471. Called 'King All Right' by his Bohemian subjects because of his weakness, irresoluteness and saying yes to everything, obviously completely incompetent for ruling a Kingdom and having already initiated a rapid decline of Bohemia, he was the easily controllable puppet King the magnates were looking for. Vladislav was elected King on July 5th 1490 and immediately thereafter accepted the compact of Farkashida in which he confirmed all existing privilegues of the nobility and took back all legal and administrative reforms, including the efficient system of taxation regarded as repressive by the magnates. After 3 decades of prosperity and modernisation, the election of Vladislav initiated a rapid decline, ending up in the disaster of Mohacs. Had Janos Corvinus indeed managed to become King, he might have continued the achievements of his father, but would have been violently opposed by the powerful magnates.;;;;;;;;;;8470 EVENTHIST188122;In the last years of his reign Mathias Corvinus tried to ensure the succession of his highly gifted, but illegitimate son Janos, made him the largest landholder in Hungary after the King by several grants of territory, put him in charge of several of the strongest and most important fortresses, gave him the holy crown of St. Stephen and got a majority of the royal council to support Janos. However Mathias died of a stroke before the matter was definitely secured, and the young, inexperienced Janos was soon deprived of his rights and his property by the Hungarian magnates who were fed up with the strong central rule introduced by Mathias and desired a monarch 'whose beard they could hold in their fists'. Such a candidate was found in Vladislav Jagiello, King of Bohemia since 1471. Called 'King All Right' by his Bohemian subjects because of his weakness, irresoluteness and saying yes to everything, obviously completely incompetent for ruling a Kingdom and having already initiated a rapid decline of Bohemia, he was the easily controllable puppet King the magnates were looking for. Vladislav was elected King on July 5th 1490 and immediately thereafter accepted the compact of Farkashida in which he confirmed all existing privilegues of the nobility and took back all legal and administrative reforms, including the efficient system of taxation regarded as repressive by the magnates. After 3 decades of prosperity and modernisation, the election of Vladislav initiated a rapid decline, ending up in the disaster of Mohacs. Another candidate to the throne was Maximilian of Hapsburg who maintained the claim of his father Friedrich III, but since he had already proven to be a capable ruler and would have been likely to use his powerbase in the Empire, Austria and Burgundy to consolidate his authority in Hungary, he was no popular choice. Had Janos Corvinus indeed managed to become King, he might have continued the achievements of his father, but would have been violently opposed by the powerful magnates.;;;;;;;;;;8471 EVENTHIST188121;About a decade after the treaty of Sopron that had concluded their first clash, the conflict between Mathias Corvinus and Emperor Friedrich III was sparked again by several relatively minor incidents. Both were deeply distrustful of each other, Friedrich accusing Mathias of maintaining a secret agreement with the Ottomans and letting their raiding troops pass through Hungarian lands for their invasions of Austria. When Mathias was still fighting Vladislav Jagiello of Bohemia to gain the Bohemian throne - that he had been promised by the Pope -, Friedrich formally recognized Vladislav as King of Bohemia and elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The rivaly deteriorated into a personal feud after Friedrich in 1477 had given sanctuary to one of Mathias' advisors, Johann Beckenschlager, the Archbishop of Esztergom, who had left Hungary because of a disagreement with Corvinus. This caused Mathias to invade Austria and siege Vienna, which made Friedrich grudgingly accept a truce by which he acknowledged Corvinus as Bohemian King and promised to abandon his support for Beckenschlager. However only two years later Friedrich got Beckenschlager elected Archbishop of Salzburg. Mathias decided this provocation was too much, and began a determined invasion of Austria and Styria with the goal to humiliate Friedrich and expand his territory.;;;;;;;;;;8472 EVENTHIST188114;During his reign, Mathias Corvinus quite significantly changed the Hungarian state and society. He managed to increase the royal income dramatically by making the poorer members of the Diet who were unable to attend it regularly agree to grant taxes several years in advance, outmaneuvering the high nobility, by establishing a regular, functional system of tax collection and by having the treasury administered by specialists with separate functions. Instead of trying to impose much-needed reforms without the consent of the Diet, he managed to reach an agreement with most of the deputies, especially of the lower nobility and the towns, so that he could pass 450 new statutes in a fully legal, unquestionable way. In these statutes, he codified and modernized Hungarian law and state organization. Several laws protected the towns and peasantry from encroachments of the higher classes, he tried to introduce a jurisdiction judging irrespective of status and simplified almost all branches of law, which gained him the epithet of 'the Just'. A900 new official class, appointed only by ability and merit, helped him enact these policies.;;;;;;;;;;8473 EVENTHIST188106;The settlement achieved at the National Diet of 1444 was quite successful in stabilising the country, but the Captains managed neither to get Friedrich V to release Ladislaus Postumus nor to recover control over the parts of Upper Hungary seized by Jan Jizkra who refused to cooperate despite being one of the seven captains. A more permanent solution was needed and a new diet summoned at Pest in June 1446. Hunyadi's supporters among the populace and the lesser nobility very vocally demanded his appointment as Royal Regent, leaving the Diet with little choice, and Hunyadi was elected Gubernator of Hungary for as long as it would take to free Ladislaus, deliberately passing over the Palatine László Garai. The other magnates, distrustful of Hunyadi who had risen from a country squire to the most important person in Hungary within ten years, and envying him for his power and popularity, managed to install several limitations on Hunyadi's authority. A regency council, composed mostly of opponents of Hunyadi, was to 'assist' him in his duties, Garai stayed Palatine and kept some power and themagnates during the regency used every opportunity to resist Hunyadi and stall his measures. Nevertheless Hunyadi at the same Diet and another in 1447 got a whole series of popular reforms passed, e.g. the decree ordering the demolition of the new castles, most of them little better than robber-strongholds, the decree compelling the great officers of state to suspend their functions during the session of the diet, the decree declaring illegal the new fashion of forming confederations afterthe Polish model, all of which measures were obviously directed against the tyranny and the lawlessness of the oligarchy.Due to the resistance of the magnates and wars against the Ottomans and Jizkra, most of these measures remained dead letter, but still some of them had the intended effect.;;;;;;;;;;8474 EVENTHIST188105;When the country was about to disintegrate, Janos Hunyadi took the initiative and managed to convene a NationalDiet in April 1445. The measure of the crisis can be judged by the fact that for the first time ever Hungarian Towns were represented. Pointing out the necessity of united action against the Ottomans, Hunyadi achieved a settlement. The former supporters of Ulászló acknowledged Ladislaus Postumus as rightful King and the Diet demanded Emperor Friedrich V to turn over Ladislaus, who was kept in Vienna, and the Holy Crown of St. Stephen to the Hungarian people. Until the return of Ladislaus seven 'Captains' elected by the Diet were to rule the country and to restore law and order. Hunyadi was the first and most powerful of these Captains and five of the rest were his supporters. Only the final man to make up the seven was not one of his choice. The Hussite mercenary captain Jan Jiskra had built such a strong base in Slovakia and surrounding districts that he could not be ignored if the Diet and Hunyadi did not want to have to fight him immediately. Despite the balance of power being firmly in favour of Hunyadi and his peers this temporary solution worked very well. Even most of the magnates who had been hostile towards Ulászló and Hunyadi did at this time not want to risk the Kingdom's very existance. In the following year, peace was maintained and relative stability restored.;;;;;;;;;;8475 EVENTHIST188104;When on November 10th 1444 King Ulászló was killed in the battle of Varna against the Ottomans and Janos Hunyadi merely escaped alive, Hungary was plunged into another crisis. Succession of the dead King was unclear, a huge part of the Hungarian nobility had died in the battle, many magnates were glad to have no central authority over them. Austria, reviving Ladislaus Postumus' claim on Hungary, occupied the Hungarian border districts, Jan Jiskra seized Spis and the Cilli family took control of Slovakia, driving out the supporters of Ulászló I. Once again Hungary was heading for a full blown civil war.;;;;;;;;;;8476 EVENTHIST188103;Elizabeth of Luxemburg, the mother of Ladislaus Postumus, who had tried to secure the Hungarian throne for her son against Wladislaw Jagiello, died on December 13th 1443. With Emperor Friedrich V lacking the energy and ability to continue the efforts for the crown of St. Stephen, the Pope encouraging a settlement that would allow for a Hungarian crusadeagainst the Ottomans and fortune in battle against the supporters of Ladislaus, the succession conflict in Hungarian was practically ended by this. Ulászló and Janos Hunyadi were finally able to devote most of their energy towards a campaign against the Ottomans and attempt to stop them from overrunning the Balkans.;;;;;;;;;;8477 EVENTHIST188101;In 1439 Albrecht of Hapsburg, King of Hungary, fell ill, probably of cholera, while campaigning against the Ottomans. Within one month he died, leaving two minor daughters and his pregnant wife Elizabeth. For the case of the unborn child being male, Albrecht declared that his son would be his successor in all his fiefs just before his death. Based on this will, Elizabeth attempted to get the Parliament to appoint her Queen Regent for her unborn baby. Still feeling menaced by the Ottomans, a majority of the Diet consisting mostly of the middle and lower nobility however did not want to trust the country's fortune upon a woman and an unborn child and, led by the Transylvanian noble Janos Hunyadi, desired an adult King with a decent powerbase instead. It was Hunyadi who proposed the most obvious choice, Wladislaw of Jagiello, King of the other big christian Kingdom in East Europe, Poland. Initially with the consent of Elizabeth, deputies of the Diet approached the nineteen-year-old Wladislaw in Krakow and offered him the Hungarian crown. Meanwhile, Elizabeth gave birth to a son, the male heir Albrecht and she had hoped for, and called him Ladislaus. Since then, she was determined to secure the throne for her child and thus withdrew her approval of the offer to the Polish King. But instructed by Hunyadi and other magnates, negotiations continued. When Wladislaw eventually accepted the proferred throne on March 8th 1440 and everything seemed ready for his coronation and the union of the two Kingdoms, Elizabeth fled Hungary to Austria with her son and the stolen Holy crown of Hungary. She had Ladislaus crowned King in Székesfehérvár on May 1st, more than two months before Wladislaw's coronation on July 17th. The scene was set for a civil war between the supporters of Elizabeth and Ladislaus, called 'Loyalists' who were strongest in Western Hungary and Slovakia and championed by Ulrich of Cilli on the one side and the supporters of Wladislaw, the 'Nationalists', based largely in the East and Transylvania and led by Janos Hunyadi, on the other.;;;;;;;;;;8478 EVENTHIST188100;Sigismund, King of Germany, Hungary and Bohemia, died without male issue. Having faced this for some time, Sigismund had chosen his longtime ally and friend Albrecht of Austria, who had proven to be a capable soldier during the Hussite Wars, as his successor in all three Kingdoms and married him to his sole daughter Elizabeth. The last years of his reign were almost exclusively dedicated to ensuring the succession, and the Hungarian Diet was successfully convinced that the Hapsburg would be exactly the right man to protect the country from the Turks. Following Sigismund's wish and what seemed best for Hungary, Albrecht was elected King of Hungary and crowned in Székesfehérvehár (Stuhlweißenburg) on January 1st 1438. Since he however also inherited Bohemia and the crown of the Holy Roman Empire, he was unable to fully concentrate on ruling Hungary. Thus he relied heavily on the Parliament to rule in his absence and in his short reign conceded numerous privilegues to them.;;;;;;;;;;8479 EVENTHIST186026;Throughout the 17th and 18th century, the political field in the Netherlands was dominated by 2 rivalling factions, the Orangists, who supported the idea of a strong centralized leadership and strived for a republican monarchy, they were lead by the stadholders. They were opposed by the States party faction, who were lead by the state pensionaries and strived for a real republic in which the general estates held most of the power. Each system had its own advantages and disadvantages. Initially the Orangists gained the upperhand after the fall of Oldenbarneveldt, but they gradually lost power throughout the 1630s and '40s. In 1650 under the stadholderate of Willem II the conflict flared up again, due to a series of failed harvests and epidemics. Willem II staged a succesfull military coup, but he died of smallpox the same year and with his succesor being only an infant his supporters failed to achieve victory. This lead to the start of the first stadholderless age under the De Wit regency. However off course you can choose to let the orangist party take over and have Willem III's guardians serving as regents.;;;;;;;;;;8480 EVENTHIST18106;Right after the capture of Malacca the Portuguese, under the leadership of Affonso de Albuquerque, had quickly erected a fort, named 'A Famosa' to protect the newly captured city from the attacks of Mahmud Shah. The fort withstood multiple sieges, and was eventually captured by the Dutch in 1641.;;;;;;;;;;8481 EVENTHIST18105;Malacca has fallen to our glorious troops! Let's send reinforcements to finish the Sultan of the infidel.;;;;;;;;;;8482 EVENTHIST18104;The might of our navy and our troops had convinced the Sultan to become our tributary. We are now in the full control of spice trade.;;;;;;;;;;8483 EVENTHIST18103;The treacherous Sultan of Malacca has refused us the right to set up a base in his kingdom. The infidel should be punished!;;;;;;;;;;8484 EVENTHIST18065;The Raja of Vijayanager has refused our generous offer, we're now at war with him and should defend our interests in India.;;;;;;;;;;8485 EVENTHIST18064;The Raja of Vijayanagar has agreed to our offer, we are now in a good position to put a clamp on the Indian trade.;;;;;;;;;;8486 EVENTHIST18063;The Portuguese commander offers us weapons in exchange for land around the city of Goa to build their trade and military establishment. It would be a smart idea to accept it, in order to deliver a crushing blow to hated Muslims.;;;;;;;;;;8487 EVENTHIST18043;Our brave troops had captured Goa, the gates of India are now open.;;;;;;;;;;8488 EVENTHIST18042;The treacherous Portuguese has captured the port of Goa, there is nothing we can do about it.;;;;;;;;;;8489 EVENTHIST18039;The commander of the Portuguese navy demands Goa as the military base for their fleet. Should we give in to their demands, or refuse them and face consequences?;;;;;;;;;;8490 EVENTHIST18037;Mozambique was discovered and settled by Portuguese as a means of controlling the trade from the interior of Africa. Unlike Mombasa and Kilwa, which were organized and fairly developed, Mozambique was settled by native tribes with no clear government structure. This made Portuguese efforts considerably easier, and Mozambique eventually became the seat of the Portuguese East Africa, even before the fall of Mombasa to Omanis in 1698.;;;;;;;;;;8491 EVENTHIST18036;Following the capture of Mombasa, Portuguese made it their base of operations in East Africa. In 1594 on the orders of the Viceroy Matthias de Albuquerque Fort Jesus was constructed in Mombasa, and the garrison reinforced. As a result, Mombasa became the capital of the Portuguese East Africa, from where tribute was collected and Portuguese domination of East African coast from Mogadicio in the north to Mozambique in the South was enforced.;;;;;;;;;;8492 EVENTHIST18035;Following the footsteps of Vasco da Gama, Alfonso de Albuquerque and Ruy Lourencio Ravasco bombarded and invaded Kilwa and Zanzibar in 1503. After reducing Kilwa to ashes for the second time, Albuquerque transferred his troops to Mombasa where he obtained the submission of the Sultan. Ravasco forced the ruler of Zanzibar into vassal submission, obtained military access for the Portuguese navy, and destroyed several towns on the island, including the old city of Unguja Ukuu, where the royal mint was located. Military expeditions against Zanzibar continued after the departure of Albuquerque by his successors.;;;;;;;;;;8493 EVENTHIST18034;The Sultan of the infidel had the nerve to defy our generous offer. We're now at war with them.;;;;;;;;;;8494 EVENTHIST18033;Fearing the steel of our swords, the Sultan of the infidel has agreed to become our vassal and let us built a fortified base from which we could expand our Empire.;;;;;;;;;;8495 EVENTHIST18032;A commander of the strong Portuguese navy demands our submission. Should we agree and become vassals of the Portuguese king, or defy the Crusaders and fight them?;;;;;;;;;;8496 EVENTHIST18031;Vasco da Gama and his brother Paulo left Portugal on July 8, 1497 in search of the Eastern route to India based on the discoveries made by Pedro de Covilha. The expedition arrived in Zanzibar on February 28, 1498 and proceeded to Mombasa where da Gama received a strongly hostile reception from the Sultan, but a warm welcome in Malindi, an old enemy of Mombasa. Here, in Malindi, he employed Shuhaib al-Din Ahmed to guide him from Malindi to India. On his second trip to East Africa, Vasco da Gama bombarded Kilwa on July 12, 1502, destroying the Sultan's palace and razing mosques in the city. Sultan Ali was forced to recognize king Manuel of Portugal as his suzerain, and pay a heavy tribute to the Portuguese.;;;;;;;;;;8497 EVENTHIST18030;In 1557 China ceded Macao to Portugal and required all outside trade to pass through that port. The enhanced Portugal trade position in the Far East and further stimulated Portuguese trade.;;;;;;;;;;8498 EVENTHIST18029;With the conquest of Macao in Guangdong province Portugal was able to dominate the trade between Europe and China.;;;;;;;;;;8499 EVENTHIST18028;With the reconciliation of king Enrique and his sister Isabel Juana, niece of king Afonso, has been deprived her birthright and lost the crown of Castile. How should we react?;;;;;;;;;;8500 EVENTHIST18027;In 1484, a Genoese seamen Christoforo Colombo tried to entice the king of Portugal Joao I with the idea of finding a western route to India. The king, met the idea with a healthy dose of skepticism, and refused to finance the expedition.;;;;;;;;;;8501 EVENTHIST18026;In 1452 the first water-powered sugar mill was constructed in Azores, being a first example of industrial production of this highly addictive substance.;;;;;;;;;;8502 EVENTHIST18025;Brazilian independence movement declares itself following the return of the monarchy to Portugal.;;;;;;;;;;8503 EVENTHIST18024;Lisbon has been freed from foreign domination and belongs to the throne of Portugal once again. Shall we move back home, or is Brazil to be our permanenthome?;;;;;;;;;;8504 EVENTHIST18023;Lisbon has fallen to our enemies, should we move the court to Brazil?;;;;;;;;;;8505 EVENTHIST18020;We have, to a certain extent, secured a foothold and planted the seeds of a flourishing overseas trading empire. However, this foothold may be tenuous as the majority of the colonists in place are still Portuguese moradores with a different religion and language. They always seem ready to revolt against Dutch Protestant 'heretics'.;;;;;;;;;;8506 EVENTHIST18019;When Portugal had decided to develop sugar plantations in Brazil, this project was partially financed by Holland (while under spanish rule). The production and trade progressed very well, with Portugal and Holland making huge profits. However, following the independence of Holland and subsequent Spanish hostility, Portugal has been swayed to restrict our trading rights. How shall we react?;;;;;;;;;;8507 EVENTHIST18018;When Portugal had decided to develop sugar plantations in Brazil, this project was partially financed by Holland (while under spanish rule). The production and trade progressed very well, with Portugal and Holland making huge profits. However, following the independence of Holland and subsequent Spanish hostility, Portugal was pressured into denying the Dutch free trade in Brazil and other places.;;;;;;;;;;8508 EVENTHIST18016;Dom Cristovão, never popular with the nobility due to the illegitimate birth of his father, D. Antonio, is nearing the end of his life. As he has no sons, Cristovão decides to marry his only daughter to the Duke of Bragança. Many feel that the Duke has the better claim to the throne of Portugal, and this marriage will assure his ascension to the thone as João IV.;;;;;;;;;;8509 EVENTHIST18015;With Sebastião's death, the crown fell to his uncle, Henrique, the last surviving son of Manuel I. This solved the succession crisis only temporarily because Henrique was an infirm and aged cardinal who was unable to obtain dispensation from the pope to marry. When Henrique died in 1580, several people had claims to the throne: Filipe II of Spain, son of D. Isabel (daugther of D. Manuel I) who had a large support of the nobles but lacked peasant support, D. Antonio, despised by the nobles because he was an ilegitimate son of D. Luis (son of D. Manuel I) but had great support from the lower classes, and finally, D. Catarina, the Duchess of Bragança. She was the legitimate daughter of D. Duarte (son of D. Manuel I). A powerful Spanish army commanded by the duke of Alba threatens to invade Portugal and march on Lisbon.;;;;;;;;;;8510 EVENTHIST18012;At the time of Portugese arrival, Malacca, due to its strategic position, was an important trading center of spices in the region. The port was frequented by ships from all over South-East Asia, and gradually exherted its influence over adjacent areas, including the whole of Malay peninsula. Soon after their arrival in India, Portugese became aware of the city and its importance. In 1509 they sent an expedition to capture the city, which ended in a failure. In 1511 Albuquerque with about 1200 men and 14 ships sailed to Malacca and in June arrived in view of Malacca.;;;;;;;;;;8511 EVENTHIST18010;The Treaty of Alcacovas forcing the Spanish to cease trading along the African coast has been rejected.;;;;;;;;;;8512 EVENTHIST18008;The Treaty of Alcacovas forced the Spanish to cease trading along the African coast.;;;;;;;;;;8513 EVENTHIST18006;In order to secure trade and promote Portuguese commercial hegemony, the crown instituted protectionist policies which granted royal companies or even individuals who lead expeditions of exploration and colonization monopolies in certain fields.;;;;;;;;;;8514 EVENTHIST18005;King Duarte, João's successor and Henry's older brother, had petitioned Rome to have their youngest brother, Fernão, named master of Avis, which was granted by Pope Eugenius IV, by the bull 'Sincere devotionis' dated 9 September 1434. In 1437 Portugal sent an expedition against Tangier, led by Henry. The expedition failed, due largely to mistakes by Henry, and his youngest brother Fernão, the master of Avis, was captured. He was imprisoned in bad conditions, held hostage for the return of Ceuta to the Muslims. For eleven years the Portuguese debated whether or not to give up Ceuta, until in 1448 Dom Fernão died in captivity. Henry's brother Duarte died shortly after the Tangier expedition, leaving his six year old son Afonso as the King. There was a fight over the regency between Duarte's widow and Henry's brother D. Pedro which Pedro eventually won.;;;;;;;;;;8515 EVENTHIST18004;The Portuguese crown encouraged further exploration of the African coast by stipulating that those granted colonial charters or trading rights must either sponsor or command expeditions, which mapped the African coastline farther South. Certain distances were required to be covered each year. Fernão do Pó discovered the island which bears his name. Diogo Cão, in later expeditions, discovered Congo and Angola.;;;;;;;;;;8516 EVENTHIST18003;Nuño Tristão was one of the captains sent forth by the Infante Dom Enrique 'the Navigator' to map the African coastline. He is known for sailing past Capes Blanc and Vert. These coastal expeditions were often shortlived as explorers faced a variety of dangers, including storms, tides, currents, shipwrecks, tropical fevers, and the poisoned darts of sometimes hostile natives.;;;;;;;;;;8517 EVENTHIST18002;Cape Bojador, located south of the Canaries, was previously thought to have water too shallow, and currents too strong for ships to navigate. It was also a popular belief that the sun was too hot to support life south of the cape. Many regarded it as the edge of the world. At the urging of Prince Henry, one of his captains, Gil Eannes, finally passed Cape Bojador in 1434. Further improvements in Caravel design also promoted the exploration of the African Coast. Henceforth, a series of expedtions in Portugese caravels sailed south with the red Templar cross emblazoned upon their sails, bringing back ivory, gold, slaves, and other strange flora and fauna to Lisbon.;;;;;;;;;;8518 EVENTHIST18001;The Infante Dom Henrique left court and went to Sagres, Portugal's Lands End. This place, a promontory on the edge of the open ocean, had an otherworldly reputation, and had been called the Sacred Promontory by Marinus and Ptolomy (from which the name Sagres derives). Prince Henry made his base for sea exploration, making it a centre for cartography, navigation and shipbuilding. The Catalan Jew from Majorca, Jehuda Cresques, son of the cartographer Abraham Cresques, was brought to Sagres to supervise the collation of geographic facts brought back by Henry's explorers, who were encouraged and later required to keep detailed logs of their voyages. Muslims and Arabs, Italians from Genoa and Venice, Germans and Scandinavians came to Sagres. This community developed navigational instruments such as the quadrant, and new mathematical tables to aid in determining latitude. The local port of Lagos saw the development of a new type of ship, the caravel.;;;;;;;;;;8519 EVENTHIST18000;Prince Henry (properly the Infante Dom Henrique) was born in 1394, the third son of King João of Portugal. His mother, the Queen, was Philippa of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt. At the age of twenty, Henry persuaded his father to mount an expedition against the Muslim port of Ceuta. His object was to extend the Holy Faith of Jesus Christ, but he was also seeking for the kingdom of Prester John, the legendery Christian Priest-King of Africa. In August 1415, the Portuguese fleet attacked and swiftly took the port. During his time in Ceuta he saw evidence of the trading riches of the interior - spices, oriental rugs, gold,silver etc., merchandise which was delivered by caravans from the Sahara and the Indies. However, trade had ceased when the Portuguese took Ceuta. Dom Enrique was appointed Regidor of the Knights of Christ (an order instituted in Portugal following the suppression of the Templars).;;;;;;;;;;8520 EVENTHIST179700;In the end of the 15th century the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation was far from being an effective state; while strong national Kingdoms had formed in France, England, Spain and almost all other European nations, it had remained a medieval anachronism, a body composed of independent princes, cities, bishoprics and republics unable to act as one. Feuds had become a plague everywhere, despite several attempts to prevent them by issuing public peaces for certain territories or certain times. The need for a reform was obvious, and acknowledged by a strong movement for imperial reform that emerged in the late 1480s. However, such a reform was hindered by conflicting ideas on what state should be the outcome of the reform. One group, consisting of the Emperor and his allies among the imperial cities and the weaker princes of the realm, supported reforms that would enable the Emperor to exploit Germany's considerable resources more effectively than in the past. In order to accomplish that, they demanded major innovations such as a regular system of imperial taxation and a regular administration of Germany in absentia by an imperial governing council that was to be kept under the Emperor's control. What they wanted was a stronger authority of the Emperor and an effective national kingdom. This was opposed by those who would lose ground by such a reform, the powerful princes, led by the German Archchancellor, Archbishop-Elector Berthold von Henneberg of Mainz. The faction of the princes wanted a more clearly federal structure that would give their autonomy a legal base and increase their rights to participate in ruling the Empire. The Emperor eventually had to seek a compromise that was strongly in favour of the princes in order to get the urgently needed reforms to stop private wars done. Thus several reforms, including the Perpetual Peace which outlawed feuding in the whole Empire forever, the establishment of the Imperial Chamber Court, a tribunal financed and factually controlled by the princes that was to arbitrate conflict between members of the Empire, the creation of Imperial Circles, regional districts that had the tasks to enforce Imperial Chamber Court decisions, to control minting and to assemble and maintain contingents for the Imperial Army , and the introduction of the Common Penny, a direct, universal property and poll tax that was supposed to finance the defence of the Emperor and the Chamber Court, were passed by an Imperial Diet at Worms in 1495. Our excellent diplomatic position within the Empire, especially the certain support of a great majority within the council of electors, would allow us to push more extensive reforms that could ensure a more effective administration and could turn Germany into a powerful national kingdom; this would surely meet resistance within the Empire and among the neighbouring countries that would feel threatened by such a state.;;;;;;;;;;8521 EVENTHIST179202;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible. Hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia, married to the oldest sister Marie-Eleonore, had no male heir himself and ceded his claim to the husband of his daughter Anna, Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg. This claim was questioned by the husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm. The Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony considered themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, declared both female succession and the treaties invalid and was about to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief. Imperial troops have succeeded in enforcing this plan and we are now in possession of the Duchies.;;;;;;;;;;8521 EVENTHIST179110;Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, was the nemesis of Emperor Friedrich V. They both claimed the Hungarian and Bohemian throne, they mistrusted each other, they both were eager to dominate southeastern Europe - thus saw each other as their greatest obstacle - and they were contrary characters, Friedrich patient, contemplative, fatalistic and sometimes phlegmatic, Matthias determined, ambitious and aggressive. Thus the peace concluded between Poland, Bohemia and Hungary in 1477 did not include Friedrich. The rivalry between the two, before sparked by Friedrich suspecting Matthias of secretly allowing the Ottomans to invade Austria through Hungary and supporting Wladislas Jagiello as King of Bohemia against the claims of Matthias, deteriorated into a personal feud. On the battlefield, Matthias Corvinus got the upper hand, swiftly defeated Friedrich even after he had gathered an Imperial army and invaded his hereditary lands. Within 5 years Matthias army reduced Frederick's strongholds one by one. The Emperor was deeply humiliated and his defeat evident in 1485 when Hungarian armies captured Vienna and he had to flee to Linz. In the last years of his life he was deeply depressive due to this shame. Vienna was only recaptured by his son Maximilian.;;;;;;;;;;8522 EVENTHIST179104;Elizabeth of Luxemburg, the mother of Ladislaus Postumus, who had tried to secure the Hungarian throne for her son against Wladislaw Jagiello, died on December 13th 1443. With Emperor Friedrich V lacking the energy and ability to continue the efforts for the crown of St. Stephen, the Pope encouraging a settlement that would allow for a Hungarian crusadeagainst the Ottomans and fortune in battle against the supporters of Ladislaus, the succession conflict in Hungarian was practically ended by this. For the moment, the Hapsburgs gave up their claim on Hungary.;;;;;;;;;;8523 EVENTHIST179102;In 1439 Albrecht of Hapsburg, King of Hungary, fell ill, probably of cholera, while campaigning against the Ottomans. Within one month he died, leaving two minor daughters and his pregnant wife Elizabeth. For the case of the unborn child being male, Albrecht declared that his son would be his successor in all his fiefs just before his death. Based on thiswill, Elizabeth attempted to get the Parliament to appoint her Queen Regent for her unborn baby. Still feeling menaced by the Ottomans, a majority of the Diet consisting mostly of the middle and lower nobility however did not want to trust the country's fortune upon a woman and an unborn child and, led by the Transylvanian noble Janos Hunyadi, desired an adult King with a decent powerbase instead. It was Hunyadi who proposed the most obvious choice, Wladislaw of Jagiello, King of the other big christian Kingdom in East Europe, Poland. Initially with the consent of Elizabeth, deputies of the Diet approached the nineteen-year-old Wladislaw in Krakow and offered him the Hungarian crown. Meanwhile, Elizabeth gave birth to a son, the male heir Albrecht and she had hoped for, and called him Ladislaus. Since then, she was determined to secure the throne for her child and thus withdrew her approval of the offer to the Polish King. Acknowledging Albrecht's will, the Hungarian Diet has followed her wish and terminated the negotiations with Wladislaw. Ladislaus Postumus, as he is called since he was born after his father's death, will be crowned King of Hungary in Stuhlweißenburg. Now it's upon Hapsburg to defend Europe against the Ottoman threat.;;;;;;;;;;8524 EVENTHIST17440;In 1806 the male line of the Este family of Modena failed. The daughter of the last Este Duke of Modena was married to the son of Franz I of Austria, and became Duke of Modena. Modena was now firmly tied to Austrian interests.;;;;;;;;;;8525 EVENTHIST17439;Francesco IV was the son of the Emperor Franz I - as the husband of Maria d'Este he achieved the title of Duke of Modena when her father Ercole III died in 1806. Under his reign Modena became more firmly attached to the Habsburg dynasty then ever.;;;;;;;;;;8526 EVENTHIST17438;The Papal States had expanded agressively in the early 17th century, invading a siezing Ferrara when the legitimate branch if the Este dynsty died out in 1598, and absorbing Urbino when it's ruling family died out in 1631. Furthermore the pope insisted on papal primacy, which meant that every bishop in northern Italy behaved as a petty tyrant in his relations with the ruling prince. When Urban VIII siezed the Duchy of Castro from the Farnese of Parma as collatoral for loans the Duke of Parma sought aid in opposing the Pope. Venice was concerned about papal efforts to expand the trade and fortifications of Commachio on the Venetian border and attempt to set up Ancona as a competing trade centre on the Adriatic, and joined the war against the Pope. None of the states were able to recruit enough men to force the fortifications in Italy, and the last intra-Italian war ended in a stalemate.;;;;;;;;;;8527 EVENTHIST17437;The Papal States had expanded agressively in the early 17th century, invading a siezing Ferrara when the legitimate branch if the Este dynsty died out in 1598, and absorbing Urbino when it's ruling family died out in 1631, bypassing the daughter of the last Duke who was married to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Furthermore the pope insisted on papal primacy, which meant that every bishop in northern Italy behaved as a petty tyrant in his relations with the ruling prince. When Urban VIII siezed the Duchy of Castro from the Farnese of Parma as collatoral for loans the Duke of Parma sought aid in opposing the Pope. With papal power expanding on the borders of Tuscany, Tuscany joined the war against the Pope. None of the states were able to recruit enough men to force the fortifications in Italy, and the last intra-Italian war ended in a stalemate.;;;;;;;;;;8528 EVENTHIST17436;The Papal States had expanded agressively in the early 17th century, invading a siezing Ferrara when the legitimate branch if the Este dynsty died out in 1598, and absorbing Urbino when it's ruling family died out in 1631. Furthermore the Pope insisted on papal primacy, which meant that every bishop in northern Italy behaved as a petty tyrant in his relations with the ruling prince. When Urban VIII siezed the Duchy of Castro from the Farnese of Parma as collatoral for loans the Duke of Parma sought aid in opposing the Pope. Modena hoped to reclaim Comacchio from the Papal States and joined the war. None of the states were able to recruit enough men to force the fortifications in Italy, and the last intra-Italian war ended in a stalemate.;;;;;;;;;;8529 EVENTHIST17435;In 1598 the legitimate line of the Este family died out. Duke Alfonso II willed his realm to his illegitimate son Cesare. While Emperor Rudolf II, as liege of Modena, was willing to accept Cesare's sucession to that Duchy, Pope Clement VIII refused to accept his claims to the duchy of Ferrara, which was held in fief from the papacy. Ferrara was incorporated into the Papal states, and the court of the Este moved from Ferrara to Modena. While this court was no longer at the apex of culture, as it had been during the Rennaisance, Modena benefited from the cultivation of arts and letters that did take place.;;;;;;;;;;8530 EVENTHIST17434;The emperor formalized the rule of the Este in Modena by granting Borso the title of Duke of Modena and Reggio.;;;;;;;;;;8531 EVENTHIST17433;In the confused international situation following the overthrow of James II, France pressured Savoy to turn over several important fortresses. Rather than accept subordination to the French they abandoned their French alliance and joined the English alliance.;;;;;;;;;;8532 EVENTHIST17432;Savoy has defied French pressure and refused to expel protestants from it's territory. They need our aid to resist the French.;;;;;;;;;;8533 EVENTHIST17431;Under pressure from the protestant powers, who are encouraged by their success in England, Savoy has accepted the protection of France and turned over important fortresses to our troops...;;;;;;;;;;8534 EVENTHIST17430;Savoy has reneged on their alliance with us and allowed the protestants to return. They have accepted subsidies for the Dutch and English to resettle French exiles in their territory.;;;;;;;;;;8535 EVENTHIST17429;After the expulsion of the protestants from France, the king insisted that Savoy expel their co-religionists from his territory. After much procrastination, they have refused to expel our enemies.;;;;;;;;;;8536 EVENTHIST17428;After the expulsion of the protestants from France, the king insisted that Savoy expel their co-religionists from his territory. They have complied with our request and joined our alliance.;;;;;;;;;;8537 EVENTHIST17427;In 1573 Savoy established the Order of the Knights of Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro, in emulation of the success of the Knights of St. John in Malta. The knights maintained a handful of galleys, in principle to protect the Savoyard coast from Turkish raiders. As the Savoyard coast was very small, in practice they rented their services to Spain and engaged in piracy against both Muslim merchants and the occasional Venetian merchants.;;;;;;;;;;8538 EVENTHIST17426;The mainland has been freed from foreign domination and belongs to us once again. Shall we move the government to Torino?;;;;;;;;;;8539 EVENTHIST17425;Our capital has fallen to our enemies. Should we move the government to Sicily?;;;;;;;;;;8540 EVENTHIST17424;Our capital has fallen to our enemies. Should we move the government to Sardinia?;;;;;;;;;;8541 EVENTHIST17423;With the acquisition of the island of Sicily the Dukes of Savoy achieved a longstanding goal: the right to be called 'King'. This dramatically enhanced the diplomatic standing of their state.;;;;;;;;;;8542 EVENTHIST17422;With the acquisition of the island of Sardinia the Dukes of Savoy achieved a longstanding goal: the right to be called 'King'. This dramatically enhanced the diplomatic standing of their state.;;;;;;;;;;8543 EVENTHIST17421;In the summer of 1689, taking advantage of the crisis in Britain and with the support of Dutch and English protestants Henri Arnaud led a group of Vaudois exiles from Switzerland into Savoy. They fought their way back to their valleys. Victor Amadeus called for support from the French and mobilized his forces to expel the Vaudois, while the protestant powers prepared an expedition to support them, and raise the Huguenots in France. Faced with this threat to his state, and the French demand that he hand over several important fortresses, Victor Amadeus abandoned his alliance with France and went to war as an ally of England and Holland. In return for their support Savoy agreed to give full toleration to the Vaudois, and and to allow them to accept protestant refugees. The Vaudois returned from Switzerland, and made up an important part of Savoy's armies in the wars that followed.;;;;;;;;;;8544 EVENTHIST17420;The Vaudois were an small religious group whose origins stretch back to the teachings of a Peter Waldo in the late 12th century. They were declared heretical in 1184. Most were killed or converted in the persecution that followed, but strong communities persisted in the valleys between the Dauphine and Piemonte. In 1532 their leaders met with representatives of Jean Calvin from Geneva and their faith was reconciled with Calvinism. In France they participated in the Huguenot 'state within a state', and contacts with their co-religionists in Piemonte were strong. When Louis XIV expelled the Protestants from France, many sought refuge with the Piemontese Vaudois just across the French border. Louis demanded that Savoy expel the Vaudois, and Victor Amadeus II reluctantly complied. The Vaudois under Henri Arnaud went to Switzerland, but never forgot the valleys they that had inhabited for 500 years. Many of their children were distributed among catholic households and institutions to be brought up as catholics.;;;;;;;;;;8545 EVENTHIST17419;Upon his ascension Charles Emmanuel III oversaw the finalization of a land register enumerating all the property in the state. This survey was the first of its kind in Europe. It ended manorial and clerical privileges, and allowed Charles Emmanuel to build a very effective bureaucracy to administer his father's reforms. Savoy was the model of the 'well-administered state', and tax revenues soared. During his reign Savoy had the most effective army it would have until the mid-19th century, winning notable successes in the Polish War of Succession and the Austrian War of Succession.;;;;;;;;;;8546 EVENTHIST17418;After the War of Spanish Succession Victor Amadeus overhauled the administration of the Savoyard state along absolutist lines. He centralized power in Turin, reduced the independence of the judiciary, established a diplomatic network of embassies in major capitals, created a navy and a militia and placed the states finances on a more solid basis. These reforms laid the foundation from which the further expansion of Savoy in the eighteenth century.;;;;;;;;;;8547 EVENTHIST17417;Emmanuel Philibert succeeded to the Ducal throne while all his territories were under French occupation. He served as a general in the Emperor's army with great success and his territories were returned to him at the peace. He consolidated his power and swept away many of the traditional governing structures of the state.;;;;;;;;;;8548 EVENTHIST17416;The regency of Charles Emmanuel II was in the hands of his mother. Despite her French origins she resisted French attempts to determine policy for Savoy. However, her brothers-in-law sought the help of Spain to oust her from the regency and she was forced to accept French aid in the civil wars that followed.;;;;;;;;;;8549 EVENTHIST17415;In 1602 Charles Emmanuel I attempted to recover the city of Genva for Savoy by guile. Secretly, overnight, in the depth of winter, he tried to infiltrate an army into the city. The Genvan citizens woke after the main gate had already been seized, but managed to fight off the attackers. The attack is re-enacted annually by the citizens of Geneva to this day. The attack on one of the centers of Calvinism aroused suspicions in the protestant world, but all evidence suggests that it was made for dynastic rather then ecumenical reasons.;;;;;;;;;;8550 EVENTHIST17414;With the turmoil in Italy Savoy was powerless to prevent Geneva from declaring it's independence and making it effective.;;;;;;;;;;8551 EVENTHIST17413;Between 1475 and 1536, Savoy was caught in the middle of the turmoil of the Italian Wars During much of this period the Swiss infantry was pre-eminent, and the Swiss used their power to expand their confederation, taking the Valais and Vaud from Savoy.;;;;;;;;;;8552 EVENTHIST17412;In 1472 Duke Philibert was a minor when his mother and regent died. This led to civil war between his Phillipe de Bresse and other hopeful regents supported by another uncle, Louis XI of France.;;;;;;;;;;8553 EVENTHIST17411;In 1438 Pope Eugenius IV broke with the Council of Basel over negotiations with the Orthodox Church. The pope called a new Council in Florence, while the council of Basel elected Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy pope even though he had never been ordained. He was recognized by very few states and his reign represented the last councilar challenge to papal supremacy in the Catholic church.;;;;;;;;;;8554 EVENTHIST17410;In 1430 Amadeus VIII promulgated a general statute of laws for the entire duchy of Savoy that enforced a uniform code over the stenuous opposition of the towns and nobles.;;;;;;;;;;8555 EVENTHIST17409;Savoy was thrown into chaos when the French invaded Italy, as the Duke, Charles II was a minor. Different factions sought and received some support from the French, and from the Imperial and Spanish troops who tried to drive the French from Italy. In the anarchy that ensued Savoy drifted into the French orbit.;;;;;;;;;;8556 EVENTHIST17408;In 1527, the mercenary army of Charles V, angry for lack of pay, sacked the city of Rome. Although the exact role of the emperor in this act is unclear, it hurt his standing internationally, and caused something of a domestic crisis. It was one of the motivations for the alliance between England and France in 1527, and for the war with those countries that followed.;;;;;;;;;;8557 EVENTHIST17406;In 1527, the mercenary army of Charles V, angry for lack of pay, sacked the city of Rome.;;;;;;;;;;8558 EVENTHIST17405;Callixtus III was soon known to be politically ruthless and greedy (survival traits in Italian politics). In an effort to organize a Crusade to liberate Constantinople from the Turks, he resorted to selling indulgences, cardinalates, annulments, grants of papal terretory, works of art, and even valuable books. These methods, together with the imposition of heavy taxes made him unpopular both at home and abroad. It was apparent that enthusiasm for participation in a Crusade was not high among the Christian Princes of Europe.;;;;;;;;;;8559 EVENTHIST17404;In August 1503, Alexander VI and his son both fell ill. Alexander and Cesare had dined with Cardinal Adrian Corneto at the latter's villa. It had long been believed that the Borgia intended to make Corneto their next victim. Corneto swithed a cup with the Borgias that he believed had been poisoned. Cesare recovered from his illness, while Alexander died at 77. Alexander was succeded briefly by Pius III. Pius quicky died, then the bitter enemy of the Borgias, Giulano della Rovere ascended the throne of St. Peter as Julius II. Julius was first and foremost a warrior who personally led the Papal armies. Paradoxically, he completed the work of the Borgias by bringing Papal territories firmly under the influence of Rome. He was in addition a patron of the arts (Raphael, Michaelangelo, and Bramante enjoyed his patronage). Julius also made efforts to suppress the corruption, simony, and nepotism which had run rampant in Rome.;;;;;;;;;;8560 EVENTHIST17403;Cesare Borgia, the Duke of Valentino, has been betrayed by some of his captains. They formed a conspiracy to foment rebellions which Borgia countered by hiring French mercenaries. Following negotiation, the captains, Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, the Duke of Gravino, and Paolo Orsini have agreed to serve the Borgias again and will meet Cesare at Senigallia.;;;;;;;;;;8561 EVENTHIST17402;Proclaimed by Alexander VI. The Jubilee was celebrated with great pomp the blowing of trumpets. In the Bull of Proclamation, the Pope indicated (as Boniface VIII had already done) that all Romans had to make 30 visits to the 4 basilicas and foreigners 15 visits as necessary for obtaining the indulgence. The penitentiaries of St Peter had the faculties to reduce the visits to 7 and 5 respectively. Participating in the Jubilee was Nicholas Copernicus. 1500 also marked a year of war for the Papacy. Alexander VI's son, Cesare Borgia, syled the Duke of Valentino, is bent on consolidating his power within the Papal domains, but is opposed by powerful families led by the Colonesi.;;;;;;;;;;8562 EVENTHIST17401;Lucrezia was the daughter of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and his mistress, Vannozza de Cattanei. The name Lucrezia Borgia conjures visions of a beautiful, heartless, rapacious, carnal, treacherous femme fatale, who easily discarded husbands and lovers, and delighted in poisonings, stabbings, and garrottings along with her evil brother Cesare. While possibly the victim of anti-Borgia propaganda, it is certain the she was a gifted administrator who ably assisted the government of Alexander, her father, as well that of her various husbands. Later in life, she was known as an able administrator and charitable patron of the arts and the poor. To whom shall we betroth our lovely Daughter of Christ?;;;;;;;;;;8563 EVENTHIST17400;The second Borgia Pope, Rodrigo, was the nephew of Callixtus III, and assumed the Pontificate under the name of Alexander VI. He had employed bribery to purchase votes, a practice known as simony, and not uncommon at the time. Alexander VI was famed for his pursuit of gold and women. He had fathered seven children, one of whom, the condottiere Cesare, was elevated to the status of Captian-General of the Papal armies, while another son, Jofre, was married into the Aragonese royal family. Alexander was a ruthless, yet gifted ruler whose goal was the complete subjugation of the Papal state by whatever means necessary, including murder. The power of the Papacy hitherto has been restrained by two Roman baronial factions, the Orsini and Colonna. How shall we approach this problem?;;;;;;;;;;8564 EVENTHIST17399;Proclaimed by Clement XIV who died on Sep 22nd 1774. He organised the Missions in the 4 piazzas of Rome and wanted to personally help in it. Before his death he was obliged to suppress the Company of Jesus much to his relutance (1773). The suppression was required to keep the unity of the Church during the reactionary events that overtook society. The Jubilee was celebrated in subdued tones by Pius VI who was elected on Feb 15th 1775. About 300,000 pilgrims were at the Jubilee. Holy Thursday saw a procession of 100 oriental bishops in their splendid vestments. Numbered among the pilgrims was Maximillian of Austria. Confessors were authorised to grant dispensation to pilgrims regarding the visits to the 4 basilicas in particular cases.;;;;;;;;;;8565 EVENTHIST17398;Proclaimed by Benedict XIV (1740-1758) who issued many documents. The Holy Year Bull was entitled 'Peregrinantes a Domino'. The Holy Year was preached by St Leonard of Port Maurice in the piazzas of Rome. The Pope even insituted the Way of the Cross in the Coloseum. He was the first to prescribe Communion as well as Confession for obtaining the indulgence. Over a million people gathered in Rome including some 200,000 Armenians and 2 bishops.;;;;;;;;;;8566 EVENTHIST17397;Proclaimed by Benedict XIII, an austere dominican who would kneel when writing to his Superior General. The Pope wanted an austere Jubilee without the usual illuminations and pageantry. During the Holy Year, a council of italian bishops was called at St John Lateran to legislate matters on discipline and catechetics. Clerics were prohibited from wearing wigs and playing the lottery. The Congregation of Mercedaraians managed to collect sufficient money to redeem 3,710 slaves who arrived in Rome from Tunisia. They were blessed by the Pope and each received a medal and a sum of money. For the first time a trained horse was given to the Pope by the King of Naples in the Piazza Santi Apostoli. 10 saints were canonised among whom were St Pellegrino Laziosi, St John of the Cross, St Louis Gonzaga, St Stanislaus Kostka, St John Nepomuceno.;;;;;;;;;;8567 EVENTHIST17396;Proclaimed by Innocent XII, but closed by Clement XI because the Pope died on Sep 27th, 1700, and his successor was elected only on Nov 9th, 1700. This Jubilee saw 2 Popes just like the 3rd (1390) and the 10th (1550). It was an austere Jubilee without revelry. Innocent was a very pious Pope who condemned nepotism explicitly. He created the Congregation for Religious and condemned Jansenism. He died a saintly man. Participating in the Jubilee were Queen Maria Casimir of Poland with two sons, visiting the basilicas barefooted. The Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosmos III came and was made a canon of St Peter's. Once again the Tibur overflowed and St Paul's basilica could be reached only by boat.;;;;;;;;;;8568 EVENTHIST17395;Proclaimed by Clement X, it was a Jubilee full of pomp and participated by 1,400,000 persons. The Holy Gate was opened with the firing of guns and fire-crackers to the sound of trumpets, drums and bells. There were performances and public ceremonies on a grand scale. The Pope beatified John of the Cross and Francis Solanus. Queen Christina of Sweden came to participate.;;;;;;;;;;8569 EVENTHIST17394;Proclaimed by Innocent X. For the first time the Dome of St Peter's was illuminated. Participants included Princess Maria of Savoy, the Duke of Mirandola and the Prince of Nurmberg.;;;;;;;;;;8570 EVENTHIST17393;Proclaimed by Urban VIII, the Pope who founded Propaganda Fide and consecrated St Peter's Basilica after its reconstruction. The Pope conferred on the cardinals the title of Eminence and Prince of the Church. In Rome that year the plague struck and claimed many pilgrims. The Tibur again burst its banks so that the Pope had to substitute the Basilica of St Paul for St Mary in Trastevere where the Holy Door was opened. The first capuchin saint Felix of Cantalice was canonised.;;;;;;;;;;8571 EVENTHIST17392;Proclaimed by Clement VIII. It opened on Dec 31st 1599 due to the illness of the Pope and closed on Jan 13th 1601. The Masons spoke of 3 million pilgrims. It was a most solemn year celebrated by many confraternities. The Pope paid 70 visits to the basilicas and fasted on bread and water every Wedneday and Saturday. He took upon himself to wash the feet of pilgrims in the hospices and served them at the table. For many hours he would listen to confessions in St Peter's. Meanwhile St Camillus of Lellis started the Hospital of St Mary Magdalene to care for sick pilgrims. Peoples from all Europe came to Rome during that year. St Robert Bellarmine was actively involved.;;;;;;;;;;8572 EVENTHIST17391;Proclaimed by Gregory XIII who undertook to reform the calender (henceforth called the Gregorian calender). This Pope founded the Roman College, later called the Gregorian University (1572) and many other roman colleges. He instituted the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary for the Battle of Lepanto. Among the pilgrims were Cardinal St Charles Borromeo, St Felix of Cantalice, St Gaetano Thiene and the poet Torqueto Tasso who alluded to it in 'Jerusalem Freed' (canto XI).;;;;;;;;;;8573 EVENTHIST17390;Proclaimed by Paul III who died on Nov 10th 1549. The Jubilee was celebrated by Julius III (It was also a Jubilee of 2 Popes just like in 1390). Among the participants were Francis Borgia, the Armenian Patriarch Stephen, Michelangelo Bonarroti, Giorgio Vasari, St Ignatius of Loyola, St Phillip Neri who welcomed poor pilgrims to the Archconfraternity of the Most Holy Trinity where meals were offered to 800 pilgrims everyday.;;;;;;;;;;8574 EVENTHIST17389;Proclaimed by Sixtus IV who brought back the Jubilee to a 25 year cycle. In the Bull of Proclamation, the Jubilee was called for the first time 'Holy Year'. All other indulgences were suspended for this occassion. For the first time the Papal Bull was printed, a system which Guttenburg created in 1469 by inventing the movable type. The Pope had frescoes painted on the walls of the Sistine Chapel by Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Cosimo Rosselli and Pietro Perugino. The Tibur overflowed its banks and the basilica of St Paul could be reached only by boat.;;;;;;;;;;8575 EVENTHIST17388;Proclaimed by Nicholas V, who brought back the Jubilee to the 50 year cycle. There was a great flow of pilgrims but in summer a plague claimed many victims. When it abated, the number of pilgrims increased again. Among them were St Rita of Cascia, St John Capistran, St Catherine of Bologna, King Ferdinand of Naples, Queen Carlotta of Cyprus, Blessed Angelico who painted some papal rooms for that occassion. The Vatican Library was founded on the offerings of the pilgrims. St Bernardine of Siena was canonised. The visits to the basilicas were reduced to 3 days.;;;;;;;;;;8576 EVENTHIST17387;The series of Jubilees celibrated in Rome by the Catholic Church was not initiated by the Pope or the Roman Curia, but by 'the people'. On Christmas night of 1299 Pilgrims and the citizens of Rome gathered in St Peter's Basilica, they were convinced that the church ought to grant something special at the beginning of 1300. Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed a Holy Year, which involved pilgrimages to the Basilicas of St Peter and St Paul and the granting of indulgences. The Jubilee of 1423 was proclaimed by Martin V to celebrate the end of the Schism when the Anit-Popes John XXIII & Benedict XIII were deposed by the council of Constance. The basilica of St John Lateran was opened for the first time.;;;;;;;;;;8577 EVENTHIST17386;In 1498 Louis XII of France asserted his claim to Milan. Pope Alexander VI supported his claim to gain French assistance for his own territorial claims.;;;;;;;;;;8578 EVENTHIST17385;In 1455, Alfonso de Borya (Borgia to the Italians), Bishop of Valencia, assumed the throne of St. Peter as Callixtus III. As a Bishop, he had been instrumental in healing the great schism in the church by persuading the French anti-Pope, Clement VIII to submit to the authority of Martin V. Callixtus III was a compromise candidate between two rival factions, and soon after assuming power he elevated his nephew, Rodrigo Borgia, to a cardinal. Currently, there is a dramatic change in attitudes regarding Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. There is a popular call to annul her sentence and absolve her of heresy.;;;;;;;;;;8579 EVENTHIST17384;Alessandro wore out his welcome quite quickly. He smashed the cities great bell to symbolize the end of the republic, impounded all weapons in the city, and built a citadel to secure his control of the city. With his cousin Lorenzaccio he spent his evenings with drinks and prostitutes. However, Lorenzaccio had set his mind to emulating Brutus. By suggesting to Alessandro that sleeping with a cousin of his would demonstrate that he was a great seducer, Lorenzaccio enticed Alessandro to a bedroom where he stabbed him through the stomach. His fame assured Lorenzaccio then fled Florence. In the city the council met, and ultimately invited Cosimo de' Medici a great grandson of Lorenzo il Magnifico to rule Florence.;;;;;;;;;;8580 EVENTHIST17383;When Pope Clement VII died he was succeeded in the rule of Florence by Alessandro de' Medici, who was created Duke of Tuscany by the Emperor before the death of the Pope.;;;;;;;;;;8581 EVENTHIST17382;After the fall of Rome the pope was able to reconcile with the Emperor and engage an army to restore the Medici to Florence. With Michelangelo in charge of the defensive works, the city was besieged. It held out from October 1529 to August 1530 while Florentine troops tried to lift the siege. After the battle of Gavinana, in which the Florentine army was destroyed, the city could hold out no longer. Alessandro de' Medici was accepted back into Florence, and the emperor made him Duke.;;;;;;;;;;8582 EVENTHIST17381;After the sack of Rome by Charles V troops in 1527 Pope Clement VII was trapped in a castle outside Rome. Discontent in Florence became very serious and there was rioting. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;8583 EVENTHIST17380;King Louis XII of France has sponsored a schismatic council to oppose the Papacy in the Tuscan city of Pisa, since this has brought upon the Florentines the rage of the warrior Pope Julius II, they responding by sending Niccolo Machiavelli to Pisa to dissolve our council and thwart our plans. How shall we react?;;;;;;;;;;8584 EVENTHIST17379;King Louis XII of France has sponsored a schismatic council to oppose the Papacy in the Tuscan city of Pisa. The Florentines have done nothing to oppose this council of heretics. Shall we unleash fire and sword upon them, the Wrath of God?;;;;;;;;;;8585 EVENTHIST17378;King Louis XII of France has sponsored a schismatic council to oppose the Papacy in the Tuscan city of Pisa, since this has brought upon the Florentines the rage of the warrior Pope Julius II, we must decide quickly how best to act. Do we send Machiavelli as an ambassador to France in an attempt to diplomatically resolve the situation, or do we send him to Pisa to immediately dissolve the schismatic council?;;;;;;;;;;8586 EVENTHIST17377;Piero Soderini had been elected Gonfalonier (chief magistrate) of Florence for life, and Machiavelli was immediately able to win his favor and become indispensable to the new Florentine ruler. The remarkable influence he had over the head of state enabled Machiavelli to realize his military ideas. For centuries the states of Italy had used mercenary troops in their wars, and Machiavelli had seen in practice their lack of discipline, their faithlessness, and their dangerous arrogance. Inspired both by the military enterprises of ancient Rome and by his own observations in France (where he went on a second mission early in 1504) and in the Romagna (where Cesare Borgia had replaced mercenaries with troops levied from his own territory), Machiavelli ardently pursued the idea of giving the Florentine state a militia of its own, recruited from the citizens under its control. Family rivalries, and reluctance of townsmen to arm men from the country districts around Florence may need to be overcome.;;;;;;;;;;8587 EVENTHIST17376;Inspired by the successes of the Knights of St. John in fighting the Turks, Grand Duke Cosimo I set up the order of the Knights of Santo Stefano. Based out of Pisa their role was to serve the Grand Duke when he needed naval support and to defend Tuscan interests in the Mediterranean. They played a role in many of the great conflicts in the Mediterranean against the Ottomans, including the battle of Lepanto (1572) and the siege of Candia (1645-1669). When not at war they engaged in piracy against Turkish, and occasionally Venetian shipping. This was the first naval force Tuscany had ever had, and represented a change in the military stance of the Tuscan state.;;;;;;;;;;8588 EVENTHIST17375;Siena had been taken by Cosimo I in 1559, and by the late 16th century was becoming fully integrated into the Tuscan state. The separation of the components of Tuscany was over and Florentines no longer dominated the administration of the state.;;;;;;;;;;8589 EVENTHIST17373;After the devastation of the Italian wars Grand Duke Cosimo I of Tuscany built a network of modern fortresses to guard all the entrances to Tuscany.;;;;;;;;;;8590 EVENTHIST17372;Pietro Leopoldo was the younger son of Francesco II, and ruled Tuscany from Florence rather than Vienna. He replaced the Germans in the administration with Tuscans, He abolished the tax privileges of the upper classes, and curbed the power of the clergy. He rejected papal interference in Tuscan church affairs, and replaced the standing army with a militia. Upon his ascension to the crown of Austria in 1790 he appointed his younger son as Grand Duke of Tuscany.;;;;;;;;;;8591 EVENTHIST17371;In 1737 Duke Francis of Lorraine relinquished his claim to that Duchy and was made Grand Duke of Tuscany. His wife, Maria Theresa was heir to Austria and all the Habsburg domains. He ruled Tuscany from Vienna and supported his wife's aims with its resources.;;;;;;;;;;8592 EVENTHIST17370;Francesco II became Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1737 in exchange for giving up his Duchy of Lorraine. He was the husband of Maria Theresa, heir to the Habsburg domains, and was elected emperor in 1745. He lived in Vienna, and never visited Florence. Although the country was reasonably well administered under his reign, it was very heavily taxed to support Francesco's court and Austria's wars.;;;;;;;;;;8593 EVENTHIST17368;In 1523 Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, who had been ruling Florence was elected as pope Clement VII. As pope he continued to rule Florence through legates who were resident at the Medici Palazzo in Florence.;;;;;;;;;;8594 EVENTHIST17367;In 1523 Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, who had been ruling Florence, was elected as Pope Clement VII. He sent his illegitimate relatives to be nominal rulers of Florence, but as both were minors he maintained his control of the city through papal legates who were resident in the Medici Palazzo in Florence.;;;;;;;;;;8595 EVENTHIST17366;Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici intrigued continually against the republic of Florence with either France or Spain, whoever he felt could help him return the Medici to power. In the aftermath of the Council of Florence he was able to get support from Spain, and accompanied an army that invaded Tuscany. The Tuscan militia could not stop the advance of this army, and as it neared Florence Giovanni opened negotiations with the city. Piero Soderini offered to step down to allow the Medici to return, but the city refused to accept Medici rule. The cardinal's army captured and pillaged the nearby town of Prato, after which Florence submitted. What should we do?;;;;;;;;;;8596 EVENTHIST17365;In April 1478 at high mass in the cathedral of Florence a conspiracy led by the Pazzi family and supported by the pope attacked Giuliano and Lorenzo de’ Medici as the host was elevated. Giuliano was killed by a mercenary, but the two priests assigned to kill Lorenzo only wounded him in the neck. The conspirators were all killed, along with most of their supporters and suspected supporters. The pope was enraged by the scale of the vengeance wreaked by the Medici’s supporters. Lorenzo’s hold on Florence was greatly consolidated, but she faced war with the pope and his ally, Naples.;;;;;;;;;;8597 EVENTHIST17364;In 1472 a contract was granted to a consortium to mine alum from a cave near the Tuscan town of Volterra. There were strong indications that the grant of the contract may have been corrupt, and magistrates from the town seized the mine. Lorenzo de’ Medici was asked to mediate and rules in favor of the consortium, who immediately seized the mine, causing violent rioting in Volterra and the murder of some of the members of the consortium. Many influential Florentines argued that the Volterrans should be offered lenient terms to defuse the crisis, but Lorenzo felt that they should be taught a lesson. He hired mercenaries, and after a siege of a month the town was plundered in violation of the terms of surrender. This event is still memorialized in Volterre. What terms should be offered to the Volterrans?;;;;;;;;;;8598 EVENTHIST17363;After the exile of the Medici Florence lost it’s main banker and found it increasingly difficult to raise funds. The oligarchic party lost influence and Rinaldo Albizzi lost popularity until the ‘signoria’ summoned him to judgement. Rather than be exiled Rinaldo summoned his guards and attacked city hall. He was beaten off, and then exiled. Cosimo de’ Medici was recalled and was now in complete control of the city, although he maintained republican forms. He introduced the ‘decima scalata’, a progressive income tax to reduce the tax burden of the poor. He patronized Petrarch and Bocaccio, and founded the Platonic Academy in 1440.;;;;;;;;;;8599 EVENTHIST17362;The Albizzi were a family with a long history in Florence and in 1433 they represented the oligarchic faction in the republic. Cosimo de’ Medici was becoming increasingly influencial in the republic’s politics - he was supported by the ‘minuto populo’, the ordinary workers who had no say in the govenrment, and by the lesser guilds. Rumours circulated that Cosimo was plotting to use mercenary troops to set himself up as ruler of Florence. When Rindolfo Albizzi maanged to gain control of the ‘signoria’, the governing council, he used his influence to have Cosimo imprisoned. Rather than executing the Medici, under pressure from the Medici’s debtors and supporters he had the family exiled for ten years, and declared them nobles thereby excluding them from any role in the government of the city forever. Reluctant to act by force and willing to bide his time, Cosimo complied. Should we exile the Medici or overthrow Albizzi’s government.;;;;;;;;;;8600 EVENTHIST17361;Donatello (1386-1466) was trained as a goldsmith, but studied ancient art. His ‘David’ (1430) is one of the most renowned sculptures of the early Renaissance, and the first free standing figure to be cast in bronze since antiquity. His ‘Judith slaying Holofernes’ was dedicated to the Florentine republic.;;;;;;;;;;8601 EVENTHIST17360;In the 1470’s Papal power expanded into many towns that were on the Tuscan border, causing much concern in Florence. Lorenzo de’ Medici, who ran Florence, stopped serving as the Popes banker, and allowed the Popes opponents to raise troops in Tuscany. Florence then refused to accept the papal nominee as archbishop, and organized an alliance between the major powers of Northern Italy - Milan Venice and Florence, that threatened the expansion of papal authority. In early 1477 the pope met with members of the Pazzi family, who proposed to overthrow and replace Lorenzo de’ Medici in Florence. They told the pope that they would have to kill the Medici, and he did not oppose their plan. In April 1478 at high mass in the cathedral of Florence the conspirators attacked Giuliano and Lorenzo de’ Medici as the host was elevated. Giuliano was killed by a mercenary, but the two priests assigned to kill Lorenzo only wounded him in the neck. What should we do about the proposal to kill the Medici?;;;;;;;;;;8602 EVENTHIST17359;In 1552 Siena revolted against Hapsburg occupation as an army of French funded exiles approached. Charles V called on Cosimo I of Tuscany to help him restore order in Siena. Should we call on Tuscany to help us against Siena?;;;;;;;;;;8603 EVENTHIST17358;In 1549 after increasing turmoil in Siena, the Hapsburg representative in Siena, Don Diego di Mendoza decided to build a fortress to ensure Austrian control. This decision was recieved with horror by the Sienese who begged with Charles V not to proceed. He refused, and several Sienese citizens in Rome recieved aid from French agents and collected an army. In 1552, as they marched on Siena the people revolted and threw out the Imperial troops, and an independent Siena took up a pro-French policy. Tuscany and the Austria responded by invaded Siena, and after a year long siege Siena was taken and the Sienese state extinguished. Should we resisit the Austrians, or accept the fortification?;;;;;;;;;;8604 EVENTHIST17357;In 1552 Siena revolted against Spanish occupation as an army of French funded exiles approached. Charles V called on Cosimo I of Tuscany to help him restore order in Siena.;;;;;;;;;;8605 EVENTHIST17356;In 1552 Siena revolted against Spanish occupation as an army of French funded exiles approached. Charles V called on Cosimo I of Tuscany to help him restore order in Siena. Should we call on Tuscany to help us against Siena?;;;;;;;;;;8606 EVENTHIST17355;In 1549 after increasing turmoil in Siena, the Spanish representative in Siena, Don Diego di Mendoza decided to build a fortress to ensure Spanish control. This decision was recieved with horror by the Sienese who begged with Charles V not to proceed. He refused, and several Sienese citizens in Rome recieved aid from French agents and collected an army. In 1552, as they marched on Siena the people revolted and threw out the Spanish troops, and an independent Siena took up a pro-French policy. Tuscany and Spain responded by invaded Siena, and after a year long siege Siena was taken and the Sienese state extinguished. Should we resisit the Spanish, or accept the fortification?;;;;;;;;;;8607 EVENTHIST17354;With the pope interfering in their internal affairs, and a despot just deposed, Siena sought protection from the anarchy of the Italian Wars. In 1524 they requested that Austria protect their republic from external enemies.;;;;;;;;;;8608 EVENTHIST17352;In 1524 Clement VII pushed for Siena to accept Fabio Petrucci as its ruler. The city defied the Papacy and adopted republican forms in an direct challenge to Papal authority in cental Italy.;;;;;;;;;;8609 EVENTHIST17351;With the pope interfering in their internal affairs, and a despot just deposed, Siena sought protection from the anarchy of the Italian Wars. In 1524 they requested that Spain protect their republic from external enemies.;;;;;;;;;;8610 EVENTHIST17350;After the death of Pandolfo Petrucci in 1512, Siena remained under the Petrucci family, but power passed betwen members of the family in bloody fashion. The pope increasingly exerted his influence on the city and the various members of the family to further his goals in Siena. In 1524 the last of the Petrucci was driven from the city by an angry mob and Siena placed itself under the protection of Charles V of Spain. Who should protect us?;;;;;;;;;;8611 EVENTHIST17349;The rioting of 1482 brought a government of the party of the popolani - the party of the artisans, and the exile of many powerful merchants known as the 'noveschi'. However, within 5 years the noveschi had recovered their strength and unity, and in 1487 they returned to Siena and seized power under Pandolfo Petrucci. Without ever taking formal control, Petrucci ruled the city with an iron fist. However he brought good government to Siena and ended the constant feuding between factions. His foreign policy was based on friendship with Florence and France and Siena avoided the worst of the Italian Wars during his lifetime. Who should rule Siena?;;;;;;;;;;8612 EVENTHIST17348;Between June 1482 and February 1483 Siena was torn by serious factional rioting. This led to yet another change in governement.;;;;;;;;;;8613 EVENTHIST17347;With the death of Pius II all papal influence over Siena was lost. His party's pre-eminence in Sienese policy was shattered, and all nobles were again expelled from any share in government.;;;;;;;;;;8614 EVENTHIST17345;In 1458 a Sienese was elected as pope Pius II. With the stature he achieved by rising to the pontificate he and his partisans were able to assert control over the foreign policy of the Republic. The nobility were allowed to return to the city and given certain rights in the governement.;;;;;;;;;;8615 EVENTHIST17344;Isabella d'Este married Franceso Gonzaga, the Marquis of Mantua in 1490. As a princess of Ferrarra she recieved an extensiive education, and has been called the 'First Lady of the Renaissance'. She patronized great artists, and was painted by Rafael's father, Mantegna, da Vinci, and possibly Titian. She was one one the fashion trend settters in Italy. She administered Mantua very effectively for most of her husbands reign as he was generally absent serving as a Condotteri. She had a large group of beautiful ladies-in-waiting who were often deployed to aid Mantuan diplomacy.;;;;;;;;;;8616 EVENTHIST17343;The Marquis of Mantua, Frederico il Gobbo (the humpback) and his son were nearly poisoned by his brothers Rodolfo and Gian Francesco. The plot was betrayed by another brother, Ludovico, but caused concerns at court. Unusally for a Renaissance Prince, Frederico was inclined to be merciful. The incident was likely the origin of Shakespeare's 'Murder of Gonzaga'.;;;;;;;;;;8617 EVENTHIST17342;Andrea Mantegna was a prolific and admired painter. He is best known for his 'Triumph of Caesar' murals in Mantua. He directed the work of such artsts as Bellini, Rafael, Durer and da Vinci. Though he painted for many Renaissance princes he spent most of his career and produced his most prominent works in Mantua.;;;;;;;;;;8618 EVENTHIST17341;The emperor formalized the rule of the Gonzaga in Mantua by making Gian Francesco, who was Captain of Mantua, the first Marquis of Mantua.;;;;;;;;;;8619 EVENTHIST17340;Ferrante of Guastalla succeeded to the throne of Mantua with Spanish support. Our claims on Montferrat, on behalf of the Duke of Savoy's granddaughter have been ignored. France offers to support our claim.;;;;;;;;;;8620 EVENTHIST17339;Carlo of Nevers succeeded to the throne of Mantua with French support. Our claims on Montferrat, on behalf of the Duke of Savoy's granddaughter have been ignored. Austria offers to support our claim.;;;;;;;;;;8621 EVENTHIST17338;Ferrante, Duke of Guastalla succeeded to the throne of Mantua with Austrian support. The opposing claim of the Duke of Nevers was supported by France, while the Duke of Savoy had dynastic claims against Mantuan territory.;;;;;;;;;;8622 EVENTHIST17337;Despite our protests, Carlo, Duke of Nevers, vassal to France, has succeeded to the throne of Mantua. The Duke of Savoy has dynastic claims on Mantuan territory and is interested in co-operation.;;;;;;;;;;8623 EVENTHIST17336;Ferrante of Guastalla succeeded to the throne of Mantua with Spanish support. Our claims on Montferrat, on behalf of the Duke of Savoy's granddaughter have been ignored. France offers to support our claim.;;;;;;;;;;8624 EVENTHIST17335;Carlo of Nevers succeeded to the throne of Mantua with French support. Our claims on Montferrat, on behalf of the Duke of Savoy's granddaughter have been ignored. Spain offers to support our claim.;;;;;;;;;;8625 EVENTHIST17334;Ferrante, the Duke of Guastalla, succeeded to the throne of Mantua with Spanish support. The opposing claim of the Duke of Nevers was supported by France, while the Duke of Savoy had dynastic claims against Mantuan territory. Spain asked for Austrian assistance in opposng French influence in Italy.;;;;;;;;;;8626 EVENTHIST17333;Despite Spanish protests, Carlo, Duke of Nevers, vassal to France, has succeeded to the throne of Mantua. The Duke of Savoy has dynastic claims on Mantuan territory and is interested in co-operation. Spain asks for our assistance in resisting French influence in Italy.;;;;;;;;;;8627 EVENTHIST17332;Ferrante, Duke of Guastalla succeeded to the throne of Mantua with Spanish support. The opposing claim of the Duke of Nevers was supported by France, while the Duke of Savoy had dynastic claims against Mantuan territory.;;;;;;;;;;8628 EVENTHIST17331;Despite our protests, Carlo, Duke of Nevers, vassal to France, has succeeded to the throne of Mantua. The Duke of Savoy has dynastic claims on Mantuan territory and is interested in co-operation.;;;;;;;;;;8629 EVENTHIST17330;Ferrante, Duke of Guastalla suceeded to the throne of Mantua. The rightful claim of the Duke of Nevers, a vassal of the French throne was denied! Spain and Austria co-operated to try to remove French influence from Italy. The Duke of Savoy had dynastic claims against Mantua and was ammenable to co-operation against Mantua.;;;;;;;;;;8630 EVENTHIST17329;Carlo, the French Duke of Nevers succeeded to the throne of Mantua. The opposing claim of the Duke of Guastalla was supported by Spain and Austria, while the Duke of Savoy had dynastic claims against Mantuan territory.;;;;;;;;;;8631 EVENTHIST17328;Duke Vicenzo II has died without heirs. There are two relatives with a claim the throne. They are the dukes first cousin, Carlo, Duke of Nevers, a great lord of France, and the dukes second cousin, Ferrante, Duke of Guastalla who is duke of a small territory in Italy. Each candidate has powerful backers - Carlo is supported by France and Ferrante is supported by Austria. My lord, who should succeed to the throne?;;;;;;;;;;8632 EVENTHIST17327;Duke Vicenzo II has died without heirs. There are two relatives with a claim the throne. They are the dukes first cousin, Carlo, Duke of Nevers, a great lord of France, and the dukes second cousin, Ferrante, Duke of Guastalla who is duke of a small territory in Italy. Each candidate has powerful backers - Carlo is supported by France and Ferrante is supported by Spain. My lord, who should succeed to the throne?;;;;;;;;;;8633 EVENTHIST17326;Duke Francesco has died leaving only an infant daughter, Maria. This girl is the Duke of Savoy's grandaughter. Mantuan law does not allow female sucession, so Francesco's brother Fernando has succeeded to the Mantuan throne. However, female sucession is allowed by the laws of Montferrat, so Maria is the legal heir to that territory. Mantua has agreed that the son of the Savoyard heir will wed Maria and inherit Montferrat. We can incorporate this territory into our state!;;;;;;;;;;8634 EVENTHIST17325;Duke Francesco has died leaving only an infant daughter, Maria. This girl is the Duke of Savoy's grandaughter. Mantuan law does not allow female sucession, so Francesco's brother Fernando has succeeded to the Mantuan throne. However, female sucession is allowed by the laws of Montferrat, so Maria is the legal heir to that territory. Her rights have been ignored by Mantua.;;;;;;;;;;8635 EVENTHIST17324;Duke Francesco has died leaving only an infant daughter, Maria. Mantuan law does not allow female sucession, so Francesco's brother Fernando has succeeded to the Mantuan throne. However, female sucession is allowed by the laws of Montferrat, and the Duke of Savoy, Maria's grandfather asserts her right to rule that territory. What should we do about Montferrat?;;;;;;;;;;8636 EVENTHIST17323;After 22 years of hard work, the Reggia (Royal Palace) is completed! Now we are more important and our court is a beacon of Enlightment!;;;;;;;;;;8637 EVENTHIST17322;Carlo VII, king of Naples and son of Felipe V of Spain, wanted a palace like Versailles. It was commissioned to Luigi Vanvitelli (1700-1773). His project was grandiose: it comprehended not only the palace itself (247 m x 184 m = 270 yards x 201 yards), but also a place, a vast park (120 hectares = 296.5 acres), a new urbanistic plan for Caserta and an aqueduct. The Reggia (Royal Palace) was very expensive, expecially for a small state like Naples, but when it was completed in 1774 it gave more prestige and cultural importance to the Kingdom of Naples.;;;;;;;;;;8638 EVENTHIST17321;In 1562 Duke Emanuele Filiberto decided to move capital from Chambéry to Torino because he wanted to expand his Duchy in Italy and also gain more independence from France. Torino was fortified and became a larger and richer city.;;;;;;;;;;8639 EVENTHIST17320;After the failure of the Pazzi conspiracy and the ensuing war, Lorenzo de’ Medici, the Magnificent (1469-1492) steered Florence’s foreign policy towards peaceful reconciliation and a balance of power between the major Italian powers (Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples and the Papacy). This policy meant that for the rest of his life Italy was reasonably peaceful and foreign influence was excluded from Italy, and he was known as the ‘needle of the Italian compass’.;;;;;;;;;;8640 EVENTHIST17319;Cosimo de Medici the Elder, also called Pater Patriae (Father of the Fatherland), exercised monarchical powers in an urban regime with republican forms. He patronized Petrarch and Bocaccio, and founded the Platonic Academy in 1440.;;;;;;;;;;8641 EVENTHIST17318;Savonarola made many enemies with his firebrand preaching, not least Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia). After tolerating Savonarolas preaching for several years, Alexander VII excommunicated him, and finally had him hung as a common criminal. We can save this pious man.;;;;;;;;;;8642 EVENTHIST17317;Girolamo Savonarola rose to power in Florence, driving out the despised Piero II de Medici. Savonarola was a Dominican monk, who lead Florence into an age of enforced piety. He oversaw burnings of luxuries, scourging of the wicked and violent denuciations of the excesses of the merchant classes.;;;;;;;;;;8643 EVENTHIST17316;Charles Borromeo (1538-1584) became Archbishop of Milan after his uncle Giovanni Angelo de' Medici became Pope as Pius IV. Charles immediately applied the new policies and doctrines of the Council of Trent to Milan when he was still only 29, making the city just as disciplined as its Calvinist rival, Geneva, just across the Alps. Charles set up a printing press in his own palace to make the new legislation known, and subjected the clergy to rigourous examinations. He reformed the education system of Milan, making it far better than it was before. His reforms, however, conflicted with the secular authourities of Milan, as well as some of the unreformist clergy. He was canonized in 1614.;;;;;;;;;;8644 EVENTHIST17315;The emperor has offered to raise Mantua to the status of a Duchy.;;;;;;;;;;8645 EVENTHIST17314;The emperor refuses to grant Mantua the title of Grand Duchy, however, he has offered to raise Montferrat to the status of a Duchy.;;;;;;;;;;8646 EVENTHIST17313;The illegitimate son of the former Marquis of Montferrat, who is uncle to the Duke of Mantua, has become a symbol for those citizens of Montferrat who are disaffacted with our rule. He is elderly and does not appear to support the Montferrato exiles, but represents a powerful symbol of Montferrat prior to it's incorporation into our realm. We have arrested him, but do not have enough evidence to convict him of treason. Austria and Spain request the we release him. What should we do about the last of the ancient line of the Paleogi, who were once emperors of Byzantium?;;;;;;;;;;8647 EVENTHIST17312;With the end of Mantua as an independent state we can seperate our administration of Montferrat from our administration of Mantua. Should we add Montferrat to Piemonte, or continue to control it through Mantua?;;;;;;;;;;8648 EVENTHIST17311;The Marquis of Montferrat, a nation on the very borders of our homeland has died. Despite our legitimate claims, Mantua has inherited that nation?;;;;;;;;;;8649 EVENTHIST17310;With the death of the last Marquis of the Paleogus family the monarch and his wife have inherited the country of Montferrat. The claims of Savoy have been set aside.;;;;;;;;;;8650 EVENTHIST17309;Maria of Montferrat has died before her uncle. Her mother suggests that the Duke marry the sister of his late wife who is next in line to the throne of Montferrat. Should we set aside our distaste for the mother so that Mantua can inherit Montferrat?;;;;;;;;;;8651 EVENTHIST17308;The Duke's wife, Maria Paleogus of Montferrat has died. We no longer stand to inherit Montferrat. Her mother suggests that the Duke marry Margherita, the sister of his late wife, who is next in line to the throne of Montferrat.;;;;;;;;;;8652 EVENTHIST17307;The Marquis of Montferrat has died. After his elderly uncle, Maria of Montferrat will inherit the country. Should we abandon Frederico's planned marriage with the emperor's aunt, to try to reinstate our marriage with Maria of Montferrat?;;;;;;;;;;8653 EVENTHIST17306;The Holy Roman Emperor offers to raise Mantua to the status of a Duchy if our monarch Frederico will marry the emperors elderly aunt, Giulia of Aragon. Giulia is much older than Frederico.;;;;;;;;;;8654 EVENTHIST17305;Our monarch, Frederico has yet to bring his underage bride, Maria of Montferrat to Mantua. Her mother, the Marquessa, has been implicated in a conspiracy to kill his mistress. Should he have the Pope annul the marriage?;;;;;;;;;;8655 EVENTHIST17304;All witnesses agree that Vincenzo is fully potent and not to be blamed for the infertility of his former wife Elizabeth Farnese.;;;;;;;;;;8656 EVENTHIST17303;Vincenzo did not perform in the presence of all the onlookers. Tuscany has reluctantly agreed to a second test, with another orphan girl. Vincenzo will be able to make 3 attempts, and all the witnesses but one will be behind screens. A doctor will examine Vincenzo during the act.;;;;;;;;;;8657 EVENTHIST17302;The marriage of Vincenzo Gonzaga and Elizabeth Farnese has not been consummated. Her relatives claim that Vincenzo is impotent, the Mantuan court maintains that it is her fault. An alternate marriage with a Tuscan princess has been established, however, the Tuscan court insists that Vincenzo proves his potency. They have arranged a test in which he will have to perform with an orphan girl in the presence of eight women and a set of guards, priests and agents.;;;;;;;;;;8658 EVENTHIST17301;Vincenzo Gonzaga kills Chrichton, a Scotsman, who served as a counselor of his father's. His father, the duke Guglielmo is outraged. Vincenzo apologized to his father, and submitted to a hearing. Rumor has it that he was exonerated because his sword was shorter than Chrichton's, so he couldn't have been responsible. On the other hand, this is also a reference to Vincenzo's fruitless marriage.;;;;;;;;;;8659 EVENTHIST17300;Vincenzo Gonzaga, crown prince of Mantua, marries Elizabeth Farnese daughter of Alexander Farnese, duke of Parma, and a princess of Portugal.;;;;;;;;;;8660 EVENTHIST17030;Goldoni's theatrical works laid the foundation for a truly Italian theatre. He replaced the 'Commedia dell' arte' - improvisational drama, with fully developed characters. Although he was inspired by French theatre he brought a level of realism to his plays that had not been seen before.;;;;;;;;;;8661 EVENTHIST17029;Tintoretto brought the magnificence and creativity of Renaissance culture to Venice.;;;;;;;;;;8662 EVENTHIST17028;In 1510 Venice submitted to the Pope, turning over the territory in the Romagna, admitting papal supremacy in the Venetian church, and compensating him for his expenses. With this victory Pope Julius II became concerned about the power of the French in Northern Italy and began to press claims against Ferrara, a French ally. Ultimately the Pope joined with Venice in opposing France and brought his former allies into the war against France.;;;;;;;;;;8663 EVENTHIST17025;After successfully scolding Venice, Pope Julius II changed his mind: France was the enemy, not Venice. He built a new league, the Holy League, pitting Venice, Spain, and even England against France.;;;;;;;;;;8664 EVENTHIST17024;In 1510 Venice submitted to all of Pope Julius' demands and he was able to consolidate temporal control over the Romagna. He now grew concerned over France's control over Northern Italy and began to assert Papal claims against Ferrara, France's ally. Ultimately he joined the war on Venice's side and brought most of his former allies around to opposing France.;;;;;;;;;;8665 EVENTHIST17020;In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, Spain, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;;;;;;;;;;8666 EVENTHIST17019;In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, Spain, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;;;;;;;;;;8667 EVENTHIST17018;The league of Cambrai was formed by most of Venice's neighbours and led by the Pope. Faced with the collapse of it's strategic position Venice had to offer up the cities it had occupied in the Romagna to the Pope. However, the Pope was not satisfied, and demanded that the war be prosecuted until Venice conceded control over their church to the Pope and compensate him for his expenses.;;;;;;;;;;8668 EVENTHIST17017;Venice, shorn suddenly of her commercial hegemony, bereft of friends or allies, under continual and increasing threat from the Turks in the East and the princes of Europe in the West, it seemed to her that her only long-term hope of survival lay in building up a broad mainland bulwark. Thus, when the dispossessed lords of cities that had fallen to Cesare Borgia sought refuge in Venetian territory, she had immediately offered them sympathy and shelter. And when, seeing Cesare facing a crisis in his fortunes, these nobles made determined and more or less simultaneous bids to reinstate themselves, she gave them her active support - always provided that they would accept her as their overlord and govern in her name. By the end of 1503 the banner of St Mark was already floating over Russi and Forlimpopoli, Rimini, Cervia, and Faenza. - John Norwich, A History of Venice, New York, 1989.;;;;;;;;;;8669 EVENTHIST17016;Having learned from the coin crisis of 1465, the Venetians began minting pure copper coins for everyday use in 1473. The coins were good coinage, that is, they were worth almost exactly what the copper in them was worth. The Venetians were able to do this because new copper mines had opened in the Alps and Carpathians, and Venice was well placed to trade in the metal.;;;;;;;;;;8670 EVENTHIST17015;The only significant sources of silver left operating in Europe in early 1420s were mines at Srebrenica in Bosnia and Novo Brdo in soutern Serbia, and they shipped most of their production through the Venetian ports and fortresses that controlled the coast of Dalmatia, with an average outflow of about 20 tonnes of silver a year. As the Bosnian mines declined in the 1430s, the stage was set for a financial disaster, completed when the Turks overran the Serbian silver mines in 1455, and in 1460 captured the last Bosnian mine. The last Venetian silver grosso was minted in 1462. On 17th March 1464 Venice sent all the city's spare cash with the galleys to trade with Syria, leaving nothing in the city treasury but small and debased coins. The bullion crisis reached a point where trade was strangled. Compounding the problem, a genuine fear that creditors would be unable to find money to pay bills led to a restriction for credit. Such fears were real: several Venetian banks failed, and so did the Strozzi bank of Florence, the second largest in the city. Even the smallest of small change became scarce. But the crisis didn't last long. In the late 1450s, Martin Claus of Gotha solved the problem of the flooded silver mines of Saxony, just as Europe ran out of currency. The old mines quickly re-opened, and new discoveries were made in the Harz Mountains (the Erzgebirge). Thereafter, Saxon and Bohemian mining resumed at full scale from mines such as Kutná Hora, Freiberg, and Rammelsberg, and new mines were opened in other regions: at Schneeberg in Saxony and at Schwats in the Tirol, which was discovered in 1448. New supplies of bullion reached European economies, beginning in the 1460s, but especially in the 1470s and 1480s.;;;;;;;;;;8671 EVENTHIST17013;Angelo Emo was a Venetian admiral who had dedicated his life to the remodelling of the outdated Venetian Navy along Anglo-French lines. His success at reform was indifferent, although he did manage to suppress the activities of the Barbary Corsairs for a time due to his skill in seamanship and knowledge of modern naval tactics.;;;;;;;;;;8672 EVENTHIST17012;Francesco Morosini was Venice's last great warrior-Doge. His campaigns, for a brief time, restored the Republic's self-confidence and splendour. Following his death during the winter of 1694, he was given a tremendous funeral: First at Nauplia, where his heart and viscera were consigned to the church of S. Antonio in Nauplia, and later in Venice at SS. Giovanni e Paolo, whence the body was takento S. Stefano for burial. The Doges palace houses a huge marble triumphal arch, while currently, the Correr Museum houses several paintings of the Doge as well as the embalmed body of his cat, of which he was inordinately fond.;;;;;;;;;;8673 EVENTHIST17011;Government reform was called for by the reformer Renier Zen. Zen employed fiery oratory and railed against corruption and abuses of authority. He was an abrasive, irritating man who was at first exiled, but then recalled to the city after the recognition of his public support.;;;;;;;;;;8674 EVENTHIST170108;Charles IX died in 1574 and was succeeded by his brother, the former duke of Anjou, as Henry III. Unable to solve the intractable problem of the Huguenots by force, the new king tried conciliation by issuing the Edict of Beaulieu, better known as the Peace of Monsieur because contemporaries assumed it had been forced on the king by the duke of Alencon (who, as the king's younger brother, was referred to as Monsieur). For the first time in the religious wars Huguenots were allowed free and public exercise of their religion, and eight fortified towns were placed under Huguenot control. However, the peace caused widespread indignation among Catholics, who viewed it as royal capitulation to the Huguenots. Some of them decided to oppose its implementation and to set up defensive leagues, similar in structure to the Huguenot 'state-within-a-state' in existence since the early 1560s. Instead of peace, Henry's policy led to more warfare, and in place of one grave threat to the French monarchy, created two.;;;;;;;;;;8675 EVENTHIST170104;With the outbreak of open warfare between the factions of Conde and Guise, royal authority in France, already weak in the hands of a boy-king and a foreign widow, all but dissolved. Having been forced into the arms of the Guise faction, Catherine de Medici's reluctant sanction gave the Guise Catholic faction the aura of legitimacy, but for the prince of Conde and his Huguenot followers Catherine's support for Guise relieved them of any moral obligation toward the Crown. The consequence was the virtual secession of Huguenot-controlled territories and prolonged civil war.;;;;;;;;;;8676 EVENTHIST170103;Although the regent Catherine de Medici preferred to pursue a conciliatory policy with the Huguenot Calvinists, even issuing an edict in April 1561 offering them toleration for private religious observances, for many Catholics the Queen-Mother's policy was utterly unacceptable. On March 1 1562, the crisis came to a head. While returning from an embassy in Germany, the duke of Guise and his entourage passed through the village of Vassy. Violence errupted between Guise's men and Huguenots who were at worship there. While the casualties were heavy on both sides, for Huguenots throughout France the 'massacre' was proof of a Catholic conspiracy to destroy them, and within a month the prince of Conde and his Huguenot followers seized Orleans and began to arm themselves, while Guise gathered his own forces and seized Paris. Catherine hoped for a peaceful resolution, and she turned to Conde for protection against a Guise coup d'etat. However, Conde's refusal to come to court, and the violence of the Huguenot insurrection sweeping the kingdom, left her with no alternative but to turn to the duke of Guise.;;;;;;;;;;8677 EVENTHIST170102;While at first the Guises brothers gained control of the government, the Bourbons as princes of the blood had the better claim to direct France’s affairs during the royal minority. Staunch Catholics, the Guises intensified the persecution of Protestants begun during the reign of Henry II. The combination of both grievances produced a Bourbon conspiracy against the Guises. Louis, prince of Conde, the younger brother of Anthony king of Navarre, launched a plan to kidnap Francis II, remove him from the clutches of the Guises, and take vengeance on the upstarts. The attempted coup, launched while the young king was at the royal hunting lodge of Amboise, was foiled: some of the conspirators were killed, and relations between these powerful families, already poisonous, took on the character of a blood-feud. Surprisingly, Catherine de Medici was able to insist on a moderate reaction to the conspiracy, but it is quite possible that a more severe response might have resulted in civil war.;;;;;;;;;;8678 EVENTHIST17010;Don Pedro, Duke of Osuna, and the Spanish ambassador to Venice, the Marquis of Bedmar, conspired to stage a military coup in the city. They recruited Jacque Pierre, a Norman adventurer, corsair, and a brilliant sailor and his well-educated partner Nicolas Regnault. Unfortunately for the conspirators, they attempted to recruit Balthasar Juven, the nephew of the French marshal Lesdiquieres. They were unaware that Juven was a Huguenot, and thus, inclined to oppose any sort of Catholic Spanish aggression. Juven informed the Doge of the plot, and the Council of Ten moved swiftly, executing or quietly liquidating as many as 300 minor participants in the plot.;;;;;;;;;;8679 EVENTHIST17009;Two clerics, Scipio Saraceni and Marcantonio Brandolin were denounced and accused of rape, and murder. The Ten verified the justice of the charges and arrogated to itself the responsibility of trial and punishment. Pope Paul V demanded that the two be handed over to ecclesiastical courts. This matter brought to a head conflict that was already brewing with the church over the right to appoint a Patriach, taxes, and church properties in Venice. The Pope pronounced a sentence of excommunication, and laid an interdict on Venice. Venice turned to Paolo Sarpi, a theologian, expert in canon law, dialectician, scientist, and political philosopher to argue their case. Also, King Henry IV was asked to mediate with the Pope. The Papacy tried to save face, but it was clear that the interdict had failed. Never again would the Pope attempt to interdict a nation, and papal authority over Catholic Europe suffered a blow from which it could never quite recover.;;;;;;;;;;8680 EVENTHIST17008;Bianca Capello, at the age of 15, eloped to Florence with a poor bank clerk. However, she quickly got tired of him and his overbearing mother, and managed to catch the eye of Francesco de Medici, the reprobate son of Cosimo de Midici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Unfortunately, Francesco was married to the morosely pious Archduchess Joanna of Austria. The Old Duke died, and the bank clerk was killed in a street brawl. The new Duke installed Bianca in his palace as his mistress. Joanna died in childbirth, and in less than two months Francesco and Bianca were married. Francesco sent an ambassador to Venice requesting that the Republic should signify her pleasure and gratification by declaring his wife a Daughter ofthe Republic, a high honor.;;;;;;;;;;8681 EVENTHIST17007;The Council of Ten established the Inquisitori di Stato in 1539 in order to tighten state security. The Kings of France and Spain (among others) both maintained a veritable army of agents in the Republic, to whom the sale of secrets had become a regular and profitable profession.;;;;;;;;;;8682 EVENTHIST17006;The Venetian Republic had an almost ridiculously complex series of checks and balances to ensure fair elections and discourage power resting with a single man. Normal business passed through normal channels, but the collegio could refer urgent matters to the Council of Ten which had extraordinary powers to cut red-tape and by-pass the slow moving senate. The Council of Ten (17 in reality, as it included the Doge and his Signoria, or cabinet) was authorized to act on its own initiative, make payments out of clandestive funds, and its field of competence covered the security of the state and the preservation of morals. In 1537, the Ten established the Esecutori contra la Bestemmia to suppress vice.;;;;;;;;;;8683 EVENTHIST17005;In 1310, the infamous Bajamonte Tiepolo was the head of a conspiracy to stage a military coup in the city of Venice. The conspirators reached a piazza approaching the Doge's palace (where the guards were ready for them in any event). An old woman dropped a mortar stone from above, striking and killing the Tiepolo standard bearer. This incident sparked a precipitous retreat of the conspirators, who were eventually hounded into the grave, and Bajamonte's house was even torn down. The woman, Giustina Rossi, was granted her only two desires, the right to display the banner of St. Mark on important feast days, and that her rent should never be raised. Her descendent, Nicolo Rossi, has filed suit since the Procurators of St. Mark have attempted to raise the rent.;;;;;;;;;;8684 EVENTHIST17004;Following the loss of the services of Francesco Sforza, the military forces of Venice suffered a loss of professionalism and morale. Furthermore, the Serrenissma, or Serene Republic, seemed to feel that its future lay with the sea. Many Venetians felt that their colonies and possession on terra firma may prove to be more trouble than they were worth.;;;;;;;;;;8685 EVENTHIST170031;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible. Hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia, married to the oldest sister Marie-Eleonore, had no male heir himself and ceded his claim to the husband of his daughter Anna, Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg. This claim was questioned by the husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm. The Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony considered themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands,declared both female succession and the treaties invalid and was about to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief. Our vassal, the Count of Nevers-Rethel, has been acknowledged by the estates of the United Duchies as legitimate successor. This puts these territories into our sphere of influence.;;;;;;;;;;8686 EVENTHIST17002;Carmagnola suffered from ill health due to wounds received in the service of Milan. However, this fact may not be sufficient to explain the dilatory way in which he conducted warfare while serving Venice. Furthermore, Carmagnola was suspected of treason due to the regular and frequent communications he had with his former employer, Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan. In 1432, Carmagnola was tricked into coming to Venice, and then put on trial for his life...;;;;;;;;;;8687 EVENTHIST17001;Mercenary and auxiliary troops are both useless and dangerous. If any Prince bases his state upon mercenaries, he will never succeed in making it stable or secure... a point which should require little emphasis since the ruin of Italy is the result of having for many years now put her trust in mercenary armies-to the point where they have led her into slavery and ignominy-Machiavelli, The Prince, Chapter XII. Carmagnola was one of the most noted mercenaries, or condotierres, of his day. He faithfully served Milan for years until he felt he was being replaced by the young Francesco Sforza. Carmagnola, so named for the place of his birth in the Piedemonte, promptly offered his services to Venice.;;;;;;;;;;8688 EVENTHIST17000;Doge Tommaso Mocenigo summoned members of the Signoria to his deathbed in order to leave them with some final thoughts. The Doge pointed out that they had managed to reduce the national debt, increase income from trade, and increase the size of their merchant fleet. He prophesied that if they continued in this wise, that Venice would prosper, but that if they did not refrain, as if from fire, from taking what belongs to others or making unjust wars, that Venice would see nothing but strife, and war, and loss. The Doge said that where now you are masters, war would cause Venice to become the slaves of their men-at-arms and their captains.;;;;;;;;;;8689 EVENTHIST17;Demographic, economic and political pressure at home made way for sudden increases in the number of people looking for a better life in rich uncharted lands and businessmen in search of adventure and wealth in overseas trade.;;;;;;;;;;8690 EVENTHIST16;Excellent business environment combined with good harvests were once in a while a blessing for the nation's tax base generating higher income for the realm.;;;;;;;;;;8691 EVENTHIST15;As a typical response to different kinds of problems obscurantism was a frequent behavior in most nations at least until the Age of Enlightenment arose in the most advanced western nations of the European continent.;;;;;;;;;;8692 EVENTHIST147000;The Ming administered the country as if it were a province of China and ruled it harshly for the next twenty years. The forced labor of its people was used to exploit Vietnam's mines and forests solely for China's enrichment. Taxes were levied on all products including salt a dietary staple. Under the Ming, Vietnamese cultural traditions, including the chewing of betel nut, were forbiddeb, men were required to wear their hair long and women to dress in the Chinese style. Vietnamese Buddhism was replaced at court by Ming-sponsored neo-Confucianism, but Ming attempts to supplant popular Vietnamese religious traditions with an officially sponsored form of Buddhism were less successful. Le Loi, one of Vietnam's most celebrated heroes, is credited with rescuing the country from Ming domination in 1428. Born of a wealthy landowning family, he served as a senior scholar-official until the advent of the Ming, whom he refused to serve. The oppressed people found a new leader in the person of Le Loi, a man renowned for his courage and generosity. Under the title Prince of Pacification, he organized a resistance movement from his village and waged a guerrilla war against the enemy. By employing a strategy of surprise attacks targeting his adversary's weakest points, Le Loi managed to further weaken the enemy and at the same time avoid combat with the superior Chinese forces. His enforcement of strict military discipline ensured that no pillaging was carried out by his troops in the regions under his control, making him a very popular hero. After a decade of gathering a resistance movement around him, Le Loi and his forces finally defeated the Chinese army in 1428. Rather than putting to death the captured Chinese soldiers and administrators, he magnanimously provided ships and supplies to send them back to China. Le Loi then ascended the Vietnamese throne, taking the reign name Le Thai To and establishing the Le dynasty (1428-1788).;;;;;;;;;;8693 EVENTHIST137002;During the reign of Philip the Good the quality of the armies provided by the feudal levy had declined, the men-at-arms were ill-equiped and poorly skilled, the armed valets that in other armies fought alongside their masters were all but absent and not all nobles were able or willing to heed the call to muster. Nor could the disciplined city militias of the low countries be relied upon as the city governments were often in oposition to the Dukes of Burgundy. In 1471 a decision was finally made to reform the army. At the core of the new army would be the best mercenaries available: English longbowmen, German pikemen, Italian crossbowmen and men-at-arms from throughout Christendom.;;;;;;;;;;8694 EVENTHIST137001;Sigismund of Tyrol ruled the Vorlande, the Hapsburg possessions north of the Alps, in Alsace and Breisgau, very ineffectively. Most of the local nobility operated as robber barons, there was virtually no tax collection and the Swiss neighbours in the south occasionally sent pillaging troops in and tried to expand into these territories. One such border war with Helvetia in 1468 was concluded by Sigismund promising to pay 10000 Guldens. Since he was always in financial trouble, he soon searched for someone to grant him a credit. After the Emperor's and the French King's refusal, the only likely creditor was Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. When on March 21st 1469 the two princes met in Arras, they negotiated an even more far-reaching agreement: Sigismund saw Burgundy as a potentially useful ally against the Helvetian threat, and in order to tie him closely to Tyrol, he offered him to mortgage the Vorlande for an amount of 50000 Guldens. To rebuy the provinces, Tyrol would have had to pay back not only this sum, but also all expenses Burgundy would make for the establishment of an administration, which seemed practically impossible for the struggling Count. Hence by the treaty of St. Omer signed in May Sigismund sold the Vorlande to Burgundy in exchange for the money he badly needed and Burgundian support against his Helvetian enemies. Only due to Charles' premature death in battle the vorlande were returned to Tyrol.;;;;;;;;;;8695 EVENTHIST132205;The agreement between Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg did not last long. Both parties still were keen on securing the whole inheritance for themselves,and soon disagreements on fiscal, personal and administrative matters arose. In order to secure support for their cause, they both prepared religious conversions. While Ernst, the brother of the Elector who represented him in the Duchies, became reformed in 1610 and the Elector himself joined Calvinism at the urge of his Dutch and Palatine allies in 1613,Wolfgang Wilhelm of Palatinate-Neuburg began secret negotiations with the Emperor and his Wittelsbach relatives in Bavaria and Cologne. He was eventually convinced to convert to Catholicism, first secretly in Munich in summer 1613 and openly on May 16th 1614 in Düsseldorf. These two conversions almost immediately caused the Dutch and Spanish, acting in the interest of their respective new coreligionists, to invade the Duchies. With the assistance of its new Papist allies, Wolfgang Wilhelm has managed to seize control of the Duchies. We cannot accept this.;;;;;;;;;;8696 EVENTHIST132204;The agreement between Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg did not last long,both parties still were keen on securing the whole inheritance for themselves, and soon disagreements on fiscal, personal and administrative matters arose. In order to secure support for their cause, they both prepared religious conversions. While Ernst, the brother of the Elector who represented him in the Duchies, became reformed in 1610 and the Elector himself adapted Calvinism at the urge of his Dutch and Palatine allies in 1613,Wolfgang Wilhelm of Palatinate-Neuburg began secret negotiations with the Emperor and his Wittelsbach relatives in Bavaria and Cologne. He was eventually convinced to convert to Catholicism, first secretly in Munich in summer 1613 and openly on May 16th 1614 in Düsseldorf. These two conversions almost immediately caused the Dutch and Spanish, acting in the interest of their respective new coreligionists, to invade the Duchies. The stage was set for a huge religious war, afraid of the consequences of such a conflict, Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg concluded a tentative treaty of partition in the city of Xanten on November 14th 1614. Neuburg received Jülich and Berg, Brandenburg got Cleves, Mark and Ravensberg. Nevertheless, the succession was not finally settled until 1672, and even thereafter both of them continuedto claim the whole inheritance.;;;;;;;;;;8697 EVENTHIST132202;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible,hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia, married to the oldest sister Marie-Eleonore, had no male heir himself and ceded his claim to the husband of his daughter Anna, Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg. This claim was questioned by the husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm. The Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony considered themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, declared both female succession and the treaties invalid and was about to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief. Our legitimate claim has been ignored by the estates of the Duchies who have chosen another successor.;;;;;;;;;;8698 EVENTHIST132201;Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich, Cleves and Berg died on March 25th 1609, in a state of complete insanity and without a child or brother. While in the United Duchies a woman could not succeed to the throne herself, succession through a female relative was possible, hence the husbands of Johann Wilhelm's sisters claimed the inheritance. Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia, married to the oldest sister Marie-Eleonore, had no male heir himself and ceded his claim to the husband of his daughter Anna, Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg. This claim was questioned by the husband of the second sister Anna, Philipp Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, who wanted the inheritance for his son Wolfgang Wilhelm. The Count of Nevers-Rethel, originally a sidebranch of the Cleves ducal dynasty, and the Elector of Saxony considered themselves legitimate heirs by virtue of several treaties, and the Emperor, desiring to expand the Hapsburgs' supply base near the rebellious Netherlands, declared both female succession and the treaties invalid and was about to confiscate the United Duchies as a lapsed fief. The protestant princes of Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg however, encouraged by the Evangelic Union, France and the Netherlands, managed to agree on a common administration in order to fight off all other claimants. They proclaimed complete religious toleration for all christian confessions in the Duchies and were acknowledged by the Estates in Jule 1609. A more permanent solution was to be agreed on later...;;;;;;;;;;8699 EVENTHIST132016;During the weak rule of the Wittelsbachs and Luxemburgs, several cities, especially the twin cities of Berlin and Cölln, in Brandenburg began to grow and prosper, obtained a huge deal of autonomy and joined the Hanseatic League. After the arrival of the Hohenzollern, the towns were keen on having their privilegues confirmed or even extended. They refused any interference in their internal politics, assumed judicative powers within their city walls and even refused the Elector entrance. Obviously, this autononomy was a great hindrance to the consolidation of electoral authority. Therefore Friedrich II gladly took the opportunity when the community of Berlin called for his aid in a conflict with the town council of Berlin-Cölln. Friedrich marched to the city with 6000 men, quickly entered the city and forced the council into submission. The Elector obtained the right to confirm nominations to the council, renounced the town's jurisdictive privilegues, forced it to cancel all agreements with other cities, including the Hanseatic League, and began the construction of a strong fortress that would allow him to control the city. In the following years, similar measures were applied in most other cities.;;;;;;;;;;8700 EVENTHIST132000;The influence of the Askanians who had once been the most powerful dynasty in Eastern Germany slowly faded in the 14th and 15th century. First in Brandenburg, then in Lauenburg and finally 1423 in electoral Saxony the branches got extinct, and the remaining members of the family lacked unity and determination to secure the territories. Instead, the Hohenzollern and Wettins were given the old Askanian lands and took their former rank. The last step in this process was the extinction of the electoral branch in Saxony-Wittenberg with the heirless death of Albrecht III. This caused a tough contest between the Hohenzoller Elector Friedrich of Brandenburg and the Wettin Margrave Friedrich IV of Meissen for Albrecht's possessions. Emperor Sigismund has decided in our favour and granted the Electorate and Saxony-Wittenberg to us. This gives us a position of hegemony in Eastern Germany and in the electoral college.;;;;;;;;;;8701 EVENTHIST13;Good governments would sometimes prompt the nobility and the businessmen of the realm to donate cash to the treasury, out of pure patriotism or in exchange for the sales or transfer of honorary titles and positions.;;;;;;;;;;8702 EVENTHIST129034;After several years of severe instability and unrest due to the towns' resistance against the abolition of their rights and constant feuding between rival parties among the nobility, the estates, including the towns, convened on the anniversary of Wenceslas, national saint of Bohemia, September 28th 1517. At that meeting, soon known as the 'Diet of St. Wenceslas', they finally managed to achieve a settlement regarding the issues that had been dividing Bohemia. In exchange for renouncing several old privilegues, the towns had their most important rights, municipal autonomy and a place in the diet, confirmed again by the nobility. The three estates agreed to 'live together in friendly intercourse, as men belonging to the same country and race'. The compromise achieved at the diet was of outstanding significance for Bohemia's further constitutional history. Besides, the diet also confirmed the regency of the supreme burgrave Zdenek Leo of Rozmital and limited the influence of the minor King Ludvik and his guardians to a minimum.;;;;;;;;;;8703 EVENTHIST129028;When getting elected King as a 15-year-old in 1471, Vladislav II had several promises to the Bohemian emissaries, including the absolute maintenance of the Compactata and supporting the Utraquist Archbishop of Prague Jan Rokycan. Therefore his election had been regarded as a victory of the Nationalists and Hussites who trusted in him to protect their religious freedom and national autonomy. Their hopes were soon disappointed: while indeed remaining officially faithful to the Compactata, he secretly promoted catholicism. His government officials were only part of the section of the Hussites closest to Rome and always willing to accept compromises with the Church while all Hussite extremists, especially the recently emerged Bohemian Brethren, were persecuted harshly. Among the Hussites, these policies caused massive dissent and unrest. In Prague, several riots took place and the city hall was stormed by radical Hussites. In order to protect their interest they considered endangered by the King, Hussite nobles began to organize themselves in a league again, openly acting against the King.;;;;;;;;;;8704 EVENTHIST129025;In 1439 Albrecht of Hapsburg, King of Hungary, fell ill, probably of cholera, while campaigning against the Ottomans. Within one month he died, leaving two minor daughters and his pregnant wife Elizabeth. For the case of the unborn child being male, Albrecht declared that his son would be his successor in all his fiefs just before his death. Upon his death, the Bohemian nobility formed two conflicting parties. The 'national' one, led by George of Podiebrad and consistingmainly of Utraquist Hussites,insisted on Bohemia's right to elect its King and a strict adherence to the Compactates thatguaranteed religious freedom to the moderate Hussite. Remembering the Jagiellons' support for the Hussite rebels and preferring a Slavic monarch to a German one, they wanted to offer the Bohemian throne to the Polish prince Casimir. Opposedto them was the 'Romanist' or 'Austrian' party under Ulrich of Rozmberk that acknowledged the hereditary rights of Albrecht's unborn child and advocated a return to the Roman church. The two parties finally came to an agreement calledthe 'Letter of Peace'. In this treaty both parties recognized the validity of the compacts, confirmed the appointment of Jan of Rokycan, a moderate Utraquist, as Bishop of Prague against the will of the pope, and agreed on a compromise regarding the succession of Albrecht. The Nationalists abandoned the candidature of Casimir, but pressed their demand for an adult King -which was in the interest of most Romanists who did not want to be ruled by a baby as well. Thus the throne was offered to Albrecht of Wittelsbach who eagerly accepted, having lost his hereditary possession of Bavaria-Munich.;;;;;;;;;;8705 EVENTHIST129017;Jiriz Podiebrad died in 1471, in the middle of his struggle with Mathias Corvinus of Hungary who headed a 'crusade' against Bohemia and claimed its throne. Since his supporters were in a precarious military situation, having lost all lands of the Bohemian crown to the King of Hungary, Podiebrad had shortly before his death, despite being father of several adult sons himself, asked prince Vladislav of Poland to succeed him in order to save Hussitism and Bohemian independence. Vladislav indeed succeeded him and initiated a half century of Jagiellon rule in Bohemia which proved to be backwards, intolerant in religious matters, devastating for Bohemia's economy and eventually resulted in the disaster of 1526. However had Podiebrad been in a better situation, he might very well have used the opportunity to establish his dynasty as hereditary national Kings of Bohemia.;;;;;;;;;;8706 EVENTHIST129014;After George's refusal of the church's demands to suppress the Hussite faith in 1462 the Romanist party in Bohemia became even more embittered against the King whom they regarded both as a heretic and as a political enemy who was about to curtail the nobility's privilegues. At a meeting in Zelena Hora on November 28th 1465 most of them formed a confederacy championed by Zdenek of Sternberg against him and began open revolt. The lands of the crown, Silesia, Moravia and Lusatia, that were almost entirely catholic opposed George most strongly. He completely lost control of these lands to the Catholics after the formation of the confederacy. While the Royalists obtained some successes in Bohemia and quickly seized all castles held by the rebels there, they failed in Silesia, Moravia and Lusatia. George's rule and the survival of the Hussite faith were seriously endangered.;;;;;;;;;;8707 EVENTHIST129013;The more moderate wing of the Hussites of Bohemia had been granted limited religious freedom in 1436 by the Compactates and since then practiced its faith openly in Bohemia, tolerated by the Catholic church. When Pius II rose to the holy see, he was determined to end this situation. He got George of Podiebrad who was a Hussite himself to promise converting to catholicism and suppressing all heresy in Bohemia just before his election in 1458. Podiebrad however, while indeed planning to return to the Roman Church himself, had no intention to persecute his former coreligionists and insisted on the Compactates. As a reaction, on March 31st 1462 Pius declared that the Compactates had been valid only for the generation that lived back then and were now invalid and demanded Bohemia's full return to catholicism. At an assembly of the estates in Prague, George refused and said he would to his death remain true to the communion of both kinds, and that he was ready to risk his life and his crown in defense of his faith.;;;;;;;;;;8708 EVENTHIST129004;In 1439 Albrecht of Hapsburg, King of Hungary, fell ill, probably of cholera, while campaigning against the Ottomans. Within one month he died, leaving two minor daughters and his pregnant wife Elizabeth. For the case of the unborn child being male, Albrecht declared that his son would be his successor in all his fiefs just before his death. Upon his death, the Bohemian nobility formed two conflicting parties. The 'national' one, led by George of Podiebrad and consistingmainly of Utraquist Hussites,insisted on Bohemia's right to elect its King and a strict adherence to the Compactates thatguaranteed religious freedom to the moderate Hussite. Remembering the Jagiellons' support for the Hussite rebels and preferring a Slavic monarch to a German one, they wanted to offer the Bohemian throne to the Polish prince Casimir. Opposedto them was the 'Romanist' or 'Austrian' party under Oldrich of Rozmberk that acknowledged the hereditary rights of Albrecht's unborn child and advocated a return to the Roman church. The two parties finally came to an agreement calledthe 'Letter of Peace'. In this treaty both parties recognized the validity of the compacts, confirmed the appointment of Jan of Rokycan, a moderate Utraquist, as Bishop of Prague against the will of the pope, and agreed on a compromise regarding the succession of Albrecht. The Nationalists abandoned the candidature of Casimir, but pressed their demand for an adult King -which was in the interest of most Romanists who did not want to be ruled by a baby as well. Thus the throne was offered to Duke Albrecht of Bavaria-Munich.;;;;;;;;;;8709 EVENTHIST129000;Religious dissent in Bohemia, caused by the low moral state of the clergy and the great schism, had grown slowly in the 14th century. It found a leading figure in Jan Hus, a priest and professor of theology at the university of Prague. Influenced by the teachings of John Wyclif, he developed several reformatory demands, including the administration of the communion in both kinds to all church members, a much stricter adhesion to the bible and the Commandments, a radical reformation of the clergy and the abolition of Papal infallibility. These views were attacked as heretic by the University of Prague in 1403, however since he enjoyed the protection of the King he could continue to spread them and even became rector of the university. In 1410, when his influence had grown significantly and he had gathered already a large amount of followers, the Archbishop of Prague excommunicated him, which did not stop him from teaching his ideas and increasing what had soon become a popular movement, though. In 1414 he was summoned to the Council of Constance to justify his views, having been guaranteed safe-conduct by Emperor Sigismund. Ignoring this safe-conduct, the Council condemned him as a heretic and had him burned at the stake. Thereby he became a martyr for the Bohemians and his views became even more popular.;;;;;;;;;;8710 EVENTHIST129001;A broken man, Vaclav IV died of a second stroke on August 16th 1419. His brother, Emperor Sigismund, immediately claimed the throne and was acknowledged as rightful heir by the crown lands and by the remaining catholics in Bohemia, mostly in the crown lands Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia where there still was a catholic majority, however the Hussites who at that time already dominated most of Bohemia proper refused to accept him, fearing supression of their faith and despising him for his betrayal of Jan Hus that led to his execution at the stake in 1415. Armed resistance against royal authority and violence against Romanists, especially Germans, began almost immediately. Queen Sophia, widow of Vaclav, first acted as regent in Bohemia and tried to maintain at least a bit of central authority in Prague and to secure the throne for her brother-in-law, however she was opposed by the Hussites in Prague and had few effective control over Bohemia. On November 13th, she had to conclude a truce with thecitizens of Prague, having failed to supress them with hired mercenaries, basically acknowledging that the Hussite movement had become impossible to control, let alone supress it. For almost two decades large parts of Bohemia would be in Hussite hands;;;;;;;;;;8711 EVENTHIST125027;Montgelas, being a secret supporter of the revolution's ideas and an astute politician, seeked Napoleonic France's friendship with the goal to make Bavaria a first-rate-power at the expense of the small neighbouring principalities and especially Austria. He pursued this policy with determination and consumate skill, and achieved great successes by the Deputation of the Empire in 1803 and even more by the Peace of Pressburg signed between Napoleon and Austria. In this humiliating treaty Austria accepted the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, ceded large territories to France and Bavaria - almost all of Tyrol, the principality of Eichstädt, the margraviate of Burgau, the lordship of Vorarlberg, the countships of Hohenems and Konigsegg-Rothenfels, the lordships of Argen and Tetnang, and the city of Lindau with its territory were to be added to Bavaria - and allowed the promotion of several German allies of Napoleon to new ranks. The last was the most important term for Bavaria, since it finally gained the possibility of royal honours that so many Bavarian electors had failed to obtain before. The price which the new King Maximilian had reluctantly to pay for this triumph was the marriage of his daughter Augusta with Eugene Beauharnais and the accession to the Rhine Confederacy.;;;;;;;;;;8712 EVENTHIST125025;By the Treaty of Lunéville of 1801 the empire formally ceded everything left of the Rhine to Napoleonic France. With the princes who thereby lost territory demanding a compensation and the empire disintegrating, it was evident that the empire would need to be drastically reformed. Negotiations began in 1802, and victorious France soon tried to influence them, in order to strengthen the medium powers like Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hessen to be counterweights against Austria and Prussia. On February 25th an agreement was reached, the two most important decisions were the Mediatisation of all free cities except for Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, Frankfurt, Augsburg and Nürnberg and of most small independent principalities and the Secularisation of almost all church possessions in the empire. The big countries in Southern Germany that France wanted to ally with, Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden, massively increased their territories. Bavaria received the bishoprics of Würzburg, Bamberg and Augsburg, several abbeys and twelve former imperial cities.;;;;;;;;;;8713 EVENTHIST125024;Maximilian Josef Garnerin Count of Montgelas, a noble from Savoy, dominated Bavarian politics as Minister of Foreign Affairs, of Finances and of Domestic Affairs during the Napoleonic era and made it a much stronger, modern state. He was an unscrupulous, pragmatic politician and a supporter of Enlightenment. Under his influence, Bavaria betrayed the empire and allied with Napoleon, acquired territories from the Church (Würzburg and Salzburg) and from the defeated Habsburgs (Tirol and parts of Swabia) and eventually became a Kingdom in 1806. In order to strengthen the royal authority and to assimilate the new possessions, Montgelas introduced several reforms of the administration's organisation, competences and personal that have strongly affected Bavaria throughout his whole further history. Thus, he is considered the creator of modern Bavaria, although he always remained a stranger to the country and did not really understand its inhabitants or any nationalist sentiments that would have kept Bavaria away from an alliance with Napoleon.;;;;;;;;;;8714 EVENTHIST125017;In the protestant imperial city of Donauwörth adjacent to Bavaria there were only a few catholic families left in 1600 who celebrated their masses in the benedictine monastery Zum Heiligen Kreuz. Encouraged by the Bishop of Augsburg the monks used to make the Procession of St. Marc a big demonstration of Catholicism and marched through the town with banners and music. The protestant citizens felt provoked by this behaviour and attacked and dissolved the procession in 1607. Even after the Reichshofrat in Vienna had condemned the action and demanded tolerance for catholics, Donauwörth remained stubborn. As a consequence, emperor Rudolf outlawed the town and asked Maximilian of Bavaria toexecute the empire's will. For Maximilian, this was a long-awaited opportunity to annex the wealthy town and to promote Catholicism. He went to Donauwörth with 5000 men and forced it to submit on December 17th 1607. A bavarian administration was installed and the recatholisation of the town initiated. In 1609 the emperor formally accepted the annexation of Donauwörth, and within a few years there were nearly no more protestants left in the town. The seizure of Donauwörth was one of the main reasons for the foundation of the Evangelic Union (and hence the Thirty Years War).;;;;;;;;;;8715 EVENTHIST125011;Johannes Turmair, calling himself Aventinus, born in Abensberg in 1477 was the father of Bavarian historiography. A humanist with universal education who studied in Ingolstadt, Krakow, Vienna and Paris, he was called to the Bavarian court as mentor of the princes Ernst and Ludwig in 1509. In 1517 he was given the noble office of a ducal historian. In 1521 he had completed the Annales ducum baiorum, a complete account of Bavarian history in which he applied an entirely new style based on humanist ideas: he did not only compile sources like medieval historians, but introduced a critical analysis of sources, questioned famous myths and legends and tried to work out greater contexts. Even more important than the completion of his innovative historic work in Latin was its translation into German that he started in 1522 because he wanted his history of Bavaria to be comprehensible for the people, not just for some scholars (thereby following the humanist concept of popular education). However,the Annales could not be made accessible to a broader public by printing them for a long time due to Aventine's critical, anticlerical point of view and the suspicion of being protestant. The venetian inquisition put his teachings on the index in 1554 and Aventinus himself was arrested for some months in 1527, after which he emigrated to the safe free city of Regensburg where he wrote the town history 'Von dem herkomen der statt Regenspurg' (about the origins of the town of Regensburg), completed the germanisation of his Bavarian chronicle and died in 1533. His Annales were finally printed in Ingolstadt in 1554, the german version 1566 in Frankfurt.;;;;;;;;;;8716 EVENTHIST125010;On April 23rd 1516 Wilhelm IV of Bavaria issued the first regulation of grocery in the world, the Reinheitsgebot (purity law) for beer. In this law exact prices and taxation for all known kinds of beer, and most importantly, the allowed contents of Bavarian beer are regulated. The Duke allowed to put nothing but water, malt and hops into beer, intending to make sure that there would be no more additional spices and, especially, no 'good' grain that could be used for bread instead in the beverage. Yeast, although an obviously necessary ingredient, was not mentioned because it was not known then that it took part in the fermentation process (the substance was discovered in the 19th century by Louis Pasteur). The beer law soon raised the quality standard of beer significantly and it became exemplary for the whole of Germany. Many German princes adapted a similar regulation in the next centuries. When Germany was united in 1871, the Bavarians made the introduction of their beer purity law in the whole empire one of their conditions for joining, and a similar statute is still valid in Germany today.;;;;;;;;;;8717 EVENTHIST12148;In 1536 the Piemontese Étienne Turquet proposed to the French king settling some silk-workers from Genoa in Lyon and establish a manufactury. Worried about the loss of silver coins due to the purchase of foreign silk clothes, François I accepted and maintained the policy of Louis XI who had already abolished taxes on the silk works.;;;;;;;;;;8718 EVENTHIST12147;During the aragonese Civil War, the king Joan II had ceded the Roussillon and Cerdanya to the king of France, in exchange of military help. The treaty established a mortgage of 300.000 ducats for these territories. In 1493, the king Ferran II decided to recover them and to pay the price. We will receive 300 ducats and return the Roussillon to its former owner.;;;;;;;;;;8719 EVENTHIST12145;At the beginning of the aragonese civil war, the king Joan II, not obtaining troops from Aragon and Valencia, ceded temporally and under mortgage the Roussillon and the Cerdanya to France in exchange of military help (treaty of Bayonne). We have control now over the Roussillon... but remember, my lord, that it's a temporary cession.;;;;;;;;;;8720 EVENTHIST12143;When the French king, Charles VIII tried to enforce his claim on the throne of Naples in 1494, King Ferdinand was very concerned. His dynastic ties on the Italian Peninsula were threatened by the French presence. He promptly formed a coalition with the Holy Roman Emperor and the Venetians and declared war on the French.;;;;;;;;;;8721 EVENTHIST12140;Slavery had been abolished in France, but not in the colonies. This exception led to a slave rebellion on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in October 1790. Francois Dominique Toussaint joined the rebellion, briefly allied with the Spanish, and in a series of fast-moving campaigns became known as L'Ouverture (the opening). The rebellion caused great fear in other colonies, prompting the abolition of slavery in the colonies by 1794.;;;;;;;;;;8722 EVENTHIST12139;To raise funds immediately, the Assembly issued paper money known as assignats that were backed by the value of the Church lands. This triggered stiff inflationary pressure, which hurt the currency, but practically erased peasant debt.;;;;;;;;;;8723 EVENTHIST12138;On October 10th, the National Assembly passed a measure confiscating church property and putting it up for auction. On November 2nd, some 400 million francs in Church Property was offered for sale at auction.;;;;;;;;;;8724 EVENTHIST12137;Prolonged war on multiple fronts was a drain on the manpower of France. Losses occured more due to the effects of disease and famine than battle. While fresh levies were readily drawn up, there was never time to drill and train them to the peak of efficiency attained by the Grande Armee of 1805.;;;;;;;;;;8725 EVENTHIST12136;The Ecole Speciale Militaire founded in 1802 meant that the French officer corps was fast becoming an imposingly elite group. In 1804, Napoleon re-instituted the title of Marshal, abolished by the revolution. It has been said that every French soldier carried a Marshal's baton in his knapsack - in 1805 only 2 of 26 Marshals had noble antecedents, while half the officer corps had risen from the ranks...;;;;;;;;;;8726 EVENTHIST12135;Napoleon's most famous domestic accomplishment, and perhaps his greatest legacy, was his legal work. France's laws were comprised of regional codes, courts, case law - almost 15,000 (often contradictory) decrees in all. Napoleon oversaw the revision of the code, providing critical unity of law, respecting the needs of the middle class, even introducing significant property and family rights for women.;;;;;;;;;;8727 EVENTHIST12134;Education had previously been conducted largely by village priests and religious orders such as the Jesuits. The Revolution introduced secular education in 1795, and Napoleon later introduced the Lycees, or state secondary schools, which provided a steady flow of military and administrative personnel to the military and government. For example, the Ecole Polytechnique founded by the Convention was transformed into a military college for gunners and engineers.;;;;;;;;;;8728 EVENTHIST12133;Attempts to reconcile with the old aristocracy have not been altogether successful. Napoleon is therefore seeking to create an elite of his own, with himself as the fountain-head of rewards, remarking that 'it is by such baubles that men are governed'.;;;;;;;;;;8729 EVENTHIST12132;A brief interlude of peace allowed Napoleon to divert his energies to civil reform. He intended to make Paris 'not only the lovliest city that is, but the lovliest that could ever be.' Plans for canals, resovoirs, and bridges were laid, giving Paris her modern water supply. Streets were renumbered, the quays of the Seine reorganized. The Quay d'Orsay, Bourse, the Halle des Vins (a wine trade center), the Louve (Musee Napoleon), Arc du Carrousel, Vendome Column, Arc du Triomphe, numerous parks, and the restoration of churces were planned, started, or even completed during Napoleon's reign. Additionally, a new corp of engineers, the Ponts & Chaussée, was created to improve roads and bridges throughout France.;;;;;;;;;;8730 EVENTHIST12131;Draconian measures and Machiavellian trickery have finally put an end to the unrest of our colonies.;;;;;;;;;;8731 EVENTHIST12130;After the restoration of Slavery, a revolt in Saint Domingue has been staged by Francois Dominique Toussaint Louverture. His goal is to obtain independance under the name of Haiti. It will be difficult to quell this rebellion, these colonies are far from France, and we have more important matters to see to in Europe.;;;;;;;;;;8732 EVENTHIST12128;Napoleon argued that he wanted to build a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government. But if this was indeed his goal, he intended to achieve it by taking power into his own hands. He supposedly intended to grant constitutions, introduce laws, abolished feudalism, create efficient governments and foster education, science, literature and the arts. The other powers of Europe looked on with alarm at an expansioinist France, bringing its revolutionary ideals and fervour abroad in the wake of Napoleon's military might.;;;;;;;;;;8733 EVENTHIST12125;Napoleon introduced wide ranging reforms into the territories that he captured from his opponents. He abolished most of the hereditary privileges of the nobility and clergy, reformed land ownership to allow the peasantry real control of their lives, and codified laws so that all citizens would be treated equally under a single set of rationalized laws. He eliminated preferment based on birth from all appointments, by the state or otherwise. These reforms challenged and threated every ancien regime state of Europe, and these states reacted forcefully to contain French ideals.;;;;;;;;;;8734 EVENTHIST12124;In November of 1799, Napoleon took part in the coup de'etat de Brumaire. Two members of the Directory (Sieyes and Ducos) needing a popular general to neutralize the army and inspire the people, decided to use Napoleon. Violence broke out during the council session, which was quelled by Napoleon's soldiers (some of the council fled through the windows). The remaining council members approved a provisional executive government of three consuls. Napoleon was able to in effect seize power by having himself proclaimed First Consul. His position and a new constitution were shortly confirmed by popular vote, and the coming years he was able to unify the nation and reform the finances and all levels of government.;;;;;;;;;;8735 EVENTHIST12123;Sugar planters complain that they can not work their plantations in the Caribbean colonies without slave labor. They ask us to restore slavery if we don't want our colonies economy to collapse. Perhaps more worrisome is the great success and independence of the government of Louverture in the colonies. Louverture has had himself proclaimed governer-for-life. What will be done about this threat to our sovereignty?;;;;;;;;;;8736 EVENTHIST12122;Slave revolts and unrest in the colonies has been endemic since the 90's. M. Sonthonax and M. Polverel are calling for abolition. We must now decide our stance towards slavery. If we choose abolition, Louverture will govern well overseas, if not, it may be hard to fight the rebels, and prevent a Spanish or English landing at the same time.;;;;;;;;;;8737 EVENTHIST12121;Maximilien Robespierre emerged as the leading figure on the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre was the son and grandson of lawyers from the northern town of Arras. Historians differ in their interpretation of Robespierre. These range from the view that he was a popular democrat who saved the essence of the revolution to one presenting him as the precursor of twentieth-century totalitarianism. In any event, Robespierre masterminded the Terror and crushed the counter-revolution.;;;;;;;;;;8738 EVENTHIST12120;In response to what they saw as a tyrannical revolutionary government, a full-scale insurrection against the Revolution began in March of 1793.;;;;;;;;;;8739 EVENTHIST12114;Two forces pushed France towards war in 1792. Internally, the Jacobins were calling for a war to rid Europe of monarchy and despotism. Externally, the nobility fleeing to Austria and Prussia requested that those powers intervene to restore the French monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;8740 EVENTHIST12113;Following the fall of the Bastille, the king was essentially forced to acknowledge the legitimacy of the National Assembly. In a remarkable session on the night of August 4th, the National Assembly swept away much of the old regime, including seigneurial rights and powers. No longer would the king rule by divine right, or buy allegiance by dispensing privileges to favorites. The Assembly began drafting the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man' and a new French constitution. The days of the French Monarchy were perhaps numbered.;;;;;;;;;;8741 EVENTHIST12112;After the revolt of the Third Estate, the King offered a variety of concessions in an attempt to maintain order. The third estate was unsatisfied. On July 14th, 1789, thousands of people seized weapons stored in the Invalides, a veteran's hospital. Early that afternoon, about 80,000 armed Parisians stormed and captured the Bastille. More than 200 of the attackers were killed or wounded. A butcher decapitated the commander of the fortress and the throng carried his head on a pike through the streets.;;;;;;;;;;8742 EVENTHIST12111;On August 8th, 1788, Louis XVI announced that he would convoke the Estates-General on May 1st of the following year. He hoped that it would avert royal bankrupcy by agreeing to the imposition of the new taxes.;;;;;;;;;;8743 EVENTHIST12110;After forcing Parlement to adopt new loan edicts, the people of France realized the true extent of the monarchy's absolutist power. They revolted in protest of his power throughout the nation, throwing their support behind the parlements.;;;;;;;;;;8744 EVENTHIST12109;Louis XVI recalled the Parlement of Paris from exile in November 1787 and promised to listen to what it had to say. But the king ordered new loan edicts registered without giving the parlement a chance to be heard. When the duke of Orleans, the king's cousin, interjected that such a procedure was illegal, Louis replied, 'That is of no importance to me... it is legal because I will it.';;;;;;;;;;8745 EVENTHIST12108;Nobles and high clergymen protested the exile of the Parlement vigorously. The provincial parlements backed up the Parlement of Paris, refusing to register tax after tax. The Parlement of Grenoble refused to register the new stamp and land taxes and even convoked its provincial Estates without royal authorization. Across France, the nobility revolted against the absolutism of the monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;8746 EVENTHIST12107;In response to the refusal of the Parlement of Paris to register the land and stamp taxes, in August 1787 Louis XVI exiled its members to Troyes, a town to the southeast of Paris.;;;;;;;;;;8747 EVENTHIST12106;The unpopularity of Louis XVI haughty wife, Marie-Antoinette, accentuated the public's lack of confidence in the throne. Unhappy in marriage, Marie-Antoinette lived extravagantly and was embroiled in scandal. In 1785, she became entangled in a steamy scandal when a cardinal, the former Ambassador to the Habsburgs, gave her a fabulous diamond neckalce in the hope of winning her favor. The necklace and some of the prelate's money were then deftly stolen by mysterious plotters, a strange scenario that included a prostitute posing as the queen.;;;;;;;;;;8748 EVENTHIST12105;Calonne's failure to stop excessive spending by the monarchy led to deep distrust throughout France. In addition, the first and second estates benefited tremendously from the system of priviledge. The corporate system of priviledge in France stood in the way of true reform. The Assembly of Notables refused Calonne's proposal.;;;;;;;;;;8749 EVENTHIST12104;Sire, the 1784-1785 winter has been moderate. We shall not fear for this year's harvest.;;;;;;;;;;8750 EVENTHIST12103;The 1783-1784 winter has been extremely harsh. All crops are lost. The peasants won't be able to harvest any grain this year and a lot of people may starve. What are your orders, Sire?;;;;;;;;;;8751 EVENTHIST12102;Pilâtre du Rosier and Marquis d'Arlandes are the first to leave the ground with a Montgolfière. An old man's dream is fulfilled: flying! However, peasants often fear this strange machine, and claim it is the devil's hand. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8752 EVENTHIST12101;Charles-Alexandre de Calonne was, like Necker, not what he promised. He spent even more money than Necker, purchasing two more chateaux for Louis XVI and putting the royal treasury deeper in debt by borrowing from venal officehholders in order to pay of creditors now gathered at the royal door.;;;;;;;;;;8753 EVENTHIST12100;The French provided an enormous amount of financial assistance to the United States during the American Revolution.;;;;;;;;;;8754 EVENTHIST12099;The United States of America declared its independence from Britain in 1776. The French monarch decided to support them with monetary and military aid in an attempt to further weaken the British. Unfortunately, the French treasury was already in trouble. The American Revolution bankrupted Louis XVI.;;;;;;;;;;8755 EVENTHIST12098;In February of 1787, Calonne asked the king to convoke an Assembly of Notables consisting of handpicked representatives from each of the three estates. Calonne suggested that France's problems were systemic and resulting from chaotic administration. Denouncing the system of priviledge that dominated the French economy, Colonne proposed a complete overhaul of the French financial system.;;;;;;;;;;8756 EVENTHIST12097;Following the dismissal of Necker, the king needed a reformer to assure foriegn creditors that something was being done. Charles-Alexandre de Calonne was the most ardent critic of Necker and promised to overhaul the French financial system.;;;;;;;;;;8757 EVENTHIST12096;In 1781, some ministers and noble hangers-on convinced the king to dismiss Necker. The following year, Necker produced a naive and -- at best -- fanciful account of the royal finances that purported to demonstrate that more revenue was coming to the state than was being spent. Necker hoped to reassure the French and particularly foriegn creditors who made up his financial network that reform was unneccessary. Few believed his figures and creditors refused to provide more loans until the state enacted more reforms.;;;;;;;;;;8758 EVENTHIST12095;Jaques Necker was not the financial wizard the king expected him to be. He floated enormous loans to underwrite the American Revolution, causing inflation and more financial problems. He mismanaged the monarchy's loans and was an object of much criticism.;;;;;;;;;;8759 EVENTHIST12094;In 1775, the office of minister of finance was vacated. The king needed to appoint a new minster. The treasury was in horrible shape as war had all but emptied the monarchy's pockets. The King needed a strong minister with expertise in loan management. A Swiss immigrant named Jaques Necker was the kings choice.;;;;;;;;;;8760 EVENTHIST12093;The reforms Turgot enacted were good for France. However, the political cost was steep. The commerce reforms hurt French merchants and caused the price of grain to rise.;;;;;;;;;;8761 EVENTHIST12092;With Maupeou is gone, Louis XVI had to appoint a new Chancellor. His choice was an ambitious minister named Anne-Robert Turgot. He supported extremely progressive reforms including the revocation of a large number of rights and privileges granted to the nobility.;;;;;;;;;;8762 EVENTHIST12091;The internal unrest caused by Turgot was more than the monarchy was willing to pay. The king dimissed Turgot in 1776, ending the most significant reform effort on the continent.;;;;;;;;;;8763 EVENTHIST12090;Turgot's market reforms made the price of grain skyrocket. The people rioted in protest.;;;;;;;;;;8764 EVENTHIST12089;Following the dismissal of the Parlement, protests against the French crown exploded throughout France. Many high-ranking nobles stated that the king had abused the constitution of the government and the rights of the people by trying to establish a despotism without bounds, without limits, and consequently without rights. Following his father's death and his subsequent rise to the throne, Louis XVI dismissed Maupeou and recalled the parlements.;;;;;;;;;;8765 EVENTHIST12088;In 1771, chancellor Maupeou tried once again to get the Vingtieme made permanent. His efforts infuriated the parlement, which demanded his dismissal.;;;;;;;;;;8766 EVENTHIST12087;The office of chancellor was vacated in 1765. Louis needed to appoint a new chancellor. His choice was a man named Rene-Nicolas de Maupeou. He was a strong supporter of the monarchy. However, the nobles were unhappy with his nomination.;;;;;;;;;;8767 EVENTHIST12086;Despite the desires of the monarchy, the Parlement refused to make the Vingtieme permanent. The political costs, however, were still paid.;;;;;;;;;;8768 EVENTHIST12085;In 1749, the controller-general attempted to make the vingtieme tax (a tax applying to both nobles and commoners) permanent, drawing heated opposition from the parlements.;;;;;;;;;;8769 EVENTHIST12084;The Provincial Estates were assemblies of nobles of the pays d'etat (regions retaining a degree of fiscal autonomy, including Brittany, Provence, Burgundy, and Languedoc) which claimed to represent the interests of each province. The estates met annually to provide the monarchy with a certain amount of money to the monarchy. Louis XIV abolished the custom of allowing the estates to express grievances before voting on the amount of the gift.;;;;;;;;;;8770 EVENTHIST12083;Louis XIV was determined to improve the fortunes of the French navy, so the port of Toulon was improved by his minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and fortified by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (an expert in fortification and seige warfare). Colbert also instituted the Inscription Maritime which inducted fishermen (18-48 years of age) into the Naval Reserve.;;;;;;;;;;8771 EVENTHIST12082;The Enlightenment is often called the Age of Reason. The new natural sciences had revealed that nature was subject to reason, so the Enlightenment philosophers saw it as their duty to lay a foundation for morals, religion, and ethics in accordance with man's immutable reason. Three central figures contributing to such ideas were Montesquieu (1689-1755), Voltaire (1694-1778) and Rousseau (1712-1778). They were partly inspired by more liberal ideas imported from Britain, and also by John Locke. They became increasingly opposed to the power of the clergy, the king, and the nobility. During the eighteenth century these institutions had far more power in France than they had in England. The Enlightenment thinkers believed it was essential to remain sceptical of all inherited truths, on the grounds that the individual must find his own answer to every question.;;;;;;;;;;8772 EVENTHIST12081;Cardinal de Richelieu decided in 1631 to make Brest a major naval base. Later, Louis XIV was determined to imporve the fortunes of the French navy, so the port of Brest was improved by his minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and fortified by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (an expert in fortification and seige warfare). Colbert also instituted the Inscription Maritime which inducted Breton fishermen (18-48 years of age) into the Naval Reserve.;;;;;;;;;;8773 EVENTHIST12077;Louis XIV was an extravagant monarch. France was often forced to suffer in order to indulge him.;;;;;;;;;;8774 EVENTHIST12076;At the urgings of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the King financed the construction of a tapestry manufacture outside Paris. It encouraged the textile industry and allowed the manufacture of goods for export.;;;;;;;;;;8775 EVENTHIST12075;Jean-Baptiste Colbert initiated a large number of reforms. He reformed the tax collection system, built public works, and enacted tariffs to protect the French economy.;;;;;;;;;;8776 EVENTHIST12074;The Office of Controller-General was vacated in 1661. The King appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert to fill the office. Colbert was a grandson of a provincial merchant of modest standing and a financial genius. His mercantile origins led to the nobility to frown on his appointment.;;;;;;;;;;8777 EVENTHIST12073;The French were having problems with people parading as nobles who were not really nobles. This become a widespread problem and angered the true nobility. The King ordered an investigation of noble status for all nobles in France. It was an act that the nobles wanted, but it also showed his power over the nobility.;;;;;;;;;;8778 EVENTHIST12071;The monarchy often sold the rights of monopoly to specific merchants in an effort to raise revenue. The cost of this practice was borne by the other merchants and the French consumer.;;;;;;;;;;8779 EVENTHIST12069;During the reign of Louis XIII, the royal bureaucracy was expanded many times over. This increased royal revenue, but created much internal friction.;;;;;;;;;;8780 EVENTHIST12068;In 1648, Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu's successor, the regent of the young King Louis XIV (also the lover of the Queen Mother, Anne of Austria, and reputedly Louis XIV father), attempted to secure the Parlement of Paris' approaval for increased taxes. The Parlement refused and Mazarin ordered the arrest of several defiant members of the Parlement. Parlement was supported by the Prince de Conti and the Cardinal de Retz. The French people protested and barricades were erected in Paris. At Mazarin's request, Louis de Bourbon, the Prince of Conde and a victorious general in the 30 Years War, marched his army into Paris to defend the King.;;;;;;;;;;8781 EVENTHIST12065;Lemonade is invented in Paris as sugar imported from the West Indies drops in price.;;;;;;;;;;8782 EVENTHIST12064;Baron de Bassompierre has distinguished himself both in the army and at the court of Henry IV. After the death of Henry he remained loyal to the queen, Marie de Medici, during her regency. Later, he served as an ambassador to Spain and England, and also fought against the Huguenots in 1621-22 and again in 1627-28. Due to his opposition to Cardinal Richelieu and his alleged part in the intrigue, he was imprisoned in 1631 in the Bastille until after the cardinal's death in 1643.;;;;;;;;;;8783 EVENTHIST12063;From 1534 La Rochelle served as a centre of Calvinism in France. In 1573 the city successfully withstood the siege of Duke d'Anjou, brother of Charles IX, and remained a stronghold of Huguenots in France. However, the alliance of the city with the English proved to be too much for Louis XIII and Richelieu, who decided that political independence of Huguenots is menacing to the French crown. The siege of La Rochelle (August 5, 1627 - October 28, 1628), which reduced the population of the city from 18,000 to 5,000 people, terminated with a capitulation, which put an end to the political aspirations of the Calvinistic minority in France.;;;;;;;;;;8784 EVENTHIST12062;Cardinal Richelieu waited until the Habsburgs armies were engaged in war with the Protestants of Germany to enter the Thirty Years War. He allied with the Netherlands and Sweden and then declared war on the Habsburgs and the Spanish.;;;;;;;;;;8785 EVENTHIST12061;One of the most conservative Catholic nobles, a royal minister, briefly turned the king against Richelieu. Marie de Medici, returned from brief disgrace, tried to convince her son to dismiss the cagey cardinal. The Day of Dupes followed, which amounted to little more than a high stakes family shouting match between Marie de Medici, Louis XIII, and Richelieu. Marie left thinking she had won, only to awake the next morning to find the King had ordered her exile.;;;;;;;;;;8786 EVENTHIST12060;Richelieu divided France into 32 districts or generalites, organizing and extending the Kings authority. Officials called intendants governed each district, overseen by the King's council and ultimately responsible to the King himself.;;;;;;;;;;8787 EVENTHIST12059;Ever since the Concordat of Bologna, the French King has been responsible for clerical appointments. In 1622, the office of Cardinal was vacated and the King appointed a new cardinal. The man chosen was Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, an advocate of centralized state power and a favorite of Louis XIIIs. His appointment was opposed by the nobles who wanted a more conservative Cardinal.;;;;;;;;;;8788 EVENTHIST12058;Bethune turned the economy of France around. He established budgets and systematic bookkeeping, which helped eliminate some needless expenses. He managed France's loans better, paying off most of them, and established good relations with France's creditors.;;;;;;;;;;8789 EVENTHIST12057;Following the end of the religious civil war, Henry needed a strong finance minister to invigorate the economy and return wealth to the royal coffers. The man chosen for the office was Maximillian de Bethune, a shrewd and arrogant duke of Sully. The son of a prosperous Protestant family, Bethune was looked down upon by the nobility. Henry appointed him anyway.;;;;;;;;;;8790 EVENTHIST12056;In 1596, Henry convinces the Assembly of Notables to approve a supplementary tax. A new imposition, called the Paulette, permitted officeholders, through an annual payment to the throne, to assure that their office would remain in the hands of their heirs. This gave the most wealthy nobles of France a greater stake in the monarchy and thus improved internal stability.;;;;;;;;;;8791 EVENTHIST12055;During the civil war, both sides printed enormous amounts of currency indisriminately. The inflation caused by this practice was staggering.;;;;;;;;;;8792 EVENTHIST12053;Following the horrible civil war, Henry needed to re-establish sources of royal funding. He enacted a variety of new funding measures and raised taxes, primarily levees.;;;;;;;;;;8793 EVENTHIST12052;In 1598, Henry's Edict of Nantes made Catholicism the official religion of France. But it also granted the nation's two million Protestants religious freedom. Huguenots now had the right to worship at home, to hold religious services, and establish schools in specified towns.;;;;;;;;;;8794 EVENTHIST12051;King Henry IV of Navarre had inherited the throne of France in August of 1589 following the assasination of Henry III. Due in large measure to Henry's dual Kingship in France and Navarre, French culture began to have great influence in the former Basque porvince of Bearn once stability returned at the close of the wars of religion.;;;;;;;;;;8795 EVENTHIST12049;During a siege of Paris using the combined forces of Henry III and Henry of Navarre, a Catholic monk assassinated Henry III. The King's bodyguards immediately threw themselves at Henry of Navarre's feet and swore fealty to him. The Catholic League responded by proclaiming Cardinal de Bourbon the true king of France. But Henry suprised everyone by abjuring Protestantism. Paris soon surrendered and his legitimacy soared. The Catholic League suffered continued defeats and eventually dispersed.;;;;;;;;;;8796 EVENTHIST12042;In retaliation for his actions a year earlier, a Huguenot assassinated the Duke of Guise in 1563. The monarchy promptly issued a royal edit allowing Huguenots the right to worship in one designated town in each region, as well as in the places where Calvinist congregations had already been established. This was a sign of great weakness in the monarchy, especially given the fact that King Charles IX and all his brothers were childless.;;;;;;;;;;8797 EVENTHIST12037;The spread of Calvinism led the King of France to sign the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, ending the long struggle between France and Spain. After decades of reckless invasions, Henry II agreed to respect Habsburg primacy in Italy and control over Flanders. King Phillip II of Spain, in return, promised that Spain would desist in its attempts to weaken the Valois kings. After signing the treaty, Henry II and Philip II could now turn their attention to combating Protestantism.;;;;;;;;;;8798 EVENTHIST12036;As the Reformation began to pick up speed, the government bureaucracies were overwhelmed. To combat the problem , the Parlement of Paris created a special chamber to hear heresy cases. This chamber tried approximately 500 people sentencing most of them to burn at the stake.;;;;;;;;;;8799 EVENTHIST12035;In 1559, John Calvin has published a book called Institutes of the Christian Religion. The book outlined a philosophy of predestination that would later be known as Calvinism. The French monarchy prompty banned it.;;;;;;;;;;8800 EVENTHIST12034;The humanist thinker Erasmus was being studied by a number of people in France. In 1534, the Catholic hierarchy and the king himself moved to crush this movement.;;;;;;;;;;8801 EVENTHIST12033;In 1534, reformers affixed placards against the Mass in Paris and on the King's bedroom door at his chateaux on the Loire River in Amboise. This event conviced the King to combat reform in earnest.;;;;;;;;;;8802 EVENTHIST12032;Initially, the Reformation was a German problem. But it soon flooded into France. In 1521, King Francis ordered Luther's writings confiscated and burned. Yet despite these efforts, Protestantism was still spreading and causing trouble for the French monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;8803 EVENTHIST12031;Pope Leo X signed the Concordat of Bologna with King Francis I in 1516. This gave the French king the right to appoint bishops and abbots in France. It was a major step away from the Vatican and a leap forward for the French monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;8804 EVENTHIST12030;Francis I established the College de France in 1530, which soon had chairs in Greek, Hebrew, and classical Latin. Northern universities became the centers of humanistic study, gradually taking over the role royal and noble households had played in the diffusion of education.;;;;;;;;;;8805 EVENTHIST12029;Resistance in Milan, as well as the use of the city as a focus for dissidents from abroad has finally come to an end. This has much to do with the extinction of the Sforza family (the sons of Ludovico il Moro, Massimiliano and Francesco Maria, both died without a direct male heir). Although the Spanish, Habsburg, and Italian states are unhappy with our presence in Italy, we are firmly entrenched there.;;;;;;;;;;8806 EVENTHIST12027;In 1525, the armies of Charles V decimated those of the French monarch Francis I at Pavia and captured Francis I. They carted him off to Madrid, held him for ransom, and asked that he renounce his claims in Italy.;;;;;;;;;;8807 EVENTHIST12026;By the 1520s, France had become too powerful a presence in Italy to ignore any longer. The Spanish king (also the Holy Roman Emperor) Charles V declared war on France. This marks the beginning of a long struggle over who will control the Italian peninsula.;;;;;;;;;;8808 EVENTHIST12025;In 1512, the Milanese families bought the services of Swiss mercenaries and drove the French from the city.;;;;;;;;;;8809 EVENTHIST12024;In 1498, France invaded Italy again. This time, Milan was the target. The French king, Louis XII, had claim to the Milanese throne. He was supported by Pope Alexander VI, who wanted French assistance as he tried to solidify papal territorial claims. To encourage the French king, the pope annulled Louis' marriage, so that he could marry his predecessor's widow, thereby keeping Brittany within his domains.;;;;;;;;;;8810 EVENTHIST12023;The prince of Napoli respected the claims of the French monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;8811 EVENTHIST12022;The French claim on the throne of Naples was unpopular with many of the Italian states, nevertheless, they were cowed at first by French power.;;;;;;;;;;8812 EVENTHIST12020;Despite the efforts of Charles VII, the nobility of France were operating almost independently of royal control. Louis XI changed this by enacting sweeping reform designed to bring the nobility under royal domination and give the monarchy greater power. He made and broke laws as he pleased and levied taxes at will. However, he strengthened the government, encouraged art and learning, promoted industry and agriculture, built roads and canals, and made it easier for the poor to obtain justice.;;;;;;;;;;8813 EVENTHIST12010;Jeanne d'Arc's strong minded mother and King Charles VII insisted that Jeanne's case be submitted to the pope, who ordered a new trial. It opened in Paris 24 years after her death. Jeanne was pronounced innocent in 1456 by Pope Calixtus III.;;;;;;;;;;8814 EVENTHIST12000;The detention of the Scottish King in England had thus far been advantageous to Henry for it preserved during the whole course of the French war the nothern frontier in tranquility. But when intelligence arrived in Scotland of the progress made by Henry they foresaw their own ruin if France was defeated. The regent of Scotland declined to openly war England so he permitted a body of seven thousand Scottish soldiers under the command of the Earl of Buchan to be transported into France for the service of the dauphin.;;;;;;;;;;8815 EVENTHIST12;Sometimes a scandal would erupt in the royal court and would upset a monarch to the point where most diplomatic activity would come to a standstill until things quieted down a bit.;;;;;;;;;;8816 EVENTHIST1131;Although rare, feuding families could sometimes lay their grievances to rest and come to terms. Usually this was the result of more or less overt directives by monarchs who could ill afford internal strife. The common method of ending such feuds was to bring the two families closer together by arranging a wedding between youngsters from both Houses. Your Excellency, a potential problem seems to be eliminated!;;;;;;;;;;8817 EVENTHIST1130;Your advisors recommend that we commission a new great Mosque to the greater glory of Allah and his prophet Mohammed. Should we heed their advise?;;;;;;;;;;8818 EVENTHIST1129;A heir to the Crown has been born! Let us all rejoice!;;;;;;;;;;8819 EVENTHIST1103;From time to time most rulers liked to arrange great royal hunts. These occasions were quite popular, but far from everyone were invited to participate - being invited to a royal hunt was a clear indication of favour. As with similar occasions, this was used by the king to diplomatically demonstrate his current favorites among the nobility as well as the foreign dignitaries.;;;;;;;;;;8820 EVENTHIST1102;Your advisors recommend that we commission a new Cathedral to the greater glory of God and Christianity. Should we heed their advise?;;;;;;;;;;8821 EVENTHIST1101;Your advisors recommend that we charter a new University to support science and development. Should we heed their advise?;;;;;;;;;;8822 EVENTHIST11;Sometimes a monarch would suffer a temporary crisis of insanity, leaving his realm with no or little efficient guidance for a few months;;;;;;;;;;8823 EVENTHIST10435;As Li Zechang's rebel forces approached the capital, Emperor Chongzhen struck a bell, signaling his ministers to appear for a conference. When no one came, he climbed to the top of Coal Hill, next to his palace, and hanged himself. Your Excellency, with the death of the Emperor our glorious nation is descending into chaos! At least we can take comfort in the fact that the Manchu are subdued. But for how long?;;;;;;;;;;8824 EVENTHIST10434;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the Eight Trigrams, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8825 EVENTHIST103;Formalizing the papal support in the Treaty of Tordesillas the world west of the Azores was reserved for Spain and the eastern half for Portugal. Eventually they agreed to push the demarcation line to the west of the Cape Verde islands to ensure Portuguese possession of Brazil. Portugal and Spain may now attack and conquer any non-European provinces without having to declare war on their owner.;;;;;;;;;;8826 EVENTHIST102;In the sixteenth century it became imperative for the State and the Church to stem the tide of Lutheranism sweeping through Europe. The decrees included the reorganization and moralization of the ecclesiastical body and solemnly reconfirmed the Pope's indisputable and absolute authority. Catholic nations may now convert to Counter Reformed Catholics, thereby allowing them to force enemy nations to convert back to Catholicism as a peace option.;;;;;;;;;;8827 EVENTHIST101;On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther pinned his 95 articles on the churchdoor at Wittenberg condemning the trafficking of Redeems by the Pope and advocating a return to a purer former of Christianity. This is normally said to be the birth of the Protestant branch of Christianity. Catholic nations can now convert to Protestantism thereby increasing their long term tax incomes and giving a one-time bonus of 25$ per province as church property is confiscated by the State.;;;;;;;;;;8828 EVENTHIST10043;Now that we are one nation, we will take the name of our new rulers;;;;;;;;;;8829 EVENTHIST10041;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the Eight Trigrams, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8830 EVENTHIST10040;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the Celestial Order, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8831 EVENTHIST10039;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8832 EVENTHIST10038;Reports have reached us that a diplomatic mission has arrived on our shores from the far-off western barbarian nation of England, led by a certain Lord Macartney. He is said to bring with him the friendly greetings of his King, ideas for facilitating the trade between our nations, and various mechanical wonders. Shall receive this mission?;;;;;;;;;;8833 EVENTHIST10037;An up-and-coming minister has recently come to our attention. His name is Heshen, and he is certainly wise in the ways of diplomacy and administration. However, rumor has it that he is also grossly corrupt, mixing his political excellence with greed and favoritism. Should we appoint him our chief minister?;;;;;;;;;;8834 EVENTHIST10036;Due to recent events, it now seems that the Jesuits may have outlived their usefulness. Although their knowledge is great, it is foreign to us and sometimes causes much commotion among our scholars and the common folk, disrupting the stability of our realm. They have been for decades interfering in the internal affairs of our nation - the final straw was their meddling in the recent succession. Perhaps it is time for them to go.;;;;;;;;;;8835 EVENTHIST10035;Although we are now at peace with China, it is obvious that they are a nation in the process of disintegration. Surely it would be wise to attack them while they are so weak and make even more spectacular advances!;;;;;;;;;;8836 EVENTHIST10034;Ever since the capture of the Emperor Zhengtong by the Mongols, security on the northern frontier has been an important issue. One problem is the sorry state of the Great Wall, built in ancient times, but left to crumble in recent centuries. We could repair the Great Wall, but it would be expensive and the effort, both physical and fiscal, would likely cause some unrest among the people. However, with improved defenses, the provinces in the area would likely become more productive and secure, while without them people may leave to safer havens. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8837 EVENTHIST10033;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the Celestial Order, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8838 EVENTHIST10032;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8839 EVENTHIST10031;Reports have reached us that a diplomatic mission has arrived on our shores from the far-off western barbarian nation of England, led by a certain Lord Macartney. He is said to bring with him the friendly greetings of his King, ideas for facilitating the trade between our nations, and various mechanical wonders. Shall receive this mission?;;;;;;;;;;8840 EVENTHIST10030;An up-and-coming minister has recently come to our attention. His name is Heshen, and he is certainly wise in the ways of diplomacy and administration. However, rumor has it that he is also grossly corrupt, mixing his political excellence with greed and favoritism. Should we make him our chief minister?;;;;;;;;;;8841 EVENTHIST10029;Due to recent events, it now seems that the Jesuits may have outlived their usefulness. Although their knowledge is great, it is foreign to us and sometimes causes much commotion among our scholars and the common folk, disrupting the stability of our realm. They have been for decades interfering in the internal affairs of our nation - the final straw was their meddling in the recent succession. Perhaps it is time for them to go.;;;;;;;;;;8842 EVENTHIST10028;Now that the we have gained control of northern China, it would seem that the most reasonable place to rule our expanded realm would be from the Chinese capital of Beijing. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8843 EVENTHIST10027;The last of the Ming pretenders has fled and the remnant Chinese forces in the south are offering to surrender to us unconditionally!;;;;;;;;;;8844 EVENTHIST10026;The last of the Ming pretenders has fled! The Manchu own the majority of China, and we are helpless against their advance and the never-ending revolts in the areas we control. Maybe it would be better to surrender now and throw ourselves on their mercy.;;;;;;;;;;8845 EVENTHIST10025;After years of chaos, the government of China has collapsed. As a result, we have lost still more northern provinces to the advancing Manchu. Nanjing is now terribly exposed, and the government has fled south.;;;;;;;;;;8846 EVENTHIST10024;The native forces of China have now been totally defeated. However, the name of China still holds much prestige in the minds of our subjects and neighbors. Now that we reign supreme, perhaps it would be wise to take up the name of the old empire and make it our own. Should we take up the mantle of the Chinese Empire?;;;;;;;;;;8847 EVENTHIST10023;Three feudal lords in the south, once Ming generals who have since thrown in their lot with the Manchu, are threatening to rise up in rebellion! Ordered to give up their offices and return to Beijing, they are instead demanding that they be allowed to retain their posts as lords of semi-autonomous territories. They claim that if they aren't allowed to retain their current positions and aren't given huge bribes, they will rise up in rebellion. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8848 EVENTHIST10022;Pirates under the rogue Ming pretender Koxinga and others have so ravaged our coasts that it is widely believed that wholesale evacuations from coastal provinces might be the only solution. Of course, this will vastly depopulate those provinces, but the pillaging by pirates may be worse in the long run. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8849 EVENTHIST10021;It appears that with the flight of the last Ming heir, the disturbances which have caused us such problems in the south have come to an end. Only the pirate prince Koxinga, based out of Taiwan, may yet remain a problem.@;;;;;;;;;;8850 EVENTHIST10020;Now that the Manchu are firmly in control of northern China, it may now be time to use Manchu military expertise to reform the old Chinese army. However, this will likely be expensive and many in the military will resent such an attempt. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8851 EVENTHIST10019;The Chinese have rejected the possibility of our complete control of their nation.;;;;;;;;;;8852 EVENTHIST10018;Wonderful news! The Chinese have accepted our offer, although it wold seem likely that many in the south would still prefer the old Ming Dynasty, which will likely result in instability in those areas.;;;;;;;;;;8853 EVENTHIST10017;Discouraging news! The Manchu have accepted our offer, but only on their terms - complete surrender. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8854 EVENTHIST10016;Wonderful news! The Manchu people have accepted our offer of unification. From now on we shall be as one.;;;;;;;;;;8855 EVENTHIST10015;Wonderful news! The people of China have revolted against their present dynasty and they have opened the gates of their capital to us! Their officials are offering to merge our two governments. However, it would seem likely that if we were to do this, they would be the ones in real control, so there is danger in accepting their offer unconditionally. Maybe we should rule the two states separately, with China being our vassal, or maybe we should make it clear who will really rule if the nations unite. What shall be our choice?;;;;;;;;;;8856 EVENTHIST10014;The Empire has descended into unparalleled chaos! Rebels control the countryside and march upon our capital. The armies of the barbarous Manchu move at will throughout the north and threaten Beijing. The people have completely lost faith in the current dynasty to rule. The ancients believed that when a dynasty was no longer fit to rule, the Mandate of Heaven was withdrawn from them and given to another. Many believe that this has happened and that it is time for the Ming to go, but others feel that we should fight on to the end against the rebels and the Manchu. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8857 EVENTHIST10013;An army under the control of Li Zechang has risen up in rebellion! The mutinous soldiers are tired of years of corruption and little or no pay. They have the full backing of the people of China, who grow weary of the incompetent and corrupt rule of the Ming Dynasty. The rebel army is marching toward the capital, and we must act immediately or be overwhelmed! What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8858 EVENTHIST10012;Due to decades of rebellions, unrest, and corruption, our financial situation is in dire straits. We need a new inflow of cash, but the only way to do so is to institute new unpopular taxes. By doing so, we can temporarily relieve some of our cash flow problems, but the already unstable situation may become even worse. But if we don't, we may lose the ability to raise taxes efficiently in certain provinces due to the unrest. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8859 EVENTHIST10011;The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! What should be done with these revolutionary cultists?;;;;;;;;;;8860 EVENTHIST10010;The Manchu leader Nurhachi has rallied the Jurchen tribes to his banner. They are reorganizing the Manchu state to our north, and are causing some of our northern provinces to rebel. How shall we deal with this crisis?;;;;;;;;;;8861 EVENTHIST10009;A famine of epic proportions has stricken our nation! A prolonged drought has caused harvests in the last few years to be exceedingly poor, leaving the people with very little, or nothing to eat. Deaths due to starvation or disease are rampant in the countryside, and reports of cannibalism and peasants grinding stones to make flour are commonplace. Many have resorted to banditry in order to feed themselves. The people cry out for the government to relieve their suffering, but to help so many will be costly indeed. Shall we attempt to ease the misery of the people?;;;;;;;;;;8862 EVENTHIST10008;In 1581, the first Jesuit missionaries arrived in China, bringing gifts to the Emperor and exhibiting various mechanical inventions from Europe. They also exhibited great knowledge by creating a huge map of the world and in proposing sound ideas for calendar reform. But they also brought with them strange religious and philosophical ideas, which started to disrupt the traditional order of China. Should these missionaries be allowed to stay?;;;;;;;;;;8863 EVENTHIST10007;The noted general Qi Jiguang has proposed a series of military reforms which, if implemented, would make our armies stronger and our men fight more effectively. Unfortunately, a thorough overhaul of the military is quite an undertaking. It will take quite a bit of money and effort, and even then the armed forces may not appreciate the changes, leading to instability and desertions. Shall we implement the reforms?;;;;;;;;;;8864 EVENTHIST10006;Since we decided to let the provinces defend themselves against Japanese pirate attacks, things have gotten only worse. Now pirates are actually besieging Nanjing, the old capital of our dynasty and a city of immense wealth. Our people clamor for us to go to the city's rescue, but it will be extremely expensive. But if we don't, the great city of Nanjing may be sacked by the pirates. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8865 EVENTHIST10005;Japanese pirate attacks have grown worse in recent years, but in the last few months they have markedly increased their activity along our coasts. They are destroying our income from those areas, and people are fleeing inland, when they aren't killed outright. We could attempt to combat them, but it would be expensive to do so. We could also let local authorities combat them - it would save us money, but probably wouldn't be particularly successful. What wall be our policy?;;;;;;;;;;8866 EVENTHIST10004;Recent advances in glazes, painting techniques, and pottery-making have resulted in a product that many experts claim is perfection. Exports in chinaware have increased as our product is in high demand. Provinces especially dedicated to the production of the finest porcelain have grown rich on the trade, increasing our revenue from those areas!;;;;;;;;;;8867 EVENTHIST10003;Ever since the capture of the Emperor Zhengtong by the Mongols, security on the northern frontier has been an important issue. One problem is the sorry state of the Great Wall, built in ancient times, but left to crumble in recent centuries. We could repair the Great Wall, but it would be expensive and the effort, both physical and fiscal, would likely cause some unrest among the people. However, with improved defenses, the provinces in the area would likely become more productive and secure, while without them people may leave to safer havens. What shall we do?;;;;;;;;;;8868 EVENTHIST10002;The Emperor Zhengtong has returned to the throne, seizing it from his usurping brother and taking the new throne name Tianshun. The instability of the past few years now seems to be over!;;;;;;;;;;8869 EVENTHIST10001;The Emperor Zhengtong has been captured while campaigning against the Mongols. His brother Jingtai has seized the throne, but the Mongols are threatening to release the captured Emperor, thus starting a succession crisis, if not an all-out civil war. The country is descending into chaos!;;;;;;;;;;8870 EVENTHIST10000;In 1402, the Emperor Yongle usurped the throne from his young nephew, who soon afterwards disappeared during a mysterious palace fire. The body was never found, so ever since the Emperor has been worried about conspiracies and intrigues concerning the missing boy. He feels uncomfortable in Nanjing, the current location of the Imperial court, as it is the center of such intrigues. He feels that a move to the old Mongol capital at Beijing would be in his and the state's best interests. There he wishes to build a fortified palace complex, a Forbidden City, to protect and isolate himself from those who would do him harm. Should we move the capital?;;;;;;;;;;8871 EVENTHIST1000117;After the death of Charles VI, John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford and now Regent of France continued to seek the aid of Philip. The Treaty of Troyes bound the English to embark upon the monumental task of subduing southern France, thus securing the true ascension of their boy-King, Henry VI, to the throne of France. Burgundy's aid would be critical for the success of such a campaign. Thus Bedford approached Philip and John VI, Duke of Brittany, with a proposal for an alliance between the three dukes. Aiding the English would certainly help secure a sovereign future for Burgundy and give Philip the opportunity to persue vengeance against the dis-inherited Dauphin Charles for the death of Philip's father, John, aswell as further Philip's aspirations for his Burgundian state. However, the people of France yearned for French unity and a French King, and an English King certainly contradicted these desires. At Amiens, Bedford had proposed a marriage alliance and so Philip offered his sisters, Anne and Margaret as brides for Bedford and Arthur of Brittany, Earl of Richmond. Philip had to weigh his choices carefully. After some deliberation, Philip and John VI would proceed with the English alliance, acknowledging Bedford as Regent of France, and reaffirming the Treaty of Troyes, but would make a secret pact with each other to remain committed should their mutual alliance with England fail. Well, sire?;;;;;;;;;;8872 EVENTHIST1000118;After the death of Charles VI, John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford and Regent of France continued to seek the aid of both Philip, Duke of Burgundy and John VI, Duke of Brittany. The English were treaty bound to undertake the monumental task of subduing southern France in order to secure the ascension of their boy-King, Henry VI, to the throne of France. Burgundy and Brittany's support would be critical for the success of this campaign. Thus Bedford approached Philip and John VI with a proposal for an alliance between the three dukes. Aiding the English would certainly help secure a sovereign future for Brittany. However, France yearned for French unity and a French King, and an English King would certainly contradict these desires. At Amiens, Bedford had proposed a marriage alliance and so Philip offered his sister, Anne to Bedford, and sister Margaret to Arthur of Brittany, Earl of Richmond. Philip and John VI accepted Bedford's proposal, acknowledging Bedford as Regent of France, and reaffirming the Treaty of Troyes, but would make a secret pact with each other to remain committed should their mutual alliance with England fail. Well, sire?;;;;;;;;;;8873 EVENTHIST10;Monarchs were sometimes wise or lucky enough to appoint excellent ministers whose actions would greatly benefit their realm.;;;;;;;;;;8874 EVENTHIST1;Revolts were almost part of everyday life for the rulers all over Europe. High taxes noblemen cruelties as well as cultural and religious differencies caused unhappiness among the farmers and in the cities and in the most extreme cases this led to rebellions with sometimes long lasting and drastic effect.;;;;;;;;;;8875 EVENTHIST_A9;Noble families were the bulwark of power during these times. Assasination of a powerful house leader was seen as a critical blow to those families' fortunes. With the rise of religious strife, assassinations of rival religion's nobles became increasingly common.;;;;;;;;;;8876 EVENTHIST_A8;The nobility was not fully subjugated during this age and the nobles could and did strike independent alliances with foreign princes. The crowns of Europe might not have liked it but they were normally hard pressed to prevent these kinds of activities.;;;;;;;;;;8877 EVENTHIST_A7;Violence among leading families within a state was never far from the surface. Often, this instability would boil over into open confilict. The result was less than a full blown civil war but could immensely disturb the stability of a state.;;;;;;;;;;8878 EVENTHIST_A6;States began to expand the number of doctors in the 16th century and also to regulate and supervise their training at universities. These regulations also covered midwives.;;;;;;;;;;8879 EVENTHIST_A5;Some people were so devout in their religion that they set out to help the poor and heal the sick. They were often called saints for their acts and were sometimes even believed to perform miracles.;;;;;;;;;;8880 EVENTHIST_A42;In the 13th century Islam came to northern Sumatra. During the 14th and 15th century it spread south and east to the rest of the Indonerian islands.;;;;;;;;;;8881 EVENTHIST_A41;Close contact with European colonists and missionaries made many indians convert to christians, becoming what was known as 'praying indians'.;;;;;;;;;;8882 EVENTHIST_A40;The Jesuits and the Franciscans were granted permission to establish missions in America. Their success varied, but the Franciscans claimed by 1626 that they had converted 34,000 Indians.;;;;;;;;;;8883 EVENTHIST_A4;Fire was a perennial scourge in crowded and unregulated cities and towns. The damage caused by fires slowed economic growth and hurt tax revenues. Starting in the late 15th century, efforts were made to create building codes to minimize fire damage.;;;;;;;;;;8884 EVENTHIST_A39;From the 13th century aggressive warfare from the north diminished the christian population in Nubia. By 1500 there were few christians left.;;;;;;;;;;8885 EVENTHIST_A38;Nations in sub-Saharan and eastern Africa had contact with Islamic nations through trade and war. Arab and North-African traders settled in Africa and brought with them customs and beliefs. In some areas these were introduced to and accepted by the locals. Some African kings also converted to easen the relations with the nearby islamic nations.;;;;;;;;;;8886 EVENTHIST_A37;Following the fall of the Mali nation around 1600 Segu and other Bambera states rose to power. They were pagan nations and not islamic.;;;;;;;;;;8887 EVENTHIST_A36;With the founding of the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk in Cape Town in 1652 christianity was introduced to southern Africa. The first native converts were slaves held by the colonizers in the Cape colony. They were later joined by the Xhosa in early 19th century and later the Zulus.;;;;;;;;;;8888 EVENTHIST_A35;Following increased contact with europeans, the Portuguese in particular, several african nations converted to christians from the 15th century on. The Kongolese king Mbemba-a-Nzinga, also known as Afonso I, was a devouted catholic and cooperated close with the Portuguese. Other African kings converted, though many in name only. Most of them kept many of their old rituals.;;;;;;;;;;8889 EVENTHIST_A34;Courts were often looking for painters and artists to try to adequately capture the glory of the monarch. Artists during the Renaissance were usually multi-talented and worked in many fields other than art. Michelangelo worked in fortifications and da Vinci dabbled in engineering for example.;;;;;;;;;;8890 EVENTHIST_A33;Trade was heavily regulated during this era but despite this the markets were not fixed. At times merchants would try to enter new markets or sell new goods. Merchants facing these conditions would usually demand new or higher tariffs to stop their competitors.;;;;;;;;;;8891 EVENTHIST_A32;Monarchs were contacted by a variety of dissidents from other states. These dissidents claimed to have vast supporters who just needed some cash - they were usually lying. Despite this, their claims excited many influential people at the court - particularly when religion entered the mix. Supporting these dissidents rarely accomplished anything other than antagonizing the other state but failure to support could create a bad impression at home.;;;;;;;;;;8892 EVENTHIST_A31;The most powerful of the noble families in the state often had vast wealth but that did not stop them like their monarchs from getting into financial troubles. They too could accumulate debts that escaped their ability to pay. They could at those times come to the monarch to request aid. The monarchs were often receptive since they would usually be related by blood or marriage.;;;;;;;;;;8893 EVENTHIST_A30;Peasants typically had no voice but they could occasionally gain access to the monarch and ask for redress. Sometimes, these requests for redress would be directed at the local lord who was perceived to be violating the peasants' rights. Stepping in to override a noble's local authority was a very drastic step.;;;;;;;;;;8894 EVENTHIST_A3;The peasants were always superstitious, and the appearance of a meteor in the sky could cause panic among the people. This was often viewed as a sign that the end of times were near or that something bad would happen in the near future.;;;;;;;;;;8895 EVENTHIST_A29;A sudden baby boom was not always a blessing at this time. Agricultural societies could not easily scale to handle larger populations in a given region. Population pressures often led to efforts at immigration overseas or movement to the city.;;;;;;;;;;8896 EVENTHIST_A28;Disputes over the treatment of local merchants were not uncommon. All governments faced minor reports of unfair treatment and harassment of their merchants. At the higher levels there were complaints about banditry or privateering occuring within or at the direction of a certain state. These issues could be resolved but saber rattling was always an option.;;;;;;;;;;8897 EVENTHIST_A27;The lack of good maps or the tools to create accurate maps would occasionally lead to overlapping claims of authority in border regions. These disputes were usually over very marginal areas but could serve as a point of friction when monarchs decided to press the issue.;;;;;;;;;;8898 EVENTHIST_A26;Small bouts of heretical ideas would spring up from time to time. Most were simple people who did not realize that their interpretation of the Bible went counter to established doctrine but all such ideas frightened the local rulers. Intended or not, the usual response was quick and brutal as authorities would suppress these outbreaks.;;;;;;;;;;8899 EVENTHIST_A25;Many times men of ideas would posit ideas that ran counter to accept doctrine either from the monarch or the church. The state would normally try to get the thinker to recant his ideas and, failing that, would resort to imprisonment or execution. Men like Giordono Bruno, Thomas Moore and Galileo are classic examples of troublesome thinkers.;;;;;;;;;;8900 EVENTHIST_A24;Indulgences were essentially a pre-pay system for your sins. A devotee could buy forgiveness before they committed sins. This practice was widely practiced and its abuse was one of the prompts for Luther's movement. Indulgence peddlers were very apt at extracting large amounts of cash from any area they passed through.;;;;;;;;;;8901 EVENTHIST_A23;Monarchs struggles with ways to subdue the nobility. The rise of firearms reduced the nobles' role as warriors but left them with in the eyes of the monarchs too much idle time. Some monarchs created great new palaces with elaborate court rituals to dazzle the nobles and keep them occupied. Versailles is the greatest expression of this movement.;;;;;;;;;;8902 EVENTHIST_A22;Maurice of Orange pioneered new drills for firearms that made the new weapons much more effective. This drill technique was not a secret and numerous military entrepreneurs read on the drill and placed their service at the disposal of the crowned heads of Europe.;;;;;;;;;;8903 EVENTHIST_A21;During the period from 1450-1600 Italian siege engineers were highly sought after to teach the ways of the trace italienne to the militaries of Europe. These engineers had no national identity in most cases and simply worked for whoever could afford to pay them.;;;;;;;;;;8904 EVENTHIST_A20;The Bourgeoisie class grew increasing resentful of the power of the noble families and particularly their lack of opportunities in the higher ranks of government. One route into power was to marry into poor but well titled noble families. The other was to pry open positions in government circles.;;;;;;;;;;8905 EVENTHIST_A2;Ordinances provided that roads, post relays and taverns be properly maintained to ensure the smooth flow of trade within a state.;;;;;;;;;;8906 EVENTHIST_A19;Monarchs ruled by issuing ordinances but they were almost powerless to enforce them. Enforcement depended upon the local powers (nobles/city governments) who would not always be as vigilant as the monarchs would have desired.;;;;;;;;;;8907 EVENTHIST_A18;Urban dwellers had always existed under a different code of rules than their rural brethren - even in the same state. Just as monarchs looked to curb the privileges of nobles they often tried to bring cities under more uniform rules and regulations. The cities often resisted these efforts.;;;;;;;;;;8908 EVENTHIST_A17;The nobility during this period still recalled the days when the King was just the first among many nobles. The nobility wanted to return to these days and would frequently pressure the King to regain certain lost rights of privileges.;;;;;;;;;;8909 EVENTHIST_A16;The establishment of permanent recruiting areas for the armies of the age made it easier to extract men from the population to serve in the army.;;;;;;;;;;8910 EVENTHIST_A15;During this time period many areas that were forests or swamps were cleared or drained to provide new areas for settlement. These newly cleared areas often led to a short term population boom.;;;;;;;;;;8911 EVENTHIST_A14;When the crown could not or would not pay cash to the nobles they would grant them instead privileges to collect special revenues from which they could make a healthy profit.;;;;;;;;;;8912 EVENTHIST_A13;Kings had to keep their unruly nobles in line through many methods. One of the most common was cold hard cash. Nobles would demand increased pensions in exchange for relinquishing certain rights to the King.;;;;;;;;;;8913 EVENTHIST_A12;Crowns often granted trading companies the exclusive rights to traffic in goods in a region. These monopolies were granted in exchange for a lump-sum payment and continuing revenues from the traders.;;;;;;;;;;8914 EVENTHIST_A11;The crown often resorted to short term cash grabs like the sale of government offices. These sales would bring in a lot of revenue but in the long haul more officials meant more tax revenue siphoned off before it reached the royal treasury.;;;;;;;;;;8915 EVENTHIST_A10;Noble families were often granted control over church lands and appointment in many states in exchange for cash contributions to the crown's efforts. The crown, of course, lost control over some revenues this way in exhange for a short term boost in revenue.;;;;;;;;;;8916 EVENTHIST_A1;Trading companies were often founded on highly speculative stocks. When they failed, large sums of wealth could be lost and faith in the goverment declined as well.;;;;;;;;;;8917 EVENTHIST_A0;The privileges of the nobility were continually under assault as the monarch tried to centralize more and more control. Sometimes the nobles would attempt to gain rights they had lost or surrendered to the monarch in earlier times.;;;;;;;;;;8918 EVENTBUTTON_INFO;(For effects on your decision, check the information appearing when you move the mouse over the button.);;;;;;;;;;8919 EVENT48_B;Ignore them;;;;;;;;;;8920 EVENT48_A;Try to eradicate the problems;;;;;;;;;;8921 EVENT43_B;Abolish a Tax;;;;;;;;;;8922 EVENT43_A;Execute the Troublemakers;;;;;;;;;;8923 EVENT42_B;Agree to their Demands;;;;;;;;;;8924 EVENT42_A;Ignore their Demands;;;;;;;;;;8925 EVENT1131A;Let us send them a gift!;;;;;;;;;;8926 EVENT1130B;No;;;;;;;;;;8927 EVENT1130A;Yes;;;;;;;;;;8928 EVENT1129A;Celebrate!;;;;;;;;;;8929 EVENT1102B;No;;;;;;;;;;8930 EVENT1102A;Yes;;;;;;;;;;8931 EVENT1101B;No;;;;;;;;;;8932 EVENT1101A;Yes;;;;;;;;;;8933 EVENT_SIMPLE;%s : %s happened to us.;;;;;;;;;;8934 EVENT_SELECTION;%s : We went with %s in %s.;;;;;;;;;;8935 EVENT_PIRATE_TITLE;A Pirate Offers His Services;;;;;;;;;;8936 EVENT_PIRATE_DESC;Pirates and Buccaneers often operated under the flags of various nations. Sometimes they were incorporated into the national navies as regulars. One of the most famous pirates were Francis Drake which were a part of the english fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada.;;;;;;;;;;8937 EVENT_PIRATE_C;Ignore him;;;;;;;;;;8938 EVENT_PIRATE_B;Hang him for his crimes;;;;;;;;;;8939 EVENT_PIRATE_A;Accept his services.;;;;;;;;;;8940 EVENT_NEXT;Next Event;;;;;;;;;;8941 EVENT_A7_C;Try to settle the issue.;;;;;;;;;;8942 EVENT_A7_B;Let them fight it out.;;;;;;;;;;8943 EVENT_A7_A;Side with one family;;;;;;;;;;8944 EVENT_A42_B;Honor the beliefs of our ancestors;;;;;;;;;;8945 EVENT_A42_A;Convert to Islam;;;;;;;;;;8946 EVENT_A41_B;Convert to Christians;;;;;;;;;;8947 EVENT_A41_A;Honor the beliefs of our ancestors;;;;;;;;;;8948 EVENT_A40_B;Convert to Christians;;;;;;;;;;8949 EVENT_A40_A;Honor the beliefs of our ancestors;;;;;;;;;;8950 EVENT_A39_B;Stay Christians;;;;;;;;;;8951 EVENT_A39_A;Convert to Islam;;;;;;;;;;8952 EVENT_A38_B;Convert to Islam;;;;;;;;;;8953 EVENT_A38_A;Honor the beliefs of our ancestors;;;;;;;;;;8954 EVENT_A37_B;Stay with Islam;;;;;;;;;;8955 EVENT_A37_A;Return to the faith of our ancestors;;;;;;;;;;8956 EVENT_A36_B;Convert to Christians;;;;;;;;;;8957 EVENT_A36_A;Honor the beliefs of our ancestors;;;;;;;;;;8958 EVENT_A35_B;Convert to Christians;;;;;;;;;;8959 EVENT_A35_A;Honor the beliefs of our ancestors;;;;;;;;;;8960 EVENT_A34_B;Decline his Services;;;;;;;;;;8961 EVENT_A34_A;Hire Painter;;;;;;;;;;8962 EVENT_A33_B;Deny New Tariff;;;;;;;;;;8963 EVENT_A33_A;Impose New Tariff;;;;;;;;;;8964 EVENT_A32_B;Decline;;;;;;;;;;8965 EVENT_A32_A;Support;;;;;;;;;;8966 EVENT_A31_B;Deny Aid;;;;;;;;;;8967 EVENT_A31_A;Grant Aid;;;;;;;;;;8968 EVENT_A30_B;Deny Petition;;;;;;;;;;8969 EVENT_A30_A;Accept Petition;;;;;;;;;;8970 EVENT_A29_B;Deny Charter;;;;;;;;;;8971 EVENT_A29_A;Grant Colonial Charter;;;;;;;;;;8972 EVENT_A28_B;Diplomatically Resolve;;;;;;;;;;8973 EVENT_A28_A;Escalate Complaint;;;;;;;;;;8974 EVENT_A27_B;Settle Issue;;;;;;;;;;8975 EVENT_A27_A;Press Issue;;;;;;;;;;8976 EVENT_A26_B;Ignore Heresy;;;;;;;;;;8977 EVENT_A26_A;Fund suppression effort;;;;;;;;;;8978 EVENT_A25_B;Allow to Remain Free;;;;;;;;;;8979 EVENT_A25_A;Imprison Thinker;;;;;;;;;;8980 EVENT_A23_B;Don't build it.;;;;;;;;;;8981 EVENT_A23_A;Build the Palace;;;;;;;;;;8982 EVENT_A22_B;Decline the Offer;;;;;;;;;;8983 EVENT_A22_A;Hire him;;;;;;;;;;8984 EVENT_A21_B;Decline the Offer;;;;;;;;;;8985 EVENT_A21_A;Hire the engineer;;;;;;;;;;8986 EVENT_A20_B;Deny;;;;;;;;;;8987 EVENT_A20_A;Grant;;;;;;;;;;8988 EVENT_A18_B;Accept;;;;;;;;;;8989 EVENT_A18_A;Deny Old Rights;;;;;;;;;;8990 EVENT_A17_B;Accept Demands;;;;;;;;;;8991 EVENT_A17_A;Reject Demands;;;;;;;;;;8992 EVENT_A14_B;Decline;;;;;;;;;;8993 EVENT_A14_A;Accept;;;;;;;;;;8994 EVENT_A13_B;Refuse their demands;;;;;;;;;;8995 EVENT_A13_A;Accept their demands;;;;;;;;;;8996 EVENT_A11_B;Decline;;;;;;;;;;8997 EVENT_A11_A;Accept;;;;;;;;;;8998 EVENT_A10_B;Decline;;;;;;;;;;8999 EVENT_A10_A;Accept;;;;;;;;;;9000 EVENT_A0_C;Execute the Traitors;;;;;;;;;;9001 EVENT_A0_B;Ignore the demands;;;;;;;;;;9002 EVENT_A0_A;Accept their rightful claims.;;;;;;;;;;9003 EURONET_PLAYER_LIST_HEADLINE;PLAYERLIST;;;;;;;;;;9004 EURONET_GAME_INFO;GAME INFO;;;;;;;;;;9005 EURONET_CURRENT_GAMES_HEADLINE;CURRENT GAMES;;;;;;;;;;9006 EURONET_CHAT_HEADLINE;CHAT;;;;;;;;;;9007 ETH_DESC;Legend states that the Ethiopian royal line comes from the son of King Solomon and Queen of Sheba in the Bible. Isolated for many centuries after the decline of the Roman Empire, Ethiopia remained Christian, and the Europeans thought they had found the mythical kingdom of Prester John in Ethiopia in the 16th century, which would help the Catholics destroy the Muslims forever and gain the Holy Land back. However, the ancient Ethiopian Empire was always on the defensive by 1419 and continued to fight for its life when in 1535 Portuguese explorers helped out with new technology to beat the Muslims back. The Catholic Europeans, however, were ultimately rejected by the Coptic Ethiopian rulers. Ethiopia amazingly survived well past 1820 - perhaps a miracle surpassing its own mythical origins.;;;;;;;;;;9008 ETH;Ethiopia;;;;;;;;;;9009 ERROR_SOUND_NAME;Critical Error!;;;;;;;;;;9010 ERROR_SOUND_DESC;EU has encountered a problem with your sound card. Please obtain and install the latest sound drivers from the sound card manufacturer. If the problem persists, contact the technical support.;;;;;;;;;;9011 ENG_WOSS_MISSTACT;It is your mission to stop Louis XIV's grandson Philip from inheriting Spain. You do this by defeating both France and Spain and forcing them to accept peace. This is hard to achieve and you will have to forge a Grand Alliance with Austria and the Netherlands. Both your presumed allies are wary and have there own agendas among them colonial expansion and fostering catholic values in Europe so you have to open your moneybag to uphold the alliance. You must first of all protect your island with your navy. You must never let the Bourbons get the upper hand at sea. Secondly, you can hurt the Bourbons severely by striking at their colonies, decreasing their annual income and increasing yours. Your last task will be to strike at the heart of the enemy on the continent. This means creating a large army and bolstering your allies.;;;;;;;;;;9012 ENG_WOSS_MISSNAME;Defeat the Bourbon Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;9013 ENG_WOSS_MISSDESC;You win automatically when you have forced France and Spain to sign a peace agreement.;;;;;;;;;;9014 ENG_RG_VPTACTIC;You are isolated in the north of Europe and have a small army. But your island stands protected by the largest western European fleet. If you can keep on building up your economic strength improve your technology and trade and have a good understanding with other major nations you shall be prepared for the better years to come. Take every opportunity you have to explore future colonial sites in the New World and be careful of those damned Scots in the north and the French sneaking in at Calais in the South.;;;;;;;;;;9015 ENG_RG_MISSTACT;Use your naval supremacy to cripple the French navy strive to have an alliance with Spain or other neighbors of France to make sure the French armies cannot concentrate on only defeating yours. Watch out for the Scots who are allied with the French you may want to defeat them first!;;;;;;;;;;9016 ENG_RG_MISSNAME;Defeat the french;;;;;;;;;;9017 ENG_RG_MISSDESC;You will earn victory progress for owning the English/Aquitaine provinces in the southwest of current France, plus Scotland. You will also get a considerable bonus each year by keeping ownership of Calais!;;;;;;;;;;9018 ENG_RG_HISTDESC;King Henry VIII had inherited a rebuilt and stable realm and the English trade in wool and draperies flourished all over Northern Europe. However the King contrarily to his father had not abandoned all hopes to regain a foothold on the continent besides the city of Calais. He was determined that England would play a major diplomatic role in Europe balancing his favors between the French and the Habsburgs. Although a devout Catholic Henry was also marred by a reckless marital life and may soon find himself in conflict with the Pope over marriage claims setting the scene for England's departure from the great Catholic family.;;;;;;;;;;9019 ENG_GC_VPTACTIC;You are isolated in the north of Europe and have a small army. But your island stands protected by the largest navy in Western Europe. If you can build up your economic strength improve your stability and trade and have a good understanding with other major nations then you will be prepared for the better years to come. Just be careful of those damned Scots in the north and the French sneaking in at Calais in the South.;;;;;;;;;;9020 ENG_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;9021 ENG_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;9022 ENG_GC_HISTDESC;In 1485 the Tudor monarchy had established itself in England at the conclusion of the War of the Roses. King Henry VII devoted all his attention to rebuilding his devastated realm and had abandoned all hopes to regain a foothold on the continent besides the city of Calais. The Hundred Years War was really over and the future of England would lie on the seas by force and trade provided a watchful eye was kept on Scotland.;;;;;;;;;;9023 ENG_DESC;The Norman Invasion of England in 1066 is one of the most important events in English History. The Norman lords built castles, instituted laws and organized a feudal system, which, while oppressive, was more in line with continental Europe. Their ties with Normandy and France also brought England into the highlight from having been little more than a Danish playground. In 1419, England was ruled by the Lancaster king Henry V, a very able man who, had he lived longer, might very well have become the ruler of a united France and England. However, he died in 1422, and England soon started to lose its grip on France, having lost everything but Calais by 1453. The War of the Roses followed, fought between House Lancaster and York, ending only with the death of Richard III at Bosworth field in 1485. The Tudors ruled England from 1485 to 1603 - a period that saw the Reformation under Henry VIII and a golden age under Queen Elizabeth I. Then came the Stuart kings and the Civil War between Parlamentarians and Royalists that started in 1642 and ended only when Charles I was beheaded on Jan. 30, 1649, at the order of the Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell's death in 1658 initiated the collapse of his strange new rule and Charles II was restored to power in 1660. The Stuarts were followed by the House of Hanover in 1714, uniting England with the German electorate. From this time onward, England's power grew explosively, seeing great expansion of the navy, trade and colonial involvement.;;;;;;;;;;9024 ENG_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;9025 ENG_1773_S;After years of mismanagement, England found herself fighting against her erstwhile colonies in America. (In game terms England is at war with the USA.) In Europe, England had just lost a great war against France, Spain and the Netherlands who all envied her Glory. With the independence of the United States the freedom and self-governing were on the lips of every colonial power.;;;;;;;;;;9026 ENG_1773_C;England can hardly afford to neglect the USA. She has to crush the American rebels, or at least hurt them severely before Spain and France come to their aid. In India it is considered wise to root out all other colonial competitors. In North America it is considered wise to take lands from the Spanish. See to it that you contain Russia, Spain and France, as these powers are your greatest competitors on the continent. Most countries will consider England an enemy so be prepared for war. But do not be overtly aggressive. Don't search for war let it come to you.;;;;;;;;;;9027 ENG_1700_VPTACTIC;England has become a very strong power by 1700. Her strength is mainly based on seapower colonies and her growing economy. Retaining naval supremacy is an absolute necessity which can enable you to enlarge your colonial empire especially in India and Asia. The key factor in maintaining and increasing the economic gap with your main competitors is trade. Invest in merchants and get those important monopolies. In Europe you have to be a political realist, switching sides to uphold the balance of power not letting France or Austria get the upper hand there. Note that while upholding balance in Europe you might put your colonies in danger from enemy conquest. Keep good army units in the colonies for defense, but also as strike forces to wrest provinces from enemy hands.;;;;;;;;;;9028 ENG_1700_HISTDESC;In 1700 the Spanish king Carlos II dies and his testament implies that the grandson of Louis XIV King of France Philip is to be King of Spain on the condition that the thrones of Spain and France are not united. Old King Louis XIV doesn't accept this and claims both thrones for his grandson. This starts the War of Spanish Succession between, on one side France Spain and Bavaria, and on the other side England the Netherlands and Austria. At the same time the Great Northern war is fought in the North and East. When the dynastical war ends in 1713 England is the most victorious nation in Europe. Defying the French and annexing Gibraltar some Canadian coastlines and Menorca.;;;;;;;;;;9029 ENG_1617_VPTACTIC;England starts the game as a fairly weak country and it is advisable to defend the island heavily with a strong navy. If civil war breaks out you must immediately crush the rebellion before it can infest your lovely country and strike a pact with the French and the Spaniards. Try to expand your colonial empire while the other countries wage war on the continent but concentrate your efforts to one area preferably North America. If you decide to meddle in the the Thirty Years War supporting one or the other side then see to it that you join the war late so that you can take advantage of the other countries' war exhaustion. Beware of enemy invasion;;;;;;;;;;9030 ENG_1617_HISTDESC;During the early 17th century the Stuarts were brought to power in England and Scotland, relations toward Spain and France were improved, and England did not make any serious commitment to the Protestant cause in the Thirty Years War. This foreign policy was very much disliked in England and it, together with the Stuarts conflict, with the parliament threatened to upset the domestic balance of power. The consequence was civil war betwen royalists and and the supporters of the parliament (1642-1649). The parliament was victorious and the King was executed but the fight for freedom lost its momentum. When the bells of peace rang in German cities the parliament had recently managed to get the upper hand in the civil war. Economically England had lost ground to Dutch competition but she had now an army of excellent ability and England was a power to be reckoned with in the future.;;;;;;;;;;9031 ENG;England;;;;;;;;;;9032 END_GOOD_HEADER;%t, we bring good news to your court!;;;;;;;;;;9033 END_GOOD_2;Final Standing;;;;;;;;;;9034 END_GOOD_1;Congratulations, you were victorious!;;;;;;;;;;9035 END_BUTTON;END SCENARIO;;;;;;;;;;9036 END_BAD_HEADER;%t, we bring sad news to your court!;;;;;;;;;;9037 END_BAD_2;Final Standing;;;;;;;;;;9038 END_BAD_1;We failed to achieve victory!;;;;;;;;;;9039 ENAME_F_1519;x;;;;;;;;;;9040 ENAME_F_1518;x;;;;;;;;;;9041 ENAME_F_1517;x;;;;;;;;;;9042 ENAME_F_1516;x;;;;;;;;;;9043 ENAME_F_1515;x;;;;;;;;;;9044 ENAME_F_1514;x;;;;;;;;;;9045 ENAME_F_1513;x;;;;;;;;;;9046 ENAME_F_1512;x;;;;;;;;;;9047 ENAME_F_1511;x;;;;;;;;;;9048 ENAME_F_1510;x;;;;;;;;;;9049 ENAME_F_1509;x;;;;;;;;;;9050 ENAME_F_1508;All Life is Holy;;;;;;;;;;9051 ENAME_F_1507;St. Basil's Cathedral;;;;;;;;;;9052 ENAME_F_1506;Gerard Mercator de Kremer;;;;;;;;;;9053 ENAME_F_1505;Galileo Galilei;;;;;;;;;;9054 ENAME_F_1504;Johann Friederich Struensee;;;;;;;;;;9055 ENAME_F_1503;The Hungarian Vampire;;;;;;;;;;9056 ENAME_F_1501;Newton publishes Optica;;;;;;;;;;9057 ENAME_F_1500;Newton publishes Principia Mathematica;;;;;;;;;;9058 EN_WRONG_VERSION;Your version doesn't correspond to the hosted game;;;;;;;;;;9059 EN_VERSION;Version: ;;;;;;;;;;9060 EN_USER_LEFT_CHANNEL;has left the channel...;;;;;;;;;;9061 EN_USER_EXISTS_CHANNEL;A player with that name is already connected to that channel. Please change name or channel.;;;;;;;;;;9062 EN_SERVER_TIMED_OUT;The server does not respond.;;;;;;;;;;9063 EN_RPC_UPDATE_MESSAGE_GAME_LAUNCH;The host started the game;;;;;;;;;;9064 EN_RPC_UPDATE_MESSAGE_GAME_FORCE_LEAVE;The host left your game.;;;;;;;;;;9065 EN_PLAYER_LOGGED_IN_TO_CHANNEL;§W logged into the channel.;;;;;;;;;;9066 EN_NOT_CREATE_STATUS_THREAD;Status thread was not creatable.;;;;;;;;;;9067 EN_NOT_CREATE_CONNECT_THREAD;Connection thread was not creatable.;;;;;;;;;;9068 EN_NO_NAME_SERVER;The mainserver was not reachable. Please check that you are connected to the Internet.;;;;;;;;;;9069 EN_NO_CONNECTION;Connection is not active. Please check that you are connected to the internet.;;;;;;;;;;9070 EN_NO_CHANNEL;NO CHANNEL SELECTED;;;;;;;;;;9071 EN_NAME;Valkyrienet;;;;;;;;;;9072 EN_LAUNCH_GAME_OK;The game was started.;;;;;;;;;;9073 EN_LAUNCH_GAME_NOT_HOST;Only the creator of a game can start it.;;;;;;;;;;9074 EN_LAUNCH_GAME_FAILED_NO_EXIST;The game could not be started as it does not exist.;;;;;;;;;;9075 EN_HOST_GAME_NAME;'s game;;;;;;;;;;9076 EN_GETTING_CHANNEL_LIST;Retrieving list of channels, please wait... Try;;;;;;;;;;9077 EN_GAMEINFO_STANDARD;EU2 Game;;;;;;;;;;9078 EN_GAME_USER_ALREADY_JOINED;You are already logged into a game.;;;;;;;;;;9079 EN_GAME_STARTED_WITH_NAME;§W created a game with the name: ;;;;;;;;;;9080 EN_GAME_REMOVE_OK;The game was removed.;;;;;;;;;;9081 EN_GAME_REMOVE_NOT_HOST;Only the creator of a game can remove it.;;;;;;;;;;9082 EN_GAME_REMOVE_NO_EXISTS;The game could not be removed, as it does not exist any longer.;;;;;;;;;;9083 EN_GAME_OK;You were connected to the game.;;;;;;;;;;9084 EN_GAME_NOT_FOUND;The requested game was not found.;;;;;;;;;;9085 EN_GAME_NAME;EU2;;;;;;;;;;9086 EN_GAME_LIMIT_REACHED;There can not be anymore games created on this channel;;;;;;;;;;9087 EN_GAME_LEAVE_OK;You left the game.;;;;;;;;;;9088 EN_GAME_LEAVE_HOST;The host left the game, cancelling it.;;;;;;;;;;9089 EN_GAME_LEAVE_FAILED_NO_EXISTS;You couldn't leave the game since it doesn't exist anymore.;;;;;;;;;;9090 EN_GAME_JOINED_FAILED_NOT_EXIST;The game does not exist anymore.;;;;;;;;;;9091 EN_GAME_INFO_PLAYERS;Player:;;;;;;;;;;9092 EN_GAME_INFO_PLAYER_LIMIT;Maximum Players: %d;;;;;;;;;;9093 EN_GAME_INFO_IP_ADDRESS;IP Adresss: ;;;;;;;;;;9094 EN_GAME_INFO_HOSTED_BY;Owner:;;;;;;;;;;9095 EN_GAME_INFO_DESCRIPTION;Description:;;;;;;;;;;9096 EN_GAME_FULL;You could not connect to that game, since it was already at maximum players.;;;;;;;;;;9097 EN_GAME_EXISTS;That game already exists.;;;;;;;;;;9098 EN_GAME_CHANNEL_FOUND;Game and channel found!;;;;;;;;;;9099 EN_ERROR_RPC_THREAD;There was an error when the clients RPC was called.;;;;;;;;;;9100 EN_CONNECTION_BROKE;You were disconnected.;;;;;;;;;;9101 EN_CONNECT_CHANNEL_FIRST;Please connect to a channel first.;;;;;;;;;;9102 EN_CHOOSE_CHANNEL;Choose a channel to log into, among the channels listed.;;;;;;;;;;9103 EN_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND;The requested channel was not connectable.;;;;;;;;;;9104 EN_CHANGING_CHANNEL;Changing Channel;;;;;;;;;;9105 EMPEROR_SETUP;When a new emperor has been elected;;;;;;;;;;9106 EMPEROR_LOG;The Holy Roman Empire has elected %s of %s as emperor..;;;;;;;;;;9107 EMPEROR_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;9108 EMPEROR_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9109 EMPEROR_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9110 EMPEROR_6;as emperor.;;;;;;;;;;9111 EMPEROR_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;9112 EMPEROR_4;of;;;;;;;;;;9113 EMPEROR_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;9114 EMPEROR_2;%t, the electorates of the Holy Roman Empire have elected;;;;;;;;;;9115 EMPEROR_1;New Emperor elected;;;;;;;;;;9116 EIR_DESC;Eire, the Emerald Island, had a long and mysterious history in the legendary times preceding the Christian era. When the Vikings began their bloody raids all over northern Europe, they came to fancy Ireland so much that many of them stayed there, settling down chiefly in the Dublin region (which was ruled by a Norse king). The Irish problems did not end with the Vikings however, as the island was invaded by the Normans from England in the 12th century. Ireland remained an English vassal, if usually a rebellious one, until well into the 20th century, even if the attempts by the English kings in the 16h and 17th centuries to enforce protestantism sparked several serious rebellions that could have resulted in freedom for the Green Island.;;;;;;;;;;9117 EIR;Ireland;;;;;;;;;;9118 EFFECTS;Effect;;;;;;;;;;9119 EE_WARSHIPS;Gain %d warships in %s;;;;;;;;;;9120 EE_WAR;War with %s.;;;;;;;;;;9121 EE_VP;%s%d victorypoints.;;;;;;;;;;9122 EE_VAS;Gain %s as vassals.;;;;;;;;;;9123 EE_TRIGGER;Trigger the '%s' Event.;;;;;;;;;;9124 EE_TRANSPORTS;Gain %d transports in %s;;;;;;;;;;9125 EE_TRADETECH;Trade Investment: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9126 EE_TECH;Switch Technologygroup to %s;;;;;;;;;;9127 EE_TAG;Found the realms of %s;;;;;;;;;;9128 EE_STOCK;Create a national stockmarket.;;;;;;;;;;9129 EE_STABILITY;Stability: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9130 EE_SMONARCH;Make %s forgotten!\n;;;;;;;;;;9131 EE_SLEEP;The '%s' Event will never occur.;;;;;;;;;;9132 EE_SLEADER;Forever lose the service of %s.\n;;;;;;;;;;9133 EE_SECEDE;Secede %s to %s.;;;;;;;;;;9134 EE_S_REL;State religion changed to %s.;;;;;;;;;;9135 EE_RRISK;Revoltrisk changed by %s%d for the next %d months.;;;;;;;;;;9136 EE_ROY;Gain a Royal Marriage with %s.;;;;;;;;;;9137 EE_REPUTATION;%s%d Badboy;;;;;;;;;;9138 EE_REMCORE;%s will no longer be your national province.;;;;;;;;;;9139 EE_RELATION;Relation with %s: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9140 EE_RCOT;Lose Center of Trade in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9141 EE_R_REVOLT;Revolt in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9142 EE_R_CUL;Lose %s as a state culture.\n;;;;;;;;;;9143 EE_POP;Population in %s: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9144 EE_P_TAX;Basic Taxvalue in %s: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9145 EE_P_RR;Revoltrisk in %s: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9146 EE_P_REL;%s converts to %s.;;;;;;;;;;9147 EE_P_MINE;Mine in %s: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9148 EE_P_MIL;Monarchs military skill changed by %d for the next %d months.;;;;;;;;;;9149 EE_P_MAN;Manpower in %s: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9150 EE_P_DIP;Monarchs diplomatic skill changed by %d for the next %d months.;;;;;;;;;;9151 EE_P_CUL;Culture in %s changed to %s;;;;;;;;;;9152 EE_P_ADM;Monarchs administrative skill changed by %d for the next %d months.;;;;;;;;;;9153 EE_NAVALTECH;Naval Investment: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9154 EE_NATIVE;Native Agressivenes in %s set to level %d;;;;;;;;;;9155 EE_N_REVOLT;Revolt in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9156 EE_MONARCH;Make %s the leader of your country.;;;;;;;;;;9157 EE_MISSIONARY;Missionaries: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9158 EE_MERCHANT;Merchants: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9159 EE_MANPOWER;Manpower: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9160 EE_LOSE_MANU;Lose Manufactory in %s;;;;;;;;;;9161 EE_LOSE_BUILDING;Lose %s in %s;;;;;;;;;;9162 EE_LOAN;Size of loans will now be %d$\n;;;;;;;;;;9163 EE_LEADER;Gain the service of %s.;;;;;;;;;;9164 EE_LANDTECH;Land Investment: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9165 EE_INHERIT;Inherit the realms of %s.;;;;;;;;;;9166 EE_INFRATECH;Infra Investment: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9167 EE_INFLATION;Inflation: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9168 EE_INFANTRY;Gain %d infantry in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9169 EE_INDY;Grant Independence to %s;;;;;;;;;;9170 EE_HERETICS;Heresy in %s;;;;;;;;;;9171 EE_GALLEYS;Gain %d galleys in %s;;;;;;;;;;9172 EE_GAIN_MANU;Gain manufactory in %s;;;;;;;;;;9173 EE_GAIN_BUILDING;Gain a %s in %s;;;;;;;;;;9174 EE_FORT;Fortress in %s: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9175 EE_FLAG_6;Use Union Jack;;;;;;;;;;9176 EE_FLAG_5;Use the Tricolor.;;;;;;;;;;9177 EE_FLAG_4;Disable Treaty of Tordesillas.\r\nReduce the effect of Religion.;;;;;;;;;;9178 EE_FLAG_3;Enable Counter-reform Catholicism.;;;;;;;;;;9179 EE_FLAG_2;Enable Reformed religion;;;;;;;;;;9180 EE_FLAG_1;Enable Protestant religion;;;;;;;;;;9181 EE_FLAG_0;Enable Treaty of Tordesillas rules.;;;;;;;;;;9182 EE_EXPLORER;Gain explorer in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9183 EE_DIPLOMAT;Diplomats: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9184 EE_DESERTIONS;Lose %d men in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9185 EE_COT;Center of Trade created in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9186 EE_CONVERTED;%s converts to the state religion.;;;;;;;;;;9187 EE_CONQUISTADOR;Gain conquistador in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9188 EE_COLONIST;Colonists: %s%d;;;;;;;;;;9189 EE_CB;Gain a casusbelli against %s for %d months.;;;;;;;;;;9190 EE_CAVALRY;Gain %d cavalry in %s;;;;;;;;;;9191 EE_CASH;%s%d$;;;;;;;;;;9192 EE_CAPITAL;Move national capital to %s.;;;;;;;;;;9193 EE_C_REVOLT;Revolt in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9194 EE_BVAS;Vassalisation with %s broken.;;;;;;;;;;9195 EE_BROY;Royal Marriage with %s broken.;;;;;;;;;;9196 EE_BANK;Create a national bank.;;;;;;;;;;9197 EE_ARTILLERY;Gain %d artillery in %s;;;;;;;;;;9198 EE_ALL;Alliance with %s broken.;;;;;;;;;;9199 EE_ADDCORE;%s will be considered one of your national provinces.;;;;;;;;;;9200 EE_A_CUL;Gain %s as a state culture.\n;;;;;;;;;;9201 EDESC_F_1519;x;;;;;;;;;;9202 EDESC_F_1518;x;;;;;;;;;;9203 EDESC_F_1517;x;;;;;;;;;;9204 EDESC_F_1516;x;;;;;;;;;;9205 EDESC_F_1515;x;;;;;;;;;;9206 EDESC_F_1514;x;;;;;;;;;;9207 EDESC_F_1513;x;;;;;;;;;;9208 EDESC_F_1512;x;;;;;;;;;;9209 EDESC_F_1511;x;;;;;;;;;;9210 EDESC_F_1510;x;;;;;;;;;;9211 EDESC_F_1509;x;;;;;;;;;;9212 EDESC_F_1508;His Eminence the Shogun has declared that the taking of lives, abandonment or cruelty towards animals is illegal. Any transgressions will be dealt with severely.;;;;;;;;;;9213 EDESC_F_1507;St. Basil's is the beautiful orthodox church dominating Red Square in Moscow. The most famous and important of old Russia'a memorial buildings, Ivan IV (the Terrible) commissioned Postnik and Barma to build the church to commemorate Russia's annexation of Kazan. It was completed in 1560.;;;;;;;;;;9214 EDESC_F_1506;Flemish geographer mathematician and cartographer. He studied in Louvain where he had a geographical establishment (1534). From 1537 to 1540 he surveyed and mapped Flanders. In 1538 he produced his first map of the world (based on Ptolemy's map);;;;;;;;;;9215 EDESC_F_1505;Galileo Galilei was the first European to enforce rigorous proofs as a method of scientific discussion. He got himself in trouble with the Catholic church for his non-Earth centric view of the Solar System. His work was published more accessibly outside of Italy in Lutheran and other Protestant countries.;;;;;;;;;;9216 EDESC_F_1504;Johann Friederich Struensee is known as the power-hungry official, who was also Christian VII's lifedoctor and Queen Caroline Mathilde's lover. Lesser known is that Struensee was a long-sighted society reformer who tried to make new laws and a rational state administration in Denmark.;;;;;;;;;;9217 EDESC_F_1503;Elizabeth Báthory was a niece of the nobleman Stephen Bathory, but she had a cruel and bloody story. She tried to live like a vampire and slaughtered nore than 600 virgins in an attempt to renew her youth by bathing in their blood. She was executed in 1614 after being imprisoned.;;;;;;;;;;9218 EDESC_F_1501;Newton's discoveries in optics were presented in his Optica (published in 1704) in which he elaborated his theory that light is composed of corpuscles or particles. His corpuscular theory dominated optics until the early 19th century when it was replaced by the wave theory of light.;;;;;;;;;;9219 EDESC_F_1500;From 1684 to 1687 Isaac Newton worked continuously on a grand synthesis of the whole of mechanics, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in which he developed his three laws of motion and showed in detail that the universal force of gravitation could explain the fall of an apple as well as the precise motions of planets and comets.;;;;;;;;;;9220 EB_F_1505;Burn him as a heretic!;;;;;;;;;;9221 EASY;Easy;;;;;;;;;;9222 EA_F_1505;Accept his teachings;;;;;;;;;;9223 DYNASTIC;Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;9224 DYNALLEXPIRY_SETUP;When a royal marriage expires;;;;;;;;;;9225 DYNALLEXPIRY_LOG;Our Royal Marriage with %s expired;;;;;;;;;;9226 DYNALLEXPIRY_HEADER;Our Herald reports%s;;;;;;;;;;9227 DYNALLEXPIRY_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;9228 DYNALLEXPIRY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9229 DYNALLEXPIRY_6;;;;;;;;;;;9230 DYNALLEXPIRY_5;has expired.;;;;;;;;;;9231 DYNALLEXPIRY_4;with %s;;;;;;;;;;9232 DYNALLEXPIRY_3;Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;9233 DYNALLEXPIRY_2;%t, Our;;;;;;;;;;9234 DYNALLEXPIRY_1;The Royal Marriage has expired!;;;;;;;;;;9235 DWVERSUS;versus;;;;;;;;;;9236 DWSVIWI;Current Alliances of;;;;;;;;;;9237 DWSIRE;Sire!;;;;;;;;;;9238 DWSENDTO;Send Diplomat to %s;;;;;;;;;;9239 DWSENDI;Send Diplomat to;;;;;;;;;;9240 DWSEND;Send Diplomat;;;;;;;;;;9241 DWSEL2;Military Alliance with;;;;;;;;;;9242 DWSEL1;Select opponents of your proposed;;;;;;;;;;9243 DWOWNINFO;View %s's Alliances;;;;;;;;;;9244 DWMLORD;Please Confirm;;;;;;;;;;9245 DWLVPROV7;by clicking on the map;;;;;;;;;;9246 DWLVPROV6;Select the province;;;;;;;;;;9247 DWLVPROV5;nore with colonial ambitions;;;;;;;;;;9248 DWLVPROV4;to not interfere with, neither militarily;;;;;;;;;;9249 DWLVPROV3;Select the province you will ask;;;;;;;;;;9250 DWLVPROV2;Province Alone;;;;;;;;;;9251 DWLVPROV1;Ask to Leave;;;;;;;;;;9252 DWJOINALL5;if you can join;;;;;;;;;;9253 DWJOINALL4;you will ask;;;;;;;;;;9254 DWJOINALL3;Select the Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9255 DWJOINALL2;existing Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9256 DWJOINALL1;Join;;;;;;;;;;9257 DWINVWP5;to join;;;;;;;;;;9258 DWINVWP4;you will invite;;;;;;;;;;9259 DWINVWP3;Select the War Pact;;;;;;;;;;9260 DWINVWP2;War Pact;;;;;;;;;;9261 DWINVWP1;Invite to;;;;;;;;;;9262 DWINVALL5;to join;;;;;;;;;;9263 DWINVALL4;you will invite;;;;;;;;;;9264 DWINVALL3;Select the Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9265 DWINVALL2;existing Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9266 DWINVALL1;Invite to;;;;;;;;;;9267 DWINFO;Info;;;;;;;;;;9268 DWHOLDPROV7;by clicking on the map;;;;;;;;;;9269 DWHOLDPROV6;Select the province;;;;;;;;;;9270 DWHOLDPROV5;control over;;;;;;;;;;9271 DWHOLDPROV4;to take military;;;;;;;;;;9272 DWHOLDPROV3;Select the province you will ask;;;;;;;;;;9273 DWHOLDPROV2;Province;;;;;;;;;;9274 DWHOLDPROV1;Ask to Hold;;;;;;;;;;9275 DWGOTO;Center Map...;;;;;;;;;;9276 DWCLICK2;on map.;;;;;;;;;;9277 DWCLICK1;To select a nation, left-click;;;;;;;;;;9278 DWCANTJOIN;You can't ask to join their alliance!;;;;;;;;;;9279 DWCANTINVITE;You can't ask to join their alliance!;;;;;;;;;;9280 DWBRKALL5;you wish to leave;;;;;;;;;;9281 DWBRKALL4;with ;;;;;;;;;;9282 DWBRKALL3;Select the Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9283 DWBRKALL2;Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9284 DWBRKALL1;Leave;;;;;;;;;;9285 DWBANALL5;x;;;;;;;;;;9286 DWBANALL4;x;;;;;;;;;;9287 DWBANALL3;x;;;;;;;;;;9288 DWBANALL2;x;;;;;;;;;;9289 DWBANALL1;x;;;;;;;;;;9290 DWASKREFTRADE4;to initiate trade embargo against;;;;;;;;;;9291 DWASKREFTRADE3;Select the Nation you will ask;;;;;;;;;;9292 DWASKREFTRADE2;Trade Embargo;;;;;;;;;;9293 DWASKREFTRADE1;Ask to;;;;;;;;;;9294 DWASKOFFP4;to offer peace to;;;;;;;;;;9295 DWASKOFFP3;Select the Nation you will ask;;;;;;;;;;9296 DWASKOFFP2;Offer Peace;;;;;;;;;;9297 DWASKOFFP1;Ask to;;;;;;;;;;9298 DWASKLVNAT4;to not interfere with.;;;;;;;;;;9299 DWASKLVNAT3;Select the Nation you will ask;;;;;;;;;;9300 DWASKLVNAT2;Leave Nation Alone;;;;;;;;;;9301 DWASKLVNAT1;Ask to;;;;;;;;;;9302 DWASKDECLW4;to declare war upon;;;;;;;;;;9303 DWASKDECLW3;Select the Nation you will ask;;;;;;;;;;9304 DWASKDECLW2;Declare War;;;;;;;;;;9305 DWASKDECLW1;Ask to;;;;;;;;;;9306 DWAREYOUSURE2;cannot be undone.);;;;;;;;;;9307 DWAREYOUSURE1;(Effects are immediate and;;;;;;;;;;9308 DWADDOPPOTITEL2;New Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9309 DWADDOPPOTITEL1;Propose;;;;;;;;;;9310 DW_VIEW_REL;View Relations;;;;;;;;;;9311 DW_VIEW_ALL;View Alliances;;;;;;;;;;9312 DW_OURREL;Relation towards you: %c%d;;;;;;;;;;9313 DUL_DESC;A large independent Turkish principality in south-eastern Asia Minor, the Beylik of Dulkadir fought against both the Timurids and the Mamelukes and were largely unsuccessful against both. A buffer state between stronger nations, the Dulkadirs passed from the world stage in 1522 when they were finally absorbed by the Ottomans.;;;;;;;;;;9314 DUL;Dulkadir;;;;;;;;;;9315 DROPDOWN_NO_SELECTION;;;;;;;;;;;9316 DOMW_MODIFY;By moving one step towards %s we'll get the following stats.\n;;;;;;;;;;9317 DOMW_DELAY;We can modify these next around %s.;;;;;;;;;;9318 DOMNAME_SER_R;Serfdom;;;;;;;;;;9319 DOMNAME_SER_L;Free Subjects;;;;;;;;;;9320 DOMNAME_QUA_R;Quality;;;;;;;;;;9321 DOMNAME_QUA_L;Quantity;;;;;;;;;;9322 DOMNAME_OFF_R;Offensive Doctrine;;;;;;;;;;9323 DOMNAME_OFF_L;Defensive Doctrine;;;;;;;;;;9324 DOMNAME_MER_R;Mercantilism;;;;;;;;;;9325 DOMNAME_MER_L;Free Trade;;;;;;;;;;9326 DOMNAME_LAN_R;Land;;;;;;;;;;9327 DOMNAME_LAN_L;Naval;;;;;;;;;;9328 DOMNAME_INN_R;Innovativeness;;;;;;;;;;9329 DOMNAME_INN_L;Narrowminded;;;;;;;;;;9330 DOMNAME_CEN_R;Centralization;;;;;;;;;;9331 DOMNAME_CEN_L;Decentralization;;;;;;;;;;9332 DOMNAME_ARI_R;Aristocracy;;;;;;;;;;9333 DOMNAME_ARI_L;Plutocracy;;;;;;;;;;9334 DOMESTIC_S_STA;Stability Cost: %s%.0f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9335 DOMESTIC_S_PRO;Production Efficiency: %s%.2f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9336 DOMESTIC_S_LAN;Land Morale: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9337 DOMESTIC_S_INF;Infantry Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9338 DOMESTIC_Q_MAN;Manpower: %s%.0f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9339 DOMESTIC_Q_LAN;Land Morale: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9340 DOMESTIC_Q_INF;Infantry Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9341 DOMESTIC_Q_FIR;Default Leader Fire: %s%d\n;;;;;;;;;;9342 DOMESTIC_Q_CAV;Cavalry Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9343 DOMESTIC_O_SIE;Default Leader Siege: %s%d\n;;;;;;;;;;9344 DOMESTIC_O_SHO;Default Leader Shock: %s%d\n;;;;;;;;;;9345 DOMESTIC_O_MOR;Land Morale: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9346 DOMESTIC_O_ART;Artillery Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9347 DOMESTIC_M_REF;Number of Free Trade Refusals: %s%.0f\n;;;;;;;;;;9348 DOMESTIC_M_MER;Merchants: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9349 DOMESTIC_M_COS;Merchant Cost: %s%.2f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9350 DOMESTIC_M_COL;Colonists: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9351 DOMESTIC_L_WAR;Warship Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9352 DOMESTIC_L_TRA;Transport Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9353 DOMESTIC_L_NAV;Naval Morale: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9354 DOMESTIC_L_LAN;Land Morale: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9355 DOMESTIC_L_INF;Infantry Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9356 DOMESTIC_L_GAL;Galley Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9357 DOMESTIC_L_COL;Colonists: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9358 DOMESTIC_L_CAV;Cavalry Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9359 DOMESTIC_L_ART;Artillery Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9360 DOMESTIC_L_ADJ;Overseas Tax Penalty: %s%.2f percent.\n;;;;;;;;;;9361 DOMESTIC_L_ADJ;Overseas Tax Penalty: %s%.2f percent.\n;;;;;;;;;;9362 DOMESTIC_I_WAR;War Exhaustion Maximum: %s%.1f\n;;;;;;;;;;9363 DOMESTIC_I_TECH;Technology Cost: %s%.2f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9364 DOMESTIC_I_STAB;Stability Cost: %s%.0f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9365 DOMESTIC_I_MISS;Missionaries: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9366 DOMESTIC_I_COL;Colonists: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9367 DOMESTIC_DIP;DIP: %s%.2f\n;;;;;;;;;;9368 DOMESTIC_C_WAR;War Exhaustion Maximum: %s%.1f\n;;;;;;;;;;9369 DOMESTIC_C_TECH;Technology Cost: %s%.2f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9370 DOMESTIC_C_REB;Rebellion delay: %s%.1f months\n;;;;;;;;;;9371 DOMESTIC_C_PRO;Production Efficiency: %s%.2f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9372 DOMESTIC_A_WAR;Warship Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9373 DOMESTIC_A_TE;Trade Efficiency: %s%.2f percent\n;;;;;;;;;;9374 DOMESTIC_A_CAV;Cavalry Costs: %s%.2f$\n;;;;;;;;;;9375 DO_NOT_DISPLAY;§YDo not display this message;;;;;;;;;;9376 DLH_DESC;In 1192 the legions of the Afghan warrior Muhammad of Ghor captured the Rajput town of Delhi, and the Muslim Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206. The invasion of Delhi by Timur in 1398 initiated a long period of decline for the Sultanate, and Lodis, the last of the Delhi Sultans, gave way to Bâbur, who after the battle of Panipat in 1526 founded the Mughal Empire on its remains.;;;;;;;;;;9377 DLH;Delhi;;;;;;;;;;9378 DIWTR;§YRefuses Trade §Wagainst §Y%s;;;;;;;;;;9379 DIWROLL_REL_I;View the selected nation's relations towards other nations.;;;;;;;;;;9380 DIWROLL_REL_D;Your relations versus other nations control their likeliness to respond to your actions and proposals in a friendly or hostile manner. Modify your relations by clicking the 'Send Diplomat' button. (NOTE: Relation values have no effect towards other human players.);;;;;;;;;;9381 DIWROLL_GOTO;Centers map over %s;;;;;;;;;;9382 DIWROLL_BACK;Return to main;;;;;;;;;;9383 DIWROLL_ALL_I;View the selected nation's alliances with other nations.;;;;;;;;;;9384 DIWROLL_ALL_D;Alliances are formal agreements that regulate what penalties will apply in case of hostile actions. Create new alliances by clicking the 'Send Diplomat' button.;;;;;;;;;;9385 DIWETEMPCB;§YTemporary Casus Belli §Wagainst §Y%s §Wexpiring §Y%s %d;;;;;;;;;;9386 DIWEREFTRADE;§YRefuses Trade §Wagainst §Y;;;;;;;;;;9387 DIWEPERMCB;§YPermanent Casus Belli §Wagainst §Y;;;;;;;;;;9388 DIWCB;§YHas a Casus Belli §Wagainst §Y%s;;;;;;;;;;9389 DIWARNEDBY;§YWarned §Wby§Y;;;;;;;;;;9390 DIWARALONE;§YIn a war§W;;;;;;;;;;9391 DIWAR;§YIn a war §Wtogether with §Y;;;;;;;;;;9392 DIVASSAL;§WIs a §Yvassal §Wof §Y%s;;;;;;;;;;9393 DITRUCE;§WWe have a §Ytruce§W with them until %s.;;;;;;;;;;9394 DITRADEAGREE;§WHave §YTrade Agreement§W with §Y;;;;;;;;;;9395 DITHEYREFTRADE;§YSubject to Trade Embargo §Wfrom §Y;;;;;;;;;;9396 DISPLAY_TAB;§YDisplay as message notifier;;;;;;;;;;9397 DISPLAY_PAUSE;§YDisplay this type of message in a message box & Pause;;;;;;;;;;9398 DISPLAY_IN_LOG;§YDisplay this type of message in the game log;;;;;;;;;;9399 DISPLAY_IN_BOX;§YDisplay this type of message in a message box;;;;;;;;;;9400 DISCIPLINED;Disciplined;;;;;;;;;;9401 DIRM;§YRoyal Marriage §Wwith §Y%s;;;;;;;;;;9402 DIPWAR;Declare War;;;;;;;;;;9403 DIPSTATUS;Ask for Status;;;;;;;;;;9404 DIPRTRADE;Trade Embargo;;;;;;;;;;9405 DIPROL_WARNING;This will tell %s that we will not look kindly upon them if they go to war in the near future. We will receive a Casus Belli if they attack any of our neighbours within the next sixty months. We can't send a warning while at war with them or if a previous warning is still in effect.;;;;;;;;;;9406 DIPROL_WAR4;They have granted military access to us, so you can not declare war.;;;;;;;;;;9407 DIPROL_WAR3;You may not declare war at the moment as your country is too disorganized. Get above -3 stability first;;;;;;;;;;9408 DIPROL_WAR2;You may not declare war upon %s, since you are part of the same military alliance. Leave the alliance or ban your opponent first.;;;;;;;;;;9409 DIPROL_WAR1;You may not declare war upon %s again until %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;9410 DIPROL_WAR0;While at war with a nation you can move your troops into its territory. By occupying her provinces and demanding them in return for a Peace you conquer enemy provinces. Unless you have a Casus Belli your Stability will suffer greatly from a declaration of war.;;;;;;;;;;9411 DIPROL_VASSAL1;To offer a Vasallization you must 1) have a Royal Marriage 2) be part of the same Military Alliance 3) have a Relation of at least +190 4) have the same religion and 5) the target country must be at peace.;;;;;;;;;;9412 DIPROL_VASSAL0;A Vasallization is the strongest of Alliances and gives you 50 percent on the vassal's yearly Tax Incomes. Your stability will suffer enormously if you declare war on a nation with which you have a Vasallization.;;;;;;;;;;9413 DIPROL_VASBRK0;This will break the Vassalization we have with %s and give them a Casus Belli on us until %s %d! We will also lose 3 stability.;;;;;;;;;;9414 DIPROL_REVACC;We are currently allowing %s to march their armies through our territory. By revoking this access we will stop them from it, but they will gain a Casus Belli upon us and we will lose 1 stability.;;;;;;;;;;9415 DIPROL_RELIGION1;A 'Royal Marriage' represents a marital union between the royal families of the two nations, improving relations and increasing the chance of future stronger alliances. You will suffer greatly if you declare war on a nation with which you have a Royal Marriage. The Royal Marriage will expire %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;9416 DIPROL_RELIGION0;You may only offer a Royal Marriage to nations of the same religion as you (%s).;;;;;;;;;;9417 DIPROL_REFT1;You have a truce with %s, so you can not refuse them trade at the moment.;;;;;;;;;;9418 DIPROL_REFT0;By refusing trade with %s its merchants will not make any profits from centers of trade located in provinces that you own and she cannot place any more merchants in those centers. However it will give %s a Casus Belli on you for as long as the Trade Embargo lasts.;;;;;;;;;;9419 DIPROL_R2;Attempt to slightly improve relations. The actual increase depends on your Monarch's diplomatic skills (%d) the gift's size in relation to the recipient's annual income and luck. In the worst case relations may even be hurt.;;;;;;;;;;9420 DIPROL_R1;Attempt to moderately improve relations. The actual increase depends on your Monarch's diplomatic skills (%d) the gift's size in relation to the recipient's annual income and luck. In the worst case relations may even be hurt.;;;;;;;;;;9421 DIPROL_R0;Attempt to greatly improve relations. The actual increase depends on your Monarch's diplomatic skills (%d) the gift's size in relation to the recipient's annual income and luck. In the worst case relations may even be hurt.;;;;;;;;;;9422 DIPROL_PEACE2;There is already a peaceoffer on the table and you can not offer peace until you have responded.;;;;;;;;;;9423 DIPROL_PEACE1;You must wait until %s %d until you can offer peace again.;;;;;;;;;;9424 DIPROL_PEACE0;This will open the Peace Resolution Window where you can make your demands / offers in return for a peace. If rejected, you must wait one month before being able to offer peace again.;;;;;;;;;;9425 DIPROL_OFFTRA;A trade agreement will allow us to have merchants in the same CoT without competing each other out.;;;;;;;;;;9426 DIPROL_NO_INSTANT;(Diplomat en route);;;;;;;;;;9427 DIPROL_NO_DELAYED;After you have sent a diplomat to a nation, you have to wait one month (until %d %s %d) until you can send another.;;;;;;;;;;9428 DIPROL_LOAN0;In the Loans/Gift Window you can offer loans to %s at certain interest rates and payment terms or send her money as a gift thereby improving your diplomatic relations.;;;;;;;;;;9429 DIPROL_JOIN3;They are part of an alliance led by %s. You need to ask %s to join!;;;;;;;;;;9430 DIPROL_JOIN2;We are at war with %s, who is a member of this Military Alliance!;;;;;;;;;;9431 DIPROL_JOIN1;You are already a member of a Military Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;9432 DIPROL_JOIN0;Send a request to %s that we join the Military Alliance she has with %s (and all the alliance ongoing wars).;;;;;;;;;;9433 DIPROL_INV3;We are at war with %s!;;;;;;;;;;9434 DIPROL_INV2;You are not member of any Military Alliance that you can invite %s to join. Select 'Create Alliance' above.;;;;;;;;;;9435 DIPROL_INV1;%s is already member of a Military Alliance with %s.;;;;;;;;;;9436 DIPROL_INV0;This will invite %s to join our Military Alliance and our ongoing wars.;;;;;;;;;;9437 DIPROL_INSULT;We will greatly disturb our relations with %s by insulting them. This will give them a Casus Belli against us. We can't insult a country we are at war with.;;;;;;;;;;9438 DIPROL_GUARANTEE;If we guarantee the independence of %s, we will gain a Casus Belli on any country attacking them within the next five years.;;;;;;;;;;9439 DIPROL_DYNBRK0;This will break the Royal Marriage we have with %s and we will lose 1 stability.;;;;;;;;;;9440 DIPROL_DYN_VASSAL;%s cannot enter any Royal Marriages while still a vassal of %s.;;;;;;;;;;9441 DIPROL_DISC0;Ask %s to exchange her maps with us.;;;;;;;;;;9442 DIPROL_DIPS_INSTANT;(No diplomats available);;;;;;;;;;9443 DIPROL_DIPS_DELAYED;You need to wait until you get another diplomat.;;;;;;;;;;9444 DIPROL_CNA2;Members of a Military Alliance promise to assist each other in case one of them gets involved in a war by declaring war on the same opponents. You can only be a member of ONE Military Alliance at a time and can't create an alliance with vassals of other countries. The alliance expires ten years after the last war involving the alliance.;;;;;;;;;;9445 DIPROL_CNA1;You are already member of a Military Alliance with %s. Select 'Invite to Alliance' below to invite %s to join it.;;;;;;;;;;9446 DIPROL_CNA0;%s is already member of a Military Alliance with %s. Select the leader of the alliance and 'Join Alliance' to join that alliance.;;;;;;;;;;9447 DIPROL_CLAIM;If we have a royal marriage with %s we can claim their throne. This will give us a Casus Belli on them, but destroy our relations with other nations with which we have a royal marriage.;;;;;;;;;;9448 DIPROL_CANTRA;We have a trade agreement with %s so that we will not compete against their merchants when in the same CoT. By cancelling this agreement we will give them a Casus Belli.;;;;;;;;;;9449 DIPROL_CANACC;%s allows us to pass through their country with our armies. We can not cancel this while we have troops inside their borders or ports. Cancelling this will cost us 1 stability.;;;;;;;;;;9450 DIPROL_BRKMIL2;We do not have a Military Alliance with %s. To leave your current Military Alliance, select %s (the leader of the alliance) then 'Leave Alliance'. (You cannot however leave an alliance that you are the leader of, or while you are at war).;;;;;;;;;;9451 DIPROL_BRKMIL1;This will break the Military Alliance we have with %s and give them all a Casus Belli on us until %s %d!;;;;;;;;;;9452 DIPROL_BRKMIL0;We are not part of any Military Alliance.;;;;;;;;;;9453 DIPROL_BAN1;This will ban %s from our Military Alliance and give them a Casus Belli on us. There is a risk that the other members of the Alliance will leave it as well.;;;;;;;;;;9454 DIPROL_BAN0;Only the leader of %s's military alliance may ban them from it, plus a Casus Belli is required.;;;;;;;;;;9455 DIPROL_ASKACC;If we are not at war with them, we can ask %s to allow us to march our troops through their country. While we are granted this, we will not be able to declare war upon them.;;;;;;;;;;9456 DIPROL_ANNEX1;You may only annex a nation which 1) has been your vassal for at least 10 years and 2) with whom you have a relation of at least +190 OR as an effect of certain peace resolutions.;;;;;;;;;;9457 DIPROL_ANNEX0;By Annexing a nation its provinces and military units become yours eternally and irreversibly. This will give a 2-years Casus Belli to our worst enemies!;;;;;;;;;;9458 DIPROL_ALLT0;Allows %s to trade in your Centers of Trade again. Will cancel the temporary Casus Belli she has on you for this reason.;;;;;;;;;;9459 DIPRACCESS;Revoke Military Access;;;;;;;;;;9460 DIPPEACE;Offer Peace;;;;;;;;;;9461 DIPOURSELVES;Sire, we can't send diplomats to ourselves.;;;;;;;;;;9462 DIPOLOAN;Offer Loan;;;;;;;;;;9463 DIPOFFVAS;Offer Vassalization;;;;;;;;;;9464 DIPOFFTRADE;Offer Trade Agreement;;;;;;;;;;9465 DIPOFFDYN;Offer Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;9466 DIPJOINALL;Join Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9467 DIPINVAL;Invite to Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9468 DIPIMPOSSIBLE;Sire, don't be ridiculous!;;;;;;;;;;9469 DIPEXCDIS;Exchange Discoveries;;;;;;;;;;9470 DIPCNALL;Create New Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9471 DIPCANVAS;Cancel Vassalization;;;;;;;;;;9472 DIPCANTRADE;Cancel Trade Agreement;;;;;;;;;;9473 DIPCACCESS;Cancel Military Access;;;;;;;;;;9474 DIPBRKVAS;Cancel Vassalization;;;;;;;;;;9475 DIPBRKDYN;Break Royal Ties;;;;;;;;;;9476 DIPBRKALL;Leave Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9477 DIPBANALL;Ban from Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9478 DIPATRADE;Allow Trade;;;;;;;;;;9479 DIPASKWAR;Ask to Declare War;;;;;;;;;;9480 DIPASKRTR;Ask to initiate Trade Embargo;;;;;;;;;;9481 DIPASKPEA;Ask to Offer Peace;;;;;;;;;;9482 DIPASKLOA;Ask for Economic Aid;;;;;;;;;;9483 DIPASKLN;Ask to Leave Nation alone;;;;;;;;;;9484 DIPASKLA;Ask to Leave Area Alone;;;;;;;;;;9485 DIPASKHA;Ask to Hold Area;;;;;;;;;;9486 DIPANNEX;Annex;;;;;;;;;;9487 DIPAACCESS;Ask for Military Access;;;;;;;;;;9488 DIP_WARNING;Send a Warning (%d$);;;;;;;;;;9489 DIP_STATE_GIFT;Send State Gift (%d$);;;;;;;;;;9490 DIP_SENDDIPLO;Send Diplomat to;;;;;;;;;;9491 DIP_PERSONAL_GIFT;Send Personal Gift (%d$);;;;;;;;;;9492 DIP_MODREL;to modify relations;;;;;;;;;;9493 DIP_MODALL;to modify alliances;;;;;;;;;;9494 DIP_INTRODUCTION;Send Letter of Introduction (%d$);;;;;;;;;;9495 DIP_INSULT;Send an Insult (%d$);;;;;;;;;;9496 DIP_GUARANTEE;Proclaim Guarantee (%d$);;;;;;;;;;9497 DIP_CURR_REL;Current Relations of;;;;;;;;;;9498 DIP_CURR_ALL;Current Alliances of;;;;;;;;;;9499 DIP_CLAIM;Claim their Throne (%d$);;;;;;;;;;9500 DIMIL;§YMilitary Alliance §Wwith §Y;;;;;;;;;;9501 DILORD;§Y%s §Wis a §Yvassal §W;;;;;;;;;;9502 DIGUAR2;§YIndependence Guaranteed §Wby§Y;;;;;;;;;;9503 DIGUAR;§YGuaranteeing the independence §Wof§Y;;;;;;;;;;9504 DIFFICULT;Difficult;;;;;;;;;;9505 DIAND;§W and §Y;;;;;;;;;;9506 DIAGAINST;§W versus §Y;;;;;;;;;;9507 DIACCESS2;§WGrants §YMilitary Access§W to §Y;;;;;;;;;;9508 DIACCESS;§YMilitary Access§W through §Y;;;;;;;;;;9509 DETRAWITHUS_SETUP;When another nation declines our trade agreement proposal;;;;;;;;;;9510 DETRAWITHUS_LOG;%s declined our trade agreement proposal.;;;;;;;;;;9511 DETRAWITHUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;9512 DETRAWITHUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;9513 DETRAWITHUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9514 DETRAWITHUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;9515 DETRAWITHUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;9516 DETRAWITHUS_4;with us.;;;;;;;;;;9517 DETRAWITHUS_3;DECLINE TRADE AGREEMENT;;;;;;;;;;9518 DETRAWITHUS_2;%t, we are sorry to inform you that %s;;;;;;;;;;9519 DETRAWITHUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;9520 DEMOTED_SETUP;When you are demoted;;;;;;;;;;9521 DEMOTED_LOG;You were demoted to %s.;;;;;;;;;;9522 DEMOTED_HEADER;Our Monarch approaches:%s;;;;;;;;;;9523 DEMOTED_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;9524 DEMOTED_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9525 DEMOTED_6;You'd better increase your efforts.;;;;;;;;;;9526 DEMOTED_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;9527 DEMOTED_4;to the rank of;;;;;;;;;;9528 DEMOTED_3;demoted;;;;;;;;;;9529 DEMOTED_2;%t your performance does not impress us and you are hereby;;;;;;;;;;9530 DEMOTED_1;Weakling!;;;;;;;;;;9531 DEL_DESC;The people known as the Zanj (a name given to them by the early Arab traders) have dominated the eastern African coastline for centuries, long before the arrival of Islam. The early tribal peoples and clans that make up this region are better known as the Swahili, which derives its name from the Arabic word 'sawahil' meaning 'the coast people'. From around 1200 to 1500, powerful Swahili city-states, most of them from the native Bantu tribes, began to emerge as thriving centers of commerce in the east African trade. Next to Kilwa, Mogadishu was the next powerful Zanj state. It derived its influence from its location in the north giving it contacts with the Arab world. Mogadishu rose in the 13th and 14th centuries only to gradually decline in the 15th century in comparison to the increasing importance of Kilwa and Mombasa.;;;;;;;;;;9532 DEL;Mogadishu;;;;;;;;;;9533 DEFECTU_SETUP;When a rebelcontrolled province of ours defects to another country;;;;;;;;;;9534 DEFECTU_LOG;The revolters in %s have defected to the crown of %s.;;;;;;;;;;9535 DEFECTU_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;9536 DEFECTU_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9537 DEFECTU_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9538 DEFECTU_6;We now have a casus belli upon them.;;;;;;;;;;9539 DEFECTU_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;9540 DEFECTU_4;have defected to;;;;;;;;;;9541 DEFECTU_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;9542 DEFECTU_2;%t, the revolters in;;;;;;;;;;9543 DEFECTU_1;Rebels Defect!;;;;;;;;;;9544 DEFECTTU_SETUP;When the rebels in a province proclaim themselves to become a part of us.;;;;;;;;;;9545 DEFECTTU_LOG;The freedom loving rebels in %s have left the yokes of %s to join our realm.;;;;;;;;;;9546 DEFECTTU_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;9547 DEFECTTU_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9548 DEFECTTU_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9549 DEFECTTU_6;and joined our glorious realm.;;;;;;;;;;9550 DEFECTTU_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;9551 DEFECTTU_4;have thrown of the last ties to;;;;;;;;;;9552 DEFECTTU_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;9553 DEFECTTU_2;%t, the revolters in;;;;;;;;;;9554 DEFECTTU_1;Rebels Defect!;;;;;;;;;;9555 DEFECTO_SETUP;When a rebelcontrolled province of another country defects to a third country;;;;;;;;;;9556 DEFECTO_LOG;The revolters in %s have defected to the crown of %s.;;;;;;;;;;9557 DEFECTO_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;9558 DEFECTO_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9559 DEFECTO_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9560 DEFECTO_6;;;;;;;;;;;9561 DEFECTO_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;9562 DEFECTO_4;have defected to;;;;;;;;;;9563 DEFECTO_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;9564 DEFECTO_2;%t, the revolters in;;;;;;;;;;9565 DEFECTO_1;Rebels Defect!;;;;;;;;;;9566 DEFEAT_YOUR;You will increase your victory percentage by defeating %s and resolve a peace with her/them where you get a tribute.;;;;;;;;;;9567 DEFEAT_OTHER;Will win by defeating %s and get a profitable peace.;;;;;;;;;;9568 DEFAULT;Default;;;;;;;;;;9569 DECREASE;decrease;;;;;;;;;;9570 DECMILUS_SETUP;When another nation declines us military access;;;;;;;;;;9571 DECMILUS_LOG;%s refuses to grant us military access.;;;;;;;;;;9572 DECMILUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;9573 DECMILUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;9574 DECMILUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9575 DECMILUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;9576 DECMILUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;9577 DECMILUS_4;refuses to grant us military access.;;;;;;;;;;9578 DECMILUS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;9579 DECMILUS_2;%t;;;;;;;;;;9580 DECMILUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;9581 DECLWAROTHERALLY_SETUP;When a nation declares war upon another nation that is part of your Military Alliance or War Pact;;;;;;;;;;9582 DECLWAROTHERALLY_LOG;%s declared war upon %s who are our allies!;;;;;;;;;;9583 DECLWAROTHERALLY_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;9584 DECLWAROTHERALLY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9585 DECLWAROTHERALLY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9586 DECLWAROTHERALLY_6;who are our allies!;;;;;;;;;;9587 DECLWAROTHERALLY_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;9588 DECLWAROTHERALLY_4;upon;;;;;;;;;;9589 DECLWAROTHERALLY_3;%s declared war;;;;;;;;;;9590 DECLWAROTHERALLY_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;9591 DECLWAROTHERALLY_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;9592 DECLWAROTHER_SETUP;When a nation declares war upon another nation;;;;;;;;;;9593 DECLWAROTHER_LOG;%s declared war upon %s.;;;;;;;;;;9594 DECLWAROTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;9595 DECLWAROTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9596 DECLWAROTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9597 DECLWAROTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;9598 DECLWAROTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;9599 DECLWAROTHER_4;upon their new enemies;;;;;;;;;;9600 DECLWAROTHER_3;declared war;;;;;;;;;;9601 DECLWAROTHER_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;9602 DECLWAROTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;9603 DECLWAR_SETUP;When a nation declares war upon you;;;;;;;;;;9604 DECLWAR_LOG;%s declared war upon us!;;;;;;;;;;9605 DECLWAR_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports;;;;;;;;;;9606 DECLWAR_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9607 DECLWAR_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9608 DECLWAR_6;;;;;;;;;;;9609 DECLWAR_5;;;;;;;;;;;9610 DECLWAR_4;upon us! Prepare for battle...;;;;;;;;;;9611 DECLWAR_3;%s declared war;;;;;;;;;;9612 DECLWAR_2;%t, %s in;;;;;;;;;;9613 DECLWAR_1;WAR!;;;;;;;;;;9614 DECLSHAREXPLO_SETUP;When a nation declines shared exploration;;;;;;;;;;9615 DECLSHAREXPLO_LOG;%s refused to share their exploration with us.;;;;;;;;;;9616 DECLSHAREXPLO_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;9617 DECLSHAREXPLO_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;9618 DECLSHAREXPLO_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9619 DECLSHAREXPLO_6;with us;;;;;;;;;;9620 DECLSHAREXPLO_5;Share their explorations;;;;;;;;;;9621 DECLSHAREXPLO_4;to;;;;;;;;;;9622 DECLSHAREXPLO_3;%s refused;;;;;;;;;;9623 DECLSHAREXPLO_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;9624 DECLSHAREXPLO_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;9625 DECLINE;Decline Alliance;;;;;;;;;;9626 DECEMBER;December;;;;;;;;;;9627 DECALC;declines the alliance;;;;;;;;;;9628 DEC;DEC;;;;;;;;;;9629 DEATHMATCH_INFO_HEADER;Victory Progress;;;;;;;;;;9630 DEATHMATCH_INFO_5;Current Standing;;;;;;;;;;9631 DEATHMATCH_INFO_4;will win this game.;;;;;;;;;;9632 DEATHMATCH_INFO_3;%d new provinces;;;;;;;;;;9633 DEATHMATCH_INFO_2;The first nation to conquer;;;;;;;;;;9634 DEATHMATCH_INFO_1;Death Match;;;;;;;;;;9635 DEATHMATCH_HEADER;Game Objective Summary;;;;;;;;;;9636 DEATHMATCH_ELIMINATED;Eliminated;;;;;;;;;;9637 DEATHMATCH_ACTIVE;Active;;;;;;;;;;9638 DEATHMATCH_4;will win this game.;;;;;;;;;;9639 DEATHMATCH_3;%d new provinces;;;;;;;;;;9640 DEATHMATCH_2;The first nation to conquer;;;;;;;;;;9641 DEATHMATCH_1;Death Match;;;;;;;;;;9642 DCLRWAR;Declare War;;;;;;;;;;9643 DAN_SB_VPTACTIC;By striking at Sweden early that country will be worse off in the technology race. Russia is Denmark-Norway's natural ally against the Swedes. Expanding south on behalf of the Hansa is also an option;;;;;;;;;;9644 DAN_SB_MISSTACT;Playing as the Danish your goal is take as much Swedish land as you can lay your sword on. Maintain large reserves in Skane make sure you devote much attention to properly defending that area as the Swedes will be craving to fly the Swedish flag over Lund! By yourself however, this goal will not be easily accomplished. Swedish might is growing and you will need to make strong alliances with Russia and possibly the Hanseatic League to maintain an overall superiority. However let this warning not turn you into a coward! If the Swedes are busy in a desperate war in Ingria march your armies over their fallen corpses!;;;;;;;;;;9645 DAN_SB_MISSNAME;Establish a Greater Denmark and if possible reinstate the Union of Kalmar;;;;;;;;;;9646 DAN_SB_MISSDESC;You will gain victory progress by grabbing land in Sweden and the entire Baltic coastline.;;;;;;;;;;9647 DAN_SB_HISTDESC;Denmark-Norway is one of the strongest powers in Northern Europe. Her navy rules the Baltic Sea and her armies are well-equipped and well-led. Few countries can defy her military, only the feeble Sweden is defying her might. Denmark-Norway, the leading force in the old Union of Kalmar , has just been forced to see Sweden become independent. Over the next hundred years a great struggle takes place between Denmark-Norway and Sweden over supremacy in the North.;;;;;;;;;;9648 DAN_GNW_VPTACTIC;The road to victory points and glory is thorny but Denmark-Norway must keep a larger navy than Sweden, thus minimizing the risk of seaborne invasion and maximizing her own invasion capability. Holstein is probably the first nut to crack. If she is kicked out of the war early Denmark-Norway can focus at other fronts. The cream of the victory points lies in southern Sweden thus using Ostlandet and Sjaelland as bases is advisable. If the Danish navy is superior to the Swedish, try to launch some small diversion invasions to cut Swedish supply and of course the golden opportunity to retake Gotland will be tempting.;;;;;;;;;;9649 DAN_GNW_MISSTACT;Denmark is in a very difficult position in fact almost as difficult as Poland in the GNW scenario. Historically the Danes had an extremely small chance of recapturing their most prized province of Skane currently occupied by the Swedes. In 1700 their armies were weak and totally ill prepared against the troops of Karl XII. Between 1709 and 1720 as the Swedish position grew weaker the possibility of Danish success against the Swedes had higher chances of success. The key to recapturing Skane is maintaining strong ties with Tsar Peter the first as his navy will have the power to dominate the Baltic Sea and the Sund keeping Swedish fleets occupied while your navy prepares for a coastal invasion into Skane. Therefore the upkeep and construction of a strong naval presence in the area is of some importance. It will also be necessary to keep England as neutral as possible if this plan is to be successful. An English fleet engaged in the war would no doubt almost certainly lead to your defeat on the sea and therefore the loss of any opportunity of recapturing lost territories. Be prepared for the battle of your life the Swedes will not give up this prized territory without a very bloody fight. Be aware of Swedish flank attacks into your Norwegian possessions bordering your most ancient and despised enemy.;;;;;;;;;;9650 DAN_GNW_MISSNAME;Reunite Holstein with Denmark defend Norway and deny Sweden access to the North Sea (Västergötland).;;;;;;;;;;9651 DAN_GNW_MISSDESC;Denmark-Norway gets victory points for controlling Holstein Skåne Ostlandet and Västergötland.;;;;;;;;;;9652 DAN_GNW_HISTDESC;At the beginning of the 18th century Denmark-Norway had fruitlessly fought Sweden on several occassions to retain what she had lost in the 17th century. In a grand alliance with Russia and Poland-Lithuania time for revenge was at hand. Denmark-Norway was however invaded in 1700 by the Swedes under Charles XII, unable to stop him as the navy and army was not ready for action. Licking her wounds she tried again in 1710, invading the province of Skåne but was defeated by the superior Swedish leadership. Her greatest opportunity came in 1717-1719 when Peter the Great announced a joint allied invasion of Sweden proper but due to unfortunate political developments Peter the Great changed his mind. Alone, the Danish navy was not large enough for the undertaking that would have been necessary for the conquest of Sweden. However she succesfully managed to defend Norway from Swedish invasions in 1716 and 1718.;;;;;;;;;;9653 DAN_GC_VPTACTIC;In the long run Sweden is the greatest threat to your country. Therefore Russia is a prime candidate for alliance. However, it can be good tactics to get some lands at the expense of the Hanseatic League. Such a move would increase your economy and protect your southern flank.;;;;;;;;;;9654 DAN_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;9655 DAN_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;9656 DAN_GC_HISTDESC;In 1492 the dual kingdom of Denmark-Norway was a great European power. The main enemy of the domain was the Hanseatic League whose political and military might was fading. However the Hanseatic League was still a great trade nation and its economy was strong. Norway was thoroughly integrated in the Danish lead nation even as the Danes and the Norwegians were two different peoples. Sweden, though, was an irritating problem and that country was semi-autonomously governed by a very independent nobility. The Swedish nobility defied every attempt to increase royal power in Sweden. At the same time Denmark-Norway fought the minor countries in Northern Germany many of which had earlier been under Danish influence.;;;;;;;;;;9657 DAN_DESC;One of the oldest kingdoms in Europe, Denmark has its roots in the little known age prior to the Viking era. Its destiny was always intertwined with those of its brother nations of Norway and Sweden, and the three kingdoms sometimes allied and sometimes bitterly fought each other. In 1419, Denmark was the dominant kingdom and a Danish king ruled over all three in the 'Union of Kalmar'. In 1448 Christian I became king and established on the Danish throne the house of Oldenburg. In 1460, he incorporated Schleswig and Holstein into the Danish crown. Denmark was now at the apex of its power, rivalling the days of King Canute (Knut), but the malcontents in Sweden were already causing much grief. When Sweden finally broke away from the union in 1523, Denmark was still the most powerful realm in the North, getting rich off the Sound due, but the balance of power was to shift during the coming century. The two nations fought innumerable wars with varying outcomes, until Denmark finally got demolished by Charles X of Sweden in 1658, who, with his veterans from the 30 years war forced Denmark to cede almost half its territory to Sweden. Charles shortly renewed the war, and Denmark came within a hairsbreadth of being absorbed into the Swedish Great Power, but escaped that fate by heroically defending Copenhagen (and thanks to the help of England and the Netherlands). An serious attempt was made to gain the lost territory back in 1676, but the plans were thwarted at the battle of Lund on Dec 4th. The battle lasted for 20 hours and was the bloodiest in Scandinavian history - even worse than the battle of Poltava. Of the 18,000 participants, about half fell and many more were wounded. Denmark now entered a period of decline, but so did Sweden a few decades later.;;;;;;;;;;9658 DAN_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;9659 DAN;Denmark;;;;;;;;;;9660 DAK_DESC;Souligna Vongsa contributed to the fall of Lan Xang by refusing to stay the execution of his only son. Upon the king's death in 1694, there was a struggle for succession that destroyed the unity of the kingdom. Three Lao states emerged from competition for the throne. Souligna Vongsa's nephew controlled from Vientiane a considerable area on both sides of the middle Mekong, under the suzerainty of Annam, which had helped him get the throne. A separate kingdom was established at Luang Prabang in 1707 by Souligna Vongsa's grandsons. This area remained independent of the Vietnamese. A third kingdom, Champassak, which controlled the southernmost provinces on both sides of the Mekong, was established in 1713 by another prince. This kingdom was increasingly influenced by Siam. Its existence continued through to the middle of the 20th century when it became part of Laos.;;;;;;;;;;9661 DAK;Champassak;;;;;;;;;;9662 DAI_DESC;The people of what is now Vietnam, but was then scornfully labeled 'Annam' by the Chinese overlords, finally drove out the occupiers in 939 and renamed their country Dai Co Viet and later Dai Viet. It remained independent except for another brief period of Chinese occupation from 1407-1428. In 1558 Dai Viet found itself divided between two great families: the Trinh and the Nguyens. The Trinh ruled from Tonkin (present-day Hanoi) as far south as Porte d'Annam. The Europeans called this area Tonkin when they arrived in the 1600s. The Nguyens ruled from the city of Hue over territory that extended south from Porte d'Annam to Quy Nhon. In 1802 the two halves, Tonkin-Dai Viet and Annam-Dai Viet, were united by Nguyen-Anh and renamed Vietnam.;;;;;;;;;;9663 DAI;Dai Viet;;;;;;;;;;9664 DAH_DESC;In the early 17th century, a quarrel between three brothers with a right to the throne of Great Ardra led to one retaining that small nation and the other two forging their own. One of these was Dahomey, centered around the town of Abomey, while the other was Ajatche (called Porto Novo by the Portuguese). By the end of the century Dahomey was in control of the slave trade on the Bight of Benin. Using their remarkable female soldiers (called Amazons by outsiders) the kingdom grew rapidly in all directions.;;;;;;;;;;9665 DAH;Dahomey;;;;;;;;;;9666 CYR_DESC;Of the medieval centralized state systems of Somali history, Adal was prominent. During the sixteenth century, its borders extended from Zeila, its capital, through the fertile valleys of the Jijiga and the Harer plateau to the Ethiopian highlands. Adal was founded by the former people of Ifat, a sultanate destroyed by Ethiopians in the 14th century. Holding true to this legacy, Adal is famous for its conflicts with the expansionist Ethiopians. Eventually, this would prove to be its undoing.;;;;;;;;;;9667 CYR;Adal;;;;;;;;;;9668 CYP_DESC;The Island Kingdom of Cyprus, once a Roman province, was placed under the control of crusading knights by Richard the Lionheart in 1192, during the third crusade. The crusaders couldn't keep peace on the island so they sold it to the king of Jerusalem. Cyprus and Jerusalem shared royal house until 1359, when Islam finally forced the last Christian king out of the Holy Land. Cyprus was a land of serfs, so the king incited French nobles to come and help improve the domestic infrastructure. In 1489 Queen Caterina Cornero married into the Venetian nobility and Cyprus became another Venetian holding.;;;;;;;;;;9669 CYP;Cyprus;;;;;;;;;;9670 CWVLOW;VERY LOW;;;;;;;;;;9671 CWVHIGH;VERY HIGH;;;;;;;;;;9672 CWTRADER;Trader;;;;;;;;;;9673 CWTP;Level %d Trading Post;;;;;;;;;;9674 CWTIME;Time to establish:;;;;;;;;;;9675 CWSENDT;Send Trader to;;;;;;;;;;9676 CWSENDC;Expand Establishment in;;;;;;;;;;9677 CWPRO;Current Market Price;;;;;;;;;;9678 CWNVLOW;Very Low;;;;;;;;;;9679 CWNVHIGH;Very High;;;;;;;;;;9680 CWNOSET;(No Settlement);;;;;;;;;;9681 CWNONE;NONE;;;;;;;;;;9682 CWNNONE;None;;;;;;;;;;9683 CWNMEDIUM;Medium;;;;;;;;;;9684 CWNLOW;Low;;;;;;;;;;9685 CWNHIGH;High;;;;;;;;;;9686 CWNEHIGH;Extremely High;;;;;;;;;;9687 CWNATIVEVILL;Native Settlement;;;;;;;;;;9688 CWNATIVETOL;Aggressiveness:;;;;;;;;;;9689 CWNATIVESTR;Strength:;;;;;;;;;;9690 CWNATIVE;NATIVES;;;;;;;;;;9691 CWMEDIUM;MEDIUM;;;;;;;;;;9692 CWMAXTAX;Base Tax Value: %d;;;;;;;;;;9693 CWLOW;LOW;;;;;;;;;;9694 CWHIGH;HIGH;;;;;;;;;;9695 CWEHIGH;EXTREMELY HIGH;;;;;;;;;;9696 CWCOST;Cost:;;;;;;;;;;9697 CWCOLONIST;Colonist;;;;;;;;;;9698 CWCITY;Colony, %d settlers;;;;;;;;;;9699 CWCHANCE;Suitability:;;;;;;;;;;9700 CWARUS_SETUP;When civil war hits our nation.;;;;;;;;;;9701 CWARUS_LOG;Our country has been struck by Civil War.;;;;;;;;;;9702 CWARUS_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;9703 CWARUS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9704 CWARUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9705 CWARUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;9706 CWARUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;9707 CWARUS_4;;;;;;;;;;;9708 CWARUS_3;;;;;;;;;;;9709 CWARUS_2;%t, part of our military forces have joined rebelforces in an effort to break the government.;;;;;;;;;;9710 CWARUS_1;Civil War;;;;;;;;;;9711 CWAROTHER_SETUP;When another nation is struck by civil war.;;;;;;;;;;9712 CWAROTHER_LOG;Civil War in %s;;;;;;;;;;9713 CWAROTHER_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;9714 CWAROTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;9715 CWAROTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9716 CWAROTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;9717 CWAROTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;9718 CWAROTHER_4;have been struck by Civil War.;;;;;;;;;;9719 CWAROTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;9720 CWAROTHER_2;%t, we have confirmed reports that;;;;;;;;;;9721 CWAROTHER_1;Civil War;;;;;;;;;;9722 CULTURE_ZAPOTEK;zapotek;;;;;;;;;;9723 CULTURE_YORUMBA;yorumba;;;;;;;;;;9724 CULTURE_VIETNAMESE;vietnamese;;;;;;;;;;9725 CULTURE_UZBEHK;uzbek;;;;;;;;;;9726 CULTURE_UKRAINIAN;ukrainian;;;;;;;;;;9727 CULTURE_UGRIC;ugric;;;;;;;;;;9728 CULTURE_TURKISH;turkish;;;;;;;;;;9729 CULTURE_TUPINAMBA;tupinamba;;;;;;;;;;9730 CULTURE_TUAREG;tuareg;;;;;;;;;;9731 CULTURE_TIBETAN;tibetan;;;;;;;;;;9732 CULTURE_THAI;thai;;;;;;;;;;9733 CULTURE_TEREMEMBE;teremembe;;;;;;;;;;9734 CULTURE_SYRIAN;syrian;;;;;;;;;;9735 CULTURE_SWISS;swiss;;;;;;;;;;9736 CULTURE_SWAHILI;swahili;;;;;;;;;;9737 CULTURE_SOMALI;somali;;;;;;;;;;9738 CULTURE_SLOVAK;slovak;;;;;;;;;;9739 CULTURE_SLAVONIC;slavonic;;;;;;;;;;9740 CULTURE_SIKH;sikh;;;;;;;;;;9741 CULTURE_SHONA;shona;;;;;;;;;;9742 CULTURE_SHAWNEE;shawnee;;;;;;;;;;9743 CULTURE_SENEGAMBIAN;senegambian;;;;;;;;;;9744 CULTURE_SCANDINAVIAN;scandinavian;;;;;;;;;;9745 CULTURE_RUTHENIAN;ruthenian;;;;;;;;;;9746 CULTURE_RUSSIAN;russian;;;;;;;;;;9747 CULTURE_ROMANIAN;romanian;;;;;;;;;;9748 CULTURE_POLYNESE;polynese;;;;;;;;;;9749 CULTURE_POLISH;polish;;;;;;;;;;9750 CULTURE_PERSIAN;persian;;;;;;;;;;9751 CULTURE_PATAGONIAN;patagonian;;;;;;;;;;9752 CULTURE_NUBIAN;nubian;;;;;;;;;;9753 CULTURE_NONE;none;;;;;;;;;;9754 CULTURE_NAVAJO;navajo;;;;;;;;;;9755 CULTURE_NASKAPI;tatar;;;;;;;;;;9756 CULTURE_MONGOL;mongol;;;;;;;;;;9757 CULTURE_MISSISSIPPIAN;portuguese;;;;;;;;;;9758 CULTURE_MESOAMERICAN;mesoamerican;;;;;;;;;;9759 CULTURE_MELANESE;mon;;;;;;;;;;9760 CULTURE_MAYAN;mayan;;;;;;;;;;9761 CULTURE_MATACO;mataco;;;;;;;;;;9762 CULTURE_MARATHI;marathi;;;;;;;;;;9763 CULTURE_MANCHU;manchu;;;;;;;;;;9764 CULTURE_MALTESE;maltese;;;;;;;;;;9765 CULTURE_MALI;mali;;;;;;;;;;9766 CULTURE_MALAY;malay;;;;;;;;;;9767 CULTURE_MAGYAR;magyar;;;;;;;;;;9768 CULTURE_MADAGASQUE;coptic;;;;;;;;;;9769 CULTURE_LITHUANIAN;lithuanian;;;;;;;;;;9770 CULTURE_LAOTIAN;cham;;;;;;;;;;9771 CULTURE_KURDISH;kurdish;;;;;;;;;;9772 CULTURE_KOREAN;korean;;;;;;;;;;9773 CULTURE_KONGOLESE;kongolese;;;;;;;;;;9774 CULTURE_KHMER;khmer;;;;;;;;;;9775 CULTURE_KHAZAK;kazakh;;;;;;;;;;9776 CULTURE_JAVAN;javan;;;;;;;;;;9777 CULTURE_JAPANESE;japanese;;;;;;;;;;9778 CULTURE_ITALIAN;italian;;;;;;;;;;9779 CULTURE_IROQUIS;iroquoian;;;;;;;;;;9780 CULTURE_INUIT;inuit;;;;;;;;;;9781 CULTURE_INDONESIAN;indonesian;;;;;;;;;;9782 CULTURE_INDIAN;native;;;;;;;;;;9783 CULTURE_IBERIAN;castilian;;;;;;;;;;9784 CULTURE_HURON;huron;;;;;;;;;;9785 CULTURE_HINDI;hindi;;;;;;;;;;9786 CULTURE_HAWAIIAN;uighur;;;;;;;;;;9787 CULTURE_HAN;han;;;;;;;;;;9788 CULTURE_GUJARATI;gujarati;;;;;;;;;;9789 CULTURE_GUAJIRO;guajiro;;;;;;;;;;9790 CULTURE_GREEK;greek;;;;;;;;;;9791 CULTURE_GERMAN;german;;;;;;;;;;9792 CULTURE_GEORGIAN;caucasian;;;;;;;;;;9793 CULTURE_GAELIC;celtic;;;;;;;;;;9794 CULTURE_FRENCH;french;;;;;;;;;;9795 CULTURE_FILIPPINE;upper burman;;;;;;;;;;9796 CULTURE_ETHIOPIAN;ethiopian;;;;;;;;;;9797 CULTURE_DYOLA;dyola;;;;;;;;;;9798 CULTURE_DUTCH;dutch;;;;;;;;;;9799 CULTURE_DRAVIDIAN;dravidian;;;;;;;;;;9800 CULTURE_DELAWARE;frisian;;;;;;;;;;9801 CULTURE_DAKOTA;dakota;;;;;;;;;;9802 CULTURE_CZECH;czech;;;;;;;;;;9803 CULTURE_CREEK;creek;;;;;;;;;;9804 CULTURE_CREE;cree;;;;;;;;;;9805 CULTURE_CHEROKEE;cherokee;;;;;;;;;;9806 CULTURE_CARIBBEAN;caribbean;;;;;;;;;;9807 CULTURE_CANTONESE;zhuang;;;;;;;;;;9808 CULTURE_CANARY;turkoman;;;;;;;;;;9809 CULTURE_CAMBODIAN;mon;;;;;;;;;;9810 CULTURE_BURMANESE;burmanese;;;;;;;;;;9811 CULTURE_BERBER;berber;;;;;;;;;;9812 CULTURE_BENGALI;bengali;;;;;;;;;;9813 CULTURE_BASQUE;basque;;;;;;;;;;9814 CULTURE_BANTU;bantu;;;;;;;;;;9815 CULTURE_BALUCHI;baluchi;;;;;;;;;;9816 CULTURE_BALTIC;baltic;;;;;;;;;;9817 CULTURE_AZTEK;aztek;;;;;;;;;;9818 CULTURE_ASHANTI;ashanti;;;;;;;;;;9819 CULTURE_ARMENIAN;armenian;;;;;;;;;;9820 CULTURE_ARABIC;arabic;;;;;;;;;;9821 CULTURE_ANGLOSAXON;anglosaxon;;;;;;;;;;9822 CULTURE_ANDEAN;andean;;;;;;;;;;9823 CULTURE_AMAZONIAN;catalan;;;;;;;;;;9824 CULTURE_ALTAI;altai;;;;;;;;;;9825 CULTURE_ALEUTIAN;rajput;;;;;;;;;;9826 CULTURE_ALBANIAN;albanian;;;;;;;;;;9827 CULTURE_AKA;aka;;;;;;;;;;9828 CULTURE_AFGHANI;afghani;;;;;;;;;;9829 CULTURE_ABORIGIN;aborigin;;;;;;;;;;9830 CULTURE_ABENAKI;abenaki;;;;;;;;;;9831 CRO_DESC;Croatia's power reached its peak in the 11th century, but internecine strife facilitated its conquest in 1091 by King Ladislaus I of Hungary. In 1102, a pact between his successor and the Croatian tribal chiefs established a personal union of Croatia and Hungary under the Hungarian monarch. Although Croatia remained linked with Hungary for eight centuries the Croats were sometimes able to choose their rulers independently of Budapest. In personal union with Hungary, Croatia retained its own diet and was governed by a Ban, or Viceroy. After the battle of Mohács in 1526 most of Croatia came under Turkish rule. In 1527 the Croatian feudal lords agreed to accept the Habsburgs as their overlords in return for protection from the Ottomans and retention of their privileges. During the following century Croatia served as a Habsburg outpost, protecting central Europe from the Turkish onslaught.;;;;;;;;;;9832 CRO;Croatia;;;;;;;;;;9833 CRI_DESC;Part of the Roman Empire during the first millennium, the Crimean peninsula was overrun by Ostrogoths, Huns, Khazars, Cumans, and the Mongols of the Golden Horde while the Byzantine Empire kept trying to project some kind of power over it. The Genoans renewed trade with the region in the 13th century, and with the destruction of the Golden Horde in 1475 it became an independent Khanate. In the 15th century the Ottomans vassalised the Tatars and first called the peninsula 'Crimea'. The Khanate still remained powerful, and became a constant scourge for Russia and Poland, even going so far as to raid Moscow in 1572. The Khanate retained its independent status until Russia finally annexed it in 1783.;;;;;;;;;;9834 CRI;Crimea;;;;;;;;;;9835 CREFCATHOLIC;Counter-Reform Catholics;;;;;;;;;;9836 CRE_DESC;The Cree, a confederacy of many Muskogean-speaking tribes and villages, were named so by the English for the countless waterways crossing their territory in what is now Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. Primarily hunter-gatherers, the Cree people thrived on commerce and thus welcomed the first Europeans, trading deer pelts for firearms. By the early 1700s however, the Cree were being displaced by English settlers. Battles with whites and other Indians continued sporadically until the American General Andrew Jackson, known to the Cree as 'Sharp Knife', destroyed the Cree chieftain Red Eagle and his main force of warriors at the Tallapoosa River in 1814.;;;;;;;;;;9837 CRE;Creek;;;;;;;;;;9838 CRBWAR;Warships;;;;;;;;;;9839 CRBTRA;Transports;;;;;;;;;;9840 CRBSUPERIORITY;Superiority;;;;;;;;;;9841 CRBSIEGE6;The city will surrender any day now.;;;;;;;;;;9842 CRBSIEGE5;The city will probably surrender within three months.;;;;;;;;;;9843 CRBSIEGE4;The city will probably surrender within six months.;;;;;;;;;;9844 CRBSIEGE3;The city will probably surrender within nine months.;;;;;;;;;;9845 CRBSIEGE2;The city will probably surrender within twelve months.;;;;;;;;;;9846 CRBSIEGE1;The city can hold out for years.;;;;;;;;;;9847 CRBSHOCKI;Relative Shock Strength;;;;;;;;;;9848 CRBSHOCK;SHOCK;;;;;;;;;;9849 CRBLEADERSHOCK;Leader Shock Value;;;;;;;;;;9850 CRBLEADERNAME;Commanding Leader;;;;;;;;;;9851 CRBLEADERMOVE;Leader Maneuver Value;;;;;;;;;;9852 CRBLEADEFIRE;Leader Fire Value;;;;;;;;;;9853 CRBINF;Infantry;;;;;;;;;;9854 CRBGAL;Galleys;;;;;;;;;;9855 CRBFIREI;Relative Fire Strength;;;;;;;;;;9856 CRBFIRE;FIRE;;;;;;;;;;9857 CRBCAV;Cavalry;;;;;;;;;;9858 CRBBREACH;Breach! The fortress will be useless if you choose to assault!;;;;;;;;;;9859 CRBATTRITION;Attrition;;;;;;;;;;9860 CRBART;Artillery;;;;;;;;;;9861 CRB_ROLL_DSHOCK;Defender's Power Value during the Shock Phase;;;;;;;;;;9862 CRB_ROLL_DFIRE;Defender's Power Value during the Fire Phase;;;;;;;;;;9863 CRB_ROLL_DADA;The Power Value reflects the total offensive strength of the unit including modifiers for leaders and technology level – the higher the value the more losses will the opponent suffer.\nThe Values are different during the Shock Phase ('close combat') and the Fire Phase ('ranged combat') of the battle. Bonuses depending on terrain and fortresses are added separately.;;;;;;;;;;9864 CRB_ROLL_ASHOCK;Attacker's Power Value during the Shock Phase;;;;;;;;;;9865 CRB_ROLL_AFIRE;Attacker's Power Value during the Fire Phase;;;;;;;;;;9866 CR_VOICES;VOICES;;;;;;;;;;9867 CR_TRANSLATION;TRANSLATION;;;;;;;;;;9868 CR_TESTING;TESTING;;;;;;;;;;9869 CR_TESTERS;TESTERS;;;;;;;;;;9870 CR_TEST_MANAGER;TEST MANAGER;;;;;;;;;;9871 CR_SPECIAL_CONTRIBUTIONS;SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS;;;;;;;;;;9872 CR_SOUND_EFFECTS;SOUND EFFECTS;;;;;;;;;;9873 CR_SCENARIO;SCENARIO DESIGN;;;;;;;;;;9874 CR_PROJECT_LEAD_CREATIVE_DIRECTOR;PROJECT LEAD / CREATIVE DIRECTOR;;;;;;;;;;9875 CR_PROGRAMMING;PROGRAMERS;;;;;;;;;;9876 CR_PRODUCT_MANAGER;PRODUCT MANAGER;;;;;;;;;;9877 CR_PRODUCER;PRODUCER;;;;;;;;;;9878 CR_PRESIDENT;PRESIDENT;;;;;;;;;;9879 CR_ORIGINAL_MUSIC;ORIGINAL MUSIC;;;;;;;;;;9880 CR_MUSIC;MUSIC & SFX;;;;;;;;;;9881 CR_MEDIA;MEDIA;;;;;;;;;;9882 CR_MANUAL;MANUAL;;;;;;;;;;9883 CR_LPROGRAMMING;LEAD PROGRAMMER;;;;;;;;;;9884 CR_FMV_SEQUENCES;FMV SEQUENCES;;;;;;;;;;9885 CR_EXECUTIVE_PRODUCER;EXECUTIVE PRODUCER;;;;;;;;;;9886 CR_EU1;The Original Europa Univeralis was made by;;;;;;;;;;9887 CR_EDITOR;EDITOR;;;;;;;;;;9888 CR_DTP;DTP;;;;;;;;;;9889 CR_DESIGN;DESIGN;;;;;;;;;;9890 CR_CREATIVE_DIRECTOR;CREATIVE DIRECTOR;;;;;;;;;;9891 CR_COVER_DESIGN;COVER DESIGN;;;;;;;;;;9892 CR_CODE;PROGRAMMING;;;;;;;;;;9893 CR_BASED;BASED ON DESIGN BY;;;;;;;;;;9894 CR_ASCENARIO;ADDITIONAL SCENARIO DESIGN;;;;;;;;;;9895 CR_ARTISTS;ARTISTS;;;;;;;;;;9896 CR_ART_LEAD;LEAD ARTIST;;;;;;;;;;9897 CR_ART;ART;;;;;;;;;;9898 CR_ADDITIONAL_PROGRAMMING;ADDITIONAL PROGRAMMING;;;;;;;;;;9899 CR_ADDITIONAL_CONTRIBUTIONS;ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS;;;;;;;;;;9900 CR_ADDITIONAL_ART;ADDITIONAL ART;;;;;;;;;;9901 COWWEAK;weak;;;;;;;;;;9902 COWVERYWEAK;very weak;;;;;;;;;;9903 COWSTABILITY;STABILITY;;;;;;;;;;9904 COWSENDTRA;Send Trader;;;;;;;;;;9905 COWSENDOL;Send Colonist;;;;;;;;;;9906 COWROLLVP;Victory Points;;;;;;;;;;9907 COWROLLPREV;Show previous country;;;;;;;;;;9908 COWROLLNEXT;Show next country;;;;;;;;;;9909 COWROLLMIL2;The Monarch's Military skills affect the country's chances to increase technology, etc.;;;;;;;;;;9910 COWROLLMIL1;Military Skills;;;;;;;;;;9911 COWROLLDOM;Click to access Domestic Policy Settings;;;;;;;;;;9912 COWROLLDIP2;The Monarch's Diplomatic skills affect the country's chances to create new alliances, etc.;;;;;;;;;;9913 COWROLLDIP1;Diplomatic Skills;;;;;;;;;;9914 COWROLLADM2;The Monarch's Administrative skills affect the country's chances to increase efficiencies stability etc.;;;;;;;;;;9915 COWROLLADM1;Administrative Skills;;;;;;;;;;9916 COWROLL5;%s's current Naval Military Power is %s.;;;;;;;;;;9917 COWROLL4;%s's current Land Military Power is %s.;;;;;;;;;;9918 COWROLL3;%s's territorial power is %s in relation to the other nations.;;;;;;;;;;9919 COWROLL2;%s's current Diplomatic rating is %s;;;;;;;;;;9920 COWROLL1;%s's current Economical rating is %s;;;;;;;;;;9921 COWROLL0;%s's current Stability is %s;;;;;;;;;;9922 COWNORMAL;normal;;;;;;;;;;9923 COWNAVAL;NAVAL;;;;;;;;;;9924 COWMONARCH;MONARCH:;;;;;;;;;;9925 COWLAND;LAND;;;;;;;;;;9926 COWGOOD;strong;;;;;;;;;;9927 COWEXCELLENT;very strong;;;;;;;;;;9928 COWEMP;MONARCH(Emperor):;;;;;;;;;;9929 COWCULTURE;CULTURES;;;;;;;;;;9930 COWBACK;Back to Main;;;;;;;;;;9931 COW_VASSAL2_IRO;There is no part of your realm that can be given vassal status.;;;;;;;;;;9932 COW_VASSAL1_IRO;You can create vassal states out of your own territory if there is any form of national identity in the area.;;;;;;;;;;9933 COW_VASSAL;Create Vassal;;;;;;;;;;9934 COW_KING_DRO;The 'traits' listing gives an indication of the nature of the Historical Events that will occur during the Monarch's reign.;;;;;;;;;;9935 COTMOVE_SETUP;When a Center of Trade moves to a different province;;;;;;;;;;9936 COTMOVE_LOG;The Center(s) of Trade in %s perished and new ones were opened in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9937 COTMOVE_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;9938 COTMOVE_BTN2;Details;;;;;;;;;;9939 COTMOVE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;9940 COTMOVE_6;;;;;;;;;;;9941 COTMOVE_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;9942 COTMOVE_4;These new ones have opened:;;;;;;;;;;9943 COTMOVE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;9944 COTMOVE_2;%t, these Center(s) of Trade have perished:;;;;;;;;;;9945 COTMOVE_1;Market Fluctuations!;;;;;;;;;;9946 COTIWSHIELD_D;%s's %d merchant(s) generate %.2f$ yearly.;;;;;;;;;;9947 COTIWSENDOK_I;Send merchant to %s at a cost of %d$?;;;;;;;;;;9948 COTIWSENDOK_D;The more merchants you have, the larger your share of the Center of Trade's total trade do you get.;;;;;;;;;;9949 COTIWSENDERR9_I;You lack a harbor for your capital so you can not send merchants to overseas territories.;;;;;;;;;;9950 COTIWSENDERR8_I;You must first discover the location of the %s Center of Trade.;;;;;;;;;;9951 COTIWSENDERR7_I;You already have six merchants en route here!;;;;;;;;;;9952 COTIWSENDERR6_I;You already have a monopoly here and there is no competition so additional merchants will make no difference.;;;;;;;;;;9953 COTIWSENDERR5_I;You cannot place six Merchants and thereby gain a monopoly until you have Trade Level 3.;;;;;;;;;;9954 COTIWSENDERR4_I;Requires Trade Level 1;;;;;;;;;;9955 COTIWSENDERR3_I;You cannot afford to send a Merchant here (Cost: %d$);;;;;;;;;;9956 COTIWSENDERR2_I;%s refuses to trade with us!;;;;;;;;;;9957 COTIWSENDERR2_D;When a nation refuses to trade with you you cannot place merchants in the Center of Trade that it controls and you do not gain any income from those already present.;;;;;;;;;;9958 COTIWSENDERR1_I;You have no merchants to send!;;;;;;;;;;9959 COTIWSENDERR1_D;Merchants are generated automatically as an effect of your Trade Level. (See mouse rollover help for number of merchants in the menu bar for details.);;;;;;;;;;9960 COTIWSEND;Place Merchant;;;;;;;;;;9961 COTIWROLLOVER2;The monopoly country of the Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;9962 COTIWROLLOVER;The countries with %d merchants in this center;;;;;;;;;;9963 COTIWNUMBERS_I;The total value of the trade here is %d$.\nYour current share is %.2f$ monthly.;;;;;;;;;;9964 COTIWNUMBERS_D;The amount will grow as more provinces are colonized in the CoT:s area of influence as city population grows manufactories are built etc.;;;;;;;;;;9965 COTIWMONOPOLYD;Each Center of Trade can hold up to 20 merchants. If you have a Monopoly you will automatically earn the incomes from all empty slots. Also by adding additional merchants you may remove other nation's merchants in the Center of Trade by competition.;;;;;;;;;;9966 COTIWINC_I;You currently earn %.1f$ per year from the trade in %s.;;;;;;;;;;9967 COTIWINC_D;This will increase if you place more merchants here and/or increase your Trade Level.;;;;;;;;;;9968 COTIWEFF_I;Your Trade Level;;;;;;;;;;9969 COTIWEFF_D;By increasing your Trade Level, your merchants will generate more income.;;;;;;;;;;9970 COTIWCENTER_I;The Center of Trade in %s is owned by %s.;;;;;;;;;;9971 COTIWCENTER_D;Centers of Trade may move as an effect of changes in the political map.;;;;;;;;;;9972 COTIWBACK;Back to Main;;;;;;;;;;9973 COTIW_REFUSED;However they are being refused trade by the owner of the Center %s limiting their income and stopping them from expanding their trade.;;;;;;;;;;9974 COTIW_DRO;%d$: Total trade in this CoT\n%d/20: %s's share of that trade\nx%.2f: %s's Trade Level\n= %.1f$ yearly trade income for %s from this CoT;;;;;;;;;;9975 COTINCOME;Income §W%d$;;;;;;;;;;9976 COTEFF;Trade Level;;;;;;;;;;9977 COTDESC;Cotton originated from Central Asia but was not widely used in Europe until it was transplanted in the American colonies and used as a cheap but good complement or substitute for wool in the clothing industry of the late 18th century;;;;;;;;;;9978 COTDEMAND;The global demand for Cotton will increase as more §YGoods §YManufactories§W are built, and as more §YCloth §Yproducing §Yprovinces§W are being colonized.;;;;;;;;;;9979 COT_AUTO;Autosend merchants.;;;;;;;;;;9980 COT;Cotton;;;;;;;;;;9981 COST;Cost;;;;;;;;;;9982 COR_DESC;After centuries of conquest and rule by various invaders including Ostrogoths, Vandals, Byzantines, Lombards, and Saracens Corsica was entrusted to the city of Pisa by Pope Gregorious VII in 1077. In 1284 the island was taken by Genoa, the arch rival of Pisa, and held for five hundred years. The island suffered invasions from the Aragonese and the French during the Genoese occupation and underwent countless insurrections from the disgruntled population. In the 1600s they were a constant target of pirate raids from the Barbary Coast. In 1768 the Genoese sold the island to France, which soon lost it to the British (1794).;;;;;;;;;;9983 COR;Corsica;;;;;;;;;;9984 CONTROLL_YOUR;You will win the game when you control all the following provinces: %s.;;;;;;;;;;9985 CONTROLL_OTHER;Will win by controlling all these provinces: %s.;;;;;;;;;;9986 CONSTRUCTIONTP;Building Trading Post.;;;;;;;;;;9987 CONSTRUCTIONSHIPYARD;Building Shipyard.;;;;;;;;;;9988 CONSTRUCTIONREMAIN2;Time remaining: <1 months;;;;;;;;;;9989 CONSTRUCTIONREMAIN;Time remaining: %d months;;;;;;;;;;9990 CONSTRUCTIONNAVY;Building Ships.;;;;;;;;;;9991 CONSTRUCTIONMISSIONAIR;Converting Province;;;;;;;;;;9992 CONSTRUCTIONMAN;Building Manufactory.;;;;;;;;;;9993 CONSTRUCTIONIMPROVEMENT;Promoting Official.;;;;;;;;;;9994 CONSTRUCTIONFORT;Building Fortress.;;;;;;;;;;9995 CONSTRUCTIONCOLONY;Building Colony.;;;;;;;;;;9996 CONSTRUCTIONBARRACK;Building Conscription Center.;;;;;;;;;;9997 CONSTRUCTIONARMY;Building Troops.;;;;;;;;;;9998 CONQUISTADOR;Conquistador;;;;;;;;;;9999 CONQUER_YOUR;You will increase your victory percentage on January 1 each year by owning the following provinces: %s.;;;;;;;;;;10000 CONQUER_OTHER;Will win by holding ownership of these provinces: %s. Progress is calculated January 1 each year.;;;;;;;;;;10001 CONFIRMSHIPYARD;Should we build a shipyard in %s at a cost of %d$? It will take 36 months to be finished.;;;;;;;;;;10002 CONFIRMRELIGION;Convert from %s to %s\nSire this will not only hurt our relation with the rest of the %s world enormously our stability will also suffer greatly! Are you sure you want to take this drastic and irreversible step?;;;;;;;;;;10003 CONFIRMMERCHANT;Should we send a merchant to %s for a cost of %d$?;;;;;;;;;;10004 CONFIRMMAN;Should we build a manufactory in %s at a cost of %d$? It will take %d months to finish.;;;;;;;;;;10005 CONFIRMFORT;Should we expand our fortress in %s for a cost of %d$? This will take 12 months to finish.;;;;;;;;;;10006 CONFIRMDISBANDHIS;This will destroy the selected unit except commander %s and his loyal retainers. Are you really sure?;;;;;;;;;;10007 CONFIRMDISBAND;Do you really want to permanently disband the selected units?;;;;;;;;;;10008 CONFIRMCOURTHOUSE;Should we promote our Legal counsel in %s to Chief judge at a cost of %d$? It will take 24 months to have effect.;;;;;;;;;;10009 CONFIRMCITYRIGHTS;Should we promote our Mayor in %s to Governor at a cost of %d$? It will take 24 months to have effect.;;;;;;;;;;10010 CONFIRMBARRACKS;Should we build a conscription center in %s at a cost of %d$? It will take 6 months to be finished.;;;;;;;;;;10011 CONFIRMBAILIFF;Should we promote our Bailiff in %s to Tax collector at a cost of %d$? It will take 12 months to have effect.;;;;;;;;;;10012 CON_Oceania;Oceania;;;;;;;;;;10013 CON_Europe;Europe;;;;;;;;;;10014 CON_Asia;Asia;;;;;;;;;;10015 CON_America;America;;;;;;;;;;10016 CON_Africa;Africa;;;;;;;;;;10017 CON_-;-;;;;;;;;;;10018 COLONYDIE_SETUP;When one of your settlements fails and is destroyed.;;;;;;;;;;10019 COLONYDIE_LOG;Our settlement in %s has been destroyed by famine and diseases!;;;;;;;;;;10020 COLONYDIE_HEADER;Our Governor Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10021 COLONYDIE_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10022 COLONYDIE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10023 COLONYDIE_6;;;;;;;;;;;10024 COLONYDIE_5;;;;;;;;;;;10025 COLONYDIE_4;have failed. The entire population has died due to famine and local diseases.!;;;;;;;;;;10026 COLONYDIE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10027 COLONYDIE_2;%t, our colony in;;;;;;;;;;10028 COLONYDIE_1;Colony Destroyed;;;;;;;;;;10029 COLONIZE_YOUR;You will increase your victory percentage every time you successfully place a colonist in %s (%s).;;;;;;;;;;10030 COLONIZE_OTHER;Will win by placing colonists in %s.;;;;;;;;;;10031 COLONISE;Colonize Province;;;;;;;;;;10032 COLOEMPIRE_YOUR;You will increase your victory percentage by +10 percent every time you create a Colonial City (='Level 7 Colony').;;;;;;;;;;10033 COLOEMPIRE_OTHER;Will win by establishing Colonial Cities.;;;;;;;;;;10034 COLNEWSUCCESS_SETUP;When you succeed in an attempt to establish a new colony;;;;;;;;;;10035 COLNEWSUCCESS_LOG;We successfully established a new Colony in %s;;;;;;;;;;10036 COLNEWSUCCESS_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10037 COLNEWSUCCESS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10038 COLNEWSUCCESS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10039 COLNEWSUCCESS_6;;;;;;;;;;;10040 COLNEWSUCCESS_5;;;;;;;;;;;10041 COLNEWSUCCESS_4;By sending more colonists there, it may eventually grow to a city.;;;;;;;;;;10042 COLNEWSUCCESS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10043 COLNEWSUCCESS_2;%t, we successfully founded a new Colony in;;;;;;;;;;10044 COLNEWSUCCESS_1;Colonization Successful!;;;;;;;;;;10045 COLFAILBUSY_SETUP;When a province was already colonised when your colonists arrived;;;;;;;;;;10046 COLFAILBUSY_LOG;%s was already colonized when our colonists got there.;;;;;;;;;;10047 COLFAILBUSY_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10048 COLFAILBUSY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10049 COLFAILBUSY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10050 COLFAILBUSY_6;;;;;;;;;;;10051 COLFAILBUSY_5;;;;;;;;;;;10052 COLFAILBUSY_4;was already colonized when our colonists got there.;;;;;;;;;;10053 COLFAILBUSY_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10054 COLFAILBUSY_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;10055 COLFAILBUSY_1;Colonization Failed!;;;;;;;;;;10056 COLFAIL_SETUP;When you fail in your attempts to establish new colonies or expand existing colonies;;;;;;;;;;10057 COLFAIL_LOG;We failed in our Colonization attempt in %s;;;;;;;;;;10058 COLFAIL_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10059 COLFAIL_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10060 COLFAIL_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10061 COLFAIL_6;;;;;;;;;;;10062 COLFAIL_5;;;;;;;;;;;10063 COLFAIL_4;There is a risk that any natives present have damaged our colony or even destroyed it!;;;;;;;;;;10064 COLFAIL_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10065 COLFAIL_2;%t, we failed in our Colonization attempt in;;;;;;;;;;10066 COLFAIL_1;Colonization Failed!;;;;;;;;;;10067 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_SETUP;When you succeed in an attempt to expand an existing colony;;;;;;;;;;10068 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_LOG;We successfully expanded our Colony in %s;;;;;;;;;;10069 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10070 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10071 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10072 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_6;;;;;;;;;;;10073 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_5;;;;;;;;;;;10074 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_4;When the population reaches 1000, it becomes a city that we gain taxes from.;;;;;;;;;;10075 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10076 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_2;%t, we successfully expanded our Colony in;;;;;;;;;;10077 COLEXPANDSUCCESS_1;Colonization Successful!;;;;;;;;;;10078 COL_DESC;Prior to the Spanish conquest, Colombia was inhabited by sub-Andean Chibcha and Caribbean peoples all of whom lived in organized agricultural communities. After the Spanish conquest which began in 1525 the area of present-day Colombia formed the nucleus of the province of New Granada. The struggle for independence was, as in all of the old Spanish-American provinces, precipitated by the Napoleonic invasion of Spain. However, the revolution was foreshadowed by the rising of the 'comuneros'. Prominent among the first revolutionary leaders was Antonio Nariño who took part in the uprising at Bogotá on July 20 1810. The revolution was to last nine years before the victory of Simón Bolívar at Boyacá in 1819 secured the independence of Greater Colombia. The new state Bolívar created included what is now Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador as well as Colombia.;;;;;;;;;;10079 COL;Colombia;;;;;;;;;;10080 COFFEEDESC;Coffee was used as a stimulant by the Aztecs, Incas and Indian rulers since the early medivals. It was popularized in Europe in the early 16th century when the Spaniards imported it from its American colonies. For many hundred years coffee was considered a luxury product until it finally was used on a daily basis by the common people.;;;;;;;;;;10081 COFFEEDEMAND;The global demand for Coffee will increase as more §YConscription §YCenters §YShipyards §Wand §YManufactories§W are built and as more cities get §YChief judges §Yand §YGovernors.;;;;;;;;;;10082 COFFEE;Coffee;;;;;;;;;;10083 CNCLALC;cancels your alliance;;;;;;;;;;10084 CLOSE;CLOSE;;;;;;;;;;10085 CLODESC;Cloth represents the various fabrics and clothing goods made at the time mostly from wool supplies but also partly from vegetal fibers such as linen. After successful plantation in the late 18th century America and through trade from India cotton became an increasing source of raw materials for cloth.;;;;;;;;;;10086 CLODEMAND;The global demand for Cloth will increase as more §YGoods §YManufactories and §YConscription §YCenters§W are built.;;;;;;;;;;10087 CLO;Cloth;;;;;;;;;;10088 CLIENTLEFT;%s (%s) has left the game!;;;;;;;;;;10089 CLAIMTOUS_SETUP;When another country claims our throne.;;;;;;;;;;10090 CLAIMTOUS_LOG;%s has proclaimed a claim to our throne.;;;;;;;;;;10091 CLAIMTOUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10092 CLAIMTOUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10093 CLAIMTOUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10094 CLAIMTOUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;10095 CLAIMTOUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;10096 CLAIMTOUS_4;They now have a Casus Belli on us, so we should prepare for an attack from them.;;;;;;;;;;10097 CLAIMTOUS_3;CLAIM TO OUR THRONE;;;;;;;;;;10098 CLAIMTOUS_2;%t, the king of %s had laid a;;;;;;;;;;10099 CLAIMTOUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10100 CLAIMTOOTH_SETUP;When another nation claims a third nation's throne;;;;;;;;;;10101 CLAIMTOOTH_LOG;%s has proclaimed a claim to the throne of %s.;;;;;;;;;;10102 CLAIMTOOTH_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10103 CLAIMTOOTH_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10104 CLAIMTOOTH_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10105 CLAIMTOOTH_6;;;;;;;;;;;10106 CLAIMTOOTH_5;;;;;;;;;;;10107 CLAIMTOOTH_4;They now have a Casus Belli, and we expect them to attack.;;;;;;;;;;10108 CLAIMTOOTH_3;CLAIM TO %s;;;;;;;;;;10109 CLAIMTOOTH_2;%t, the king of %s had laid a;;;;;;;;;;10110 CLAIMTOOTH_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10111 CHRISTIAN;Christian;;;;;;;;;;10112 CHM_DESC;A people heavily influenced by the Tiahuanaco culture, the Chimu rose to power in modern-day Peru around 1200. They were urban dwellers that built magnificent cities, had a powerful military and a complex social system. They remained a great power in the region until they were finally absorbed by the Inca Empire in 1460.;;;;;;;;;;10113 CHM;Chimú;;;;;;;;;;10114 CHI_DESC;Even before the blood had dried on the rebellion of Zhu Yuanzhang, the Han Chinese of the Ming Dynasty began to make the might of the Middle Kingdom known to the rest of East Asia. In 1398 Korea become a puppet to the Chinese government and soon afterwards Dai Viet fell to Ming troops. Zheng He made his glorious voyages, discovering faraway lands in Africa and Arabia. Emperor Cheng Zu, a usurper, came to the throne early in the 15th century. A cruel but able administrator, Cheng Zu established an absolute rule over the Empire, and by 1419 the Ming had reached a new age of might and glory.;;;;;;;;;;10115 CHI;China;;;;;;;;;;10116 CHG_DESC;Following Genghis Khan's death in 1227, his vast empire was divided between his two sons Ogodei and Chagatai. Ogodei became Great Khan after his father's death and thus controlled most of the Mongol Empire. Chagatai however, was also given a small area of Central Asia to control while maintaining allegiance to Ogodei as Great Khan. The region under Chagatai's control was populated mostly by Turkish nomads, many of whom had already converted to Islam. The great Central Asian cities of Bukhara and Samarkand, both of which were influential centers of Islamic scholarship, also fell within Chagatai's sphere. During the 1330s and '40s the Khanate split into a western and an eastern half. The former quickly adopted Islam and eventually passed under the control of Timur in the late 14th century. The eastern half survived for centuries more, but as weak shadow of its former greatness, puppet to surrounding, more vital tribes.;;;;;;;;;;10117 CHG;Chagatai Khanate;;;;;;;;;;10118 CHE_DESC;The Cherokee Indians settled along the Tennessee River millennia before Europeans arrived in North America. Connecting a network of villages by roads and streams through mountain gaps, the Cherokee nation traded prosperously with other tribes of the Mississippi River system. In 1540 the Spaniard Hernando De Soto encountered the Cherokee while searching for gold. For the next two centuries most of the Cherokees' contact with Europeans was friendly, until 1715 when the combined tribes of the area launched a war against the South Carolina colony. Alternately allying with the French and English the Cherokee were eventually decimated by disease and war.;;;;;;;;;;10119 CHE;Cherokee;;;;;;;;;;10120 CHAT_RELIGION;Same Religion;;;;;;;;;10179;10121 CHAT_NONE;None;;;;;;;;;10180;10122 CHAT_NEIGHBOR;Neighbors;;;;;;;;;10181;10123 CHAT_ENEMY;Enemies;;;;;;;;;10182;10124 CHAT_ALLIES;Allies;;;;;;;;;10183;10125 CHAT_ALL;All;;;;;;;;;10184;10126 CHAPTER_TECHNOLOGY;Technology;;;;;;;;;;10127 CHAPTER_MONARCH;Monarch & Victory Progress;;;;;;;;;;10128 CHAPTER_MILITARY;Military;;;;;;;;;;10129 CHAPTER_HISTORY;History;;;;;;;;;;10130 CHAPTER_ESTABLISHMENTS;Establishments;;;;;;;;;;10131 CHAPTER_ECONOMY;Economy;;;;;;;;;;10132 CHAPTER_DIPLOMACY;Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;10133 CHA_DESC;Champa was the kingdom of the Chams, which flourished in southern Vietnam from the 2nd century to the 17th. At its greatest extent it occupied Annam as far north as central Vietnam. Its culture was strongly affected by Hindu influences. Champa repeatedly waged war on its stronger neighbor Dai Viet, and it was sometimes allied and sometimes opposed to the Khmer Empire. In the 12th century the Chams invaded Cambodia and sacked Angkor. Subsequently they fell for a time under Khmer rule. Decisively defeated by the forces of Dai Viet in 1472, the Chams were forced to yield most of their territory North of Da Nang. In the 17th century, the rest of the Cham kingdom fell to Dai Viet, and the remnants of their people were scattered.;;;;;;;;;;10134 CHA;Champa;;;;;;;;;;10135 CCWTPMONEY;We cannot afford to send a trader here.;;;;;;;;;;10136 CCWTPMAXXX;A Trading Post cannot grow beyond level 6. If you convert it to Colony it can eventually grow to a city. However, in the short term the incomes will decrease if you establish a colony here.;;;;;;;;;;10137 CCWTPLEVEL;Requires Trade Level 2;;;;;;;;;;10138 CCWTP;This will expand our Trading Post to a Colony;;;;;;;;;;10139 CCWROLLGOOD;Basic Price: %d$\nSupply: %d\%c\nDemand: %d\%c\nCurrent Market Price: %.2f$;;;;;;;;;;10140 CCWNATIVEROLLER;The higher the aggressiveness, the greater is the risk of a native attack if you fail with your Settler placement. There is also a risk that the natives will attack you every time you move troops here.;;;;;;;;;;10141 CCWEXPANDTP2;The larger the trading post the greater incomes are added to its Center of Trade. Each trader adds 10 population. A trading post can grow into a colony and eventually to a city if you send a colonist there.;;;;;;;;;;10142 CCWEXPANDTP;Expands our trading post in %s;;;;;;;;;;10143 CCWEXPAND2;The larger the population the greater the production incomes. Each colonist sent here adds 100 population and the colony will also grow by normal city growth. When the population reaches 1000 the colony becomes a City at which point any remaining natives are added to the city population.;;;;;;;;;;10144 CCWEXPAND;Expands our colony in %s;;;;;;;;;;10145 CCWEMPTYTP2;A trading post generates incomes in the Center of Trade that the trading post belongs to. The trading post is your province and can only be claimed by another nation by war.;;;;;;;;;;10146 CCWEMPTYTP;Establish new trading post in %s;;;;;;;;;;10147 CCWEMPTY2;A colony generates monthly production incomes to its owner, plus it adds incomes to the Center of Trade that the colony belongs to. A colony can normally only change owner by war.;;;;;;;;;;10148 CCWEMPTY;Establishes new colony in %s;;;;;;;;;;10149 CCWCOLONISTSMONEY;We cannot afford to send a colonist here.;;;;;;;;;;10150 CCWCOLONISTS;We do not have any colonists to send.;;;;;;;;;;10151 CCWCOASTAL;You can only establish colonies in costal provinces and provinces adjacent to an owned province.;;;;;;;;;;10152 CCWCITY;We already have a colony here, click 'Send Colonist' to expand it.;;;;;;;;;;10153 CBOTHER;Sire, this province is owned by %s.;;;;;;;;;;10154 CBNOTEXPLORED;Sire, we must first explore this province.;;;;;;;;;;10155 CBNOFURTHER;Sire, we cannot expand the size of this colony any further.;;;;;;;;;;10156 CBNOCASH;Sire, we can't afford sending a colonist to this destination.;;;;;;;;;;10157 CBIMPOSSIBLE;Sire, this is an impossible destination.;;;;;;;;;;10158 CBENROUTE;Sire, this province is already being exploited as we speak.;;;;;;;;;;10159 CATHOLIC_YOUR;You will increase your victory percentage by +20 percent every time you force a nation to convert to your religion. To do this, you must defeat them utterly in a war.;;;;;;;;;;10160 CATHOLIC_OTHER;Will win by force converting nations.;;;;;;;;;;10161 CATHOLIC;Catholic;;;;;;;;;;10162 CAT_DESC;The 'Marca Hispanica' had been part of the Carolingian Empire as a protection against the Moors of Spain since 800. The grateful Carolingian Emperor relieved the Count of Barcelona from his vassalage in 988, and thus Catalunya was born. Catalunya merged with the Kingdom of Aragon in 1137, creating the political entity that would become a superpower in the Mediterranean during the 14th century. In 1412 the last Catalan King died heirless and the electors of the non-Catalan lands voted to elect a Castillian king against the Catalan candidate. Catalunya lost its primacy inside the Crown of Aragon as the new Castillian dynasty drifted the kingdom more and more towards a merging with Castile.;;;;;;;;;;10163 CAT;Catalunya;;;;;;;;;;10164 CAS_DESC;The Castilian kingdom started its existence as a rebellious duchy of the older Christian kingdom of León in the 9th century. However, the dynastic marriages and the need for a united front against the Moors soon united the two kingdoms again and in the 13th century that union was made permanent. The Reconquista against the Moors culminated with the battle of the Navas de Tolosa (1212) that crushed the Almohade Empire soon after the biggest cities of Al-Andalus (Cordoba Seville) were conquered, leaving the little vassal kingdom of Granada as the last vestige of Muslim presence in Iberia. The practical end of the fight against the Moors meant that there was a big and rebellious aristocracy with too much time on their hands, and Castile was plagued by chronic instability during the 14th and 15th centuries. Castile's internal strife continued unabated until a civil war erupted between the partisans of princess Juana (supported by the Portuguese) and the those of her sister Isabella (married to Fernando de Aragón and backed by the Aragonese), at the death of King Enrique IV. The victory of the latter faction resulted in the union of the Castilian and Aragonese kingdoms as the new kingdom of Spain.;;;;;;;;;;10165 CAS;Castile;;;;;;;;;;10166 CANTSENDTRADER1;Sire, this province produces nothing of value for a trading post;;;;;;;;;;10167 CANTSENDMER;Cannot send merchant here;;;;;;;;;;10168 CANTSENDCOLONIST3;Sire, this province is already being colonized!;;;;;;;;;;10169 CANTSENDCOLONIST2;Sire, we can't afford to exploit this province.;;;;;;;;;;10170 CANTSENDCOLONIST1;Sire, this province is already owned by %s;;;;;;;;;;10171 CANTALLYAGAINST;You can not ally against that country;;;;;;;;;;10172 CANTALLY5;You can only target 5 countries;;;;;;;;;;10173 CANMILOTHE_SETUP;When another nation cancels the military access they gave a third nation.;;;;;;;;;;10174 CANMILOTHE_LOG;%s has cancelled the treaty of military access they had in %s..;;;;;;;;;;10175 CANMILOTHE_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10176 CANMILOTHE_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10177 CANMILOTHE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10178 CANMILOTHE_6;;;;;;;;;;;10179 CANMILOTHE_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;10180 CANMILOTHE_4;has cancelled the military access they have been given by;;;;;;;;;;10181 CANMILOTHE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10182 CANMILOTHE_2;%t;;;;;;;;;;10183 CANMILOTHE_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10184 CANCMILUS_SETUP;When another nation cancels the military access we gave them.;;;;;;;;;;10185 CANCMILUS_LOG;%s has cancelled the treaty of military access they had in our country.;;;;;;;;;;10186 CANCMILUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10187 CANCMILUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10188 CANCMILUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10189 CANCMILUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;10190 CANCMILUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;10191 CANCMILUS_4;has cancelled the military access they have been given by us.;;;;;;;;;;10192 CANCMILUS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10193 CANCMILUS_2;%t;;;;;;;;;;10194 CANCMILUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10195 CANCELPREV;Cancel Previous Alliance;;;;;;;;;;10196 CANCEL;Cancel;;;;;;;;;;10197 CAN_DESC;Candar was established in the closing years of the 13th century by Yaman Candar - a chieftain of the Turkic tribes who had settled the northwestern Black Sea coasts of Asia Minor. Vassalized but never annexed by the Ottomans before the arrival of Timur in Anatolia, Candar regained much of its lost territory when pretenders to the Ottoman throne engaged in a civil war that lasted for eleven years. However, despite the best military and diplomatic efforts of Isfendiyar Beg, Ottoman forces finally conquered the Candar state in 1462.;;;;;;;;;;10198 CAN;Candar;;;;;;;;;;10199 CAM_DESC;In 1419 Cambodia was a part of the mighty but waning Khmer Empire that lasted until 1431 when the capital city of Angkor was sacked by an invading Thai army. Much of her history up until that point had seen the country wedged between the empires of Ayutthaya and Dai Viet, forcing her to side with one country against the other for survival. From 1432 to 1859 Cambodia entered a dark age from which few historical records have survived. Prior to that, under the Khmer rulers, Cambodia enjoyed an unparalleled period of prosperity that saw the construction of the great temples of Angkor Wat and Bayon and fantastic sculptures like the Aspara.;;;;;;;;;;10200 CAM;Cambodia;;;;;;;;;;10201 CALLALLIES_SETUP;When you get the opportunity to call for allies.;;;;;;;;;;10202 CALL_ROLL;Call our allies in the war against %s;;;;;;;;;;10203 CAL_DESC;The Caliph was the heir of Muhammad and the political and religious head of Islam. The title was instituted after Muhammad's death and the dispute for power that caused the Islamic schism between Sunnites and Shiites. Under the Omeya Caliphs and later the Abassides, the Caliphate was taken to the height of its power, spanning from Spain to Persia. In 1258 the Mongols took Baghdad and slaughtered its population, marking the definitive end to the already decadent Caliphate. However, the dream of a reunited Islamic Empire was far from dead and several Muslim nations attempted to revive it - the Ottoman Empire being the only power that almost achieved it.;;;;;;;;;;10204 CAL;Musha'sha';;;;;;;;;;10205 BZIP_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED;The uncompression of the Scenario File failed. Please contact support.;;;;;;;;;;10206 BZIP_COMPRESSION_FAILED;The compression of the Scenario File failed. Please contact support.;;;;;;;;;;10207 BZIP_COMPRESSING_FILE_WAIT;Compressing the Scenario File, please wait! This will take about 15-30 seconds. Observe that the computer may seem frozen.;;;;;;;;;;10208 BYZ_DESC;Constantinople was founded in 330 at the site of the ancient city of Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after whom it was named. The largest and most splendid European city of the Middle Ages, Constantinople shared the glories and vicissitudes of the Byzantine Empire, which in the end was reduced to the city and its immediate environs. Although besieged innumerable times by various armies it was taken only three times - in 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade, in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II. Constantinople had a great wealth of artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453. Virtually depopulated when it fell to the Ottoman Turks, the city recovered rapidly. The Ottoman sultans whose court was called the 'Sublime Porte' cherished the great city and embellished it with many beautiful mosques, palaces, monuments, fountains, baths, aqueducts and other public buildings.;;;;;;;;;;10209 BYZ;Byzantine Empire;;;;;;;;;;10210 BVPPEACE;Peace Resolutions;;;;;;;;;;10211 BVPMISS;Missions;;;;;;;;;;10212 BVPEST;Establishments;;;;;;;;;;10213 BVPECO;Economy;;;;;;;;;;10214 BVPDISC;Discoveries;;;;;;;;;;10215 BVPDIP;Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;10216 BVPBATTLE;Battles;;;;;;;;;;10217 BUTTON_0999;Burn Trading post;;;;;;;;;;10218 BUTTON_0998;Missionary;;;;;;;;;;10219 BUTTON_0213;Unload Troops;;;;;;;;;;10220 BUTTON_0212;Send Gift;;;;;;;;;;10221 BUTTON_0211;Offer Loan;;;;;;;;;;10222 BUTTON_0210;Attack Natives;;;;;;;;;;10223 BUTTON_0209;Raise War Taxes;;;;;;;;;;10224 BUTTON_0208;Merge Units;;;;;;;;;;10225 BUTTON_0207;Cover;;;;;;;;;;10226 BUTTON_0206;Besiege;;;;;;;;;;10227 BUTTON_0205;Assault;;;;;;;;;;10228 BUTTON_0204;Disband;;;;;;;;;;10229 BUTTON_0203;Create New;;;;;;;;;;10230 BUTTON_0202;Reorganize;;;;;;;;;;10231 BUTTON_0201;Split;;;;;;;;;;10232 BUTTON_0200;Take Bank Loan;;;;;;;;;;10233 BUTTON_0109;Delete Terrain;;;;;;;;;;10234 BUTTON_0108;Delete Terrain;;;;;;;;;;10235 BUTTON_0107;Add Terrain;;;;;;;;;;10236 BUTTON_0106;Edit Terrain;;;;;;;;;;10237 BUTTON_0105;Edit Man Pos;;;;;;;;;;10238 BUTTON_0104;Edit Manufactories;;;;;;;;;;10239 BUTTON_0103;Edit Unit Pos;;;;;;;;;;10240 BUTTON_0102;Edit Units;;;;;;;;;;10241 BUTTON_0101;Edit Port Pos;;;;;;;;;;10242 BUTTON_0100;Edit Ports;;;;;;;;;;10243 BUTTON_0099;Edit City Pos;;;;;;;;;;10244 BUTTON_0098;Edit Cities;;;;;;;;;;10245 BUTTON_0097;Unload Troops from the navy;;;;;;;;;;10246 BUTTON_0096;Send as gift to country;;;;;;;;;;10247 BUTTON_0095;Offer loan to country;;;;;;;;;;10248 BUTTON_0094;Attack Natives;;;;;;;;;;10249 BUTTON_0093;Loan 200$ from the Bank (to be repaid in 5 years);;;;;;;;;;10250 BUTTON_0092;Raise War Taxes (50 percent extra tax income, 50 percent extra troop build capacity for 6 months. –1 Stability);;;;;;;;;;10251 BUTTON_0091;Merge selected units into one unit;;;;;;;;;;10252 BUTTON_0090;Detach a unit large enough to cover the fortress (allows line of supply to be traced through province);;;;;;;;;;10253 BUTTON_0089;Detach a unit large enough to continue the siege;;;;;;;;;;10254 BUTTON_0088;Assault Enemy Fortress;;;;;;;;;;10255 BUTTON_0087;Disband selected units;;;;;;;;;;10256 BUTTON_0086;Creates a new empty unit;;;;;;;;;;10257 BUTTON_0085;Create Detachment;;;;;;;;;;10258 BUTTON_0084;Move troops between selected units;;;;;;;;;;10259 BUTTON_0083;Split selected unit into two identical units;;;;;;;;;;10260 BUTTON_0082;Break Vassalisation;;;;;;;;;;10261 BUTTON_0081;Vassal;;;;;;;;;;10262 BUTTON_0080;Propose Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;10263 BUTTON_0079;Propose Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;10264 BUTTON_0078;Propose Vassalization;;;;;;;;;;10265 BUTTON_0077;Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;10266 BUTTON_0076;Ban this country from alliance;;;;;;;;;;10267 BUTTON_0075;Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;10268 BUTTON_0074;Propose Peace;;;;;;;;;;10269 BUTTON_0073;At War with Us;;;;;;;;;;10270 BUTTON_0072;Declare War;;;;;;;;;;10271 BUTTON_0071;We have a military alliance against this country;;;;;;;;;;10272 BUTTON_0070;Declare War;;;;;;;;;;10273 BUTTON_0069;Temporary Casus Belli;;;;;;;;;;10274 BUTTON_0068;Declare War;;;;;;;;;;10275 BUTTON_0067;Permanent Casus Belli;;;;;;;;;;10276 BUTTON_0066;Declare War;;;;;;;;;;10277 BUTTON_0065;We have no Casus Belli against this country;;;;;;;;;;10278 BUTTON_0064;Colonization;;;;;;;;;;10279 BUTTON_0063;Trade;;;;;;;;;;10280 BUTTON_0062;Diplomacy;;;;;;;;;;10281 BUTTON_0061;Place Merchant (%d);;;;;;;;;;10282 BUTTON_0060;View Province Information;;;;;;;;;;10283 BUTTON_0059;Send Diplomat;;;;;;;;;;10284 BUTTON_0058;Loans;;;;;;;;;;10285 BUTTON_0057;Expand Fortress;;;;;;;;;;10286 BUTTON_0056;Build Navy;;;;;;;;;;10287 BUTTON_0055;Build Army;;;;;;;;;;10288 BUTTON_0054;Build Manufactory (%d);;;;;;;;;;10289 BUTTON_0053;Promote Bailiff to Tax collector;;;;;;;;;;10290 BUTTON_0052;Promote Mayor to Governor;;;;;;;;;;10291 BUTTON_0051;Promote Legal counsel to Chief judge;;;;;;;;;;10292 BUTTON_0050;Click to pause / resume game;;;;;;;;;;10293 BUTTON_0049;One-time increase. For 200$, your investment with increase by 100$.;;;;;;;;;;10294 BUTTON_0048;One-time increase. For 200$, your investment with increase by 100$.;;;;;;;;;;10295 BUTTON_0047;One-time increase. For 200$, your investment with increase by 100$.;;;;;;;;;;10296 BUTTON_0046;One-time increase. For 200$, your investment with increase by 100$.;;;;;;;;;;10297 BUTTON_0045;One-time increase. For 200$, your investment with increase by 100$.;;;;;;;;;;10298 BUTTON_0044;Zoom Out (–);;;;;;;;;;10299 BUTTON_0043;Zoom In (+);;;;;;;;;;10300 BUTTON_0042;View Ledger (F6);;;;;;;;;;10301 BUTTON_0041;View Game Settings (F10);;;;;;;;;;10302 BUTTON_0040;Normal Map Mode;;;;;;;;;;10303 BUTTON_0039;Political Map Mode;;;;;;;;;;10304 BUTTON_0038;Economy Map Mode;;;;;;;;;;10305 BUTTON_0037;Missions allow you to collect additional Victor Points on top of the ones you earn from battles, discoveries and economical gains.;;;;;;;;;;10306 BUTTON_0036;Click to view missions.;;;;;;;;;;10307 BUTTON_0035;Here you get information about your current status and technology level, and set your maintenance costs.;;;;;;;;;;10308 BUTTON_0034;Click to view Naval Military Information.;;;;;;;;;;10309 BUTTON_0033;Here you get information about your current status and technology level, and set your maintenance costs.;;;;;;;;;;10310 BUTTON_0032;Click to view Land Military Information.;;;;;;;;;;10311 BUTTON_0031;Here you get a summary breakdown of your monthly incomes and expenses.;;;;;;;;;;10312 BUTTON_0030;Click to view Financial Summary;;;;;;;;;;10313 BUTTON_0029;Here you can automatically divide your monthly earnings.;;;;;;;;;;10314 BUTTON_0028;Click to view Budgeting;;;;;;;;;;10315 BUTTON_0027;Your Victory Points. Click to view country and monarch information.;;;;;;;;;;10316 BUTTON_0026;View Center of Trade;;;;;;;;;;10317 BUTTON_0025;Send Merchant;;;;;;;;;;10318 BUTTON_0024;View Port;;;;;;;;;;10319 BUTTON_0023;Trade Embargo;;;;;;;;;;10320 BUTTON_0022;Allow Trade;;;;;;;;;;10321 BUTTON_0021;Send Diplomat;;;;;;;;;;10322 BUTTON_0020;View Country;;;;;;;;;;10323 BUTTON_0019;Place Trader;;;;;;;;;;10324 BUTTON_0018;Place Colonist;;;;;;;;;;10325 BUTTON_0017;Enter Province;;;;;;;;;;10326 BUTTON_0016;View Province;;;;;;;;;;10327 BUTTON_0015;Reorganize;;;;;;;;;;10328 BUTTON_0014;Select All;;;;;;;;;;10329 BUTTON_0013;Offer loan;;;;;;;;;;10330 BUTTON_0012;;;;;;;;;;;10331 BUTTON_0011;;;;;;;;;;;10332 BUTTON_0010;;;;;;;;;;;10333 BUTTON_0009;;;;;;;;;;;10334 BUTTON_0008;;;;;;;;;;;10335 BUTTON_0007;;;;;;;;;;;10336 BUTTON_0006;Cancel;;;;;;;;;;10337 BUTTON_0005;;;;;;;;;;;10338 BUTTON_0004;;;;;;;;;;;10339 BUTTON_0003;;;;;;;;;;;10340 BUTTON_0002;Build Conscription Center;;;;;;;;;;10341 BUTTON_0001;Build Shipyard;;;;;;;;;;10342 BUR_DESC;John II of France gave the duchy of Burgundy to his son Philip the Bold in 1361. The line of Valois-Bourgogne thrived and greatly expanded Burgundy, gaining Franche-Comté and Flanders under Philip and his son John the Fearless, who was assassinated in 1419. Burgundy played a major role in the Hundred Years War, siding with England until the Peace of Arras in 1435. By the time of Charles the Bold's death in 1477 Burgundy had expanded by marriage and conquest to include most of the Netherlands and north-eastern France. Killed on the field of battle at Nancy, most of Charles' lands came under the control of Maximillian I of Habsburg, save Picardie and the Duchy of Burgundy itself, which were French fiefs and thus reverted to the French crown.;;;;;;;;;;10343 BUR;Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;10344 BUL_DESC;The history of the Bulgarians begins in the 7th Century, when a group of tribes of Turk-Altaic origin established a Kingdom in the old Roman province of Thracia. At its height the Bulgarian Kingdom rivaled the Byzantine Empire, but it fell into decline in the 10th Century and was eventually conquered by the Byzantines in 1018. Although the Bulgars successfully revolted in 1185 and established a new kingdom, they never quite managed to regain their former power. Weakened by Tartar incursions and internal strife, the last independent Bulgarian Kingdom fell to the Ottomans in 1396. Although there were numerous uprisings over the next centuries Bulgaria did not regain her independence until 1878.;;;;;;;;;;10345 BUL;Bulgaria;;;;;;;;;;10346 BUILDSHIPYARD;Build Shipyard;;;;;;;;;;10347 BUILDBARRACK;Build Conscription Center;;;;;;;;;;10348 BUDDHIST;Buddhist;;;;;;;;;;10349 BTNREL;Relation;;;;;;;;;;10350 BTNNAT;Nation;;;;;;;;;;10351 BTNINVSTAB;Increase stability by one, cost %d$;;;;;;;;;;10352 BTN_SAVEQUIT;Save and quit;;;;;;;;;;10353 BTN_DROPCONT;Drop and continue playing;;;;;;;;;;10354 BRZ_DESC;Whether or not Brazil was known to Portuguese navigators in the 15th century is still an unsolved mystery, but the coast was visited by the Spanish mariner Vicente Yáñez Pinzón before the Portuguese under Pedro Alvares Cabral formally claimed the land in 1500, which came within the Portuguese sphere as defined in the Treaty of Tordesillas. The area was heavily colonized during the following centuries, and at the time of its independence in 1822, Brazil was a huge nation rich in raw materials.;;;;;;;;;;10355 BRZ;Brazil;;;;;;;;;;10356 BROKENUS_SETUP;When our nation falls apart;;;;;;;;;;10357 BROKENUS_LOG;Our current goverment of %s have fallen.;;;;;;;;;;10358 BROKENUS_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10359 BROKENUS_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10360 BROKENUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10361 BROKENUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;10362 BROKENUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;10363 BROKENUS_4;have broken our government.;;;;;;;;;;10364 BROKENUS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10365 BROKENUS_2;%t, the rebels in;;;;;;;;;;10366 BROKENUS_1;Government falls!;;;;;;;;;;10367 BROKENOTHER_SETUP;When another nation falls apart;;;;;;;;;;10368 BROKENOTHER_LOG;The government of %s has fallen.;;;;;;;;;;10369 BROKENOTHER_HEADER;Our Governor reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10370 BROKENOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10371 BROKENOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10372 BROKENOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;10373 BROKENOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;10374 BROKENOTHER_4;have broken the government.;;;;;;;;;;10375 BROKENOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10376 BROKENOTHER_2;%t, the rebels in;;;;;;;;;;10377 BROKENOTHER_1;Rebels successful!;;;;;;;;;;10378 BRKTRADEUS_SETUP;When another nation breaks a trade agreement with us.;;;;;;;;;;10379 BRKTRADEUS_LOG;%s has broken the trade agreement they had with us.;;;;;;;;;;10380 BRKTRADEUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10381 BRKTRADEUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10382 BRKTRADEUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10383 BRKTRADEUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;10384 BRKTRADEUS_5;TRADE AGREEMENT;;;;;;;;;;10385 BRKTRADEUS_4;has cancelled our;;;;;;;;;;10386 BRKTRADEUS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10387 BRKTRADEUS_2;%t, we regret to inform you that;;;;;;;;;;10388 BRKTRADEUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10389 BRKTRADEOTH_SETUP;When another nation breaks a trade agreement with a third nation.;;;;;;;;;;10390 BRKTRADEOTH_LOG;%s has broken the trade agreement they had with %s.;;;;;;;;;;10391 BRKTRADEOTH_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10392 BRKTRADEOTH_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10393 BRKTRADEOTH_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10394 BRKTRADEOTH_6;;;;;;;;;;;10395 BRKTRADEOTH_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;10396 BRKTRADEOTH_4;has broken their trade agreement with;;;;;;;;;;10397 BRKTRADEOTH_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10398 BRKTRADEOTH_2;%t, we wish to inform you that;;;;;;;;;;10399 BRKTRADEOTH_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10400 BRI_DESC;Brittany was an important and semi-autonomous duchy that had been a bone of contention between the English and French crowns ever since is was conquered by Henry I in 1113 and made a part of the 'Angevin Empire'. During the Hundred Years War, the dukes of Montfort tried to secure Brittany's neutrality between France and England. The unsuccessful rebellion of Duke Francis II against the French crown finally led to the absorption of Brittany into France after the accession of his daughter Anne of Brittany in 1488. King Francis I formally incorporated the duchy in 1532.;;;;;;;;;;10401 BRI;Brittany;;;;;;;;;;10402 BREAKING;Breaking;;;;;;;;;;10403 BRE_DESC;Bremen is Germany's oldest port city. It was made an archbishopric in 845 which, under Archbishop Adalbert (1043–72), included all of Scandinavia, Iceland and Greenland. The archbishops held temporal sway over a large area between the Weser and Elbe rivers but the city of Bremen itself remained virtually independent as its importance grew. In 1358 it became one of the leading members of the Hanseatic League. It accepted the Reformation in 1522 and in 1646 it was made a free imperial city. It stubbornly fought to preserve this status even after the archbishopric had been given to Sweden in the Peace of Westphalia, and was later ceded (1719) by Sweden to the elector of Hanover (George I of England).;;;;;;;;;;10404 BRE;Bremen;;;;;;;;;;10405 BRA_GERC_VPTACT;There are several options open to you waste your hard earned money by enticing them to a closer relationship or annihilate them with your armies. Bohemia is a prime candidate here it may be fairly large but it is extremely weak. Be warned if your armies don't take Bohemian lands then the Austrians definitely will. Relationships with the Hansa League are quite positive make sure you maximize them by allowing for a royal marriage between your two nations and expanding the talks from there. She can prove to be quite a strong ally especially in your wars against the southern enemies. She may also be a deterrent against the Poles and later the Austrians after they chew up Bohemia. As with all small nations this phrase is imperative to remember: a good offence is a good defence. Build up your fortifications first then combine the building of your armies along with the promotion of officials. Try to create a powerful north European alliance between yourself Hansa League Prussia and the Teutonic Order and possibly Sweden.;;;;;;;;;;10406 BRA_GERC_HISTDESC;In 1492 Brandenburg was a rather important state in the HRE even as it was a small state in Germany. Its diplomatic interaction would soon pay off, creating alliances with powerful nations such as England and Sweden. Brandenburg starts out as a three province kingdom with a small but strong army. To the north there's the Hansa League cities to the east Poland. To the west Saxony and the rest of the HRE. To the south a weak Bohemia. Relations with your two southern neighbours (Saxony and Bohemia) are at a low point at the start of the GC.;;;;;;;;;;10407 BRA_DESC;In the 10th century the German kings organized the North March - a small area on the Elbe which was bestowed on Albert the Bear in 1134. Albert expanded his territory and in 1150 he inherited the principality of Brandenburg from its last Wendish prince. The March of Brandenburg, as Albert's land was called, was thoroughly colonized by Germans and became Christianized. Albert's descendants, the Ascanians, ruled Brandenburg until 1320. They were eventually succeeded by the Hohenzollerns, under whose rule Brandenburg remained a rather powerful, if unremarkable, margraviate and electorate until its union with Ducal Prussia in 1618. Frederick III had himself crowned king Frederick I of Prussia in 1701, an advent that marked the rise of a new Great Power.;;;;;;;;;;10408 BRA;Brandenburg;;;;;;;;;;10409 BPAYLOAN;Pay Loan;;;;;;;;;;10410 BOX_BUTTON;START GAME!;;;;;;;;;;10411 BOU_DESC;The counts (later dukes) of Bourbon held Bourbonnais as an appanage until 1527, when Francis I of France confiscated it upon the death of the traitor constable Charles of Bourbon.;;;;;;;;;;10412 BOU;Bourbonnais;;;;;;;;;;10413 BOS_DESC;In the early 11th century the Eastern Roman Empire lost its grip on Bosnia, which became a vasal state of Hungary. During the 12th century the rulers of Bosnia started acting independently, which caused subsequent Hungarian raids of the country. The next century saw Bosnia gaining independence from Hungary and enter a period of great territorial expansion. However, In 1419 Bosnia had once more entered a period of decline. Hungarians to the north and the west of the country wanted to regain territories that they had lost during the reign of Bosnian king Tvrtko I, while the Ottoman Empire was rapidly expanding to the east and south of the country. Between 1448 and 1463 Bosnia was swallowed up piecemeal by the Muslim behemoth.;;;;;;;;;;10414 BOS;Bosnia;;;;;;;;;;10415 BORDER;Border between countries;;;;;;;;;;10416 BOH_GERC_VPTACT;One word to describe your position - weak. To the north there's hostile Brandenburg to the south an even more hostile (-180) Austria. In many of the games Austria and Brandenburg have torn Bohemia to pieces. You are alone without any real support around your borders at the start of the scenario. The basis is there to make strong alliances with other nations, and Hungary is one nation that is suggested you begin sending envoys to. With enough gold they can turn out to be strong allies against your enemies but be warned. They will demand of you that you send military support when the Ottoman Turks begin their assault into southern Europe. Ideally it would be good to maintain a good relationship with Poland as well. She could be an invaluable ally. With her at your side the monarchs of Austria and Brandenburg would be silly to try any adventuring on Prague. In regards to what you should do internally the key word is - defence. Stability defence equals strength and longevity. Maintain strong armies build defences and in order for you to be able to do that you must conduct strong economic policies. Promote as many officials as you can within a short period of time but don't forget about keeping adequate soldiers on your frontiers.;;;;;;;;;;10417 BOH_GERC_HISTDESC;In 1492 Böhmen (Bohemia) was in an ankward position. Austria had made claims on the kingdom and the relations were at bottom values. Bohemia managed to survive through its strong connection with Poland-Lithuania and Hungary, which all belonged to the Jagellon family. When King Ludwig died at Mohacs Bohemia went to Austria where it stayed until 1918.;;;;;;;;;;10418 BOH_DESC;The legendary founders of Bohemia, or Cechy, were Premysl and the princess Libuse of the Czechs, who was told to marry a man she would see building a threshold (Praha) in the middle of the forest. Bohemia became a part of the Holy Roman Empire in 950 but kept internal freedom and still enjoyed the status of kingdom inside the Empire. The Golden Age of Bohemia came with the reign of the Emperor Charles IV (1346-78) who made Praha his residence. Bohemia saw the first serious attempt of religious reformation with the Hussite wars in 1434. The Habsburgs acquired the throne of Bohemia in 1526, beginning the process of assimilation that would end with the Thirty Years War and the full annexation of Bohemia to the lands of Austria.;;;;;;;;;;10419 BOH;Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;10420 BGL_DESC;Up until the 12th century, Bengal was ruled by the Buddhist Pala dynasty, based in neighbouring the Bihar province. After about 1200 it came under the control of a succession of Muslim dynasties as an independent Sultanate, but was finally conquered by the Mughal Empire in 1576. When Mughal power declined in the 18th century, a separate dynasty emerged once again in Bengal. Its rulers, known as the nawabs of Bengal, soon came into conflict with the British, who had established themselves at Calcutta in western Bengal in 1690 and who took possession of the nawabs' realm in 1757–64.;;;;;;;;;;10421 BGL;Bengal;;;;;;;;;;10422 BEXTENDLOAN;Extend Loan;;;;;;;;;;10423 BEN_DESC;Benin served as the capital of a kingdom that was probably founded in the 13th century, and flourished from the 14th through the 17th century. The kingdom was ruled by the Oba and a sophisticated bureaucracy. From the late 15th century, Benin traded slaves as well as ivory, pepper and cloth to the Europeans. In the early 16th century the Oba sent an ambassador to Lisbon and the king of Portugal dispatched missionaries to Benin. The kingdom soon entered a long period of decline, but was revitalized in the 19th century by the development of the trade of palm products with the Europeans.;;;;;;;;;;10424 BEN;Benin;;;;;;;;;;10425 BEI_DESC;A native Sultanate was established in Brunei in the 15th century. At one time the sultan controlled nearly all of Borneo, but by the 19th century his power had declined and Brunei had become little but a haven for pirates.;;;;;;;;;;10426 BEI;Brunei;;;;;;;;;;10427 BCANCELLOAN;Refuse to Pay;;;;;;;;;;10428 BAY_GERC_VPTACT;A suggested strategy is to build up your defences quickly promoting officials with speed so that you may take maximum tax from your citizens. Combine that with improving relations with the above three powers that were mentioned. There are two strategies open to you from the beginning. One ally yourself with the German minors to your west (Baden Würtemberg Thüringen & Saxony) creating a grand mini German coalition within the structure of the HRE. This will secure your western flank and give you breathing space against possible invasions from Bohemia and Austria. Alternatively you can try reducing the above minors by military means however this may lead to total failure the Austrians stabbing you in the back whilst your armies are far to the west. Once you have established yourself it might be prudent to sniff out the situation in Austria. What's their relationship towards you and other nations? How powerful are their military forces? Should I wage war on them or leave them to create a cushion against the Ottoman threat (which will come)?;;;;;;;;;;10429 BAY_GERC_HISTDESC;In 1492 Bayern (Bavaria) is fairly strong but has a threatening neighbour - Austria. Historically Bavaria's foreign policy centered around the Austrian question either allied with Austria or in war with Austria. Starting the GC with about 35 000 men and a two province kingdom you can be in a more difficult position such as the Teutonic Order. However, don't feel too safe surrounded by all those fluffy German nations. Relations between you and your closest neighbours to the north east and south: Bohemia Brandenburg and Austria are at around -60. In other words less than friendly.;;;;;;;;;;10430 BAY_DESC;Bavaria is a small duchy founded by the Baiuoarii in the 6th century. Later it became a part of the Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne. From the 9th to the 12th centuries the Bavarian dukes were at the center of the rebellions of the great German princes against the imperial authority. In 1180 the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa gave Bavaria to the count palatine Otto of Wittelsbach. This marked the start of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which was to rule Bavaria until 1918 when it was seized by communists and made into a short-lived Soviet(!) Republic. For centuries, Bavaria was one of the richest and most powerful of the German states, probably the most influential, next to Austria and Prussia.;;;;;;;;;;10431 BAY;Bavaria;;;;;;;;;;10432 BAR_TREASURY_I;You have %d ducats \n(currently %.2f per month);;;;;;;;;;10433 BAR_TREASURY_D;You have MONTHLY and YEARLY incomes. The monthly incomes are automatically distributed in the Budget Window (open the Financial Summary Window to see the breakdown of the monthly incomes and expenses). Yearly incomes are always added directly to the Treasury on January 1 each year.;;;;;;;;;;10434 BAR_SOLDIER_I;You have a man power of %d.000\n(maximum is %d.000);;;;;;;;;;10435 BAR_SOLDIER_D;Currently you gain %d.000 a year\n;;;;;;;;;;10436 BAR_MISSIONARY_I;You have %d Missionary(s) \n(currently %.2f per year);;;;;;;;;;10437 BAR_MERCHANT_I;You have %d Merchants \n(currently %.2f per year);;;;;;;;;;10438 BAR_FLAG_I;Your National Stability is %c%d;;;;;;;;;;10439 BAR_FLAG_D;Your National Stability affects your tax incomes the revolt risk in your provinces and many other things. Improve your Stability in the Budget Window.;;;;;;;;;;10440 BAR_DIPLOMAT_I;You have %d Diplomat(s) \n(currently %.2f per year);;;;;;;;;;10441 BAR_COLONIST_I;You have %d Settler(s) \n(currently %.2f per year);;;;;;;;;;10442 BANKRUPTOTHER_SETUP;When another nation goes bankrupt;;;;;;;;;;10443 BANKRUPTOTHER_LOG;%s went bankrupt!;;;;;;;;;;10444 BANKRUPTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10445 BANKRUPTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10446 BANKRUPTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10447 BANKRUPTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;10448 BANKRUPTOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;10449 BANKRUPTOTHER_4;;;;;;;;;;;10450 BANKRUPTOTHER_3;bankrupt!;;;;;;;;;;10451 BANKRUPTOTHER_2;%t, %s went;;;;;;;;;;10452 BANKRUPTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10453 BANKRUPT_SETUP;When you go bankrupt;;;;;;;;;;10454 BANKRUPT_LOG;We went bankrupt!;;;;;;;;;;10455 BANKRUPT_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10456 BANKRUPT_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10457 BANKRUPT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10458 BANKRUPT_6;;;;;;;;;;;10459 BANKRUPT_5;;;;;;;;;;;10460 BANKRUPT_4;Our Stability and the fighting morale of our troops have been decreased and our inflation has been increased, but all our loans are cancelled. Future national loans will have a higher interest rate. These effects last for five years.;;;;;;;;;;10461 BANKRUPT_3;Effects:;;;;;;;;;;10462 BANKRUPT_2;%t, we could not take any more national loans and went bankrupt!;;;;;;;;;;10463 BANKRUPT_1;Bankrupcty!;;;;;;;;;;10464 BAN_TEXT;You have been kicked out of the game by the host.;;;;;;;;;;10465 BAN_HEADER;BANNED!;;;;;;;;;;10466 BAN_DESC;In 1433, Timbuktu declared its independence from Mali. The town had been founded by Berbers around 1096 but became any important town only in the 14th century when it became a center of trans-Saharan trade for the Mali Empire. Taken over by Songhai, during the reign of Sunni Ali Ber, the city would regain its autonomy following its conquest by Morocco. At first the pashas, appointed by the sultan of Morocco, went along with the desires of the sultan but by middle to the late years of the 17th century, the pashas declared complete independence from Morocco. Eventually the city would fall prey to raiders, specifically the Bambara, Tuareg, and Fulani.;;;;;;;;;;10467 BAN;Timbuktu;;;;;;;;;;10468 BAL_DESC;Lying outside the monsoon zone and with few rivers usable for irrigation, Baluchistan is largely desert basins with inarable hills and mountains. Pastoral nomads who speak languages related to Persian constitute most of the sparse population. Some cotton is raised. On the coast there is trade in fish and salt. The Baluchi themselves did not arrive in the region until the 14th century, displaced, like so many other peoples, by the movements and conquests of the Mongol Hordes.;;;;;;;;;;10469 BAL;Baluchistan;;;;;;;;;;10470 BADBOY9;We are hated throughout the entire world.;;;;;;;;;;10471 BADBOY8;We are worse than dishonorable scum.;;;;;;;;;;10472 BADBOY7;We are dishonorable scum.;;;;;;;;;;10473 BADBOY6;We have an extremely bad reputation.;;;;;;;;;;10474 BADBOY5;We have a very bad reputation;;;;;;;;;;10475 BADBOY4;We have a rather bad reputation.;;;;;;;;;;10476 BADBOY3;We have a tarnished reputation.;;;;;;;;;;10477 BADBOY2;We have a slightly tarnished reputation.;;;;;;;;;;10478 BADBOY1;We have a respectable reputation.;;;;;;;;;;10479 BADBOY0;We have an honorable reputation.;;;;;;;;;;10480 BAD_DESC;The Baden region was a confusing jigsaw puzzle of petty margraviates and ecclesiastical states until it was united through the influence of Napoleon Bonaparte. The Breisgau belonged to the Habsburgs and the Mannheim-Heidelberg area to the Rhenish Palatinate. In 1771 the margraviates of Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach were united as Baden under the same branch of the house of Zähringen. Charles Frederick of Baden rose to the rank of elector at the beginning of the 19th century, joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 with the title of grand duke and by 1810 had acquired, with the aid of Napoleon, the entire state of Baden.;;;;;;;;;;10481 BAD;Baden;;;;;;;;;;10482 BACKTOMAIN;Back to Main;;;;;;;;;;10483 BACK;Back;;;;;;;;;;10484 AZT_DESC;The Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico from the north toward the end of the 12th century, and until the founding of their capital Tenochtitlán around 1325, were a poor nomadic tribe adopting the culture of nearby states. For the next century they maintained a precarious political autonomy while paying tribute to neighboring tribes, but by alliance, treachery and conquest during the 15th and early 16th centuries they became a powerful political and cultural group. In the north they established hegemony over the Huastec, in the south over the Mixtec and Zapotec, even venturing as far as Guatemala. Their subjugation of the people of Tlaxcala in the mountains to the east was bloody but intermittent and the Tlaxcala people later became allies of the Spanish against the Aztecs. Only in the west where the Tarascan Indians severely defeated them did the Aztec completely fail to conquer.;;;;;;;;;;10485 AZT;Aztec Empire;;;;;;;;;;10486 AYU_DESC;The city of Ayutthaya was founded by Phya U-Thong in 1350. After consolidating his power he proclaimed himself king Ramathibodi I. Over the next 80 years the Ayutthayans expanded their territory, and in 1431 they captured Angkor - capital of the Khmer empire. The Ayutthayan kings adopted Khmer cultural influences and assumed the title devaraja, or god-king. The city of Ayutthaya became one of the wealthiest cities in the known world. By the 18th century the Ayutthayans had established trade with the Portuguese and diplomatic relations with several other western countries. In 1767 the Burmese captured Ayutthaya, although she regained her independence shortly thereafter.;;;;;;;;;;10487 AYU;Ayutthaya;;;;;;;;;;10488 AWRTRADE;We will set trade embargo against %s.\nThis will lower our stability by 1 (unless we are at war with them) and give them a Casus Belli against us until we allow trade again.;;;;;;;;;;10489 AWLVALL;We will leave the military alliance with %s.\nWe will lose 1 stability and the other members will have a Casus Belli against us for 12 months.;;;;;;;;;;10490 AWJOIN;We will ask %s if we can be allowed to join their;;;;;;;;;;10491 AWINVWP;We will invite %s to our War Pact with;;;;;;;;;;10492 AWINV;We will invite %s to the §YMILITARY §YALLIANCE §Wwe have with §Y;;;;;;;;;;10493 AWEXCHANGE;We will ask %s to exchange all their discoveries with us.\nThey know %d provinces and sea zones still Terra Incognita for us. We know %d provinces and sea zones not discovered by them.;;;;;;;;;;10494 AWDWVA;, –3 since they are our Vassals;;;;;;;;;;10495 AWDWRM;, –1 for breaking a Royal Marriage;;;;;;;;;;10496 AWDWREL;, –1 since we share the same true faith;;;;;;;;;;10497 AWDWQUAT;, –5 since we have a peace agreement;;;;;;;;;;10498 AWDWMA;, –2 for breaking a Military Alliance;;;;;;;;;;10499 AWDWLS;We will lose %d stability;;;;;;;;;;10500 AWDWFRIE2;, -2 since we have so very good relations;;;;;;;;;;10501 AWDWFRIE1;, -1 since we have good relations;;;;;;;;;;10502 AWDWCB;, –2 for lacking a Casus Belli;;;;;;;;;;10503 AWDW1;We are about to declare war on %s.;;;;;;;;;;10504 AWCNEW;We will create a §YMILITARY §YALLIANCE §Wwith §Y%s.;;;;;;;;;;10505 AWBANALL;We will ban %s from our alliance.\nThey will receive a Casus Belli against us.;;;;;;;;;;10506 AUV_DESC;The Sultanate of Magindanao managed to avoid the fate of their northern bretheren in Maynilad though some political maneuvers, but mostly through stubborn armed resistance to European domination. Still, it eventually succumbed to the weight of the Spanish Empire after several centuries of bloody struggles.;;;;;;;;;;10507 AUV;Magindanao;;;;;;;;;;10508 AUTOSAVE;AUTOSAVING...;;;;;;;;;;10509 AUTOLOAN_SETUP;When you run out of money and take an automatic loan;;;;;;;;;;10510 AUTOLOAN_LOG;We ran out of money and were forced to take a loan.;;;;;;;;;;10511 AUTOLOAN_HEADER;Our Treasurer Reports;;;;;;;;;;10512 AUTOLOAN_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10513 AUTOLOAN_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10514 AUTOLOAN_6;;;;;;;;;;;10515 AUTOLOAN_5;;;;;;;;;;;10516 AUTOLOAN_4;The loan must be repayed in five years. If you cannot repay a loan when it expires you will take a new loan to repay the old one. The more loans you have the higher the interest. If you cannot take another loan (five is maximum) you will go bankrupt.;;;;;;;;;;10517 AUTOLOAN_3;Effects:;;;;;;;;;;10518 AUTOLOAN_2;%t, we ran out of money and were forced to take a loan from the bank.;;;;;;;;;;10519 AUTOLOAN_1;Out of Money!;;;;;;;;;;10520 AUS_GC_VPTACTIC;You have a good strategic position, but you must strengthen your country's economy and create an alliance against the Turks. You must stop them before they reach the gates of Vienna. Do not neglect Western Europe though. France will start to expand into the Netherlands and Northern Italy. Do not accept that they will get strong positions there. Spain is your natural ally, so see to it that you do not anger her as you will need a strong ally.;;;;;;;;;;10521 AUS_GC_MISSTACT;;;;;;;;;;;10522 AUS_GC_MISSDESC;;;;;;;;;;;10523 AUS_GC_HISTDESC;In 1492 Austria was a relatively weak power. Austria's greatest advantage and disadvantage was her strategical position in the center of Europe. The advantage was that she could expand in virtually every direction but the weakness was that she could also be attacked from all directions. During the early 15th century Austria happily married herself into a dynastical alliance with Spain. Early on Austria got involved in conflicts with France Turkey and some smaller German nations within the Holy Roman Empire. The War with France was mainly run by Spain but still Austria had to support them in Northern Italy The Backdoor of Vienna. As early as the 1510's Turkey started its immense offensive towards the heartland of Christian Europe. The Turks were nearly impossible to stop. The Turks had better organization equipment morale and their numbers were greater. In a few decades the Turks had conquered all of Hungary and virtually annihilated the armies of Christendom and they had camped outside the Walls of Vienna.;;;;;;;;;;10524 AUS_CC_MISSNAME;;;;;;;;;;;10525 AUGUST;August;;;;;;;;;;10526 AUG;AUG;;;;;;;;;;10527 ATJ_DESC;In the Northern region of Sumatra the Sultanate of Atjeh was founded near the end of the 15th century. A powerful Islamic state in the 16th and 17th centuries, it fought for control of the Malacca Straits against the Portuguese and the Dutch. The colonial Dutch finally annexed the Sultanate in 1874.;;;;;;;;;;10528 ATJ;Atjeh;;;;;;;;;;10529 ATH_DESC;Following the creation of the Latin Empire of Constantinople in 1204, the Athens region passed to Othon de la Roche - a French nobleman from Franche-Comté who was made megaskyr (great lord) of Athens and Thebes. His nephew and successor Guy I obtained the ducal title and the Duchy of Athens under Guy I and his successors enjoyed great prosperity while becoming thoroughly French in its institutions. In 1311 the duchy was captured by a band of Catalan adventuring soldiers who offered the ducal title to the house of Aragón. Members of the house of Aragón carried the title until its conquest in 1388 by the Florentine noble Nerio I Acciajuoli. Under the Acciajuoli family's rule numerous Florentine merchants established themselves in Athens. However, the fall of the Acropolis to the Ottoman Turks in 1458 marked the beginning of nearly four centuries of Ottoman rule and Athens once more declined. Venice, which had held Athens from 1394 to 1402, recovered it briefly from the Turks in 1466 and besieged it in 1687-88. During this siege the Parthenon was used by the Turks as a powder magazine was terribly damaged in the bombardment.;;;;;;;;;;10530 ATH;Athens;;;;;;;;;;10531 AST_DESC;The Astrakhan Khanate was a splinter of the Golden Horde that existed as an independent state from 1459 to 1556, when it was conquered by Ivan the Terrible and incorporated into Russia. In 1608 it was conquered by the Kalmyks, migrating west from their homeland in Dzungaria. The Kalmyk Khanate lasted until 1771, when it was finally reclaimed by Russia.;;;;;;;;;;10532 AST;Astrakhan;;;;;;;;;;10533 ASSAULT_NOINF;You need infantry to assault an enemy fortress;;;;;;;;;;10534 ASS_DESC;After Zhu Yuan Zhang defeated the Mongols and founded the Ming dynasty, the Mongols were forced back to their homeland around the Gobi desert. However, it was to these harsh areas that Ming influence and control cannot reach. The Mongols were basically divided into 3 major groups. But having benefited from the wealth and learning the sophisticated organisation of the Chinese society, its technologies and ideas, the Mongols still posed a big threat to China after its retreat to the Gobi desert. The Chinese dealt with the Mongols through either diplomatic manoeuvres that induce internal conflict or direct invasion. Emperor Zhu Yuan Zhang launched 8 expeditions to weaken the Mongols. His son Emperor Zhu Di launched a further 6 expeditions. However, the resilience of the Mongol tribes proved too strong. By mid 15th century it was reunited again under Chancellor Esen, who then defeated the half million strong Ming forces, capturing the Ming Emperor Zhu Qi Zhen. Thereafter the Mongols were in the ascendancy in the border areas. However, the coming of Buddhism, internal division and warmer Chinese attitudes contributed to decreased conflict with outside powers. By the 18th century, Oirat Mongols in Dsungaria conquered the areas both north and south of Tian Shan, moved to the Qaidam Pendi and later invaded Tibet. However they were forced to submit to the Manchus to the east who were even more powerful, having just conquered China and founded the Qing dynasty. The Dsungar Oirats resisted several times, but were defeated. Mongolia, the Tian Shan area and Tibet all became part of the Qing Empire by 1750.;;;;;;;;;;10535 ASS;Mongolia;;;;;;;;;;10536 ASH_DESC;Sometime prior to the 13th century, Akani tribes migrated into the forests of present-day Ghana, establishing small states in the hilly country near modern Kumasi. By the late 17th century the states had been welded together by the Oyoko clan into the Ashanti confederation, with its capital at Kumasi and the Oyoko chieftain as king. After subduing various neighboring states the confederation eventually came into conflict with British settlers on the coast, although treaties of friendship were negotiated in 1817 and 1820.;;;;;;;;;;10537 ASH;Ashanti;;;;;;;;;;10538 ARTSDESC;Fine Arts ranged from fine paintings sculptures silk perfumes stylish furniture music compositions goldsmith and jewelry to generally most of all kind of luxury goods that were highly prized by the royalty nobility and aristocracy in every country. All those luxury pieces of artwork both great and small were the most demanded commodities of the time.;;;;;;;;;;10539 ARTS;Fine Arts;;;;;;;;;;10540 ARMYUNLOAD_SETUP;When one of your armies has finished unloading from a ship.;;;;;;;;;;10541 ARMYUNLOAD_LOG;%s has finished unloading in %s.;;;;;;;;;;10542 ARMYUNLOAD_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10543 ARMYUNLOAD_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10544 ARMYUNLOAD_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10545 ARMYUNLOAD_6;;;;;;;;;;;10546 ARMYUNLOAD_5;;;;;;;;;;;10547 ARMYUNLOAD_4;;;;;;;;;;;10548 ARMYUNLOAD_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10549 ARMYUNLOAD_2;has unloaded from the ships into;;;;;;;;;;10550 ARMYUNLOAD_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10551 ARMYLOAD_SETUP;When one of your armies has finished loading onto a ship.;;;;;;;;;;10552 ARMYLOAD_LOG;%s has finished loading in %s.;;;;;;;;;;10553 ARMYLOAD_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10554 ARMYLOAD_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10555 ARMYLOAD_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10556 ARMYLOAD_6;;;;;;;;;;;10557 ARMYLOAD_5;;;;;;;;;;;10558 ARMYLOAD_4;;;;;;;;;;;10559 ARMYLOAD_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10560 ARMYLOAD_2;has boarded the ships in;;;;;;;;;;10561 ARMYLOAD_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10562 ARMYDESTROY_SETUP;When one of your armies is destroyed;;;;;;;;;;10563 ARMYDESTROY_LOG;Our army in %s has been completely annihilated!;;;;;;;;;;10564 ARMYDESTROY_HEADER;Our Marshal reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10565 ARMYDESTROY_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10566 ARMYDESTROY_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10567 ARMYDESTROY_6;;;;;;;;;;;10568 ARMYDESTROY_5;;;;;;;;;;;10569 ARMYDESTROY_4;has been completely annihilated!;;;;;;;;;;10570 ARMYDESTROY_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10571 ARMYDESTROY_2;%t, our army in;;;;;;;;;;10572 ARMYDESTROY_1;Disaster!;;;;;;;;;;10573 ARMYARRIVE_SETUP;When one of your armies reach its destination.;;;;;;;;;;10574 ARMYARRIVE_LOG;%s has arrived in %s.;;;;;;;;;;10575 ARMYARRIVE_HEADER;Our Marshal Reports%s;;;;;;;;;;10576 ARMYARRIVE_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10577 ARMYARRIVE_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10578 ARMYARRIVE_6;;;;;;;;;;;10579 ARMYARRIVE_5;;;;;;;;;;;10580 ARMYARRIVE_4;;;;;;;;;;;10581 ARMYARRIVE_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;10582 ARMYARRIVE_2;has reached its final destination;;;;;;;;;;10583 ARMYARRIVE_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10584 ARM_DESC;The people known as the Zanj (a name given to them by the early Arab traders) have dominated the eastern African coastline for centuries, long before the arrival of Islam. The early tribal peoples and clans that make up this region are better known as the Swahili, which derives its name from the Arabic word 'sawahil' meaning 'the coast people'. From around 1200 to 1500, powerful Swahili city-states, most of them from the native Bantu tribes, began to emerge as thriving centers of commerce in the east African trade. The city of Malindi was founded about the same time as Mombasa and the two were always bitter rivals. However, Malindi never thrived as prosperously as Mombasa. When Portugal invaded in the late 15th century, Malindi gladly aided the Portuguese in destroying Mombasa.;;;;;;;;;;10585 ARM;Malindi;;;;;;;;;;10586 ARK_DESC;Arakan, or Rakhine, extends along the Bay of Bengal and lies at the foot of the Arakan Yoma mountain range. The Arakanese were of Burmese heritage with Indian and Muslim influences. The region was geographically isolated and in the 15th century was the seat of a powerful kingdom. Their capital was a strongly fortified city called Mrohaung. The Arakanese sold rice and slaves to the Dutch and the Portuguese, allying with the latter when the Mughal Empire threatened their freedom and the rich trade. The Arakanese ceased to be a power in 1666 when the Mughals defeated them in a decisive battle. In 1783 they were finally absorbed into Burma. Part of their cultural legacy was the construction of a colossal image of Buddha.;;;;;;;;;;10587 ARK;Arakan;;;;;;;;;;10588 ARG_DESC;The Crown of Aragon was created in 1137 when the Count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer, married Peronella of Aragon when she was only 2 years old. The two nations became united and began their drive to the south to expel the Moors from Spain, conquering Valencia and the Balearic Islands. In 1412 Martí l'Humà, the last Catalan King of the Barcelona dynasty died heirless and the nobles gathered to elect Ferran I d'Antequera, putting a Castillian King on the Aragonese throne for the first time in history in spite of strong Catalan opposition. John II of Aragon (1458–79), countered residual Catalan resistance by arranging for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry the heiress of Henry IV of Castile - Isabella. In 1479, upon John II's death, the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were finally united to form the kingdom of Spain.;;;;;;;;;;10589 ARG;Aragon;;;;;;;;;;10590 AREA_YUNNAN;Yunnan;;;;;;;;;;10591 AREA_Ukraine;Ukraine;;;;;;;;;;10592 AREA_TIMBUKTU;Timbuktu;;;;;;;;;;10593 AREA_The_Mascarenes;The Mascarenes;;;;;;;;;;10594 AREA_The_Cape;The Cape;;;;;;;;;;10595 AREA_Texas;Texas;;;;;;;;;;10596 AREA_Ternate;Ternate;;;;;;;;;;10597 AREA_Tasmania;Tasmania;;;;;;;;;;10598 AREA_Tanganyika;Tanganyika;;;;;;;;;;10599 AREA_Sweden;Sweden;;;;;;;;;;10600 AREA_Surabaya;Surabaya;;;;;;;;;;10601 AREA_Sumatra;Sumatra;;;;;;;;;;10602 AREA_Sudan;Sudan;;;;;;;;;;10603 AREA_St_Helena;St Helena;;;;;;;;;;10604 AREA_Sonora;Sonora;;;;;;;;;;10605 AREA_Sofala;Sofala;;;;;;;;;;10606 AREA_Sibir;Sibir;;;;;;;;;;10607 AREA_Siam;Siam;;;;;;;;;;10608 AREA_Shanghai;Shanghai;;;;;;;;;;10609 AREA_SHA_ANXHI;Sha Anxi;;;;;;;;;;10610 AREA_Seychelles;Seychelles;;;;;;;;;;10611 AREA_Senegal;Senegal;;;;;;;;;;10612 AREA_Sea;Sea;;;;;;;;;;10613 AREA_Scotland;Scotland;;;;;;;;;;10614 AREA_Russia;Russia;;;;;;;;;;10615 AREA_Rio;Rio;;;;;;;;;;10616 AREA_Recife;Recife;;;;;;;;;;10617 AREA_Quebec;Quebec;;;;;;;;;;10618 AREA_Punjab;Punjab;;;;;;;;;;10619 AREA_Polynesia;Polynesia;;;;;;;;;;10620 AREA_Poland;Poland;;;;;;;;;;10621 AREA_Plaines;Plaines;;;;;;;;;;10622 AREA_Persia;Persia;;;;;;;;;;10623 AREA_Peking;Peking;;;;;;;;;;10624 AREA_Patagonia;Patagonia;;;;;;;;;;10625 AREA_Paraguay;Paraguay;;;;;;;;;;10626 AREA_Papua;Papua;;;;;;;;;;10627 AREA_Panama;Panama;;;;;;;;;;10628 AREA_Oudh;Oudh;;;;;;;;;;10629 AREA_Orissa;Orissa;;;;;;;;;;10630 AREA_Orenoque;Orenoque;;;;;;;;;;10631 AREA_Oregon;Oregon;;;;;;;;;;10632 AREA_Omsk;Omsk;;;;;;;;;;10633 AREA_Oman;Oman;;;;;;;;;;10634 AREA_Ohio;Ohio;;;;;;;;;;10635 AREA_OB;Ob;;;;;;;;;;10636 AREA_Norway;Norway;;;;;;;;;;10637 AREA_Nippon;Nippon;;;;;;;;;;10638 AREA_Newfoundland;Newfoundland;;;;;;;;;;10639 AREA_Nevada;Nevada;;;;;;;;;;10640 AREA_Nefud;Nefud;;;;;;;;;;10641 AREA_Namibia;Namibia;;;;;;;;;;10642 AREA_Mysore;Mysore;;;;;;;;;;10643 AREA_Mozambicque;Mozambicque;;;;;;;;;;10644 AREA_Mediterranean;Mediterranean;;;;;;;;;;10645 AREA_Mauritania;Mauritania;;;;;;;;;;10646 AREA_Maori;Maori;;;;;;;;;;10647 AREA_Manchuria;Manchuria;;;;;;;;;;10648 AREA_Malaya;Malaya;;;;;;;;;;10649 AREA_Malabar;Malabar;;;;;;;;;;10650 AREA_Maine;Maine;;;;;;;;;;10651 AREA_Mahratti;Mahratti;;;;;;;;;;10652 AREA_Maghreb;Maghreb;;;;;;;;;;10653 AREA_Madagascar;Madagascar;;;;;;;;;;10654 AREA_Lucon;Lucon;;;;;;;;;;10655 AREA_Low_Countries;Low Countries;;;;;;;;;;10656 AREA_Louisiane;Louisiane;;;;;;;;;;10657 AREA_Levant;Levant;;;;;;;;;;10658 AREA_Lena;Lena;;;;;;;;;;10659 AREA_Lake;Lake;;;;;;;;;;10660 AREA_Lahore;Lahore;;;;;;;;;;10661 AREA_Labrador;Labrador;;;;;;;;;;10662 AREA_La_Plata;La Plata;;;;;;;;;;10663 AREA_Korea;Korea;;;;;;;;;;10664 AREA_Kazakhstan;Kazakhstan;;;;;;;;;;10665 AREA_Kansas;Kansas;;;;;;;;;;10666 AREA_Kanguru;Kanguru;;;;;;;;;;10667 AREA_Kamchatka;Kamchatka;;;;;;;;;;10668 AREA_Jenisej;Jenisej;;;;;;;;;;10669 AREA_Java;Java;;;;;;;;;;10670 AREA_Ivory;Ivory;;;;;;;;;;10671 AREA_Italy;Italy;;;;;;;;;;10672 AREA_Ireland;Ireland;;;;;;;;;;10673 AREA_Inca;Inca;;;;;;;;;;10674 AREA_Illinois;Illinois;;;;;;;;;;10675 AREA_Iberia;Iberia;;;;;;;;;;10676 AREA_Hyderabad;Hyderabad;;;;;;;;;;10677 AREA_Hudson_Bay;Hudson Bay;;;;;;;;;;10678 AREA_HIMALAYA;Himalaya;;;;;;;;;;10679 AREA_Hawaii;Hawaii;;;;;;;;;;10680 AREA_Haiti;Haiti;;;;;;;;;;10681 AREA_Gujarat;Gujarat;;;;;;;;;;10682 AREA_Guiana;Guiana;;;;;;;;;;10683 AREA_GREENLAND;Greenland;;;;;;;;;;10684 AREA_Grand_Lacs;Grand Lacs;;;;;;;;;;10685 AREA_Gold;Gold;;;;;;;;;;10686 AREA_Germany;Germany;;;;;;;;;;10687 AREA_Georgia;Georgia;;;;;;;;;;10688 AREA_Gabon;Gabon;;;;;;;;;;10689 AREA_France;France;;;;;;;;;;10690 AREA_Formosa;Formosa;;;;;;;;;;10691 AREA_Florida;Florida;;;;;;;;;;10692 AREA_Finland;Finland;;;;;;;;;;10693 AREA_Fiji;Fiji;;;;;;;;;;10694 AREA_Falklands;Falklands;;;;;;;;;;10695 AREA_Ethiopia;Ethiopia;;;;;;;;;;10696 AREA_England;England;;;;;;;;;;10697 AREA_Egypt;Egypt;;;;;;;;;;10698 AREA_Ecuador;Ecuador;;;;;;;;;;10699 AREA_Denmark;Denmark;;;;;;;;;;10700 AREA_Delhi;Delhi;;;;;;;;;;10701 AREA_Danube;Danube;;;;;;;;;;10702 AREA_Cuba;Cuba;;;;;;;;;;10703 AREA_Costa_rica;Costa Rica;;;;;;;;;;10704 AREA_Congo;Congo;;;;;;;;;;10705 AREA_Chili;Chili;;;;;;;;;;10706 AREA_CHENGDU;Chengdu;;;;;;;;;;10707 AREA_Ceylon;Ceylon;;;;;;;;;;10708 AREA_Celebes;Celebes;;;;;;;;;;10709 AREA_Caucasus;Caucasus;;;;;;;;;;10710 AREA_Carnatic;Carnatic;;;;;;;;;;10711 AREA_Cape_Verde;Cape Verde;;;;;;;;;;10712 AREA_Canton;Canton;;;;;;;;;;10713 AREA_Cameroon;Cameroon;;;;;;;;;;10714 AREA_California;California;;;;;;;;;;10715 AREA_Botany;Botany;;;;;;;;;;10716 AREA_Borneo;Borneo;;;;;;;;;;10717 AREA_BERMUDA;Bermuda;;;;;;;;;;10718 AREA_Bengal;Bengal;;;;;;;;;;10719 AREA_Belem;Belem;;;;;;;;;;10720 AREA_Baltic;Baltic;;;;;;;;;;10721 AREA_Balkans;Balkans;;;;;;;;;;10722 AREA_Baikal;Baikal;;;;;;;;;;10723 AREA_Bahk;Bahk;;;;;;;;;;10724 AREA_Bahia;Bahia;;;;;;;;;;10725 AREA_Azteca;Azteca;;;;;;;;;;10726 AREA_Antilles;Antilles;;;;;;;;;;10727 AREA_Annam;Annam;;;;;;;;;;10728 AREA_Angola;Angola;;;;;;;;;;10729 AREA_Anatolia;Anatolia;;;;;;;;;;10730 AREA_Amur;Amur;;;;;;;;;;10731 AREA_America;America;;;;;;;;;;10732 AREA_Amboina;Amboina;;;;;;;;;;10733 AREA_Amazonia;Amazonia;;;;;;;;;;10734 AREA_Alaska;Alaska;;;;;;;;;;10735 AREA_Ajeh;Ajeh;;;;;;;;;;10736 AREA_AFGHANISTAN;Afghanistan;;;;;;;;;;10737 AREA_Aden;Aden;;;;;;;;;;10738 AREA_Acadie;Acadie;;;;;;;;;;10739 AREA_-;-;;;;;;;;;;10740 ARA_DESC;Following the fall of the Caliphate of Baghdad in 1258, Hedjaz came under the control of the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt. In 1517 it came under Turkish suzerainty, although nominal rule remained in the hands of the Hashemite sharifs of Mecca until the religious upheavals at the beginning of the 19th century, when the holy cities were raided by the fundamentalist Wahhabis.;;;;;;;;;;10741 ARA;Hedjaz;;;;;;;;;;10742 AQU_DESC;The name Guyenne first became widespread with the Treaty of Paris (1259) between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England. By this treaty Louis IX accepted Henry III as his vassal for Guyenne and also for Gascony, which the English King had previously held in fief. (England had received both Aquitaine and Gascony in the 12th century through Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine.) Guyenne was retaken by the French at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War but the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 restored it with the whole of the old Aquitaine to the English. In the final stages of the Hundred Years' War France took back all these areas. The last attempt by the English to retake the territory was repulsed at the Battle of Castillon in 1453. Louis XI gave the duchy to his brother Charles in 1469, but after the latter's death in 1472 it once more became a Crown holding.;;;;;;;;;;10743 AQU;Guyenne;;;;;;;;;;10744 APRIL;April;;;;;;;;;;10745 APR;APR;;;;;;;;;;10746 APA_DESC;The Navaho are a composite tribal group consisting of over 50 separate clans. In the 17th century they occupied the region between the San Juan and Little Colorado rivers in Northeast Arizona, but they ranged far outside that territory. The were a predatory tribe who, often in alliance with the Apache, constantly raided the Pueblo and later the Spanish and Mexican settlements of New Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;10747 APA;Navaho;;;;;;;;;;10748 AOW_TRADE3;By agreeing to this, our merchants will not compete against each other in Centers of Trade.;;;;;;;;;;10749 AOW_TRADE2;TRADE AGREEMENT;;;;;;;;;;10750 AOW_TRADE1;%t, %s offers us an;;;;;;;;;;10751 AOW_MILACC3;By agreeing to this, we allow their troops to pass freely through our country.;;;;;;;;;;10752 AOW_MILACC2;MILITARY ACCESS;;;;;;;;;;10753 AOW_MILACC1;%t, %s asks us for;;;;;;;;;;10754 AOW_ANNEX3;By accepting this we are surrending our independence and will be eliminated from the game.;;;;;;;;;;10755 AOW_ANNEX2;COMPLETE ANNEXATION;;;;;;;;;;10756 AOW_ANNEX;%t, %s wishes us to accept;;;;;;;;;;10757 ANWWARSHIPS;Warships;;;;;;;;;;10758 ANWVIERWLEADER2;The highest ranking leader will automatically command the unit.;;;;;;;;;;10759 ANWVIERWLEADER;Toggle between leaders;;;;;;;;;;10760 ANWTRANSPORTS;Transports;;;;;;;;;;10761 ANWPATROL;Fleet on Patrol;;;;;;;;;;10762 ANWNAVIES;%d Navies Selected;;;;;;;;;;10763 ANWMORALE;MORALE;;;;;;;;;;10764 ANWINFANTRY;Infantry;;;;;;;;;;10765 ANWGALLEYS;Galleys;;;;;;;;;;10766 ANWCAVALRY;Cavalry;;;;;;;;;;10767 ANWARTILLERY;Artillery;;;;;;;;;;10768 ANWARMIES;%d Armies Selected;;;;;;;;;;10769 ANW_MORALE_IRO;The higher the morale, the longer can your troops fight before breaking from a combat. Morale increases automatically whenever the unit is not in combat.;;;;;;;;;;10770 ANW_MORALE_DRO;Maximum morale:\n%.2f National morale (due to technology)\n%.2f Religion modifier\n%.2f Maintenance modifier\n%.2f Domestic Policies Modifier\n%.2f Influence from Monarch%s%s;;;;;;;;;;10771 ANW_MORALE_DRO2;\n%.2f Defender of Faith Modifier;;;;;;;;;;10772 ANW_MORALE_DRO3;\nx%.2f Bankruptcy Modifier;;;;;;;;;;10773 ANSWERWARPACT3;against;;;;;;;;;;10774 ANSWERWARPACT2;WAR;;;;;;;;;;10775 ANSWERWARPACT1;%t, %s asks that we join their;;;;;;;;;;10776 ANSWERPEACEWHI;a white peace;;;;;;;;;;10777 ANSWERPEACEOFF;offering;;;;;;;;;;10778 ANSWERPEACEDEM;demanding;;;;;;;;;;10779 ANSWERPEACE2;PEACE;;;;;;;;;;10780 ANSWERPEACE1;%t, %s offers us;;;;;;;;;;10781 ANSWERJOIN3;directed against ;;;;;;;;;;10782 ANSWERJOIN2;MILITARY ALLIANCE;;;;;;;;;;10783 ANSWERJOIN1;%t, %s wishes to join our;;;;;;;;;;10784 ANSWERINVITATION;%t, %s invites us to to enter a;;;;;;;;;;10785 ANSWERHONOR3;and declare war upon ;;;;;;;;;;10786 ANSWERHONOR2;MILITARY ALLIANCE;;;;;;;;;;10787 ANSWERHONOR1;%t, %s asks that we honor our;;;;;;;;;;10788 ANSWEREXCHANGE2;SHARE EXPLORATIONS;;;;;;;;;;10789 ANSWEREXCHANGE1;%t, %s wishes to;;;;;;;;;;10790 ANNEXTOUS_SETUP;When another country demands our annexation.;;;;;;;;;;10791 ANNEXTOUS_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;10792 ANNEXTOUS_HEADER;;;;;;;;;;;10793 ANNEXTOUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10794 ANNEXTOUS_BTN1;;;;;;;;;;;10795 ANNEXTOUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;10796 ANNEXTOUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;10797 ANNEXTOUS_4;;;;;;;;;;;10798 ANNEXTOUS_3;;;;;;;;;;;10799 ANNEXTOUS_2;;;;;;;;;;;10800 ANNEXTOUS_1;;;;;;;;;;;10801 ANNEXREJECT_SETUP;When a nation rejects your annexation proposal;;;;;;;;;;10802 ANNEXREJECT_LOG;%s declined to be annexed by us.;;;;;;;;;;10803 ANNEXREJECT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10804 ANNEXREJECT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10805 ANNEXREJECT_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10806 ANNEXREJECT_6;;;;;;;;;;;10807 ANNEXREJECT_5;annexation;;;;;;;;;;10808 ANNEXREJECT_4;our kind proposal of;;;;;;;;;;10809 ANNEXREJECT_3;rejected;;;;;;;;;;10810 ANNEXREJECT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;10811 ANNEXREJECT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10812 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_SETUP;When a nation annexes another nation;;;;;;;;;;10813 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_LOG;%s annexed %s.;;;;;;;;;;10814 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10815 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10816 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10817 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;10818 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_5;;;;;;;;;;;10819 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_4;which now is part of their realm.;;;;;;;;;;10820 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_3;%s annexed %s;;;;;;;;;;10821 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;10822 ANNEXACCEPTOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10823 ANNEXACCEPT_SETUP;When a nation accepts your annexation proposal;;;;;;;;;;10824 ANNEXACCEPT_LOG;%s are now part of our nation!;;;;;;;;;;10825 ANNEXACCEPT_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10826 ANNEXACCEPT_BTN2;Goto;;;;;;;;;;10827 ANNEXACCEPT_BTN1;Perfect!;;;;;;;;;;10828 ANNEXACCEPT_6;and they are now part of our glorious nation!;;;;;;;;;;10829 ANNEXACCEPT_5;annexation;;;;;;;;;;10830 ANNEXACCEPT_4;our irresistible proposal of;;;;;;;;;;10831 ANNEXACCEPT_3;accepted;;;;;;;;;;10832 ANNEXACCEPT_2;%t, %s;;;;;;;;;;10833 ANNEXACCEPT_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10834 ANNEX_ROLL;%s demands that we surrender our independence.;;;;;;;;;;10835 ANNEX;Annexation;;;;;;;;;;10836 ANN_DESC;The name 'Annam' was given to the region by the Chinese when they conquered it in 111 B.C. It meant 'Pacified South' - a name that was much resented by its inhabitants. The Annamese drove out the Chinese in 939 and renamed their country Dai Co Viet and later Dai Viet. It remained independent except for a brief period of Chinese occupation from 1407-1428. In 1558 Dai Viet found itself divided between two great families: the Trinh and the Nguyens. The Trinh ruled from Tonkin (present-day Hanoi) as far south as Porte d'Annam. The Europeans called this area Tonkin when they arrived in the 1600s. The Nguyens ruled from the city of Hue over territory that extended south from Porte d'Annam to Quy Nhon. In 1802 the two halves, Tonkin-Dai Viet and Annam-Dai Viet, were united by Nguyen-Anh and renamed Vietnam.;;;;;;;;;;10837 ANN;Annam;;;;;;;;;;10838 ANCALL2;Should we call upon our allies;;;;;;;;;;10839 ANCALL1;%t, we are now at war with;;;;;;;;;;10840 AMI_DESC;Lan Xang is the name of a conglomerate of Thai city-states that covered roughly the area of modern north Thailand between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Mostly under the leadership of the city-state of Chiang Mai, Lan Xang's influence reached far into the neighboring regions.;;;;;;;;;;10841 AMI;Lan Xang;;;;;;;;;;10842 ALR_WAR;%s is a at war with %s.\n;;;;;;;;;;10843 ALR_VASSAL;%s is a vassal of %s.\n;;;;;;;;;;10844 ALR_TRADE;%s is refusing %s trade.\n;;;;;;;;;;10845 ALR_TEMPCB;%s has a temporary Casus Belli on %s (expires %s %d)\n;;;;;;;;;;10846 ALR_RELATION;Relation between %s and %s: %c%d\n;;;;;;;;;;10847 ALR_PERMCB;%s has a permanent Casus Belli on %s\n;;;;;;;;;;10848 ALR_MILITARY;%s have a Military Alliance (expires %s %d).\n;;;;;;;;;;10849 ALR_DYNASTIC;%s and %s have a Royal Marriage (expires %s %d).\n;;;;;;;;;;10850 ALL_VASSAL;This vassalization has existed since %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;10851 ALL_TUT_VPTACTIC;(Does not apply in the Tutorial);;;;;;;;;;10852 ALL_TUT_MISSTACT;Just follow the on-screen instructions and you should be fine. You will have the possibility to wander off in your own directions at your own risk...;;;;;;;;;;10853 ALL_TUT_MISSDESC;In this tutorial scenario you'll go through the fundamental elements of game play and mechanics. Follow the on-screen instructions. You are done when you 1) have located the Mameluks 2) declared war on them and 3) managed to achieve a favorable peace.;;;;;;;;;;10854 ALL_TUT_HISTDESC;(Does not apply in the Tutorial);;;;;;;;;;10855 ALL_F_VPTACTIC;This scenario is unhistorical, but very fun in a multiplayer game. All nations start with roughly the same prerequisites.;;;;;;;;;;10856 ALL_F_MISSTACT;Killing all natives in a province will help in colonization attempts as will the presence of your own troops. The required 150-200 colonists that you will need to send will cost you somewhere between 15.000 and 20.000$ so make sure to build a solid economy by increasing infrastructure and trade levels and acquiring a monopoly in your center of trade. Remember the cheap traders will generate just as much wealth in a center of trade as the by far more expensive colonies! On the other hand tax incomes from the provinces where you build cities will be your most valuable asset. Watch out for inflation if you run across a gold mine – inflation can only be reduced by going bankrupt...;;;;;;;;;;10857 ALL_F_MISSDESC;You will get 5 percent Victory Progress for each Colonial City (level 7 Colony) that you establish.;;;;;;;;;;10858 ALL_F_HISTDESC;The 2500$ you start with will last for a while but when its gone you'll need to have a decent economy in place not just low-level colonies. Try to establish one or preferably two cities early on by sending colonists there. Don't be afraid to take loans or even go bankrupt just keep in mind that the effects of a bankruptcy (higher interest rates for new loans lower troop morale) last for five years. Beware of natives! There's no rush expanding overseas – focus on your immediate whereabouts.;;;;;;;;;;10859 ALL_EXPIRE;This alliance will expire automatically in %s %d.;;;;;;;;;;10860 ALD_DESC;After the 'Reconquista', many of the Moors expelled from Granada in 1492 settled in the city of Al-jaza’ir (Algiers). Trying to stem their incessant piracy, the Spanish occupied the island of Peñon in the Bay of Algiers, but they were driven out when Turkish corsair Barbarossa captured Algiers for the Ottoman Empire in 1529. Algiers became an important base for the Muslim fleet that preyed upon Christian commerce in the Mediterranean. Under the Ottomans the city's population reached 100,000. The ruling Turkish officials in Algeria, the Deys of Algiers, finally made themselves virtually independent of Istanbul in the 18th and 19th century.;;;;;;;;;;10861 ALD;Algiers;;;;;;;;;;10862 ALB_DESC;After Dušan's death in 1355, Albania was ruled by native chieftains until the Ottoman Empire sought new conquests in the 15th century. The son of a prominent chieftain was given as hostage to the Sultan and converted to Islam. Serving the Turks well, he received the title Iskender Bey (Lord Alexander), which in Albanian became Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg eventually renounced Islam and reconverted to Christianity, leading his countrymen in successful resistance to Turkish domination. After his death in 1468 he was immortalized as Albania's national hero. Supported by Venice and Naples, Albania continued to struggle against the Ottomans until 1478 when the country finally succumbed to the Muslim threat.;;;;;;;;;;10863 ALB;Albania;;;;;;;;;;10864 AKK_DESC;The Ak Koyunlu (Turkish: White Sheep) were a Turkmen tribal federation that ruled northern Iraq, Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia. In constant tension with the Ottomans and lesser Turkish principalities in Anatolia, as well as their cousins to the south - the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) - the Ak Koyunlus first sided with Timur and then attacked his successors. Though for a time their lands grew to include modern-day Iraq and most of Persia, they finally succumbed to the Shiite heretics under the great Ismail Safavid, their last territories conquered by the Ottomans in the early 16th century.;;;;;;;;;;10865 AKK;Ak Koyunlu;;;;;;;;;;10866 AICONTROLL;Computer Controlled;;;;;;;;;;10867 AFG_DESC;Bâbur (Arab for Tiger), a descendant of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, used Kabul as the base for his conquest of India and the establishment of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century. In the 18th century the Persian ruler, Nadir Shah, extended his rule to the North of the Hindu Kush. The first Afghan state in the modern sense arose after Nadir's death in 1747 under his lieutenant Ahmad Shah - an Afghan tribal leader who forged a united state covering most of present-day Afghanistan. His dynasty gave the Afghans a name (Durrani) that they themselves frequently use.;;;;;;;;;;10868 AFG;Afghanistan;;;;;;;;;;10869 ADMIRAL;Admiral;;;;;;;;;;10870 ADE_DESC;Aden's strategic location and its importance as a commercial center long made it a coveted conquest for its rapacious neighbors. Muslim Arabs held the region from the 7th to the 16th centuries. The Portuguese, desiring more bases for further exploration and trade in the Indian Ocean, failed in an attempt to capture it in 1513, but in 1538 it fell to the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the 18th century Aden's importance as a strategic post grew as a result of British policy to contain French expansion in the region.;;;;;;;;;;10871 ADE;Aden;;;;;;;;;;10872 ADDOPP2;alliance should work against;;;;;;;;;;10873 ADDOPP1;Select what country(s) the;;;;;;;;;;10874 ADDAND; AND ;;;;;;;;;;10875 ACTRAWITHUS_SETUP;When another nation accepts a trade agreement with us;;;;;;;;;;10876 ACTRAWITHUS_LOG;We now have a trade agreement with %s.;;;;;;;;;;10877 ACTRAWITHUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;10878 ACTRAWITHUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;10879 ACTRAWITHUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;10880 ACTRAWITHUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;10881 ACTRAWITHUS_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;10882 ACTRAWITHUS_4;with;;;;;;;;;;10883 ACTRAWITHUS_3;TRADE AGREEMENT;;;;;;;;;;10884 ACTRAWITHUS_2;%t, we have now signed a;;;;;;;;;;10885 ACTRAWITHUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;10886 ACTIONNAME88018A;A great oppurtunity;;;;;;;;;;10887 ACTIONNAME88017B;With pleasure;;;;;;;;;;10888 ACTIONNAME88017A;No thanks, too busy;;;;;;;;;;10889 ACTIONNAME88016B;Form the Republic;;;;;;;;;;10890 ACTIONNAME88016A;Remain as County;;;;;;;;;;10891 ACTIONNAME88014B;Jacqueline will rule Holland;;;;;;;;;;10892 ACTIONNAME88014A;Philip of Burgundy will rule Holland;;;;;;;;;;10893 ACTIONNAME88013A;Jacqueline is ransomed;;;;;;;;;;10894 ACTIONNAME88012B;She shall pay for this dearly!;;;;;;;;;;10895 ACTIONNAME88012A;Very well, but we shall remember this;;;;;;;;;;10896 ACTIONNAME88011B;Remain Catholic;;;;;;;;;;10897 ACTIONNAME88011A;Convert to Calvinism;;;;;;;;;;10898 ACTIONNAME88008B;Engelbert of Nassau will rule Holland;;;;;;;;;;10899 ACTIONNAME88008A;Philip of Burgundy will rule Holland;;;;;;;;;;10900 ACTIONNAME88005B;Jacqueline is victorious!;;;;;;;;;;10901 ACTIONNAME88005A;Jacqueline fails;;;;;;;;;;10902 ACTIONNAME88003A;Lovely!;;;;;;;;;;10903 ACTIONNAME88002A;Jacqueline fails, and Humphrey abandons her;;;;;;;;;;10904 ACTIONNAME88001B;Jacqueline stays and submits to the inevitable;;;;;;;;;;10905 ACTIONNAME88001A;Jacqueline divorces John and marries Humphrey;;;;;;;;;;10906 ACTIONNAME88000B;Jacqueline wins;;;;;;;;;;10907 ACTIONNAME88000A;Jan VI wins;;;;;;;;;;10908 ACTIONNAME82007C;Escape disguised as a scullery maid;;;;;;;;;;10909 ACTIONNAME82007B;Accept Christianity and be garotted;;;;;;;;;;10910 ACTIONNAME82007A;Reject Christianity and be burned at the stake;;;;;;;;;;10911 ACTIONNAME82006B;These savages are unfit to rule themselves;;;;;;;;;;10912 ACTIONNAME82006A;A fine addition to Christendom;;;;;;;;;;10913 ACTIONNAME82005A;Thanks be to God;;;;;;;;;;10914 ACTIONNAME82004C;Escape disguised as a scullery maid;;;;;;;;;;10915 ACTIONNAME82004B;Accept Christianity and acknowledge the Spanish king as your overlord;;;;;;;;;;10916 ACTIONNAME82004A;Reject Christianity and be burned at the stake;;;;;;;;;;10917 ACTIONNAME82002B;Are you mad? The Spanish are more dangerous than any of our neighbors;;;;;;;;;;10918 ACTIONNAME82002A;Let us crush our enemies together;;;;;;;;;;10919 ACTIONNAME75013B;Let France have it (and avoid a conflict);;;;;;;;;;10920 ACTIONNAME75013A;Ignore France and accept the election;;;;;;;;;;10921 ACTIONNAME75012B;Elect the King of France (Game over);;;;;;;;;;10922 ACTIONNAME75011A;Accept the election;;;;;;;;;;10923 ACTIONNAME75008A;Annex Gelre;;;;;;;;;;10924 ACTIONNAME75007B;Accept Gelre's decision;;;;;;;;;;10925 ACTIONNAME75007A;We must defend our claim;;;;;;;;;;10926 ACTIONNAME75006B;Let the Habsburgs have it (and avoid a conflict);;;;;;;;;;10927 ACTIONNAME75006A;Ignore the Habsburgs and accept the election;;;;;;;;;;10928 ACTIONNAME75005C;Elect a local noble instead;;;;;;;;;;10929 ACTIONNAME75005B;Elect Karl of Habsburg (Game over);;;;;;;;;;10930 ACTIONNAME75005A;Elect Wilhelm of Kleve (Game over);;;;;;;;;;10931 ACTIONNAME75004B;Reject it;;;;;;;;;;10932 ACTIONNAME75004A;Buy it;;;;;;;;;;10933 ACTIONNAME75003B;Try to restore Arnold's rule;;;;;;;;;;10934 ACTIONNAME75003A;Offer the duchy to Charles the Rash;;;;;;;;;;10935 ACTIONNAME75002B;Adolf is supressed;;;;;;;;;;10936 ACTIONNAME75002A;Adolf claims the throne;;;;;;;;;;10937 ACTIONNAME75000B;Berg shall inherit Gelre;;;;;;;;;;10938 ACTIONNAME75000A;Arnold of Egmont shall become Duke;;;;;;;;;;10939 ACTIONNAME7160A;Institute Santa Hermandad;;;;;;;;;;10940 ACTIONNAME7158C;We can't just give it up!;;;;;;;;;;10941 ACTIONNAME7158B;Grant it to the Knights of St. John but maintain a small garrison;;;;;;;;;;10942 ACTIONNAME7158A;Leave Tripoli to the Knights of St. John;;;;;;;;;;10943 ACTIONNAME7156B;We shall do nothing at the moment;;;;;;;;;;10944 ACTIONNAME7156A;We shall continue to expand;;;;;;;;;;10945 ACTIONNAME7155A;How insulting!;;;;;;;;;;10946 ACTIONNAME7154A;Great news!!;;;;;;;;;;10947 ACTIONNAME7153A;Well, it's bhan nothing...;;;;;;;;;;10948 ACTIONNAME7152B;Let's maintain our old good customs;;;;;;;;;;10949 ACTIONNAME7152A;Let's introduce the new ideas in the administration;;;;;;;;;;10950 ACTIONNAME7151C;Support the Bourbon candidate;;;;;;;;;;10951 ACTIONNAME7151B;Remain neutral;;;;;;;;;;10952 ACTIONNAME7151A;Support the Habsburg candidate;;;;;;;;;;10953 ACTIONNAME7150C;Bah! I don't care those miserable thieves;;;;;;;;;;10954 ACTIONNAME7150B;Mmmmhh... we can purchase his services for our own cause;;;;;;;;;;10955 ACTIONNAME7150A;Let's finish with all these problems once and for all!;;;;;;;;;;10956 ACTIONNAME7149B;We must change our priorities. The Atlantic is the future!;;;;;;;;;;10957 ACTIONNAME7149A;We must remain as a Mediterranean-oriented country;;;;;;;;;;10958 ACTIONNAME7145A;A great book, indeed!;;;;;;;;;;10959 ACTIONNAME7144A;Our culture has reached new heights!;;;;;;;;;;10960 ACTIONNAME7140B;Bah, the old building is enough for them;;;;;;;;;;10961 ACTIONNAME7140A;Aye, let's build a new palace;;;;;;;;;;10962 ACTIONNAME7138A;Traitors!!;;;;;;;;;;10963 ACTIONNAME7136B;It's not worth the money;;;;;;;;;;10964 ACTIONNAME7136A;Let's recover our lands;;;;;;;;;;10965 ACTIONNAME7135B;Let's negotiate with the Generalitat and end this exhausting war;;;;;;;;;;10966 ACTIONNAME7135A;We'll fight their new 'kings';;;;;;;;;;10967 ACTIONNAME7134B;Let's prevent the war at any cost, whatever it be;;;;;;;;;;10968 ACTIONNAME7134A;If they want a war, they'll have a war!;;;;;;;;;;10969 ACTIONNAME7133B;We'll never give up!;;;;;;;;;;10970 ACTIONNAME7133A;Let's free the prince and accept the conditions of the Corts;;;;;;;;;;10971 ACTIONNAME7132B;No, we have upset the oligarchy enough;;;;;;;;;;10972 ACTIONNAME7132A;Let's abolish the peasant servitudes;;;;;;;;;;10973 ACTIONNAME7131B;Let's reconcile with the patricians and maintain 'La Biga' in the power;;;;;;;;;;10974 ACTIONNAME7131A;Aye, let's give the power to 'La Busca';;;;;;;;;;10975 ACTIONNAME7130A;Damned unfaithful subjects!;;;;;;;;;;10976 ACTIONNAME7129B;No, we have to remain open to international trade;;;;;;;;;;10977 ACTIONNAME7129A;Aye, let's protect our merchants from foreign competition;;;;;;;;;;10978 ACTIONNAME7128B;No, foreign products are good for our economy;;;;;;;;;;10979 ACTIONNAME7128A;Aye, let's protect our own goods;;;;;;;;;;10980 ACTIONNAME7125A;This is their end!;;;;;;;;;;10981 ACTIONNAME7123B;We can handle the situation;;;;;;;;;;10982 ACTIONNAME7123A;Request aid from our brothers;;;;;;;;;;10983 ACTIONNAME7122A;The emir has no moral standards!;;;;;;;;;;10984 ACTIONNAME7121A;We shall tolerate their insolence no longer!;;;;;;;;;;10985 ACTIONNAME7120A;And so they crumble!;;;;;;;;;;10986 ACTIONNAME7117B;The traitors are raising armies, but we can crush them without foreign help;;;;;;;;;;10987 ACTIONNAME7117A;The traitors are raising armies! Let's ask the king of France for help;;;;;;;;;;10988 ACTIONNAME7114B;Make Fernando swear vassalage to Juan;;;;;;;;;;10989 ACTIONNAME7114A;Accept the king's last will;;;;;;;;;;10990 ACTIONNAME7110A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;10991 ACTIONNAME7109A;Juana is the heir to Castile!;;;;;;;;;;10992 ACTIONNAME7108C;Isabel decides not to marry;;;;;;;;;;10993 ACTIONNAME7108B;Isabel accepts Afonso V of Portugal;;;;;;;;;;10994 ACTIONNAME7108A;Isabel flees and marries Fernando, heir to the crown of Aragon;;;;;;;;;;10995 ACTIONNAME7107B;Keep supporting Juana;;;;;;;;;;10996 ACTIONNAME7107A;Proclaim Isabel as heir;;;;;;;;;;10997 ACTIONNAME7106A;We are helpless...;;;;;;;;;;10998 ACTIONNAME7105A;What can we do?;;;;;;;;;;10999 ACTIONNAME7104A;The divorce is a peerless scandal!;;;;;;;;;;11000 ACTIONNAME7103A;Let them have his head;;;;;;;;;;11001 ACTIONNAME7102B;Appoint a less controversial (but less able) constable;;;;;;;;;;11002 ACTIONNAME7102A;Appoint Alvaro de Luna;;;;;;;;;;11003 ACTIONNAME7101A;This is outrageous!;;;;;;;;;;11004 ACTIONNAME70002B;Intervene;;;;;;;;;;11005 ACTIONNAME70002A;Let the situation resolve itself;;;;;;;;;;11006 ACTIONNAME70000B;Protect the Loyalists;;;;;;;;;;11007 ACTIONNAME70000A;Persecute the Loyalists;;;;;;;;;;11008 ACTIONNAME6987B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;11009 ACTIONNAME6987A;Reduce;;;;;;;;;;11010 ACTIONNAME6986B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;11011 ACTIONNAME6986A;Reduce;;;;;;;;;;11012 ACTIONNAME6985B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;11013 ACTIONNAME6985A;Reduce;;;;;;;;;;11014 ACTIONNAME6984B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;11015 ACTIONNAME6984A;Reduce;;;;;;;;;;11016 ACTIONNAME6983B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;11017 ACTIONNAME6983A;Reduce;;;;;;;;;;11018 ACTIONNAME6982B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;11019 ACTIONNAME6982A;Reduce;;;;;;;;;;11020 ACTIONNAME6975B;Cooperate;;;;;;;;;;11021 ACTIONNAME6975A;Burn it down;;;;;;;;;;11022 ACTIONNAME6968A;The Jesuits Establish Themselves;;;;;;;;;;11023 ACTIONNAME6965B;Let them off;;;;;;;;;;11024 ACTIONNAME6965A;Order seppukku;;;;;;;;;;11025 ACTIONNAME6960B;Allow women;;;;;;;;;;11026 ACTIONNAME6960A;Ban women;;;;;;;;;;11027 ACTIONNAME6944B;Crush the Ikko-ikki;;;;;;;;;;11028 ACTIONNAME6944A;Enforce the ancient Japanese values;;;;;;;;;;11029 ACTIONNAME6941C;Don't choose sides;;;;;;;;;;11030 ACTIONNAME6941B;Yoshihisa;;;;;;;;;;11031 ACTIONNAME6941A;Yoshimi;;;;;;;;;;11032 ACTIONNAME6940C;Don't choose sides;;;;;;;;;;11033 ACTIONNAME6940B;Yoshihisa;;;;;;;;;;11034 ACTIONNAME6940A;Yoshimi;;;;;;;;;;11035 ACTIONNAME6939C;Don't choose sides;;;;;;;;;;11036 ACTIONNAME6939B;Yoshihisa;;;;;;;;;;11037 ACTIONNAME6939A;Yoshimi;;;;;;;;;;11038 ACTIONNAME6938C;Annihilate the Ezo;;;;;;;;;;11039 ACTIONNAME6938B;Crush the Koshamain rebellion;;;;;;;;;;11040 ACTIONNAME6938A;Accept the demands;;;;;;;;;;11041 ACTIONNAME6937B;Refuse the Uesugi's demands;;;;;;;;;;11042 ACTIONNAME6937A;Order Ashikaga Shigeuji to commit seppuku;;;;;;;;;;11043 ACTIONNAME6936C;Don't get involved;;;;;;;;;;11044 ACTIONNAME6936B;Chastise Yamana;;;;;;;;;;11045 ACTIONNAME6936A;Chastise Hosokawa;;;;;;;;;;11046 ACTIONNAME6932B;Deal with them alone;;;;;;;;;;11047 ACTIONNAME6932A;Call for Uesugi Norizane`s help;;;;;;;;;;11048 ACTIONNAME6931B;Crush the ikki;;;;;;;;;;11049 ACTIONNAME6931A;Reduce taxes and annul debts;;;;;;;;;;11050 ACTIONNAME6930B;Crush the ikki;;;;;;;;;;11051 ACTIONNAME6930A;Reduce taxes and annul debts;;;;;;;;;;11052 ACTIONNAME6928B;Restore order;;;;;;;;;;11053 ACTIONNAME6928A;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11054 ACTIONNAME6927C;Take care of it;;;;;;;;;;11055 ACTIONNAME6927B;Order a Daimyo restore order;;;;;;;;;;11056 ACTIONNAME6927A;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11057 ACTIONNAME6925B;Order him to commit seppuku;;;;;;;;;;11058 ACTIONNAME6925A;Accept his demands;;;;;;;;;;11059 ACTIONNAME6924B;Crush the Ikko-ikki;;;;;;;;;;11060 ACTIONNAME6924A;Enforce the ancient Japanese values;;;;;;;;;;11061 ACTIONNAME6923B;Crush the ikki;;;;;;;;;;11062 ACTIONNAME6923A;Reduce taxes and annul debts;;;;;;;;;;11063 ACTIONNAME6915B;Crush the ikki;;;;;;;;;;11064 ACTIONNAME6915A;Reduce taxes and annul debts;;;;;;;;;;11065 ACTIONNAME6914B;Don't split;;;;;;;;;;11066 ACTIONNAME6914A;Split the groups;;;;;;;;;;11067 ACTIONNAME6913A;Why are we stuch with such an incompitant fool?;;;;;;;;;;11068 ACTIONNAME6912B;Ignore the reform ideas;;;;;;;;;;11069 ACTIONNAME6912A;Go with the reforms;;;;;;;;;;11070 ACTIONNAME6911B;Ignore the reform ideas;;;;;;;;;;11071 ACTIONNAME6911A;Go with the reforms;;;;;;;;;;11072 ACTIONNAME6910B;Ignore the reform ideas;;;;;;;;;;11073 ACTIONNAME6910A;Go with the reforms;;;;;;;;;;11074 ACTIONNAME6909B;Support the rightful heir.;;;;;;;;;;11075 ACTIONNAME6909A;Let them fight it out;;;;;;;;;;11076 ACTIONNAME6908A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;11077 ACTIONNAME6907A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11078 ACTIONNAME6906A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;11079 ACTIONNAME6905A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11080 ACTIONNAME6904B;Support the rightful heir.;;;;;;;;;;11081 ACTIONNAME6904A;Let them fight it out;;;;;;;;;;11082 ACTIONNAME6903B;Let him and his movement be.;;;;;;;;;;11083 ACTIONNAME6903A;Execute him as a heretic!;;;;;;;;;;11084 ACTIONNAME6902B;Tolerate all beliefs;;;;;;;;;;11085 ACTIONNAME6902A;No, we will not tolerate the idol-worshipers!;;;;;;;;;;11086 ACTIONNAME6901B;No, we will not waste money on such useless things!;;;;;;;;;;11087 ACTIONNAME6901A;Build it!;;;;;;;;;;11088 ACTIONNAME6900B;No, we will not tolerate the idol-worshipers!;;;;;;;;;;11089 ACTIONNAME6900A;Tolerate all beliefs;;;;;;;;;;11090 ACTIONNAME65156B;Forbid preaching of Islam;;;;;;;;;;11091 ACTIONNAME65156A;Convert the heathens to one true faith;;;;;;;;;;11092 ACTIONNAME65153B;Maintain the old system;;;;;;;;;;11093 ACTIONNAME65153A;Assume the dictatorial powers;;;;;;;;;;11094 ACTIONNAME65152A;Rebellion!;;;;;;;;;;11095 ACTIONNAME65151B;Retain the faith of grandfathers;;;;;;;;;;11096 ACTIONNAME65151A;Convert to one true faith;;;;;;;;;;11097 ACTIONNAME65150A;We have failed;;;;;;;;;;11098 ACTIONNAME65149B;We don't want to make a risky commitment;;;;;;;;;;11099 ACTIONNAME65149A;Send them aid and make them our protectorate;;;;;;;;;;11100 ACTIONNAME65146A;Let us destroy the hated Cham!;;;;;;;;;;11101 ACTIONNAME65145A;Splendid!;;;;;;;;;;11102 ACTIONNAME65144A;We will reassert our domination;;;;;;;;;;11103 ACTIONNAME65143A;The defeated Khmer bow before us!;;;;;;;;;;11104 ACTIONNAME65142A;Let us attack the hated Khmers!;;;;;;;;;;11105 ACTIONNAME65141A;The defeated Khmer flee before us!;;;;;;;;;;11106 ACTIONNAME65140A;Let us destroy the hated Khmer!;;;;;;;;;;11107 ACTIONNAME65138A;We can only stand by and watch;;;;;;;;;;11108 ACTIONNAME65137A;May they have a happy marriage!;;;;;;;;;;11109 ACTIONNAME65136A;They'll do no harm;;;;;;;;;;11110 ACTIONNAME65135A;We must submit to our new Thai masters;;;;;;;;;;11111 ACTIONNAME65134A;We're on our own;;;;;;;;;;11112 ACTIONNAME65133A;We are powerless;;;;;;;;;;11113 ACTIONNAME65132B;We can fight the Thai ourselves;;;;;;;;;;11114 ACTIONNAME65132A;Ask for Spanish aid;;;;;;;;;;11115 ACTIONNAME65131A;Let's go;;;;;;;;;;11116 ACTIONNAME65130A;Our prestige and magnificence grows;;;;;;;;;;11117 ACTIONNAME65129B;Save some money;;;;;;;;;;11118 ACTIONNAME65129A;Beautify Angkor;;;;;;;;;;11119 ACTIONNAME65128D;Spend money on concubines;;;;;;;;;;11120 ACTIONNAME65128C;Build navy and commerce instead;;;;;;;;;;11121 ACTIONNAME65128B;Rebuild the army and infrastructure instead;;;;;;;;;;11122 ACTIONNAME65128A;Reclaim the land;;;;;;;;;;11123 ACTIONNAME65127A;Let's make ourselves comfortable;;;;;;;;;;11124 ACTIONNAME65126A;We're back!;;;;;;;;;;11125 ACTIONNAME65125A;Our empire has entered dark times;;;;;;;;;;11126 ACTIONNAME65124A;We will not let the capital fall!;;;;;;;;;;11127 ACTIONNAME65123A;Rule peacefully;;;;;;;;;;11128 ACTIONNAME65122B;Fight on;;;;;;;;;;11129 ACTIONNAME65122A;Become vassal of Burma;;;;;;;;;;11130 ACTIONNAME65119B;Expand West;;;;;;;;;;11131 ACTIONNAME65119A;Expand South;;;;;;;;;;11132 ACTIONNAME65118B;Leave the old system;;;;;;;;;;11133 ACTIONNAME65118A;Introduce a new system;;;;;;;;;;11134 ACTIONNAME65117B;Seek help with Dai Viet;;;;;;;;;;11135 ACTIONNAME65117A;Ally with Ayutthaya;;;;;;;;;;11136 ACTIONNAME65116B;Let the matter slip;;;;;;;;;;11137 ACTIONNAME65116A;Press the issue;;;;;;;;;;11138 ACTIONNAME65115B;Send him back;;;;;;;;;;11139 ACTIONNAME65115A;Give him refuge;;;;;;;;;;11140 ACTIONNAME65114A;Intrigues!;;;;;;;;;;11141 ACTIONNAME65111B;Do not interfere;;;;;;;;;;11142 ACTIONNAME65111A;Support our candidate;;;;;;;;;;11143 ACTIONNAME65109A;Dethrone Zinat ud-Din;;;;;;;;;;11144 ACTIONNAME65108A;Restore the order;;;;;;;;;;11145 ACTIONNAME65107A;Restore the order;;;;;;;;;;11146 ACTIONNAME65106A;Monopolize and Conquer;;;;;;;;;;11147 ACTIONNAME65105A;Crush the Oligarchy;;;;;;;;;;11148 ACTIONNAME65104A;Empower the Merchants;;;;;;;;;;11149 ACTIONNAME65103A;Improve the Army;;;;;;;;;;11150 ACTIONNAME65102A;Power to Merchants;;;;;;;;;;11151 ACTIONNAME65101A;Unite;;;;;;;;;;11152 ACTIONNAME65100A;Add these lands to the Crown;;;;;;;;;;11153 ACTIONNAME65052B;Continue the fight;;;;;;;;;;11154 ACTIONNAME65052A;Surrender to Shiites;;;;;;;;;;11155 ACTIONNAME65051A;Let the struggle begin;;;;;;;;;;11156 ACTIONNAME65050B;Remain in Tabriz;;;;;;;;;;11157 ACTIONNAME65050A;Move the capital to Qazvin;;;;;;;;;;11158 ACTIONNAME65029D;Ignore his request;;;;;;;;;;11159 ACTIONNAME65029C;Support him openly;;;;;;;;;;11160 ACTIONNAME65029B;Help him secretly;;;;;;;;;;11161 ACTIONNAME65029A;Rob him blind!;;;;;;;;;;11162 ACTIONNAME65028A;Damn!;;;;;;;;;;11163 ACTIONNAME65027A;Let the Nobles rule;;;;;;;;;;11164 ACTIONNAME65026A;New dynasty;;;;;;;;;;11165 ACTIONNAME65025B;Rapid transition to new dynasty;;;;;;;;;;11166 ACTIONNAME65025A;Slow transition to new dynasty;;;;;;;;;;11167 ACTIONNAME65024A;Raise the Army;;;;;;;;;;11168 ACTIONNAME65023B;Be defiant!;;;;;;;;;;11169 ACTIONNAME65023A;Recede the claim to these lands;;;;;;;;;;11170 ACTIONNAME65022B;Let the matter slip;;;;;;;;;;11171 ACTIONNAME65022A;Use force to resolve the issues;;;;;;;;;;11172 ACTIONNAME65021A;Appoint Rahim Bi;;;;;;;;;;11173 ACTIONNAME65020A;Appoint Danial Ataliq;;;;;;;;;;11174 ACTIONNAME65019B;Ignore the Issue;;;;;;;;;;11175 ACTIONNAME65019A;Support Kuchum;;;;;;;;;;11176 ACTIONNAME65017A;Improve the Army;;;;;;;;;;11177 ACTIONNAME65016A;Improve the Economy;;;;;;;;;;11178 ACTIONNAME65015A;Settle;;;;;;;;;;11179 ACTIONNAME65014B;Forgive him;;;;;;;;;;11180 ACTIONNAME65014A;Disfavor him;;;;;;;;;;11181 ACTIONNAME65013B;No reason to waste precious lands;;;;;;;;;;11182 ACTIONNAME65013A;Ally with Kazakhs;;;;;;;;;;11183 ACTIONNAME65012A;Establish trade with Muscovy;;;;;;;;;;11184 ACTIONNAME65011B;Leave the old man alone;;;;;;;;;;11185 ACTIONNAME65011A;Depose Pir Muhammad;;;;;;;;;;11186 ACTIONNAME65010B;Support Pir Muhammad;;;;;;;;;;11187 ACTIONNAME65010A;Support Nawruz Ahmad;;;;;;;;;;11188 ACTIONNAME65009A;Decentralize;;;;;;;;;;11189 ACTIONNAME65008A;Move capital to Bukhara;;;;;;;;;;11190 ACTIONNAME65007B;Remain nomadic;;;;;;;;;;11191 ACTIONNAME65007A;Settle;;;;;;;;;;11192 ACTIONNAME65006B;Those lands are a total waste;;;;;;;;;;11193 ACTIONNAME65006A;Show them all who we are!;;;;;;;;;;11194 ACTIONNAME65000B;Support Sandar Payenda Khan;;;;;;;;;;11195 ACTIONNAME65000A;Support Zaman Shah;;;;;;;;;;11196 ACTIONNAME62008B;Remain Khorasan;;;;;;;;;;11197 ACTIONNAME62008A;Become Afghanistan;;;;;;;;;;11198 ACTIONNAME62004B;Who cares?;;;;;;;;;;11199 ACTIONNAME62004A;Let's teach them a lesson;;;;;;;;;;11200 ACTIONNAME62003C;Too much trouble;;;;;;;;;;11201 ACTIONNAME62003B;Accept them as vassals;;;;;;;;;;11202 ACTIONNAME62003A;Make them a part of our Empire;;;;;;;;;;11203 ACTIONNAME62002C;Refuse protection;;;;;;;;;;11204 ACTIONNAME62002B;Accept them as vassals;;;;;;;;;;11205 ACTIONNAME62002A;Make them a part of our realm;;;;;;;;;;11206 ACTIONNAME62000D;Defy the greedy dogs!!!;;;;;;;;;;11207 ACTIONNAME62000C;Open the gates to Uzbeks;;;;;;;;;;11208 ACTIONNAME62000B;Mughals should be our protectors;;;;;;;;;;11209 ACTIONNAME62000A;Ask Persia for protection;;;;;;;;;;11210 ACTIONNAME60013A;Separate from Johor;;;;;;;;;;11211 ACTIONNAME60008B;Stay in Malacca;;;;;;;;;;11212 ACTIONNAME60008A;Move to Johor;;;;;;;;;;11213 ACTIONNAME60006A;The Malay Annals;;;;;;;;;;11214 ACTIONNAME60005A;Let us expand our territory;;;;;;;;;;11215 ACTIONNAME60004B;We remain faithful to Islam, but we shall tolerate their religion;;;;;;;;;;11216 ACTIONNAME60004A;There is no other god but Allah! Get rid of the infidels;;;;;;;;;;11217 ACTIONNAME60003B;Submit without a fight;;;;;;;;;;11218 ACTIONNAME60003A;All their bases belong to us!;;;;;;;;;;11219 ACTIONNAME60002C;Perhaps we can buy back his loyalty?;;;;;;;;;;11220 ACTIONNAME60002B;What traitor? I see no harm in forgiving this man;;;;;;;;;;11221 ACTIONNAME60002A;Yes! Send Hang Tuah to apprehend the traitor!;;;;;;;;;;11222 ACTIONNAME60001B;I have seen prettier concubines! Let's ask for better gifts!;;;;;;;;;;11223 ACTIONNAME60001A;My dreams have been answered: a Chinese bride and a dowry too!;;;;;;;;;;11224 ACTIONNAME60000A;Appoint him;;;;;;;;;;11225 ACTIONNAME5902A;The Academy is giving its fruits!;;;;;;;;;;11226 ACTIONNAME5901A;We have the best mathematician in the world!;;;;;;;;;;11227 ACTIONNAME5900B;No, we have more important things to do;;;;;;;;;;11228 ACTIONNAME5900A;Let's create a great center for scientific excellence;;;;;;;;;;11229 ACTIONNAME5848A;Excellent!;;;;;;;;;;11230 ACTIONNAME5254B;We have more important things to do;;;;;;;;;;11231 ACTIONNAME5254A;Let's organize the expedition;;;;;;;;;;11232 ACTIONNAME5253A;The funding was the right thing to do;;;;;;;;;;11233 ACTIONNAME5252B;They are right, let's give them a royal funding;;;;;;;;;;11234 ACTIONNAME5252A;They are right, but we can do nothing;;;;;;;;;;11235 ACTIONNAME5251A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11236 ACTIONNAME5250A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11237 ACTIONNAME5241A;Interesting! Any practical applications?;;;;;;;;;;11238 ACTIONNAME5240A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11239 ACTIONNAME5229A;Interesting facts!;;;;;;;;;;11240 ACTIONNAME5227B;No, this is too revolutionary;;;;;;;;;;11241 ACTIONNAME5227A;Allow Galileo to publish his work;;;;;;;;;;11242 ACTIONNAME5226B;We don't need him;;;;;;;;;;11243 ACTIONNAME5226A;Appoint Galileo as Mathematician to the Grand Duke;;;;;;;;;;11244 ACTIONNAME5225C;What the... Send him to the flames!;;;;;;;;;;11245 ACTIONNAME5225B;No, science and religion are not enemies;;;;;;;;;;11246 ACTIONNAME5225A;Condemn Galileo and the copernicanism;;;;;;;;;;11247 ACTIONNAME5224C;Aristotle is the truth! Let's ban these heretics!;;;;;;;;;;11248 ACTIONNAME5224B;Give the new Academy our support. Science needs a renovation;;;;;;;;;;11249 ACTIONNAME5224A;Good work, but I foresee some problems...;;;;;;;;;;11250 ACTIONNAME5223A;We have a truly grandiose masterpiece!!;;;;;;;;;;11251 ACTIONNAME5222C;A dome for the cathedral? Some carpentry work will suffice;;;;;;;;;;11252 ACTIONNAME5222B;Let's appoint someone less innovative;;;;;;;;;;11253 ACTIONNAME5222A;Let's appoint Brunelleschi and fund him;;;;;;;;;;11254 ACTIONNAME5221A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11255 ACTIONNAME5220A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11256 ACTIONNAME5191A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11257 ACTIONNAME5190A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11258 ACTIONNAME5170A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11259 ACTIONNAME5160A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11260 ACTIONNAME5140A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11261 ACTIONNAME5123B;Defy the Amsterdam Sawyers Guild;;;;;;;;;;11262 ACTIONNAME5123A;Ban sawmills from Amsterdam;;;;;;;;;;11263 ACTIONNAME5122A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11264 ACTIONNAME5121A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11265 ACTIONNAME5120A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11266 ACTIONNAME51027B;We shall never give up!;;;;;;;;;;11267 ACTIONNAME51027A;The Hafsid dynasty descends!;;;;;;;;;;11268 ACTIONNAME51026A;The Hafsid dynasty ascends!;;;;;;;;;;11269 ACTIONNAME51024C;We submit to their power;;;;;;;;;;11270 ACTIONNAME51024B;We shall ready our last defenses;;;;;;;;;;11271 ACTIONNAME51024A;Curse them!;;;;;;;;;;11272 ACTIONNAME51023B;We feel like laughing;;;;;;;;;;11273 ACTIONNAME51023A;Let them use Tunis as a base of operations;;;;;;;;;;11274 ACTIONNAME51022B;Marrakesh suits us fine;;;;;;;;;;11275 ACTIONNAME51022A;Construct the new capital of our dynasty!;;;;;;;;;;11276 ACTIONNAME51021A;We plunge into darkness;;;;;;;;;;11277 ACTIONNAME51020A;Congratulations!;;;;;;;;;;11278 ACTIONNAME51019B;We need them not!;;;;;;;;;;11279 ACTIONNAME51019A;Court the Dila'iyya;;;;;;;;;;11280 ACTIONNAME51018B;As they wish;;;;;;;;;;11281 ACTIONNAME51018A;Such actions would be suicidal!;;;;;;;;;;11282 ACTIONNAME51017B;We will provide minimal assistance;;;;;;;;;;11283 ACTIONNAME51017A;We shall crush Tunis!;;;;;;;;;;11284 ACTIONNAME51016A;We tried to deny it;;;;;;;;;;11285 ACTIONNAME51015A;Chaos reigns!;;;;;;;;;;11286 ACTIONNAME51014C;Let him be;;;;;;;;;;11287 ACTIONNAME51014B;Warn him;;;;;;;;;;11288 ACTIONNAME51014A;Silence him;;;;;;;;;;11289 ACTIONNAME51013A;The nation is spiraling out of our control!;;;;;;;;;;11290 ACTIONNAME51012A;Goodbye Wattasids!;;;;;;;;;;11291 ACTIONNAME5100A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11292 ACTIONNAME51007A;And so we lose control;;;;;;;;;;11293 ACTIONNAME51005A;We shall destroy the Wattasids!;;;;;;;;;;11294 ACTIONNAME51000B;Anarchy shall prevail!;;;;;;;;;;11295 ACTIONNAME51000A;Support the Wattasid dynasty;;;;;;;;;;11296 ACTIONNAME5082A;A great piece of work!;;;;;;;;;;11297 ACTIONNAME5081B;We have other priorities;;;;;;;;;;11298 ACTIONNAME5081A;Aye, let's appoint him as our Imperial Mathematician;;;;;;;;;;11299 ACTIONNAME5080B;What an annoying man! Get out of my palace!;;;;;;;;;;11300 ACTIONNAME5080A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11301 ACTIONNAME5065A;Damned ludites!;;;;;;;;;;11302 ACTIONNAME5064B;That will bring more problems than benefits;;;;;;;;;;11303 ACTIONNAME5064A;Let's support the industrialization;;;;;;;;;;11304 ACTIONNAME5063A;A great advancement!;;;;;;;;;;11305 ACTIONNAME5062A;A great achievement!;;;;;;;;;;11306 ACTIONNAME5061A;A great triumph of our astronomy!;;;;;;;;;;11307 ACTIONNAME5060A;Blessed be the God!;;;;;;;;;;11308 ACTIONNAME5059A;Great news!;;;;;;;;;;11309 ACTIONNAME5058B;Bah, it's not worth the money;;;;;;;;;;11310 ACTIONNAME5058A;Provide a public reward;;;;;;;;;;11311 ACTIONNAME5057B;It's not worth a royal funding;;;;;;;;;;11312 ACTIONNAME5057A;Let's encourage scientific research!;;;;;;;;;;11313 ACTIONNAME5056A;We have a really good group of scientists;;;;;;;;;;11314 ACTIONNAME5055A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11315 ACTIONNAME5054A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11316 ACTIONNAME5053A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11317 ACTIONNAME5052A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11318 ACTIONNAME5051A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11319 ACTIONNAME5050A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11320 ACTIONNAME5033A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11321 ACTIONNAME5032A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11322 ACTIONNAME5031A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11323 ACTIONNAME5030A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11324 ACTIONNAME5010B;He's the best mathematician in the world. He must remain in Paris;;;;;;;;;;11325 ACTIONNAME5010A;Accept the decision of the Academy;;;;;;;;;;11326 ACTIONNAME5009A;I have lost more territory to this astronomer than to my enemies!;;;;;;;;;;11327 ACTIONNAME5008B;No, Servet must be protected;;;;;;;;;;11328 ACTIONNAME5008A;To the flames with him!;;;;;;;;;;11329 ACTIONNAME5007B;Let's allow Servet to remain in our country;;;;;;;;;;11330 ACTIONNAME5007A;We must persecute his heresies;;;;;;;;;;11331 ACTIONNAME5006A;A great triumph of our science!;;;;;;;;;;11332 ACTIONNAME5005C;I'm tired of useless scientists!;;;;;;;;;;11333 ACTIONNAME5005B;Let's fund the institution and invite foreign scientists;;;;;;;;;;11334 ACTIONNAME5005A;Let's give the institution our protection;;;;;;;;;;11335 ACTIONNAME5004A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11336 ACTIONNAME5003A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11337 ACTIONNAME5002A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11338 ACTIONNAME50023A;We shall crush Tunis without them, but they are next!;;;;;;;;;;11339 ACTIONNAME50022B;We shall hold our claim for later;;;;;;;;;;11340 ACTIONNAME50020C;We shall give no warning! Attack!;;;;;;;;;;11341 ACTIONNAME50020B;We shall inform only Abd al-Malik;;;;;;;;;;11342 ACTIONNAME50020A;We shall inform all of our intentions on Tunisia!;;;;;;;;;;11343 ACTIONNAME5001A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11344 ACTIONNAME50019A;Incorporate them!;;;;;;;;;;11345 ACTIONNAME50018A;Let us form a new regiment;;;;;;;;;;11346 ACTIONNAME50017B;The French will pay as the others;;;;;;;;;;11347 ACTIONNAME50017A;Reduce tariffs;;;;;;;;;;11348 ACTIONNAME50016C;Do not Interfere;;;;;;;;;;11349 ACTIONNAME50016B;Interfere and make him our vassal;;;;;;;;;;11350 ACTIONNAME50016A;Interfere and annex;;;;;;;;;;11351 ACTIONNAME50015B;Rely on our own forces;;;;;;;;;;11352 ACTIONNAME50015A;Become a part of Ottoman Empire;;;;;;;;;;11353 ACTIONNAME50014A;Ingrateful Bastard!;;;;;;;;;;11354 ACTIONNAME50013A;Use the opportunity to grab some land;;;;;;;;;;11355 ACTIONNAME5000A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11356 ACTIONNAME50008B;Leave things like they are;;;;;;;;;;11357 ACTIONNAME50008A;Curtail the power;;;;;;;;;;11358 ACTIONNAME50007A;Appoint him;;;;;;;;;;11359 ACTIONNAME50004B;New Taxes Only;;;;;;;;;;11360 ACTIONNAME50004A;We need the money!;;;;;;;;;;11361 ACTIONNAME50000C;Reconcile only;;;;;;;;;;11362 ACTIONNAME50000B;Just Reform;;;;;;;;;;11363 ACTIONNAME50000A;Reconcile and Reform;;;;;;;;;;11364 ACTIONNAME4996A;Good!;;;;;;;;;;11365 ACTIONNAME4995A;Wonderful!;;;;;;;;;;11366 ACTIONNAME4994A;OK;;;;;;;;;;11367 ACTIONNAME4993A;So be it!;;;;;;;;;;11368 ACTIONNAME4992A;OK;;;;;;;;;;11369 ACTIONNAME4990B;No, our grievances are not that bad!;;;;;;;;;;11370 ACTIONNAME4990A;Yes, let us bind our fates together!;;;;;;;;;;11371 ACTIONNAME4987A;Just as we thought!;;;;;;;;;;11372 ACTIONNAME4986A;Good!;;;;;;;;;;11373 ACTIONNAME4985A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;11374 ACTIONNAME4984A;Oh no!;;;;;;;;;;11375 ACTIONNAME4983A;OK;;;;;;;;;;11376 ACTIONNAME4982A;Treason!;;;;;;;;;;11377 ACTIONNAME4981A;OK;;;;;;;;;;11378 ACTIONNAME4980A;OK;;;;;;;;;;11379 ACTIONNAME48033C;Refuse to accept these conditions;;;;;;;;;;11380 ACTIONNAME48033B;Let my cousins of Brunswick rule Hannover;;;;;;;;;;11381 ACTIONNAME48033A;The English crown is worth no more masses;;;;;;;;;;11382 ACTIONNAME48032A;Hail to King George;;;;;;;;;;11383 ACTIONNAME48031A;The Glorious Anti-Revolution;;;;;;;;;;11384 ACTIONNAME48026C;We are a poor country and cannot afford great investments;;;;;;;;;;11385 ACTIONNAME48026B;Let us build a new church instead;;;;;;;;;;11386 ACTIONNAME48026A;Let us build the university;;;;;;;;;;11387 ACTIONNAME48025B;It is time to go separate ways;;;;;;;;;;11388 ACTIONNAME48025A;Keep the Union;;;;;;;;;;11389 ACTIONNAME48024A;Appoint him;;;;;;;;;;11390 ACTIONNAME48015A;God bless King Georg;;;;;;;;;;11391 ACTIONNAME48012B;James III Stuart will be King;;;;;;;;;;11392 ACTIONNAME48012A;Ask George of Hanover to Convert;;;;;;;;;;11393 ACTIONNAME48011C;Refuse to accept these conditions;;;;;;;;;;11394 ACTIONNAME48011B;Let my cousins of Brunswick rule Hannover;;;;;;;;;;11395 ACTIONNAME48011A;Rule Hannover from England;;;;;;;;;;11396 ACTIONNAME48009A;It's all mine!;;;;;;;;;;11397 ACTIONNAME48008A;I am an Elector!;;;;;;;;;;11398 ACTIONNAME48007A;You are welcome;;;;;;;;;;11399 ACTIONNAME48006B;Do not become elector;;;;;;;;;;11400 ACTIONNAME48006A;Bribe the Saxons and fight against Brunswick!;;;;;;;;;;11401 ACTIONNAME48004B;No, it is too expensive;;;;;;;;;;11402 ACTIONNAME48004A;Yes, we need a permanent force!;;;;;;;;;;11403 ACTIONNAME48003B;Reform the Army;;;;;;;;;;11404 ACTIONNAME48003A;Economic Reforms;;;;;;;;;;11405 ACTIONNAME48002A;Duke Erich is allowed to keep conquered territory;;;;;;;;;;11406 ACTIONNAME48001B;Fight it out;;;;;;;;;;11407 ACTIONNAME48001A;Give in to the bishop and leave the knights alone;;;;;;;;;;11408 ACTIONNAME48000A;For God and Emperor Maximilian;;;;;;;;;;11409 ACTIONNAME4446B;Make concessions;;;;;;;;;;11410 ACTIONNAME4446A;Crush this insolence!;;;;;;;;;;11411 ACTIONNAME41000B;Continue as the Order;;;;;;;;;;11412 ACTIONNAME41000A;Become the Duchy of Prussia;;;;;;;;;;11413 ACTIONNAME40215B;Remain Orthodox;;;;;;;;;;11414 ACTIONNAME40215A;Convert back to Catholicism;;;;;;;;;;11415 ACTIONNAME40211B;Invite Casimir;;;;;;;;;;11416 ACTIONNAME40211A;Remain independent, elect a new King;;;;;;;;;;11417 ACTIONNAME40209C;Michalis;;;;;;;;;;11418 ACTIONNAME40209B;Reinstall Svitrigaila;;;;;;;;;;11419 ACTIONNAME40209A;Invite Casimir;;;;;;;;;;11420 ACTIONNAME40208A;Excellent;;;;;;;;;;11421 ACTIONNAME40207B;Svitrigaila;;;;;;;;;;11422 ACTIONNAME40207A;Zygimantas;;;;;;;;;;11423 ACTIONNAME40206B;Try to deal with Svitrigaila, return Podolia;;;;;;;;;;11424 ACTIONNAME40206A;Create a new Duke;;;;;;;;;;11425 ACTIONNAME40205B;Accept the fact;;;;;;;;;;11426 ACTIONNAME40205A;Defy the aggressors;;;;;;;;;;11427 ACTIONNAME40204B;Try to work things out;;;;;;;;;;11428 ACTIONNAME40204A;Capture Podolia;;;;;;;;;;11429 ACTIONNAME40203A;Grand Duchy of Lithuania is proclaimed kingdom;;;;;;;;;;11430 ACTIONNAME40202B;The Emperor can't be wrong;;;;;;;;;;11431 ACTIONNAME40202A;Say NO to the kingdom of Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;11432 ACTIONNAME40201B;It's not a bad idea;;;;;;;;;;11433 ACTIONNAME40201A;Forbid sending the crown;;;;;;;;;;11434 ACTIONNAME40200B;Don't offer;;;;;;;;;;11435 ACTIONNAME40200A;Offer the Crown;;;;;;;;;;11436 ACTIONNAME40132B;Pursue aggressive foreign policy;;;;;;;;;;11437 ACTIONNAME40132A;Invest in internal development;;;;;;;;;;11438 ACTIONNAME40131A;Elect Mikhail Romanov;;;;;;;;;;11439 ACTIONNAME40128A;Expel the Poles;;;;;;;;;;11440 ACTIONNAME40127A;Punish them;;;;;;;;;;11441 ACTIONNAME40126B;Elect Mikhail Romanov but remain a Polish vassal;;;;;;;;;;11442 ACTIONNAME40126A;Elect Mikhail Romanov and break vassalship to Poland;;;;;;;;;;11443 ACTIONNAME40125A;Excellent!;;;;;;;;;;11444 ACTIONNAME40124B;Continue fighting and elect Mikhail Romanov;;;;;;;;;;11445 ACTIONNAME40124A;Elect Vladislav;;;;;;;;;;11446 ACTIONNAME40123A;Traitors!;;;;;;;;;;11447 ACTIONNAME40122B;Peace;;;;;;;;;;11448 ACTIONNAME40122A;War;;;;;;;;;;11449 ACTIONNAME40121B;Leave them alone;;;;;;;;;;11450 ACTIONNAME40121A;Teach them a lesson;;;;;;;;;;11451 ACTIONNAME40120A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;11452 ACTIONNAME40119B;Do not sign;;;;;;;;;;11453 ACTIONNAME40119A;Sign the treaty;;;;;;;;;;11454 ACTIONNAME40118B;Stay away from the conflict;;;;;;;;;;11455 ACTIONNAME40118A;Propose the treaty;;;;;;;;;;11456 ACTIONNAME40117A;Damn Poles;;;;;;;;;;11457 ACTIONNAME40116A;Excellent!;;;;;;;;;;11458 ACTIONNAME40115C;Demand concessions;;;;;;;;;;11459 ACTIONNAME40115B;Sign it and enforce;;;;;;;;;;11460 ACTIONNAME40115A;Sign the treaty, but do not enforce;;;;;;;;;;11461 ACTIONNAME40114A;Halleluiah!;;;;;;;;;;11462 ACTIONNAME40113A;Execute him;;;;;;;;;;11463 ACTIONNAME40112A;Suppress the revolt;;;;;;;;;;11464 ACTIONNAME40111A;Overthrow Dmitry;;;;;;;;;;11465 ACTIONNAME40110C;Fight on under Vasili Shuisky;;;;;;;;;;11466 ACTIONNAME40110B;Fight on under Fedor Romanov;;;;;;;;;;11467 ACTIONNAME40110A;Bow to pretender;;;;;;;;;;11468 ACTIONNAME40109B;Elect Vasili Shuisky;;;;;;;;;;11469 ACTIONNAME40109A;Elect Fedor Romanov;;;;;;;;;;11470 ACTIONNAME40108A;Execute the traitor;;;;;;;;;;11471 ACTIONNAME40106A;Drats!!!;;;;;;;;;;11472 ACTIONNAME40105B;Stay neutral;;;;;;;;;;11473 ACTIONNAME40105A;Support Russia;;;;;;;;;;11474 ACTIONNAME40104C;Send him back to Boris;;;;;;;;;;11475 ACTIONNAME40104B;Support him openly;;;;;;;;;;11476 ACTIONNAME40104A;Give him money, but let the nobles do the work;;;;;;;;;;11477 ACTIONNAME40098A;Damn!;;;;;;;;;;11478 ACTIONNAME40095B;Don't offer;;;;;;;;;;11479 ACTIONNAME40095A;Offer agreement;;;;;;;;;;11480 ACTIONNAME40094B;Let Constantinople appoint the patriarch;;;;;;;;;;11481 ACTIONNAME40094A;Let the Russians elect their own Metropolitan;;;;;;;;;;11482 ACTIONNAME40093A;The Orthodox Church shall never bow to the Pope!;;;;;;;;;;11483 ACTIONNAME40092B;No, we don't need them here;;;;;;;;;;11484 ACTIONNAME40092A;Allow them to trade again;;;;;;;;;;11485 ACTIONNAME40091B;Remain loyal to Muscovy;;;;;;;;;;11486 ACTIONNAME40091A;Sign agreement with Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;11487 ACTIONNAME40088B;Refuse;;;;;;;;;;11488 ACTIONNAME40088A;Agree to become Muscovy's vassal;;;;;;;;;;11489 ACTIONNAME40080B;Refuse the demands;;;;;;;;;;11490 ACTIONNAME40080A;Agree to become vassal;;;;;;;;;;11491 ACTIONNAME40079B;Why bother?;;;;;;;;;;11492 ACTIONNAME40079A;Demand submission;;;;;;;;;;11493 ACTIONNAME40075B;Give Up;;;;;;;;;;11494 ACTIONNAME40068A;Institute the monopoly;;;;;;;;;;11495 ACTIONNAME40065C;Return them with the lands;;;;;;;;;;11496 ACTIONNAME40065B;Accept them but return the lands;;;;;;;;;;11497 ACTIONNAME40065A;Accept them with their lands;;;;;;;;;;11498 ACTIONNAME40064B;Execute the traitors;;;;;;;;;;11499 ACTIONNAME40064A;Let the traitors go;;;;;;;;;;11500 ACTIONNAME40058B;Beg him to stay;;;;;;;;;;11501 ACTIONNAME40058A;Let him go;;;;;;;;;;11502 ACTIONNAME40057A;Accept his rule;;;;;;;;;;11503 ACTIONNAME40056B;Support Ulugh Muhammad;;;;;;;;;;11504 ACTIONNAME40056A;Support a new Khan;;;;;;;;;;11505 ACTIONNAME40053B;We did enough already;;;;;;;;;;11506 ACTIONNAME40053A;Let's deal with the problem;;;;;;;;;;11507 ACTIONNAME40052B;Let them all die!;;;;;;;;;;11508 ACTIONNAME40052A;Try to alleviate the sufferings of people;;;;;;;;;;11509 ACTIONNAME40049A;Damn, if I only knew!;;;;;;;;;;11510 ACTIONNAME40048B;Let's leave them alone;;;;;;;;;;11511 ACTIONNAME40048A;Let's venture!;;;;;;;;;;11512 ACTIONNAME40047A;We need it;;;;;;;;;;11513 ACTIONNAME40044B;Let them stay;;;;;;;;;;11514 ACTIONNAME40044A;Kick them out and destroy Novgorod;;;;;;;;;;11515 ACTIONNAME40042A;Appoint Menshikov;;;;;;;;;;11516 ACTIONNAME40040A;Execute him!;;;;;;;;;;11517 ACTIONNAME40039A;Darn, a new pretender!;;;;;;;;;;11518 ACTIONNAME40038A;Appoint the Cabinet!;;;;;;;;;;11519 ACTIONNAME40037A;Appoint Advisors!;;;;;;;;;;11520 ACTIONNAME40036A;Appoint Vasili Golitsyn;;;;;;;;;;11521 ACTIONNAME40035B;Do not reform;;;;;;;;;;11522 ACTIONNAME40035A;Reform the Taxation System;;;;;;;;;;11523 ACTIONNAME40034A;We need to protect our merchants!;;;;;;;;;;11524 ACTIONNAME40033A;Execute him!;;;;;;;;;;11525 ACTIONNAME40032A;Crush the rebellion!;;;;;;;;;;11526 ACTIONNAME40031B;Let's leave things as they are;;;;;;;;;;11527 ACTIONNAME40031A;Let's do smth about it;;;;;;;;;;11528 ACTIONNAME40029A;Appoint Boris Godunov;;;;;;;;;;11529 ACTIONNAME40028B;Disregard the rumors;;;;;;;;;;11530 ACTIONNAME40028A;Let's appease the boyars;;;;;;;;;;11531 ACTIONNAME40027B;Oprichnina is not at fault!;;;;;;;;;;11532 ACTIONNAME40027A;Abolish the Oprichnina;;;;;;;;;;11533 ACTIONNAME40026B;Leave the old administration;;;;;;;;;;11534 ACTIONNAME40026A;Introduce the Oprichnina;;;;;;;;;;11535 ACTIONNAME40019A;These lands are ours!;;;;;;;;;;11536 ACTIONNAME40013A;Bad decision;;;;;;;;;;11537 ACTIONNAME40011B;Remain free;;;;;;;;;;11538 ACTIONNAME40011A;Seek protection with Muscovy;;;;;;;;;;11539 ACTIONNAME40008A;Make Ivan a co-ruler;;;;;;;;;;11540 ACTIONNAME40007A;WAR!?? AGAIN???;;;;;;;;;;11541 ACTIONNAME40006B;No, thank you;;;;;;;;;;11542 ACTIONNAME40006A;We should rule Muscovy;;;;;;;;;;11543 ACTIONNAME40005A;Pay the ransom;;;;;;;;;;11544 ACTIONNAME40004A;WAR!!!;;;;;;;;;;11545 ACTIONNAME40003B;Let him get away with this one;;;;;;;;;;11546 ACTIONNAME40003A;Let's teach him a lesson!;;;;;;;;;;11547 ACTIONNAME40001A;Start war preparations;;;;;;;;;;11548 ACTIONNAME40000B;Become Muscovy's vassal;;;;;;;;;;11549 ACTIONNAME40000A;Challenge Vasili II's right to rule!;;;;;;;;;;11550 ACTIONNAME3999B;Crush them;;;;;;;;;;11551 ACTIONNAME3999A;Ignore the Heresy;;;;;;;;;;11552 ACTIONNAME3998;The Tribesmen join us;;;;;;;;;;11553 ACTIONNAME3921A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;11554 ACTIONNAME3920B;We have neither the time nor the money for such foolishness!;;;;;;;;;;11555 ACTIONNAME3920A;Build it!;;;;;;;;;;11556 ACTIONNAME3919B;We will fight on to the death!;;;;;;;;;;11557 ACTIONNAME3919A;We surrender to their forces!;;;;;;;;;;11558 ACTIONNAME3918A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11559 ACTIONNAME3917A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11560 ACTIONNAME3916B;No, let us remain separate;;;;;;;;;;11561 ACTIONNAME3916A;Yes, let us bring these two countries together;;;;;;;;;;11562 ACTIONNAME3915B;Let us negociate with them;;;;;;;;;;11563 ACTIONNAME3915A;Crush those rebels!;;;;;;;;;;11564 ACTIONNAME3914B;No, we are fine as we are.;;;;;;;;;;11565 ACTIONNAME3914A;Yes, our Kingdom shall be great again!;;;;;;;;;;11566 ACTIONNAME3912B;We will remain separate;;;;;;;;;;11567 ACTIONNAME3912A;We are one nation! (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;11568 ACTIONNAME3911A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;11569 ACTIONNAME3910B;Rule Annam separately;;;;;;;;;;11570 ACTIONNAME3910A;We are one nation!;;;;;;;;;;11571 ACTIONNAME3909B;Negotiate a peaceful settlement;;;;;;;;;;11572 ACTIONNAME3909A;Crush the rebels;;;;;;;;;;11573 ACTIONNAME3908B;Negotiate a peaceful settlement.;;;;;;;;;;11574 ACTIONNAME3908A;Crush the rebels!;;;;;;;;;;11575 ACTIONNAME3907A;Curse their interminable feuding!;;;;;;;;;;11576 ACTIONNAME3906B;Ignore the reform ideas;;;;;;;;;;11577 ACTIONNAME3906A;Go with the reforms;;;;;;;;;;11578 ACTIONNAME3905A;Found the Empire!;;;;;;;;;;11579 ACTIONNAME3904B;Remain a Chinese vassal;;;;;;;;;;11580 ACTIONNAME3904A;Overthrow the Chinese oppressors!;;;;;;;;;;11581 ACTIONNAME3903B;Support the rightful heir;;;;;;;;;;11582 ACTIONNAME3903A;Let them fight it out;;;;;;;;;;11583 ACTIONNAME3902B;Stay in Luangphrebang;;;;;;;;;;11584 ACTIONNAME3902A;Move to Vientiane;;;;;;;;;;11585 ACTIONNAME3901B;No the old ways are the best.;;;;;;;;;;11586 ACTIONNAME3901A;It is the beginning of a new era!;;;;;;;;;;11587 ACTIONNAME3899B;No, such restructuring would be too rash!;;;;;;;;;;11588 ACTIONNAME3899A;Implement the reforms;;;;;;;;;;11589 ACTIONNAME3898B;Support Vasily;;;;;;;;;;11590 ACTIONNAME3898A;Support Yuri;;;;;;;;;;11591 ACTIONNAME3897B;Crush the rebels!;;;;;;;;;;11592 ACTIONNAME3897A;Grant limited autonomy;;;;;;;;;;11593 ACTIONNAME3896A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;11594 ACTIONNAME3895C;Remain independent;;;;;;;;;;11595 ACTIONNAME3895B;Let Brandenburg receive all of Pommern;;;;;;;;;;11596 ACTIONNAME3895A;Split Pommern between Sweden and Brandenburg;;;;;;;;;;11597 ACTIONNAME3894B;Support the English;;;;;;;;;;11598 ACTIONNAME3894A;Support the French;;;;;;;;;;11599 ACTIONNAME3893A;How dare they!;;;;;;;;;;11600 ACTIONNAME3892B;Refuse funding;;;;;;;;;;11601 ACTIONNAME3892A;Provide Funds;;;;;;;;;;11602 ACTIONNAME3891B;Refuse funding;;;;;;;;;;11603 ACTIONNAME3891A;Provide Funds;;;;;;;;;;11604 ACTIONNAME3890B;Keep Chinese Characters;;;;;;;;;;11605 ACTIONNAME3890A;Replace the Chinese Characters with Hangul;;;;;;;;;;11606 ACTIONNAME3882B;Punish only the obvious conspirators;;;;;;;;;;11607 ACTIONNAME3882A;Punish all Catholics!;;;;;;;;;;11608 ACTIONNAME3881C;Abandon the Plans;;;;;;;;;;11609 ACTIONNAME3881B;Provoke Korea;;;;;;;;;;11610 ACTIONNAME3881A;Invade Korea;;;;;;;;;;11611 ACTIONNAME3880A;Close Japan to Foreigners;;;;;;;;;;11612 ACTIONNAME3879C;Convert to Catholicism;;;;;;;;;;11613 ACTIONNAME3879B;Tolerate the Christians;;;;;;;;;;11614 ACTIONNAME3879A;Persecute the Christians;;;;;;;;;;11615 ACTIONNAME3878B;Tolerate the Christians;;;;;;;;;;11616 ACTIONNAME3878A;Persecute the Christians;;;;;;;;;;11617 ACTIONNAME3877B;Let the Christians be;;;;;;;;;;11618 ACTIONNAME3877A;Issue the Edict;;;;;;;;;;11619 ACTIONNAME3876A;Pass the Act;;;;;;;;;;11620 ACTIONNAME3875B;Create a new Empire!;;;;;;;;;;11621 ACTIONNAME3875A;Restore the Roman Empire!;;;;;;;;;;11622 ACTIONNAME3874B;Create a new Empire!;;;;;;;;;;11623 ACTIONNAME3874A;Restore the Roman Empire!;;;;;;;;;;11624 ACTIONNAME3873B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;11625 ACTIONNAME3873A;Stop these Heretics!;;;;;;;;;;11626 ACTIONNAME3872A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11627 ACTIONNAME3871A;The Netherlands are subjugated;;;;;;;;;;11628 ACTIONNAME3870C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;;;;;;;;;;11629 ACTIONNAME3870B;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;11630 ACTIONNAME3870A;Sign the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;11631 ACTIONNAME3869B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;;;;;;;;;;11632 ACTIONNAME3869A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;11633 ACTIONNAME3868B;Lower the taxes;;;;;;;;;;11634 ACTIONNAME3868A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;11635 ACTIONNAME3867A;The Netherlands are subjugated;;;;;;;;;;11636 ACTIONNAME3866C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;;;;;;;;;;11637 ACTIONNAME3866B;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;11638 ACTIONNAME3866A;Sign the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;11639 ACTIONNAME3865B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;;;;;;;;;;11640 ACTIONNAME3865A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;11641 ACTIONNAME3864B;Lower the taxes;;;;;;;;;;11642 ACTIONNAME3864A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;11643 ACTIONNAME3863B;No;;;;;;;;;;11644 ACTIONNAME3863A;Yes;;;;;;;;;;11645 ACTIONNAME3862B;No, let them live;;;;;;;;;;11646 ACTIONNAME3862A;Yes, let them all die!;;;;;;;;;;11647 ACTIONNAME3861B;Refuse their demands;;;;;;;;;;11648 ACTIONNAME3861A;Grant them more power;;;;;;;;;;11649 ACTIONNAME3856A;Not acceptable!;;;;;;;;;;11650 ACTIONNAME3855A;Splendid!;;;;;;;;;;11651 ACTIONNAME3854C;Let the Emperor appoint a new Duke;;;;;;;;;;11652 ACTIONNAME3854B;The Palatinate has the best claim (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;11653 ACTIONNAME3854A;Brandenburg has the best claim (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;11654 ACTIONNAME3853A;Splendid!;;;;;;;;;;11655 ACTIONNAME3852B;We will go our own way;;;;;;;;;;11656 ACTIONNAME3852A;Allow Bavarian influence;;;;;;;;;;11657 ACTIONNAME3851A;This is not acceptable!;;;;;;;;;;11658 ACTIONNAME3850C;Aragon must walk its own path!;;;;;;;;;;11659 ACTIONNAME3850B;Retain limited autonomy;;;;;;;;;;11660 ACTIONNAME3850A;God Save Spain! (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;11661 ACTIONNAME3849C;Castille must walk its own path!;;;;;;;;;;11662 ACTIONNAME3849B;Retain limited autonomy;;;;;;;;;;11663 ACTIONNAME3849A;God Save Spain! (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;11664 ACTIONNAME3848A;God Save Spain!;;;;;;;;;;11665 ACTIONNAME3847A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11666 ACTIONNAME3846C;Follow the Swedish example!;;;;;;;;;;11667 ACTIONNAME3846B;Limited autonomy is best;;;;;;;;;;11668 ACTIONNAME3846A;The Swedes are fools. We shall do the opposite! (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;11669 ACTIONNAME3845A;Yes, indeed!;;;;;;;;;;11670 ACTIONNAME3844A;Excellent!;;;;;;;;;;11671 ACTIONNAME3843B;Oust the Venetian pretender!;;;;;;;;;;11672 ACTIONNAME3843A;We have no choice but to submit;;;;;;;;;;11673 ACTIONNAME3842B;Queen Charlotte and her Savoyard relatives;;;;;;;;;;11674 ACTIONNAME3842A;Queen Caterina and the Venetians;;;;;;;;;;11675 ACTIONNAME3841B;Support Queen Charlotte as rightful ruler;;;;;;;;;;11676 ACTIONNAME3841A;Crown the bastard Jacques Lusignan;;;;;;;;;;11677 ACTIONNAME3840A;Let them come!;;;;;;;;;;11678 ACTIONNAME3839A;Very well;;;;;;;;;;11679 ACTIONNAME3838A;Very well;;;;;;;;;;11680 ACTIONNAME3837A;Very well;;;;;;;;;;11681 ACTIONNAME3836A;Very well;;;;;;;;;;11682 ACTIONNAME3835A;Very well;;;;;;;;;;11683 ACTIONNAME3834B;No, we must remain faithful to the Union!;;;;;;;;;;11684 ACTIONNAME3834A;Yes, the Union serves no purpose!;;;;;;;;;;11685 ACTIONNAME3833B;No, Orthodoxy will remain pure and independent!;;;;;;;;;;11686 ACTIONNAME3833A;Laetentur Coeli, we accept!;;;;;;;;;;11687 ACTIONNAME3832B;Apologize to the Sultan;;;;;;;;;;11688 ACTIONNAME3832A;We owe the Turks nothing! Let them squirm on the stakes!;;;;;;;;;;11689 ACTIONNAME3831B;No, we are fine where we are;;;;;;;;;;11690 ACTIONNAME3831A;Yes, it is a fine idea;;;;;;;;;;11691 ACTIONNAME3830B;We are powerless to resist;;;;;;;;;;11692 ACTIONNAME3830A;Resist the invaders!;;;;;;;;;;11693 ACTIONNAME3829B;No, the English are too strong;;;;;;;;;;11694 ACTIONNAME3829A;Yes, we shall be free!;;;;;;;;;;11695 ACTIONNAME3828A;Unacceptable!;;;;;;;;;;11696 ACTIONNAME3827A;Splendid!;;;;;;;;;;11697 ACTIONNAME3826B;No, the Emerald Isle will always be free!;;;;;;;;;;11698 ACTIONNAME3826A;Yes, freedom is a relative concept.;;;;;;;;;;11699 ACTIONNAME3825B;Chastise our treacherous neighbors!;;;;;;;;;;11700 ACTIONNAME3825A;Turn inward and create a peaceful Shangri-La;;;;;;;;;;11701 ACTIONNAME3824B;No compromises!;;;;;;;;;;11702 ACTIONNAME3824A;Negotiate with Bâbur;;;;;;;;;;11703 ACTIONNAME3823B;Protect the whole nation!;;;;;;;;;;11704 ACTIONNAME3823A;Cut our losses and regroup;;;;;;;;;;11705 ACTIONNAME3822B;Let them have semi-autonomy;;;;;;;;;;11706 ACTIONNAME3822A;Attempt to reclaim control;;;;;;;;;;11707 ACTIONNAME3821B;Give in to their demands;;;;;;;;;;11708 ACTIONNAME3821A;Crush the Hindu rebels;;;;;;;;;;11709 ACTIONNAME3820B;Give in to their demands;;;;;;;;;;11710 ACTIONNAME3820A;Crush the Hindu rebels;;;;;;;;;;11711 ACTIONNAME3819A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11712 ACTIONNAME3818B;Yes, burn them all!;;;;;;;;;;11713 ACTIONNAME3818A;No, we can be allies;;;;;;;;;;11714 ACTIONNAME3817B;Yes, burn them all!;;;;;;;;;;11715 ACTIONNAME3817A;No, we can be allies;;;;;;;;;;11716 ACTIONNAME3816A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11717 ACTIONNAME3815A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11718 ACTIONNAME3814A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;11719 ACTIONNAME3813A;Marvellous!;;;;;;;;;;11720 ACTIONNAME3812B;Walk our own path;;;;;;;;;;11721 ACTIONNAME3812A;Join the new Republic;;;;;;;;;;11722 ACTIONNAME3811A;Marvellous!;;;;;;;;;;11723 ACTIONNAME3810B;Walk our own path;;;;;;;;;;11724 ACTIONNAME3810A;Join the new Republic;;;;;;;;;;11725 ACTIONNAME3809A;Marvellous!;;;;;;;;;;11726 ACTIONNAME3808B;Walk our own path;;;;;;;;;;11727 ACTIONNAME3808A;Join the new Republic;;;;;;;;;;11728 ACTIONNAME3807A;Marvellous!;;;;;;;;;;11729 ACTIONNAME3806B;Walk our own path;;;;;;;;;;11730 ACTIONNAME3806A;Join the new Republic;;;;;;;;;;11731 ACTIONNAME3805B;Rule from the old capital;;;;;;;;;;11732 ACTIONNAME3805A;Move the throne to Delhi;;;;;;;;;;11733 ACTIONNAME3804A;Unleash the Tiger!;;;;;;;;;;11734 ACTIONNAME3803C;Supress the Hussites to play to European opinion;;;;;;;;;;11735 ACTIONNAME3803B;Embrace the Hussites;;;;;;;;;;11736 ACTIONNAME3803A;Acknowldege but downplay their help;;;;;;;;;;11737 ACTIONNAME3802B;No, compromise is unacceptable with the betrayer of Jan Hus!;;;;;;;;;;11738 ACTIONNAME3802A;Yes, his concessions are acceptable;;;;;;;;;;11739 ACTIONNAME3801B;Zigmunt is the legal heir;;;;;;;;;;11740 ACTIONNAME3801A;No the traitor will not rule Bohemia!;;;;;;;;;;11741 ACTIONNAME3793A;Exterminate these Rude Barbarians;;;;;;;;;;11742 ACTIONNAME3792B;They are not worth it;;;;;;;;;;11743 ACTIONNAME3792A;We have been gravely insulted;;;;;;;;;;11744 ACTIONNAME3791A;Our Emperor is back!;;;;;;;;;;11745 ACTIONNAME3790A;We are the Masters of Europe!;;;;;;;;;;11746 ACTIONNAME3789A;King Louis XVIII;;;;;;;;;;11747 ACTIONNAME3788A;King Louis XVIII;;;;;;;;;;11748 ACTIONNAME3787A;King Louis XVIII;;;;;;;;;;11749 ACTIONNAME3786A;King Louis XVIII;;;;;;;;;;11750 ACTIONNAME3785A;King Louis XVIII;;;;;;;;;;11751 ACTIONNAME3784A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;;;;;;;;;;11752 ACTIONNAME3783A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;;;;;;;;;;11753 ACTIONNAME3782B;We don't want a new Caesar!;;;;;;;;;;11754 ACTIONNAME3782A;We need Brilliant Leadership!;;;;;;;;;;11755 ACTIONNAME3781A;A Coup-de-Etat has brought Order;;;;;;;;;;11756 ACTIONNAME3780A;Waves of Revolts have struck us, Sire;;;;;;;;;;11757 ACTIONNAME3779A;A Revolution has struck us, Sire;;;;;;;;;;11758 ACTIONNAME3778A;Let them regret this defiance;;;;;;;;;;11759 ACTIONNAME3777A;Vassalize them;;;;;;;;;;11760 ACTIONNAME3776A;Incorporate them;;;;;;;;;;11761 ACTIONNAME3775C;Let us elect a local Count as Duke;;;;;;;;;;11762 ACTIONNAME3775B;Let the Burgundian monarch become our Duke;;;;;;;;;;11763 ACTIONNAME3775A;Let us be a part of Great Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;11764 ACTIONNAME3774A;The Kingdom is ours!;;;;;;;;;;11765 ACTIONNAME3773A;A Revolution has struck us, Sire;;;;;;;;;;11766 ACTIONNAME3772A;Beautiful!;;;;;;;;;;11767 ACTIONNAME3771B;Be Vengeful;;;;;;;;;;11768 ACTIONNAME3771A;Be Merciful;;;;;;;;;;11769 ACTIONNAME3756A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11770 ACTIONNAME3755B;Leave the Protestants alone;;;;;;;;;;11771 ACTIONNAME3755A;Purge the Protestants;;;;;;;;;;11772 ACTIONNAME3754B;Don't mess around in Germany;;;;;;;;;;11773 ACTIONNAME3754A;Make it your cause;;;;;;;;;;11774 ACTIONNAME3753B;Let us authorize the Admiralty instead;;;;;;;;;;11775 ACTIONNAME3753A;Let us institute the Royal Army;;;;;;;;;;11776 ACTIONNAME3752A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11777 ACTIONNAME3751A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11778 ACTIONNAME3750C;Close down the Patriarchate and confiscate its properties;;;;;;;;;;11779 ACTIONNAME3750B;Allow the Patriarchate to exist, but appoint a new Patriarch;;;;;;;;;;11780 ACTIONNAME3750A;Allow the Patriarchate to exist and keep the current Patriarch;;;;;;;;;;11781 ACTIONNAME3749A;We go separate ways as Brothers;;;;;;;;;;11782 ACTIONNAME3748A;Yes Father!;;;;;;;;;;11783 ACTIONNAME3747A;Yes Father!;;;;;;;;;;11784 ACTIONNAME3746B;Go behind their backs;;;;;;;;;;11785 ACTIONNAME3746A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11786 ACTIONNAME3745B;Go behind their backs;;;;;;;;;;11787 ACTIONNAME3745A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11788 ACTIONNAME3744B;Go behind their backs;;;;;;;;;;11789 ACTIONNAME3744A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11790 ACTIONNAME3743A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;11791 ACTIONNAME3742B;Go behind their backs;;;;;;;;;;11792 ACTIONNAME3742A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11793 ACTIONNAME3741B;Go behind their backs;;;;;;;;;;11794 ACTIONNAME3741A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11795 ACTIONNAME3740B;Go behind their backs;;;;;;;;;;11796 ACTIONNAME3740A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11797 ACTIONNAME3739B;Go behind their backs;;;;;;;;;;11798 ACTIONNAME3739A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11799 ACTIONNAME3738B;Go behind their backs;;;;;;;;;;11800 ACTIONNAME3738A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11801 ACTIONNAME3737A;I am back!;;;;;;;;;;11802 ACTIONNAME3736A;Stanislaus of Lorraine has died;;;;;;;;;;11803 ACTIONNAME3735B;Lothringen is divided among its noblemen;;;;;;;;;;11804 ACTIONNAME3735A;France will inherit;;;;;;;;;;11805 ACTIONNAME3734A;The Bourbon Dynasty in Poland;;;;;;;;;;11806 ACTIONNAME3733A;Bohemia is now secured for Our Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;11807 ACTIONNAME3732A;Outstanding!;;;;;;;;;;11808 ACTIONNAME3731A;Humbly Accept Carlos' Wise Decision;;;;;;;;;;11809 ACTIONNAME3730B;Unfortunately our hands are bound;;;;;;;;;;11810 ACTIONNAME3730A;This means Holy War;;;;;;;;;;11811 ACTIONNAME3729B;Unfortunately our hands are bound;;;;;;;;;;11812 ACTIONNAME3729A;This means Holy War;;;;;;;;;;11813 ACTIONNAME3728B;Unfortunately our hands are bound;;;;;;;;;;11814 ACTIONNAME3728A;This means Holy War;;;;;;;;;;11815 ACTIONNAME3726A;Darn;;;;;;;;;;11816 ACTIONNAME3725A;Good;;;;;;;;;;11817 ACTIONNAME3724A;Darn;;;;;;;;;;11818 ACTIONNAME3723A;Good;;;;;;;;;;11819 ACTIONNAME3722A;Darn;;;;;;;;;;11820 ACTIONNAME3721A;Good;;;;;;;;;;11821 ACTIONNAME3720A;Darn;;;;;;;;;;11822 ACTIONNAME3719A;Good;;;;;;;;;;11823 ACTIONNAME3718B;Rule as part of France;;;;;;;;;;11824 ACTIONNAME3718A;Rule as separate country;;;;;;;;;;11825 ACTIONNAME3717B;No let us marry a local talent instead;;;;;;;;;;11826 ACTIONNAME3717A;Let us bind their Dynasty to ours;;;;;;;;;;11827 ACTIONNAME3716B;No let us marry a local talent instead;;;;;;;;;;11828 ACTIONNAME3716A;Let us bind their Dynasty to ours;;;;;;;;;;11829 ACTIONNAME3715A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11830 ACTIONNAME3714A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;11831 ACTIONNAME3713A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;11832 ACTIONNAME3712A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;11833 ACTIONNAME3711A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;11834 ACTIONNAME3710B;Do not sell to Savoy;;;;;;;;;;11835 ACTIONNAME3710A;Sell to Savoy;;;;;;;;;;11836 ACTIONNAME3709B;Do not sell to Spain;;;;;;;;;;11837 ACTIONNAME3709A;Sell to Spain;;;;;;;;;;11838 ACTIONNAME3708B;Do not sell to England;;;;;;;;;;11839 ACTIONNAME3708A;Sell to England;;;;;;;;;;11840 ACTIONNAME3707B;Do not sell to France;;;;;;;;;;11841 ACTIONNAME3707A;Sell to France;;;;;;;;;;11842 ACTIONNAME3706C;Let the Sforzas keep it;;;;;;;;;;11843 ACTIONNAME3706B;Let the French Inherit;;;;;;;;;;11844 ACTIONNAME3706A;Let the Habsburgs Inherit;;;;;;;;;;11845 ACTIONNAME3705A;Our Victory has been acknowledged;;;;;;;;;;11846 ACTIONNAME3704C;Keep trade open for all.;;;;;;;;;;11847 ACTIONNAME3704B;Close China to the outside world.;;;;;;;;;;11848 ACTIONNAME3704A;Hold a small breathing hole open in Macao.;;;;;;;;;;11849 ACTIONNAME3703C;Outward Expansion;;;;;;;;;;11850 ACTIONNAME3703B;Balanced Position;;;;;;;;;;11851 ACTIONNAME3703A;Inward Perfection;;;;;;;;;;11852 ACTIONNAME3701A;I am Emperor of China;;;;;;;;;;11853 ACTIONNAME3700A;We are ready to attack;;;;;;;;;;11854 ACTIONNAME3699B;Conservative Reform;;;;;;;;;;11855 ACTIONNAME3699A;Innovative Reform;;;;;;;;;;11856 ACTIONNAME3698B;Huascar;;;;;;;;;;11857 ACTIONNAME3698A;Atahualpa;;;;;;;;;;11858 ACTIONNAME3697B;Militants rule the Council;;;;;;;;;;11859 ACTIONNAME3697A;Conservatives rule the Council;;;;;;;;;;11860 ACTIONNAME3696B;Let a more peaceful man reform;;;;;;;;;;11861 ACTIONNAME3696A;Let Guru Har Govinda reform;;;;;;;;;;11862 ACTIONNAME3695C;Let a more Conservative Guru reform;;;;;;;;;;11863 ACTIONNAME3695B;Let a more Radical Guru reform;;;;;;;;;;11864 ACTIONNAME3695A;Let Guru Nanak reform;;;;;;;;;;11865 ACTIONNAME3689B;Buy the Non-Mongols off;;;;;;;;;;11866 ACTIONNAME3689A;Subjugate Non-Mongols Harshly;;;;;;;;;;11867 ACTIONNAME3688B;Bribe all traitors;;;;;;;;;;11868 ACTIONNAME3688A;Attack all traitors;;;;;;;;;;11869 ACTIONNAME3687B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11870 ACTIONNAME3687A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11871 ACTIONNAME3686B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11872 ACTIONNAME3686A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11873 ACTIONNAME3685B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11874 ACTIONNAME3685A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;11875 ACTIONNAME3684B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11876 ACTIONNAME3684A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;11877 ACTIONNAME3683B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11878 ACTIONNAME3683A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11879 ACTIONNAME3682B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11880 ACTIONNAME3682A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11881 ACTIONNAME3681B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11882 ACTIONNAME3681A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;11883 ACTIONNAME3680B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11884 ACTIONNAME3680A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;11885 ACTIONNAME3679B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11886 ACTIONNAME3679A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11887 ACTIONNAME3678B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11888 ACTIONNAME3678A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11889 ACTIONNAME3677B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11890 ACTIONNAME3677A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;11891 ACTIONNAME3676B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11892 ACTIONNAME3676A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;11893 ACTIONNAME3675B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11894 ACTIONNAME3675A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11895 ACTIONNAME3674B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11896 ACTIONNAME3674A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11897 ACTIONNAME3673B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11898 ACTIONNAME3673A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;11899 ACTIONNAME3672B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11900 ACTIONNAME3672A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11901 ACTIONNAME3671B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11902 ACTIONNAME3671A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11903 ACTIONNAME3670B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11904 ACTIONNAME3670A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;11905 ACTIONNAME3669B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11906 ACTIONNAME3669A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11907 ACTIONNAME3668B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11908 ACTIONNAME3668A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11909 ACTIONNAME3667B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11910 ACTIONNAME3667A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;11911 ACTIONNAME3666B;Withdraw from this unhealthy affair;;;;;;;;;;11912 ACTIONNAME3666A;Make legal claims on Bayern;;;;;;;;;;11913 ACTIONNAME3665A;I will stay longer than a winter!;;;;;;;;;;11914 ACTIONNAME3664B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11915 ACTIONNAME3664A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;11916 ACTIONNAME3663B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11917 ACTIONNAME3663A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;11918 ACTIONNAME3662B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11919 ACTIONNAME3662A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;11920 ACTIONNAME3661B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;11921 ACTIONNAME3661A;Support the Holy League;;;;;;;;;;11922 ACTIONNAME3660B;Independent;;;;;;;;;;11923 ACTIONNAME3660A;Ruled as Vassal;;;;;;;;;;11924 ACTIONNAME3659A;This is a Black Day for Islam!;;;;;;;;;;11925 ACTIONNAME3658A;Our Kindred are being murdered!;;;;;;;;;;11926 ACTIONNAME3657A;Al-Andalus has fallen;;;;;;;;;;11927 ACTIONNAME3656A;This is a Black Day for Islam!;;;;;;;;;;11928 ACTIONNAME3655A;Our Kindred are being murdered!;;;;;;;;;;11929 ACTIONNAME3654A;Al-Andalus has fallen;;;;;;;;;;11930 ACTIONNAME3653A;This is a Black Day for Islam!;;;;;;;;;;11931 ACTIONNAME3652A;Al-Andalus has fallen;;;;;;;;;;11932 ACTIONNAME3651B;Decline the Sultan's Offer;;;;;;;;;;11933 ACTIONNAME3651A;Accept the Protection of the Grand Sultan;;;;;;;;;;11934 ACTIONNAME3650B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;11935 ACTIONNAME3650A;Support the Holy League;;;;;;;;;;11936 ACTIONNAME3649C;Express Hostility;;;;;;;;;;11937 ACTIONNAME3649B;Ignore;;;;;;;;;;11938 ACTIONNAME3649A;Express Support;;;;;;;;;;11939 ACTIONNAME3648B;Pass the opportunity;;;;;;;;;;11940 ACTIONNAME3648A;Offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;11941 ACTIONNAME3647B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;11942 ACTIONNAME3647A;Support the Holy League;;;;;;;;;;11943 ACTIONNAME3646A;I will become King of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;11944 ACTIONNAME3645B;Let him have it;;;;;;;;;;11945 ACTIONNAME3645A;No! It is mine!;;;;;;;;;;11946 ACTIONNAME3644A;I will be crowned King of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;11947 ACTIONNAME3643B;Stay Loyal to the Habsburgs;;;;;;;;;;11948 ACTIONNAME3643A;Elect Friedrich V of Pfalz;;;;;;;;;;11949 ACTIONNAME3642B;Accept the Habsburgs as Hereditary Kings;;;;;;;;;;11950 ACTIONNAME3642A;Accept the Habsburgs as Elected Kings;;;;;;;;;;11951 ACTIONNAME3641B;Fight for the cause of the Catholic Faith;;;;;;;;;;11952 ACTIONNAME3641A;Fight for the cause of the Reformed Faith;;;;;;;;;;11953 ACTIONNAME3640B;Let the crown become hereditary within the Siebenbürgen Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;11954 ACTIONNAME3640A;Let the crown become hereditary within the Habsburg Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;11955 ACTIONNAME3639B;Elect Ferdinand Habsburg of Austria;;;;;;;;;;11956 ACTIONNAME3639A;Elect Johan Zapolya of Siebenbürgen;;;;;;;;;;11957 ACTIONNAME3638B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;11958 ACTIONNAME3638A;Support the Holy League;;;;;;;;;;11959 ACTIONNAME3637A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;11960 ACTIONNAME3636B;Defy Polish sovereignty;;;;;;;;;;11961 ACTIONNAME3636A;Keep Polish sovereignty;;;;;;;;;;11962 ACTIONNAME3635B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11963 ACTIONNAME3635A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11964 ACTIONNAME3634B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11965 ACTIONNAME3634A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11966 ACTIONNAME3633B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11967 ACTIONNAME3633A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;11968 ACTIONNAME3632A;François III Stephan married Maria-Theresia;;;;;;;;;;11969 ACTIONNAME3631B;Diplomatic Effort;;;;;;;;;;11970 ACTIONNAME3631A;Mobilize Defenses;;;;;;;;;;11971 ACTIONNAME3630B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11972 ACTIONNAME3630A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11973 ACTIONNAME3629B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11974 ACTIONNAME3629A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11975 ACTIONNAME3628B;Back down;;;;;;;;;;11976 ACTIONNAME3628A;Risk Major War to get you Kingdom;;;;;;;;;;11977 ACTIONNAME3627A;The Wettin Dynasty in Poland;;;;;;;;;;11978 ACTIONNAME3626B;Let's listen to some poetry instead;;;;;;;;;;11979 ACTIONNAME3626A;I want revenge;;;;;;;;;;11980 ACTIONNAME3625C;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;11981 ACTIONNAME3625B;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11982 ACTIONNAME3625A;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;11983 ACTIONNAME3624B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11984 ACTIONNAME3624A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11985 ACTIONNAME3623B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;11986 ACTIONNAME3623A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;11987 ACTIONNAME3622B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;11988 ACTIONNAME3622A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;11989 ACTIONNAME3621B;Let the Poles meet the Elephant first;;;;;;;;;;11990 ACTIONNAME3621A;Advance!;;;;;;;;;;11991 ACTIONNAME3620C;Die-Hard Independence;;;;;;;;;;11992 ACTIONNAME3620B;Russo-Danish Agreement;;;;;;;;;;11993 ACTIONNAME3620A;Polish-Swedish Agreement;;;;;;;;;;11994 ACTIONNAME3619B;Defy this act of treason;;;;;;;;;;11995 ACTIONNAME3619A;Accept the act;;;;;;;;;;11996 ACTIONNAME3618A;Fight for Freedom;;;;;;;;;;11997 ACTIONNAME3617A;Defend you Throne;;;;;;;;;;11998 ACTIONNAME3616C;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;11999 ACTIONNAME3616B;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12000 ACTIONNAME3616A;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12001 ACTIONNAME3615B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12002 ACTIONNAME3615A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;12003 ACTIONNAME3614B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12004 ACTIONNAME3614A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;12005 ACTIONNAME3613B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;12006 ACTIONNAME3613A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;12007 ACTIONNAME3612A;I will be King of England;;;;;;;;;;12008 ACTIONNAME3611B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;12009 ACTIONNAME3611A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;12010 ACTIONNAME3610B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12011 ACTIONNAME3610A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;12012 ACTIONNAME3609B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12013 ACTIONNAME3609A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;12014 ACTIONNAME3608B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;12015 ACTIONNAME3608A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;12016 ACTIONNAME3607C;The King of England (Vassal);;;;;;;;;;12017 ACTIONNAME3607B;The King of France (Vassal);;;;;;;;;;12018 ACTIONNAME3607A;The King of France (Annex);;;;;;;;;;12019 ACTIONNAME3606B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12020 ACTIONNAME3606A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12021 ACTIONNAME3605C;Let us elect a local Count as Duke;;;;;;;;;;12022 ACTIONNAME3605B;Let the Burgundian monarch become our Duke;;;;;;;;;;12023 ACTIONNAME3605A;Let us be a part of Great Burgundy;;;;;;;;;;12024 ACTIONNAME3604B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12025 ACTIONNAME3604A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12026 ACTIONNAME3603B;Let a remote relative become Duke;;;;;;;;;;12027 ACTIONNAME3603A;Maximilian of Austria;;;;;;;;;;12028 ACTIONNAME3602B;Let a remote relative become Duke;;;;;;;;;;12029 ACTIONNAME3602A;Charles of France;;;;;;;;;;12030 ACTIONNAME3601B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12031 ACTIONNAME3601A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12032 ACTIONNAME3600A;Let them regret this defiance;;;;;;;;;;12033 ACTIONNAME3599A;Vassalize them;;;;;;;;;;12034 ACTIONNAME3598A;Incorporate them;;;;;;;;;;12035 ACTIONNAME3597C;Charles the Bold never died;;;;;;;;;;12036 ACTIONNAME3597B;Charles of France;;;;;;;;;;12037 ACTIONNAME3597A;Maximilian of Austria;;;;;;;;;;12038 ACTIONNAME3596A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;12039 ACTIONNAME3595A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;12040 ACTIONNAME3594B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12041 ACTIONNAME3594A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12042 ACTIONNAME3593B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12043 ACTIONNAME3593A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12044 ACTIONNAME3592B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12045 ACTIONNAME3592A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12046 ACTIONNAME3591B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12047 ACTIONNAME3591A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12048 ACTIONNAME3590B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12049 ACTIONNAME3590A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12050 ACTIONNAME3589B;Let France rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;12051 ACTIONNAME3589A;France is reborn with me;;;;;;;;;;12052 ACTIONNAME3587B;Leave it on the Floor;;;;;;;;;;12053 ACTIONNAME3587A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;;;;;;;;;;12054 ACTIONNAME3586B;Leave it on the Floor;;;;;;;;;;12055 ACTIONNAME3586A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;;;;;;;;;;12056 ACTIONNAME3585B;Leave it on the Floor;;;;;;;;;;12057 ACTIONNAME3585A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;;;;;;;;;;12058 ACTIONNAME3584B;Leave it on the Floor;;;;;;;;;;12059 ACTIONNAME3584A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;;;;;;;;;;12060 ACTIONNAME3583C;Support Peasant Faction;;;;;;;;;;12061 ACTIONNAME3583B;Support Noble Faction;;;;;;;;;;12062 ACTIONNAME3583A;Support Merchant Faction;;;;;;;;;;12063 ACTIONNAME3582B;Leave it on the Floor;;;;;;;;;;12064 ACTIONNAME3582A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;;;;;;;;;;12065 ACTIONNAME3581B;Tighten state control;;;;;;;;;;12066 ACTIONNAME3581A;Let the factions conspire;;;;;;;;;;12067 ACTIONNAME3580B;Tighten state control;;;;;;;;;;12068 ACTIONNAME3580A;Let the factions conspire;;;;;;;;;;12069 ACTIONNAME3579B;Let the factions conspire;;;;;;;;;;12070 ACTIONNAME3579A;Tighten state control;;;;;;;;;;12071 ACTIONNAME3578B;Tighten state control;;;;;;;;;;12072 ACTIONNAME3578A;Let the factions conspire;;;;;;;;;;12073 ACTIONNAME3577B;Tighten state control;;;;;;;;;;12074 ACTIONNAME3577A;Let the factions conspire;;;;;;;;;;12075 ACTIONNAME3576B;Tighten state control;;;;;;;;;;12076 ACTIONNAME3576A;Let the factions conspire;;;;;;;;;;12077 ACTIONNAME3575B;Let the factions conspire;;;;;;;;;;12078 ACTIONNAME3575A;Tighten state control;;;;;;;;;;12079 ACTIONNAME3574B;Tighten state control;;;;;;;;;;12080 ACTIONNAME3574A;Let the factions conspire;;;;;;;;;;12081 ACTIONNAME3573B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;;;;;;;;;;12082 ACTIONNAME3573A;Let the Clans fight;;;;;;;;;;12083 ACTIONNAME3572B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;;;;;;;;;;12084 ACTIONNAME3572A;Let the Clans fight;;;;;;;;;;12085 ACTIONNAME3571B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;;;;;;;;;;12086 ACTIONNAME3571A;Let the Clans fight;;;;;;;;;;12087 ACTIONNAME3570B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;;;;;;;;;;12088 ACTIONNAME3570A;Let the Clans fight;;;;;;;;;;12089 ACTIONNAME3569B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;;;;;;;;;;12090 ACTIONNAME3569A;Let the Clans fight;;;;;;;;;;12091 ACTIONNAME3568B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;;;;;;;;;;12092 ACTIONNAME3568A;Let the Clans fight;;;;;;;;;;12093 ACTIONNAME3567B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;;;;;;;;;;12094 ACTIONNAME3567A;Let the Clans fight;;;;;;;;;;12095 ACTIONNAME3566B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;;;;;;;;;;12096 ACTIONNAME3566A;Let the Clans fight;;;;;;;;;;12097 ACTIONNAME3565B;Rely on domestic advisors;;;;;;;;;;12098 ACTIONNAME3565A;Hire the English advisors;;;;;;;;;;12099 ACTIONNAME3564B;Retain the old capital;;;;;;;;;;12100 ACTIONNAME3564A;Move the capital to Isfahan;;;;;;;;;;12101 ACTIONNAME3563B;Concentrate on internal issues;;;;;;;;;;12102 ACTIONNAME3563A;Support the Turkish rebels and prepare for war;;;;;;;;;;12103 ACTIONNAME3562C;Seek diplomatic solution;;;;;;;;;;12104 ACTIONNAME3562B;Ignore the Ottoman threat;;;;;;;;;;12105 ACTIONNAME3562A;Teach the Turk a lesson!;;;;;;;;;;12106 ACTIONNAME3561C;Give active support to Beyazid;;;;;;;;;;12107 ACTIONNAME3561B;Refuse to hand him over;;;;;;;;;;12108 ACTIONNAME3561A;Deliver Prince Beyazid to the Sultan;;;;;;;;;;12109 ACTIONNAME3560C;Betray the rebels to please the Sultan;;;;;;;;;;12110 ACTIONNAME3560B;Leave them to their fate;;;;;;;;;;12111 ACTIONNAME3560A;Support the Anatolian Shiites;;;;;;;;;;12112 ACTIONNAME3559C;Fortify the realm;;;;;;;;;;12113 ACTIONNAME3559B;Reform the army;;;;;;;;;;12114 ACTIONNAME3559A;Reform trade and infrastructure;;;;;;;;;;12115 ACTIONNAME3558B;Negotiate with Ismaïl;;;;;;;;;;12116 ACTIONNAME3558A;Crush the Shiite rebels;;;;;;;;;;12117 ACTIONNAME3557B;Support the sons of Ferdinand;;;;;;;;;;12118 ACTIONNAME3557A;Support Álvaro de Luna;;;;;;;;;;12119 ACTIONNAME3556B;Let us keep the name Kingdom of Castile instead;;;;;;;;;;12120 ACTIONNAME3556A;Let us claim the name Kingdom of Spain;;;;;;;;;;12121 ACTIONNAME3555B;Rule it as an autonomous part of Aragon;;;;;;;;;;12122 ACTIONNAME3555A;Rule it as an independent Kingdom;;;;;;;;;;12123 ACTIONNAME3554B;Let us keep the name Kingdom of Aragon instead;;;;;;;;;;12124 ACTIONNAME3554A;Let us claim the name Kingdom of Spain;;;;;;;;;;12125 ACTIONNAME3553A;Attend the Council of Trient;;;;;;;;;;12126 ACTIONNAME3552A;Gain land;;;;;;;;;;12127 ACTIONNAME3551A;Rejoice!;;;;;;;;;;12128 ACTIONNAME3550B;Spare his life;;;;;;;;;;12129 ACTIONNAME3550A;Burn the heretic;;;;;;;;;;12130 ACTIONNAME3549B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;12131 ACTIONNAME3549A;Create the Holy League;;;;;;;;;;12132 ACTIONNAME3548B;Moderate Inquisition;;;;;;;;;;12133 ACTIONNAME3548A;Spanish model inquisition;;;;;;;;;;12134 ACTIONNAME3547A;OK;;;;;;;;;;12135 ACTIONNAME3546B;Concentrate on worldly matters;;;;;;;;;;12136 ACTIONNAME3546A;Build church;;;;;;;;;;12137 ACTIONNAME3545C;Express Hostility;;;;;;;;;;12138 ACTIONNAME3545B;Ignore;;;;;;;;;;12139 ACTIONNAME3545A;Express Support;;;;;;;;;;12140 ACTIONNAME3544A;The Netherlands is subjugated;;;;;;;;;;12141 ACTIONNAME3542B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;12142 ACTIONNAME3542A;Support the Holy League;;;;;;;;;;12143 ACTIONNAME3541A;Improve defenses;;;;;;;;;;12144 ACTIONNAME3540B;Accept Malta, but not to become a vassal;;;;;;;;;;12145 ACTIONNAME3540A;Accept Malta and become a vassal;;;;;;;;;;12146 ACTIONNAME3539A;Improve our defenses;;;;;;;;;;12147 ACTIONNAME3537A;Praise the lord!!;;;;;;;;;;12148 ACTIONNAME3536A;OK;;;;;;;;;;12149 ACTIONNAME3535C;Hostage to Venice for gold and trade rights;;;;;;;;;;12150 ACTIONNAME3535B;Hostage to Hungary for gold;;;;;;;;;;12151 ACTIONNAME3535A;Hostage to Papacy for gold and Cardinal appointment;;;;;;;;;;12152 ACTIONNAME3534A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;;;;;;;;;;12153 ACTIONNAME3533A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;;;;;;;;;;12154 ACTIONNAME3532C;Balanced Reform;;;;;;;;;;12155 ACTIONNAME3532B;Frederickian Elite Reform;;;;;;;;;;12156 ACTIONNAME3532A;Plebeian Mass Reform;;;;;;;;;;12157 ACTIONNAME3531B;Do not interfer in the Habsburg Backyard;;;;;;;;;;12158 ACTIONNAME3531A;Defend Bayern against these false claims;;;;;;;;;;12159 ACTIONNAME3530C;Reforms of Reaction;;;;;;;;;;12160 ACTIONNAME3530B;No Change;;;;;;;;;;12161 ACTIONNAME3530A;Reforms of Enlightenment;;;;;;;;;;12162 ACTIONNAME3529B;Leave this deathtrap alone;;;;;;;;;;12163 ACTIONNAME3529A;We will defend our claims;;;;;;;;;;12164 ACTIONNAME3528B;Take it easy and only go for Saxony;;;;;;;;;;12165 ACTIONNAME3528A;Support France in this Affair;;;;;;;;;;12166 ACTIONNAME3527C;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12167 ACTIONNAME3527B;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12168 ACTIONNAME3527A;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12169 ACTIONNAME3526C;Naval Reform;;;;;;;;;;12170 ACTIONNAME3526B;Defensive Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;12171 ACTIONNAME3526A;Offensive Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;12172 ACTIONNAME3525B;Keep Constitutional Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;12173 ACTIONNAME3525A;Introduce Absolute Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;12174 ACTIONNAME3524B;Stay Elector-Prince!;;;;;;;;;;12175 ACTIONNAME3524A;The Kingdom of Prussia is born!;;;;;;;;;;12176 ACTIONNAME3523A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;12177 ACTIONNAME3522B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;12178 ACTIONNAME3522A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;12179 ACTIONNAME3521A;Welcome with open arms;;;;;;;;;;12180 ACTIONNAME3518C;Navy Reform;;;;;;;;;;12181 ACTIONNAME3518B;Defensive Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;12182 ACTIONNAME3518A;Offensive Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;12183 ACTIONNAME3517B;Keep separate;;;;;;;;;;12184 ACTIONNAME3517A;Unite with Brandenburg;;;;;;;;;;12185 ACTIONNAME3516B;Secularize Prussia as independent country;;;;;;;;;;12186 ACTIONNAME3516A;Secularize Prussia as Polish vassal;;;;;;;;;;12187 ACTIONNAME3515B;Risk the Revolution!;;;;;;;;;;12188 ACTIONNAME3515A;React against Revolutionary Tendencies!;;;;;;;;;;12189 ACTIONNAME3514C;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12190 ACTIONNAME3514B;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12191 ACTIONNAME3514A;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12192 ACTIONNAME3513B;No, we need Freedom!;;;;;;;;;;12193 ACTIONNAME3513A;Yes we need Order!;;;;;;;;;;12194 ACTIONNAME3512C;Accept it;;;;;;;;;;12195 ACTIONNAME3512B;Fight him;;;;;;;;;;12196 ACTIONNAME3512A;Accept it conditionally;;;;;;;;;;12197 ACTIONNAME3511B;Accept it;;;;;;;;;;12198 ACTIONNAME3511A;Fight him;;;;;;;;;;12199 ACTIONNAME3510B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;12200 ACTIONNAME3510A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;12201 ACTIONNAME3509A;We welcome you with open arms;;;;;;;;;;12202 ACTIONNAME3508B;Arminianism;;;;;;;;;;12203 ACTIONNAME3508A;Gormarism;;;;;;;;;;12204 ACTIONNAME3507C;Reform Navy;;;;;;;;;;12205 ACTIONNAME3507B;Reform Army;;;;;;;;;;12206 ACTIONNAME3507A;Reform Army and Navy;;;;;;;;;;12207 ACTIONNAME3506A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;12208 ACTIONNAME3505C;National Loans at 800 ducats;;;;;;;;;;12209 ACTIONNAME3505B;National Loans at 200 ducats;;;;;;;;;;12210 ACTIONNAME3505A;National Loans at 500 ducats;;;;;;;;;;12211 ACTIONNAME3504B;Issue Strict Control;;;;;;;;;;12212 ACTIONNAME3504A;Expand Loan Market;;;;;;;;;;12213 ACTIONNAME3503A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;12214 ACTIONNAME3502C;Centralized Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;12215 ACTIONNAME3502B;Confederacy on Republican Model;;;;;;;;;;12216 ACTIONNAME3502A;Confederacy with traces of Monarchism;;;;;;;;;;12217 ACTIONNAME3501A;August is reinstalled;;;;;;;;;;12218 ACTIONNAME3500B;No it's too problematic to change the situation;;;;;;;;;;12219 ACTIONNAME3500A;Let us change this depressive situation;;;;;;;;;;12220 ACTIONNAME3499B;No it's too problematic to change the situation;;;;;;;;;;12221 ACTIONNAME3499A;Let us change this depressive situation;;;;;;;;;;12222 ACTIONNAME3498B;Let us change this depressive situation;;;;;;;;;;12223 ACTIONNAME3498A;No it's too problematic to change the situation;;;;;;;;;;12224 ACTIONNAME3497B;Let us change this depressive situation;;;;;;;;;;12225 ACTIONNAME3497A;No it's too problematic to change the situation;;;;;;;;;;12226 ACTIONNAME3496B;Fight for Maurice;;;;;;;;;;12227 ACTIONNAME3496A;Back down;;;;;;;;;;12228 ACTIONNAME3495B;Stanislas Leczinski;;;;;;;;;;12229 ACTIONNAME3495A;Friedrich Augustus Wettin;;;;;;;;;;12230 ACTIONNAME3494B;Appease Russia and their Magnate faction;;;;;;;;;;12231 ACTIONNAME3494A;Reform as much as possible before Russia intervenes;;;;;;;;;;12232 ACTIONNAME3493A;Arrgh!;;;;;;;;;;12233 ACTIONNAME3492A;Dethrone August and install Stanislaus;;;;;;;;;;12234 ACTIONNAME3491B;Stay calm for a while;;;;;;;;;;12235 ACTIONNAME3491A;Advance!;;;;;;;;;;12236 ACTIONNAME3490A;We will defend Christendom;;;;;;;;;;12237 ACTIONNAME3489A;We will defend Christendom;;;;;;;;;;12238 ACTIONNAME3488A;We will defend Christendom;;;;;;;;;;12239 ACTIONNAME3487A;Elect Stanislas Leczinski;;;;;;;;;;12240 ACTIONNAME3486C;Jakub Sobieski;;;;;;;;;;12241 ACTIONNAME3486B;Francois Louis de Bourbon;;;;;;;;;;12242 ACTIONNAME3486A;Friedrich Augustus Wettin;;;;;;;;;;12243 ACTIONNAME3485B;Reform Army and undermine the power of the Sejm;;;;;;;;;;12244 ACTIONNAME3485A;Make a strict Army Reform only;;;;;;;;;;12245 ACTIONNAME3484A;Yes Father!;;;;;;;;;;12246 ACTIONNAME3483A;This country is now a true Aristocracy;;;;;;;;;;12247 ACTIONNAME3482A;This country is now a true Aristocracy;;;;;;;;;;12248 ACTIONNAME3481C;Wage a war of extermination on the Nobility;;;;;;;;;;12249 ACTIONNAME3481B;Resign completely and read theological books instead;;;;;;;;;;12250 ACTIONNAME3481A;Fight a bitter but peaceful conflict;;;;;;;;;;12251 ACTIONNAME3480A;There is nothing we can do my King;;;;;;;;;;12252 ACTIONNAME3479B;Let Kraków stay Capital;;;;;;;;;;12253 ACTIONNAME3479A;Let move the Capital to Warszawa;;;;;;;;;;12254 ACTIONNAME3478B;No we will not meddle in their Civil War;;;;;;;;;;12255 ACTIONNAME3478A;Vladimir Wasa, Czar of all Russians;;;;;;;;;;12256 ACTIONNAME3477C;Hail the Jesuit King!;;;;;;;;;;12257 ACTIONNAME3477B;The Catholic Faith is the First among Equals;;;;;;;;;;12258 ACTIONNAME3477A;Religious Freedom won the day;;;;;;;;;;12259 ACTIONNAME3476B;Let them go in peace;;;;;;;;;;12260 ACTIONNAME3476A;Recollect the lost sheep;;;;;;;;;;12261 ACTIONNAME3475B;Keep it a loose structure;;;;;;;;;;12262 ACTIONNAME3475A;Enact the Union;;;;;;;;;;12263 ACTIONNAME3474B;Claim Ownership;;;;;;;;;;12264 ACTIONNAME3474A;Accept the New Vassal;;;;;;;;;;12265 ACTIONNAME3473B;Give it piecemeal to different Magnates;;;;;;;;;;12266 ACTIONNAME3473A;Make it a personal royal fiefdom;;;;;;;;;;12267 ACTIONNAME3472B;Accept this Government;;;;;;;;;;12268 ACTIONNAME3472A;Defy the Knights;;;;;;;;;;12269 ACTIONNAME3471B;Accept the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12270 ACTIONNAME3471A;Defy the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12271 ACTIONNAME3470B;Only accept your part of the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12272 ACTIONNAME3470A;Accept Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12273 ACTIONNAME3469B;Limit the power of the Sejm;;;;;;;;;;12274 ACTIONNAME3469A;Accept the power of the Sejm;;;;;;;;;;12275 ACTIONNAME3468C;Refuse to enact;;;;;;;;;;12276 ACTIONNAME3468B;Enact a mild variant;;;;;;;;;;12277 ACTIONNAME3468A;Enact;;;;;;;;;;12278 ACTIONNAME3467C;Refuse to sign it and defy the Magnates;;;;;;;;;;12279 ACTIONNAME3467B;Weaken the Conventions;;;;;;;;;;12280 ACTIONNAME3467A;Accept the Conventions;;;;;;;;;;12281 ACTIONNAME3466B;Limit the Magnates demands;;;;;;;;;;12282 ACTIONNAME3466A;Accept the Magnates demands;;;;;;;;;;12283 ACTIONNAME3465A;This Great Nation craves Revenge!;;;;;;;;;;12284 ACTIONNAME3464B;Stop it;;;;;;;;;;12285 ACTIONNAME3464A;Encourage it;;;;;;;;;;12286 ACTIONNAME3463C;Support the Poland;;;;;;;;;;12287 ACTIONNAME3463B;Support Russia;;;;;;;;;;12288 ACTIONNAME3463A;Support Sweden;;;;;;;;;;12289 ACTIONNAME3462A;Arrgh!;;;;;;;;;;12290 ACTIONNAME3461B;Let war come to their homes;;;;;;;;;;12291 ACTIONNAME3461A;Try to buy the Magnates off;;;;;;;;;;12292 ACTIONNAME3460B;Give Concessions to the Lithuanian Magnates;;;;;;;;;;12293 ACTIONNAME3460A;Move against the 'Magnate-Republic';;;;;;;;;;12294 ACTIONNAME3459C;Balance Rights and Duties;;;;;;;;;;12295 ACTIONNAME3459B;More Rights than Duties;;;;;;;;;;12296 ACTIONNAME3459A;More Duties than Rights;;;;;;;;;;12297 ACTIONNAME3458C;More Duties than Rights;;;;;;;;;;12298 ACTIONNAME3458B;More Rights than Duties;;;;;;;;;;12299 ACTIONNAME3458A;Balance Rights and Duties;;;;;;;;;;12300 ACTIONNAME3457C;More Duties than Rights;;;;;;;;;;12301 ACTIONNAME3457B;Balance Rights and Duties;;;;;;;;;;12302 ACTIONNAME3457A;More Rights than Duties;;;;;;;;;;12303 ACTIONNAME3456C;Support Tolerant Faction;;;;;;;;;;12304 ACTIONNAME3456B;Support One-Church Faction;;;;;;;;;;12305 ACTIONNAME3456A;Enforce the State Religion;;;;;;;;;;12306 ACTIONNAME3455C;Support Tolerant Faction;;;;;;;;;;12307 ACTIONNAME3455B;Support One-Church Faction;;;;;;;;;;12308 ACTIONNAME3455A;Enforce the State Religion;;;;;;;;;;12309 ACTIONNAME3454C;Support Tolerant Faction;;;;;;;;;;12310 ACTIONNAME3454B;Support One-Church Faction;;;;;;;;;;12311 ACTIONNAME3454A;Enforce the State Religion;;;;;;;;;;12312 ACTIONNAME3453C;Decline Cooperation;;;;;;;;;;12313 ACTIONNAME3453B;Offer Friendliness;;;;;;;;;;12314 ACTIONNAME3453A;Create Axis;;;;;;;;;;12315 ACTIONNAME3452C;Decline Cooperation;;;;;;;;;;12316 ACTIONNAME3452B;Offer Friendliness;;;;;;;;;;12317 ACTIONNAME3452A;Create Axis;;;;;;;;;;12318 ACTIONNAME3451C;Decline Cooperation;;;;;;;;;;12319 ACTIONNAME3451B;Create Axis;;;;;;;;;;12320 ACTIONNAME3451A;Offer Friendliness;;;;;;;;;;12321 ACTIONNAME3450C;Decline Cooperation;;;;;;;;;;12322 ACTIONNAME3450B;Offer Friendliness;;;;;;;;;;12323 ACTIONNAME3450A;Create Axis;;;;;;;;;;12324 ACTIONNAME3449C;Crush the Movement;;;;;;;;;;12325 ACTIONNAME3449B;Support it and change State Religion;;;;;;;;;;12326 ACTIONNAME3449A;Accept the Movement;;;;;;;;;;12327 ACTIONNAME3448C;Crush the Movement;;;;;;;;;;12328 ACTIONNAME3448B;Support it and change State Religion;;;;;;;;;;12329 ACTIONNAME3448A;Accept the Movement;;;;;;;;;;12330 ACTIONNAME3447B;Lithuania break with Poland;;;;;;;;;;12331 ACTIONNAME3447A;Poland inherits Lithuania;;;;;;;;;;12332 ACTIONNAME3446B;Limit the Magnates demands;;;;;;;;;;12333 ACTIONNAME3446A;Accept the Magnates demands;;;;;;;;;;12334 ACTIONNAME3445C;Magnate Republicanism;;;;;;;;;;12335 ACTIONNAME3445B;Royal Prerogative;;;;;;;;;;12336 ACTIONNAME3445A;Domestic Balance of Power;;;;;;;;;;12337 ACTIONNAME3444B;Stay in St. Petersburg;;;;;;;;;;12338 ACTIONNAME3444A;Moscow is easier to defend;;;;;;;;;;12339 ACTIONNAME3443A;The Poles must be stopped!;;;;;;;;;;12340 ACTIONNAME3442A;The Poles must be stopped!;;;;;;;;;;12341 ACTIONNAME3441A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;;;;;;;;;;12342 ACTIONNAME3440A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;;;;;;;;;;12343 ACTIONNAME3439B;Reject and disclose them to Gustavus III;;;;;;;;;;12344 ACTIONNAME3439A;Promise independence to Finnish Nobility;;;;;;;;;;12345 ACTIONNAME3438B;Full Reform;;;;;;;;;;12346 ACTIONNAME3438A;Minimal reforms;;;;;;;;;;12347 ACTIONNAME3437B;It is perfect as it is;;;;;;;;;;12348 ACTIONNAME3437A;Restrict Serfdom;;;;;;;;;;12349 ACTIONNAME3436B;Let introduce an idea called 'Freedom';;;;;;;;;;12350 ACTIONNAME3436A;Keep the Masses in Chains;;;;;;;;;;12351 ACTIONNAME3435A;The Masses are moving...Sire;;;;;;;;;;12352 ACTIONNAME3434C;No, we shall opt for Free Trade;;;;;;;;;;12353 ACTIONNAME3434B;No, the economy is in fine shape;;;;;;;;;;12354 ACTIONNAME3434A;Yes, we need to do something;;;;;;;;;;12355 ACTIONNAME3433A;They made a wise choice;;;;;;;;;;12356 ACTIONNAME3432B;Do something about the Injustice in Society;;;;;;;;;;12357 ACTIONNAME3432A;Talk about the Injustice in Society;;;;;;;;;;12358 ACTIONNAME3431C;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12359 ACTIONNAME3431B;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12360 ACTIONNAME3431A;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12361 ACTIONNAME3430B;Ignore this petty matter;;;;;;;;;;12362 ACTIONNAME3430A;Prepare to grab Kurland;;;;;;;;;;12363 ACTIONNAME3429B;Give the Wettins a helping hand;;;;;;;;;;12364 ACTIONNAME3429A;Secure Poland for the Wettins;;;;;;;;;;12365 ACTIONNAME3428B;Keep the old system;;;;;;;;;;12366 ACTIONNAME3428A;Abolish Mestnichestvo;;;;;;;;;;12367 ACTIONNAME3427B;Leave the Patriarchate alone;;;;;;;;;;12368 ACTIONNAME3427A;Abolish the Patriarchate;;;;;;;;;;12369 ACTIONNAME3426C;Only Governmental Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12370 ACTIONNAME3426B;Only Absolutism;;;;;;;;;;12371 ACTIONNAME3426A;Governmental Reforms and the Absolutism;;;;;;;;;;12372 ACTIONNAME3425A;We have dealt with separatists before;;;;;;;;;;12373 ACTIONNAME3424B;Keep Capital at Moscow;;;;;;;;;;12374 ACTIONNAME3424A;Move Capital to St. Petersburg;;;;;;;;;;12375 ACTIONNAME3423C;Only Reform Navy;;;;;;;;;;12376 ACTIONNAME3423B;Only Reform Army;;;;;;;;;;12377 ACTIONNAME3423A;Reform the Army and Navy;;;;;;;;;;12378 ACTIONNAME3422B;Let the others bleed first;;;;;;;;;;12379 ACTIONNAME3422A;Create a Grand Alliance;;;;;;;;;;12380 ACTIONNAME3421B;Reject the Treaty as Preposterous;;;;;;;;;;12381 ACTIONNAME3421A;Accept the Treaty;;;;;;;;;;12382 ACTIONNAME3420B;Give Autonomy on Province by Province basis;;;;;;;;;;12383 ACTIONNAME3420A;Quell all Separatist Movements;;;;;;;;;;12384 ACTIONNAME3419C;Send back the Head of the Chinese Minister;;;;;;;;;;12385 ACTIONNAME3419B;Pretend to be a Chinese Vassal and pay Tribute;;;;;;;;;;12386 ACTIONNAME3419A;Pretend to be a Chinese Vassal;;;;;;;;;;12387 ACTIONNAME3418B;Follow the heed of the Raskolniks;;;;;;;;;;12388 ACTIONNAME3418A;Let us modernize the Church;;;;;;;;;;12389 ACTIONNAME3417B;Accept deteriorated Economy and Burgher Uprisings;;;;;;;;;;12390 ACTIONNAME3417A;Enforce;;;;;;;;;;12391 ACTIONNAME3416B;Do not make them serfs;;;;;;;;;;12392 ACTIONNAME3416A;Make the Peasants serfs;;;;;;;;;;12393 ACTIONNAME3415B;No we need Constantinople to lead the True Faith;;;;;;;;;;12394 ACTIONNAME3415A;Let us lead the True Faith from Moscow;;;;;;;;;;12395 ACTIONNAME3414C;Support Swedish Candidates;;;;;;;;;;12396 ACTIONNAME3414B;Support Polish Candidates;;;;;;;;;;12397 ACTIONNAME3414A;Support Domestic Candidates;;;;;;;;;;12398 ACTIONNAME3413C;Only abolish Kormlenije;;;;;;;;;;12399 ACTIONNAME3413B;Only reform Treasury;;;;;;;;;;12400 ACTIONNAME3413A;Reform Treasury and abolish Kormlenije;;;;;;;;;;12401 ACTIONNAME3412B;Make a deal with the Boyars instead;;;;;;;;;;12402 ACTIONNAME3412A;Let the Oprichnina do its work;;;;;;;;;;12403 ACTIONNAME3411B;Use it to crush the opposition;;;;;;;;;;12404 ACTIONNAME3411A;Avenge this horrible insult;;;;;;;;;;12405 ACTIONNAME3410A;Excellent Ministers!;;;;;;;;;;12406 ACTIONNAME3409B;Accept this Government;;;;;;;;;;12407 ACTIONNAME3409A;Defy the Knights;;;;;;;;;;12408 ACTIONNAME3408B;Only accept your part of the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12409 ACTIONNAME3408A;Accept Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12410 ACTIONNAME3407B;Accept the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12411 ACTIONNAME3407A;Defy the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12412 ACTIONNAME3406A;It all belongs to Mother Russia;;;;;;;;;;12413 ACTIONNAME3405A;It all belongs to Mother Russia;;;;;;;;;;12414 ACTIONNAME3404A;It all belongs to Mother Russia;;;;;;;;;;12415 ACTIONNAME3403B;Leave it on the Floor;;;;;;;;;;12416 ACTIONNAME3403A;Become the Third Rome;;;;;;;;;;12417 ACTIONNAME3402B;Encourage a Free Peasantry;;;;;;;;;;12418 ACTIONNAME3402A;Introduce it;;;;;;;;;;12419 ACTIONNAME3401B;Let us become like Novgorod;;;;;;;;;;12420 ACTIONNAME3401A;Let us reform;;;;;;;;;;12421 ACTIONNAME3400C;Let the Janissaries enjoy their privileges;;;;;;;;;;12422 ACTIONNAME3400B;Reform the military;;;;;;;;;;12423 ACTIONNAME3400A;Reform military and establish the 'Kara Muhendishanesi';;;;;;;;;;12424 ACTIONNAME3399B;Crush the revolt!;;;;;;;;;;12425 ACTIONNAME3399A;Accept a free Serbia;;;;;;;;;;12426 ACTIONNAME3398B;Crush the rebels!;;;;;;;;;;12427 ACTIONNAME3398A;Accept a free Egypt;;;;;;;;;;12428 ACTIONNAME3397B;Crush the revolt;;;;;;;;;;12429 ACTIONNAME3397A;Allow Ahmed III to be deposed;;;;;;;;;;12430 ACTIONNAME3396A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12431 ACTIONNAME3395A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12432 ACTIONNAME3394B;Negotiate a solution;;;;;;;;;;12433 ACTIONNAME3394A;Crush the rebels;;;;;;;;;;12434 ACTIONNAME3393C;Islam is the Law!;;;;;;;;;;12435 ACTIONNAME3393B;Initiate moderate reforms;;;;;;;;;;12436 ACTIONNAME3393A;Begin westernization process;;;;;;;;;;12437 ACTIONNAME3392B;Crush the rebels;;;;;;;;;;12438 ACTIONNAME3392A;Accept a free Tripolitania;;;;;;;;;;12439 ACTIONNAME3391B;Crush the rebels;;;;;;;;;;12440 ACTIONNAME3391A;Accept a free Tunisia;;;;;;;;;;12441 ACTIONNAME3390B;Seek reconciliation;;;;;;;;;;12442 ACTIONNAME3390A;Rattle the sabers;;;;;;;;;;12443 ACTIONNAME3389B;Seek reconciliation;;;;;;;;;;12444 ACTIONNAME3389A;Rattle the sabers;;;;;;;;;;12445 ACTIONNAME3388B;Seek reconciliation;;;;;;;;;;12446 ACTIONNAME3388A;Rattle the sabers;;;;;;;;;;12447 ACTIONNAME3387C;No Treaty;;;;;;;;;;12448 ACTIONNAME3387B;Moderate Treaty;;;;;;;;;;12449 ACTIONNAME3387A;Full Reconciliation;;;;;;;;;;12450 ACTIONNAME3386C;Ignore his advice;;;;;;;;;;12451 ACTIONNAME3386B;Compromise;;;;;;;;;;12452 ACTIONNAME3386A;Empower Kemankes;;;;;;;;;;12453 ACTIONNAME3385B;Rely on more popular advisors;;;;;;;;;;12454 ACTIONNAME3385A;Support the Köprülü Family;;;;;;;;;;12455 ACTIONNAME3384A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12456 ACTIONNAME3383B;Reform the military;;;;;;;;;;12457 ACTIONNAME3383A;Let the Janissaries enjoy their privileges;;;;;;;;;;12458 ACTIONNAME3382B;Bribe the rebel leaders;;;;;;;;;;12459 ACTIONNAME3382A;Crush the rebels;;;;;;;;;;12460 ACTIONNAME3381C;Rein them in;;;;;;;;;;12461 ACTIONNAME3381B;Limit the concessions;;;;;;;;;;12462 ACTIONNAME3381A;More power to the Beys;;;;;;;;;;12463 ACTIONNAME3380C;Rein them in;;;;;;;;;;12464 ACTIONNAME3380B;Limit the concessions;;;;;;;;;;12465 ACTIONNAME3380A;More power to the Beys;;;;;;;;;;12466 ACTIONNAME3379C;Rein them in;;;;;;;;;;12467 ACTIONNAME3379B;Limit the concessions;;;;;;;;;;12468 ACTIONNAME3379A;More power to the Beys;;;;;;;;;;12469 ACTIONNAME3378B;Negotiate with the rebels;;;;;;;;;;12470 ACTIONNAME3378A;Smash the rebellion by force;;;;;;;;;;12471 ACTIONNAME3377B;Choose another wife;;;;;;;;;;12472 ACTIONNAME3377A;Wed Kösem;;;;;;;;;;12473 ACTIONNAME3376B;Bribe the rebel leaders;;;;;;;;;;12474 ACTIONNAME3376A;Crush the rebels;;;;;;;;;;12475 ACTIONNAME3375A;Codify the Ottoman Laws;;;;;;;;;;12476 ACTIONNAME3374C;Invest in fortifications instead;;;;;;;;;;12477 ACTIONNAME3374B;Build modest works;;;;;;;;;;12478 ACTIONNAME3374A;Build great works;;;;;;;;;;12479 ACTIONNAME3373A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12480 ACTIONNAME3372A;We accept your submission - Vassal!;;;;;;;;;;12481 ACTIONNAME3371A;Assume the title of Caliph;;;;;;;;;;12482 ACTIONNAME3370B;Heed their demands;;;;;;;;;;12483 ACTIONNAME3370A;Crush Celali and the Shiites;;;;;;;;;;12484 ACTIONNAME3369B;Negotiate with Ismaïl;;;;;;;;;;12485 ACTIONNAME3369A;Crush the Shiite rebels;;;;;;;;;;12486 ACTIONNAME3368B;Seek reconciliation;;;;;;;;;;12487 ACTIONNAME3368A;Crush Cem's rebellion;;;;;;;;;;12488 ACTIONNAME3367C;Reform the army instead;;;;;;;;;;12489 ACTIONNAME3367B;Build a lesser shipyard;;;;;;;;;;12490 ACTIONNAME3367A;Build the Imperial Halic Shipyard;;;;;;;;;;12491 ACTIONNAME3366C;Reduce the Royal Bureaucracy;;;;;;;;;;12492 ACTIONNAME3366B;Promote limited reforms;;;;;;;;;;12493 ACTIONNAME3366A;Expand the Royal Bureaucracy;;;;;;;;;;12494 ACTIONNAME3365A;Very well;;;;;;;;;;12495 ACTIONNAME3364A;The infidels will pay for this!;;;;;;;;;;12496 ACTIONNAME3363B;Concentrate on the rebels;;;;;;;;;;12497 ACTIONNAME3363A;This means War!;;;;;;;;;;12498 ACTIONNAME3362C;Seek reconciliation;;;;;;;;;;12499 ACTIONNAME3362B;Maintain the status quo;;;;;;;;;;12500 ACTIONNAME3362A;Fan the Flames of War;;;;;;;;;;12501 ACTIONNAME3361C;Arrange to have him murdered;;;;;;;;;;12502 ACTIONNAME3361B;Leave the Prince to his fate;;;;;;;;;;12503 ACTIONNAME3361A;Pay the Shah to have Bayezid extradited;;;;;;;;;;12504 ACTIONNAME3360C;Adopt the Shiite faith;;;;;;;;;;12505 ACTIONNAME3360B;Reconcile with Ahmed;;;;;;;;;;12506 ACTIONNAME3360A;Crush the heretics!;;;;;;;;;;12507 ACTIONNAME3359B;Give Alexandria with CoT as compensation;;;;;;;;;;12508 ACTIONNAME3359A;Refuse even to discuss compensation;;;;;;;;;;12509 ACTIONNAME3358A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12510 ACTIONNAME3357B;Expand the timariot system instead;;;;;;;;;;12511 ACTIONNAME3357A;Found the 'Enderun';;;;;;;;;;12512 ACTIONNAME3356B;Reject the idea;;;;;;;;;;12513 ACTIONNAME3356A;Institute the office;;;;;;;;;;12514 ACTIONNAME3355C;Great Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;12515 ACTIONNAME3355B;Reform Army and Navy;;;;;;;;;;12516 ACTIONNAME3355A;Great Naval Reform;;;;;;;;;;12517 ACTIONNAME3354C;Great Naval Reform;;;;;;;;;;12518 ACTIONNAME3354B;Reform Army and Navy;;;;;;;;;;12519 ACTIONNAME3354A;Great Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;12520 ACTIONNAME3353B;Keep the old one;;;;;;;;;;12521 ACTIONNAME3353A;Make Constantinople the new Capital;;;;;;;;;;12522 ACTIONNAME3352B;Honor the Agreements;;;;;;;;;;12523 ACTIONNAME3352A;Break the Agreements;;;;;;;;;;12524 ACTIONNAME3351A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12525 ACTIONNAME3350A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12526 ACTIONNAME3349A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12527 ACTIONNAME3348A;Oh No!;;;;;;;;;;12528 ACTIONNAME3347A;Oh No!;;;;;;;;;;12529 ACTIONNAME3346A;Oh No!;;;;;;;;;;12530 ACTIONNAME3345B;Leave it to the Colonial Militia;;;;;;;;;;12531 ACTIONNAME3345A;Invest in expensive Perimeter Defense;;;;;;;;;;12532 ACTIONNAME3344B;Invest in expensive Perimeter Defense;;;;;;;;;;12533 ACTIONNAME3344A;Leave it to the Colonial Militia;;;;;;;;;;12534 ACTIONNAME3343B;Invest in expensive Perimeter Defense;;;;;;;;;;12535 ACTIONNAME3343A;Leave it to the Colonial Militia;;;;;;;;;;12536 ACTIONNAME3342A;A Violent Revolution has struck us, Sire;;;;;;;;;;12537 ACTIONNAME3341A;Adieu!;;;;;;;;;;12538 ACTIONNAME3340B;Risk the Revolution!;;;;;;;;;;12539 ACTIONNAME3340A;React against Revolutionary Tendencies!;;;;;;;;;;12540 ACTIONNAME3339C;No, and go further!;;;;;;;;;;12541 ACTIONNAME3339B;No, certainly not!;;;;;;;;;;12542 ACTIONNAME3339A;Yes, certainly!;;;;;;;;;;12543 ACTIONNAME3338A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;;;;;;;;;;12544 ACTIONNAME3337A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;;;;;;;;;;12545 ACTIONNAME3336B;Let it be;;;;;;;;;;12546 ACTIONNAME3336A;Reform;;;;;;;;;;12547 ACTIONNAME3335C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;;;;;;;;;;12548 ACTIONNAME3335B;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12549 ACTIONNAME3335A;Sign the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;12550 ACTIONNAME3334B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;;;;;;;;;;12551 ACTIONNAME3334A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12552 ACTIONNAME3333A;Stop the Movement for Independence;;;;;;;;;;12553 ACTIONNAME3332C;Decentralized Hungarian Noble Council in Budapest;;;;;;;;;;12554 ACTIONNAME3332B;Centralized German Administration from Vienna;;;;;;;;;;12555 ACTIONNAME3332A;Centralized German Administration from Budapest;;;;;;;;;;12556 ACTIONNAME3331B;Flexible Frontier Strategy;;;;;;;;;;12557 ACTIONNAME3331A;Centralized Defensive Strategy;;;;;;;;;;12558 ACTIONNAME3330A;Only if I get Franche-Comté;;;;;;;;;;12559 ACTIONNAME3329A;Seek her consent and ask to marry her;;;;;;;;;;12560 ACTIONNAME3328B;Let the Nobility run these mundane things;;;;;;;;;;12561 ACTIONNAME3328A;Create these New Functions;;;;;;;;;;12562 ACTIONNAME3327C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;;;;;;;;;;12563 ACTIONNAME3327B;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12564 ACTIONNAME3327A;Sign the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;12565 ACTIONNAME3326B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;;;;;;;;;;12566 ACTIONNAME3326A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12567 ACTIONNAME3325B;Lower the taxes;;;;;;;;;;12568 ACTIONNAME3325A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12569 ACTIONNAME3324A;I will be the Duke of Provence;;;;;;;;;;12570 ACTIONNAME3323A;Provence will be part of France;;;;;;;;;;12571 ACTIONNAME3322A;Let him have that outpost...for a while;;;;;;;;;;12572 ACTIONNAME3321A;Take her and drag her to the Altar;;;;;;;;;;12573 ACTIONNAME3320A;I crave blood!;;;;;;;;;;12574 ACTIONNAME3319A;It's all mine!;;;;;;;;;;12575 ACTIONNAME3318C;Tax and Financial Reform;;;;;;;;;;12576 ACTIONNAME3318B;Tax Reform;;;;;;;;;;12577 ACTIONNAME3318A;Financial Reform;;;;;;;;;;12578 ACTIONNAME3317B;Not Guilty;;;;;;;;;;12579 ACTIONNAME3317A;Guilty;;;;;;;;;;12580 ACTIONNAME3316C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;;;;;;;;;;12581 ACTIONNAME3316B;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12582 ACTIONNAME3316A;Sign the Union of Arras;;;;;;;;;;12583 ACTIONNAME3315B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;;;;;;;;;;12584 ACTIONNAME3315A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12585 ACTIONNAME3314A;I will be the Duke of Provence;;;;;;;;;;12586 ACTIONNAME3313A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12587 ACTIONNAME3312A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12588 ACTIONNAME3311B;Do not upset the people;;;;;;;;;;12589 ACTIONNAME3311A;Reform the agriculture;;;;;;;;;;12590 ACTIONNAME3310B;Stavnbåndet works well;;;;;;;;;;12591 ACTIONNAME3310A;Assign the commission;;;;;;;;;;12592 ACTIONNAME3309A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12593 ACTIONNAME3308A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12594 ACTIONNAME3307B;Outlaw Pietism;;;;;;;;;;12595 ACTIONNAME3307A;Endorse Pietism;;;;;;;;;;12596 ACTIONNAME3306B;Drop the law;;;;;;;;;;12597 ACTIONNAME3306A;Pass the law;;;;;;;;;;12598 ACTIONNAME3305C;Free Trade Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12599 ACTIONNAME3305B;No Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12600 ACTIONNAME3305A;Mercantilist Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12601 ACTIONNAME3304A;Excellent!;;;;;;;;;;12602 ACTIONNAME3303B;Such is politics;;;;;;;;;;12603 ACTIONNAME3303A;We have been insulted;;;;;;;;;;12604 ACTIONNAME3302C;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12605 ACTIONNAME3302B;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12606 ACTIONNAME3302A;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12607 ACTIONNAME3301B;Keep the old system;;;;;;;;;;12608 ACTIONNAME3301A;Sign the Danish Law;;;;;;;;;;12609 ACTIONNAME3300C;The Army adequate founds;;;;;;;;;;12610 ACTIONNAME3300B;The Navy adequate founds;;;;;;;;;;12611 ACTIONNAME3300A;Try to balance things;;;;;;;;;;12612 ACTIONNAME3299A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12613 ACTIONNAME3298C;Build fortifications;;;;;;;;;;12614 ACTIONNAME3298B;Reform the Army;;;;;;;;;;12615 ACTIONNAME3298A;Reform the Navy;;;;;;;;;;12616 ACTIONNAME3297B;Maintain the present system;;;;;;;;;;12617 ACTIONNAME3297A;Establish Absolutism;;;;;;;;;;12618 ACTIONNAME3296B;Free Trade Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12619 ACTIONNAME3296A;Mercantilist Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12620 ACTIONNAME3295B;It is a useless venture;;;;;;;;;;12621 ACTIONNAME3295A;Found an East Indian Company;;;;;;;;;;12622 ACTIONNAME3294A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12623 ACTIONNAME3293B;Support Christian II;;;;;;;;;;12624 ACTIONNAME3293A;Support Christian of Holstein;;;;;;;;;;12625 ACTIONNAME3292B;Accept this Government;;;;;;;;;;12626 ACTIONNAME3292A;Defy the Knights;;;;;;;;;;12627 ACTIONNAME3291B;Only accept your part of the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12628 ACTIONNAME3291A;Accept Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12629 ACTIONNAME3290B;Defy the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12630 ACTIONNAME3290A;Accept the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12631 ACTIONNAME3289A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12632 ACTIONNAME3288C;Build Fortifications;;;;;;;;;;12633 ACTIONNAME3288B;Expand the Army;;;;;;;;;;12634 ACTIONNAME3288A;Expand the Navy;;;;;;;;;;12635 ACTIONNAME3287B;Drop the whole idea;;;;;;;;;;12636 ACTIONNAME3287A;Draft the Scandinavian Constitution;;;;;;;;;;12637 ACTIONNAME3286B;Let the peasants be free;;;;;;;;;;12638 ACTIONNAME3286A;Adopt Vornedskab;;;;;;;;;;12639 ACTIONNAME3285B;Maintain Status Quo;;;;;;;;;;12640 ACTIONNAME3285A;Reform the Government;;;;;;;;;;12641 ACTIONNAME3284B;Let trade flow freely;;;;;;;;;;12642 ACTIONNAME3284A;Impose the Sound Due;;;;;;;;;;12643 ACTIONNAME3283B;Replace Jösse with a lenient sheriff;;;;;;;;;;12644 ACTIONNAME3283A;Replace Jösse with Hans von Eberstein;;;;;;;;;;12645 ACTIONNAME3282B;The King concede to liberal ideas;;;;;;;;;;12646 ACTIONNAME3282A;Growing opposition;;;;;;;;;;12647 ACTIONNAME3281B;Let the 'Great Marquis' rule;;;;;;;;;;12648 ACTIONNAME3281A;Expel him;;;;;;;;;;12649 ACTIONNAME3280B;Be Lenient;;;;;;;;;;12650 ACTIONNAME3280A;Crush the Opposition;;;;;;;;;;12651 ACTIONNAME3279A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;12652 ACTIONNAME3278A;OK;;;;;;;;;;12653 ACTIONNAME3277C;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12654 ACTIONNAME3277B;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12655 ACTIONNAME3277A;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12656 ACTIONNAME3276A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;12657 ACTIONNAME3275B;Don't Offer the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12658 ACTIONNAME3275A;Offer the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12659 ACTIONNAME3274B;Accept the King, but not the government;;;;;;;;;;12660 ACTIONNAME3274A;Accept the New Government;;;;;;;;;;12661 ACTIONNAME3273A;Arrgh!;;;;;;;;;;12662 ACTIONNAME3272B;Declare the King insane and lock him up for good;;;;;;;;;;12663 ACTIONNAME3272A;A Crusade against the Heretics in Africa;;;;;;;;;;12664 ACTIONNAME3271A;Appoint de Sousa;;;;;;;;;;12665 ACTIONNAME3270B;Do not institute them!;;;;;;;;;;12666 ACTIONNAME3270A;Institute them!;;;;;;;;;;12667 ACTIONNAME3269B;Do not institute them!;;;;;;;;;;12668 ACTIONNAME3269A;Institute them!;;;;;;;;;;12669 ACTIONNAME3268B;Negotiate trading rights;;;;;;;;;;12670 ACTIONNAME3268A;Forcefully control spice trade;;;;;;;;;;12671 ACTIONNAME3267B;The Duke survives and assists the King;;;;;;;;;;12672 ACTIONNAME3267A;King is tricked;;;;;;;;;;12673 ACTIONNAME3266B;Demand less corruption;;;;;;;;;;12674 ACTIONNAME3266A;Every man makes his own fortune;;;;;;;;;;12675 ACTIONNAME3265B;Support the Aristocracy;;;;;;;;;;12676 ACTIONNAME3265A;Support the King;;;;;;;;;;12677 ACTIONNAME3264B;Carry on as before;;;;;;;;;;12678 ACTIONNAME3264A;Initiate the Reform;;;;;;;;;;12679 ACTIONNAME3263B;Refuse the Act;;;;;;;;;;12680 ACTIONNAME3263A;Pass the Act;;;;;;;;;;12681 ACTIONNAME3262B;No more tyrants!;;;;;;;;;;12682 ACTIONNAME3262A;The King shall rule!;;;;;;;;;;12683 ACTIONNAME3261B;Carry on as before;;;;;;;;;;12684 ACTIONNAME3261A;Reform the economy;;;;;;;;;;12685 ACTIONNAME3260B;Gustavus is our rightful King;;;;;;;;;;12686 ACTIONNAME3260A;Install Jean-Baptist Bernadotte;;;;;;;;;;12687 ACTIONNAME3259B;Execute the Traitors;;;;;;;;;;12688 ACTIONNAME3259A;Negotiate with the Traitors;;;;;;;;;;12689 ACTIONNAME3258B;Let the Hats win;;;;;;;;;;12690 ACTIONNAME3258A;Let the Caps win;;;;;;;;;;12691 ACTIONNAME3257B;Let the Caps win;;;;;;;;;;12692 ACTIONNAME3257A;Let the Hats win;;;;;;;;;;12693 ACTIONNAME3256B;Increase the Royal influence;;;;;;;;;;12694 ACTIONNAME3256A;Confirm the Current Constitution;;;;;;;;;;12695 ACTIONNAME3255B;Let the Caps win;;;;;;;;;;12696 ACTIONNAME3255A;Let the Hats win;;;;;;;;;;12697 ACTIONNAME3254B;Let the Caps win;;;;;;;;;;12698 ACTIONNAME3254A;Let the Hats win;;;;;;;;;;12699 ACTIONNAME3253B;Mercantilism is Dead;;;;;;;;;;12700 ACTIONNAME3253A;Time to Experiment;;;;;;;;;;12701 ACTIONNAME3252B;Frederik of Denmark;;;;;;;;;;12702 ACTIONNAME3252A;Adolf Frederik of Holstein-Gottorp;;;;;;;;;;12703 ACTIONNAME3251C;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12704 ACTIONNAME3251B;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12705 ACTIONNAME3251A;Remain Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12706 ACTIONNAME3250B;Leave this death-trap alone;;;;;;;;;;12707 ACTIONNAME3250A;We will defend our claims;;;;;;;;;;12708 ACTIONNAME3249B;Be Neutral under the Mists of Warcry;;;;;;;;;;12709 ACTIONNAME3249A;Fight for Old Stanislaus;;;;;;;;;;12710 ACTIONNAME3248B;Allow Pietism;;;;;;;;;;12711 ACTIONNAME3248A;Sign the Conventicle Edict;;;;;;;;;;12712 ACTIONNAME3247C;Ease up on the present policy;;;;;;;;;;12713 ACTIONNAME3247B;Maintain the present policy;;;;;;;;;;12714 ACTIONNAME3247A;Pass the Act;;;;;;;;;;12715 ACTIONNAME3246B;Hold on to the reins;;;;;;;;;;12716 ACTIONNAME3246A;Abandon absolutism;;;;;;;;;;12717 ACTIONNAME3245C;Align with England and Holland;;;;;;;;;;12718 ACTIONNAME3245B;Align with France;;;;;;;;;;12719 ACTIONNAME3245A;Align with the Oriental Powers;;;;;;;;;;12720 ACTIONNAME3244B;Use the old system;;;;;;;;;;12721 ACTIONNAME3244A;Reform the army;;;;;;;;;;12722 ACTIONNAME3243B;Bargain with the lords;;;;;;;;;;12723 ACTIONNAME3243A;Time of reckoning for the lords;;;;;;;;;;12724 ACTIONNAME3242B;No, that could unite the Szlachta against us;;;;;;;;;;12725 ACTIONNAME3242A;Yes, dethrone the Saxon pig;;;;;;;;;;12726 ACTIONNAME3241C;Russia First-Strategy;;;;;;;;;;12727 ACTIONNAME3241B;Poland First-Strategy;;;;;;;;;;12728 ACTIONNAME3241A;Denmark First-Strategy;;;;;;;;;;12729 ACTIONNAME3240B;Comply with the King's Will;;;;;;;;;;12730 ACTIONNAME3240A;Replace the King's Men;;;;;;;;;;12731 ACTIONNAME3239B;Stay and personally convert to Catholicism;;;;;;;;;;12732 ACTIONNAME3239A;Abdicate;;;;;;;;;;12733 ACTIONNAME3238C;More land to the Crown;;;;;;;;;;12734 ACTIONNAME3238B;Increased Contributions;;;;;;;;;;12735 ACTIONNAME3238A;Align with the Lords;;;;;;;;;;12736 ACTIONNAME3237C;Align with the Lords;;;;;;;;;;12737 ACTIONNAME3237B;Force the nobles to contribute more;;;;;;;;;;12738 ACTIONNAME3237A;More land to the Crown!;;;;;;;;;;12739 ACTIONNAME3236B;Regency under Gyllenhielm;;;;;;;;;;12740 ACTIONNAME3236A;Regency under Oxenstierna;;;;;;;;;;12741 ACTIONNAME3235A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12742 ACTIONNAME3234A;Death to the Danish tyrant!;;;;;;;;;;12743 ACTIONNAME3233B;Allow him free reign;;;;;;;;;;12744 ACTIONNAME3233A;Appoint him Chancellor;;;;;;;;;;12745 ACTIONNAME3232B;The King must heed the Council;;;;;;;;;;12746 ACTIONNAME3232A;The King shall rule supreme;;;;;;;;;;12747 ACTIONNAME3231C;Align with Dutch colonialism;;;;;;;;;;12748 ACTIONNAME3231B;Free Trade Policy;;;;;;;;;;12749 ACTIONNAME3231A;Mercantilist Policy;;;;;;;;;;12750 ACTIONNAME3230B;He will make an excellent Czar!;;;;;;;;;;12751 ACTIONNAME3230A;The Prince deserves better;;;;;;;;;;12752 ACTIONNAME3229B;Sigismund is the rightful King;;;;;;;;;;12753 ACTIONNAME3229A;God is with Duke Charles;;;;;;;;;;12754 ACTIONNAME3228C;Naval Expansion;;;;;;;;;;12755 ACTIONNAME3228B;Mercenary Core;;;;;;;;;;12756 ACTIONNAME3228A;Regional Conscription;;;;;;;;;;12757 ACTIONNAME3227A;Encourage Walloon immigration;;;;;;;;;;12758 ACTIONNAME3226B;Remain true to Catholicism;;;;;;;;;;12759 ACTIONNAME3226A;Convert to Protestantism;;;;;;;;;;12760 ACTIONNAME3225B;Have John Executed;;;;;;;;;;12761 ACTIONNAME3225A;Dethrone Erik;;;;;;;;;;12762 ACTIONNAME3224B;Negotiate with Dacke;;;;;;;;;;12763 ACTIONNAME3224A;Crush the rebellion;;;;;;;;;;12764 ACTIONNAME3223B;Hansa-hostile Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12765 ACTIONNAME3223A;Hansa-friendly Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12766 ACTIONNAME3222B;Accept this Government;;;;;;;;;;12767 ACTIONNAME3222A;Defy the Knights;;;;;;;;;;12768 ACTIONNAME3221B;Accept the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12769 ACTIONNAME3221A;Defy the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12770 ACTIONNAME3220B;Only accept your part of the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12771 ACTIONNAME3220A;Accept Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12772 ACTIONNAME3219B;Stay in the Union;;;;;;;;;;12773 ACTIONNAME3219A;Freedom!;;;;;;;;;;12774 ACTIONNAME3218B;Honor the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12775 ACTIONNAME3218A;Reject the Kalmar Recess;;;;;;;;;;12776 ACTIONNAME3217C;Pick of the torch of freedom!;;;;;;;;;;12777 ACTIONNAME3217B;Direct the rebellion towards Denmark proper;;;;;;;;;;12778 ACTIONNAME3217A;Have Engelbrekt murdered;;;;;;;;;;12779 ACTIONNAME3216C;Reforms of Reaction;;;;;;;;;;12780 ACTIONNAME3216B;No Change;;;;;;;;;;12781 ACTIONNAME3216A;Reforms of Enlightenment;;;;;;;;;;12782 ACTIONNAME3209A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;;;;;;;;;;12783 ACTIONNAME3208A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;12784 ACTIONNAME3207B;Do not interfere;;;;;;;;;;12785 ACTIONNAME3207A;Make legal claims on Bayern;;;;;;;;;;12786 ACTIONNAME3206A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;12787 ACTIONNAME3205C;Publicly promise Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12788 ACTIONNAME3205B;Meekly Argue for Moral Justice;;;;;;;;;;12789 ACTIONNAME3205A;Staunchly Defend Your Rights;;;;;;;;;;12790 ACTIONNAME3204B;Secure Poland for the Wettins;;;;;;;;;;12791 ACTIONNAME3204A;Give the Wettins a helping hand;;;;;;;;;;12792 ACTIONNAME3203B;Stop the Archbishop's Purge;;;;;;;;;;12793 ACTIONNAME3203A;Let the Archbishop Purge the Protestants;;;;;;;;;;12794 ACTIONNAME3202A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;12795 ACTIONNAME3201B;Whip and Carrot!;;;;;;;;;;12796 ACTIONNAME3201A;Whip!;;;;;;;;;;12797 ACTIONNAME3200A;Splendid;;;;;;;;;;12798 ACTIONNAME3199B;We must accept the will of poor Carlos;;;;;;;;;;12799 ACTIONNAME3199A;No it ours;;;;;;;;;;12800 ACTIONNAME3198B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;12801 ACTIONNAME3198A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;12802 ACTIONNAME3197A;The Netherlands is subjugated;;;;;;;;;;12803 ACTIONNAME3196B;No, and appease Protestants in Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;12804 ACTIONNAME3196A;Yes, and eradicate Protestants in Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;12805 ACTIONNAME3195A;Pappenheim will take care of the Matter;;;;;;;;;;12806 ACTIONNAME3194A;Not good at all;;;;;;;;;;12807 ACTIONNAME3193B;Do not issue it;;;;;;;;;;12808 ACTIONNAME3193A;Issue it;;;;;;;;;;12809 ACTIONNAME3192B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12810 ACTIONNAME3192A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;12811 ACTIONNAME3191B;Lower the taxes;;;;;;;;;;12812 ACTIONNAME3191A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12813 ACTIONNAME3190C;Let Ferdinand keep the Italian possessions;;;;;;;;;;12814 ACTIONNAME3190B;Let Ferdinand keep the Netherlands;;;;;;;;;;12815 ACTIONNAME3190A;Give all the possessions to Filip;;;;;;;;;;12816 ACTIONNAME3189C;Anyone may choose their Religion;;;;;;;;;;12817 ACTIONNAME3189B;There is only one religion, Catholicism;;;;;;;;;;12818 ACTIONNAME3189A;The Princes may choose their Religion;;;;;;;;;;12819 ACTIONNAME3188C;Protestant Support;;;;;;;;;;12820 ACTIONNAME3188B;Catholic Support;;;;;;;;;;12821 ACTIONNAME3188A;Middle-ground;;;;;;;;;;12822 ACTIONNAME3187A;I will become the King of Bohemia;;;;;;;;;;12823 ACTIONNAME3186B;Let him have it;;;;;;;;;;12824 ACTIONNAME3186A;No! It is mine!;;;;;;;;;;12825 ACTIONNAME3185A;I will be crowned King of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;12826 ACTIONNAME3184A;Magnificent!;;;;;;;;;;12827 ACTIONNAME3183B;Turn the Fuggers offer down;;;;;;;;;;12828 ACTIONNAME3183A;Let the Fuggers run our Finances;;;;;;;;;;12829 ACTIONNAME3182C;Express Hostility;;;;;;;;;;12830 ACTIONNAME3182B;Ignore;;;;;;;;;;12831 ACTIONNAME3182A;Express Support;;;;;;;;;;12832 ACTIONNAME3181B;Rule as part of Austria;;;;;;;;;;12833 ACTIONNAME3181A;Rule as separate country;;;;;;;;;;12834 ACTIONNAME3180A;I crave blood!;;;;;;;;;;12835 ACTIONNAME3179B;Let the Habsburg Empire be ruled from Madrid;;;;;;;;;;12836 ACTIONNAME3179A;Let the Habsburg Empire be ruled from Vienna;;;;;;;;;;12837 ACTIONNAME3178A;It's all mine!;;;;;;;;;;12838 ACTIONNAME3177A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;;;;;;;;;;12839 ACTIONNAME3176C;Franchised Citizenship;;;;;;;;;;12840 ACTIONNAME3176B;Govern from Madrid;;;;;;;;;;12841 ACTIONNAME3176A;Govern through Spanish Governors;;;;;;;;;;12842 ACTIONNAME3175B;Pass the opportunity;;;;;;;;;;12843 ACTIONNAME3175A;Offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;12844 ACTIONNAME3174C;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12845 ACTIONNAME3174B;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12846 ACTIONNAME3174A;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12847 ACTIONNAME3173B;Carlos of Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12848 ACTIONNAME3173A;Felipe of Bourbon;;;;;;;;;;12849 ACTIONNAME3172B;Give in to France;;;;;;;;;;12850 ACTIONNAME3172A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;12851 ACTIONNAME3171A;The Netherlands is subjugated;;;;;;;;;;12852 ACTIONNAME3170B;Appease them!;;;;;;;;;;12853 ACTIONNAME3170A;Put it down!;;;;;;;;;;12854 ACTIONNAME3169B;Appease them!;;;;;;;;;;12855 ACTIONNAME3169A;Put it down!;;;;;;;;;;12856 ACTIONNAME3168B;Appease them!;;;;;;;;;;12857 ACTIONNAME3168A;Put it down!;;;;;;;;;;12858 ACTIONNAME3167B;Let them be as they are needed for the economy;;;;;;;;;;12859 ACTIONNAME3167A;Expel the Heretics!;;;;;;;;;;12860 ACTIONNAME3166B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12861 ACTIONNAME3166A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;12862 ACTIONNAME3165A;Arrgh!;;;;;;;;;;12863 ACTIONNAME3164A;Declare State Bankruptcy;;;;;;;;;;12864 ACTIONNAME3163B;One King, Two Kingdoms;;;;;;;;;;12865 ACTIONNAME3163A;One King, One Kingdom;;;;;;;;;;12866 ACTIONNAME3162B;One King, Two Kingdoms;;;;;;;;;;12867 ACTIONNAME3162A;One King, One Kingdom;;;;;;;;;;12868 ACTIONNAME3161B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;12869 ACTIONNAME3161A;Support the Holy League;;;;;;;;;;12870 ACTIONNAME3160B;Let them be as they are needed for the economy;;;;;;;;;;12871 ACTIONNAME3160A;Force them to become Good Catholic Spaniards;;;;;;;;;;12872 ACTIONNAME3159B;Lower the taxes;;;;;;;;;;12873 ACTIONNAME3159A;No Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12874 ACTIONNAME3158A;Declare State Bankruptcy;;;;;;;;;;12875 ACTIONNAME3157A;Yes Father!;;;;;;;;;;12876 ACTIONNAME3156B;Don't give them anything;;;;;;;;;;12877 ACTIONNAME3156A;Give Malta to the Knights of St: John;;;;;;;;;;12878 ACTIONNAME3155C;Use force, but give concessions to the Nobility;;;;;;;;;;12879 ACTIONNAME3155B;Use force, but give concessions to the Peasantry;;;;;;;;;;12880 ACTIONNAME3155A;Crush the Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;12881 ACTIONNAME3154B;Turn the Fuggers offer down;;;;;;;;;;12882 ACTIONNAME3154A;Let the Fuggers run our Finances;;;;;;;;;;12883 ACTIONNAME3153A;We now have control of our Oversea Trade;;;;;;;;;;12884 ACTIONNAME3152A;A New Reconquista! A New Beginning!;;;;;;;;;;12885 ACTIONNAME3151A;Humbly Accept Carlos' Wise Decision;;;;;;;;;;12886 ACTIONNAME3150B;Let us make a clean sweep for the Glory of God;;;;;;;;;;12887 ACTIONNAME3150A;Let us be rid of those we cannot trust;;;;;;;;;;12888 ACTIONNAME3149B;Deepen the value of the Republic;;;;;;;;;;12889 ACTIONNAME3149A;Vive l'Empereur!;;;;;;;;;;12890 ACTIONNAME3148B;We don't want a new Caesar!;;;;;;;;;;12891 ACTIONNAME3148A;We need Brilliant Leadership!;;;;;;;;;;12892 ACTIONNAME3147A;Royalists and Ultra Catholics are on the move;;;;;;;;;;12893 ACTIONNAME3146B;361 votes against and 360 for execution;;;;;;;;;;12894 ACTIONNAME3146A;361 votes for and 360 against execution;;;;;;;;;;12895 ACTIONNAME3145A;The September-murders have taken place;;;;;;;;;;12896 ACTIONNAME3144C;Economic and Social Reforms;;;;;;;;;;12897 ACTIONNAME3144B;Economic Reforms and small Social Change;;;;;;;;;;12898 ACTIONNAME3144A;Economic Reforms, but no Social Change;;;;;;;;;;12899 ACTIONNAME3143B;Refuse to sign it;;;;;;;;;;12900 ACTIONNAME3143A;Sign it;;;;;;;;;;12901 ACTIONNAME3142B;Encourage his excellent work;;;;;;;;;;12902 ACTIONNAME3142A;Remove him and install Calonne;;;;;;;;;;12903 ACTIONNAME3141B;Don't let him Reform;;;;;;;;;;12904 ACTIONNAME3141A;Let him Reform;;;;;;;;;;12905 ACTIONNAME3140B;Pass the opportunity;;;;;;;;;;12906 ACTIONNAME3140A;Offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;12907 ACTIONNAME3139C;Do not introduce it;;;;;;;;;;12908 ACTIONNAME3139B;Introduce it for all;;;;;;;;;;12909 ACTIONNAME3139A;Introduce it, except for Nobles and Priest;;;;;;;;;;12910 ACTIONNAME3138C;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12911 ACTIONNAME3138B;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12912 ACTIONNAME3138A;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;12913 ACTIONNAME3137A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;12914 ACTIONNAME3136B;Risk Major War for the Kingdom;;;;;;;;;;12915 ACTIONNAME3136A;Risk Local War for the Kingdom;;;;;;;;;;12916 ACTIONNAME3135B;No I do not trust him!;;;;;;;;;;12917 ACTIONNAME3135A;Let him become our Spymaster!;;;;;;;;;;12918 ACTIONNAME3134C;National Loans at 800 ducats;;;;;;;;;;12919 ACTIONNAME3134B;National Loans at 200 ducats;;;;;;;;;;12920 ACTIONNAME3134A;National Loans at 500 ducats;;;;;;;;;;12921 ACTIONNAME3133A;Declare State Bankruptcy;;;;;;;;;;12922 ACTIONNAME3132B;This sounds like a Fraud!;;;;;;;;;;12923 ACTIONNAME3132A;This sounds like Easy Money!;;;;;;;;;;12924 ACTIONNAME3131B;We must accept the will of poor Carlos;;;;;;;;;;12925 ACTIONNAME3131A;No it ours;;;;;;;;;;12926 ACTIONNAME3130A;Splendid;;;;;;;;;;12927 ACTIONNAME3129B;Have Mercy with these Misguided Creatures;;;;;;;;;;12928 ACTIONNAME3129A;Expel the Traitors;;;;;;;;;;12929 ACTIONNAME3128B;Have Mercy with these Misguided Creatures;;;;;;;;;;12930 ACTIONNAME3128A;Expel the Traitors;;;;;;;;;;12931 ACTIONNAME3127B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;12932 ACTIONNAME3127A;Make the Claim;;;;;;;;;;12933 ACTIONNAME3126A;A Sun-Palace for a Sun-King!;;;;;;;;;;12934 ACTIONNAME3125B;Useless piece of...;;;;;;;;;;12935 ACTIONNAME3125A;We need it for the Glory;;;;;;;;;;12936 ACTIONNAME3124C;Concentrate on Naval Supremacy;;;;;;;;;;12937 ACTIONNAME3124B;Concentrate on Economic Domination;;;;;;;;;;12938 ACTIONNAME3124A;Build a Navy and modernize the Infrastructure;;;;;;;;;;12939 ACTIONNAME3123B;No it's too expensive!;;;;;;;;;;12940 ACTIONNAME3123A;Yes we want it!;;;;;;;;;;12941 ACTIONNAME3122C;Appoint the Prince of Condé as Regent;;;;;;;;;;12942 ACTIONNAME3122B;Crush the Parliament, but appease the Nobles;;;;;;;;;;12943 ACTIONNAME3122A;Crush the Parliament and the Nobles;;;;;;;;;;12944 ACTIONNAME3121B;Try a Tolerant Policy of Reconciliation;;;;;;;;;;12945 ACTIONNAME3121A;Crush this State-within-the-State;;;;;;;;;;12946 ACTIONNAME3120A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;12947 ACTIONNAME3119A;Crush them!;;;;;;;;;;12948 ACTIONNAME3118B;Kill them and expropriate their land;;;;;;;;;;12949 ACTIONNAME3118A;Treat the Noble Rebels with Dignity;;;;;;;;;;12950 ACTIONNAME3117B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12951 ACTIONNAME3117A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;12952 ACTIONNAME3116B;Stay Neutral;;;;;;;;;;12953 ACTIONNAME3116A;Prepare to Join;;;;;;;;;;12954 ACTIONNAME3115C;Let us befriend the Iroquois;;;;;;;;;;12955 ACTIONNAME3115B;Let us befriend the Creek;;;;;;;;;;12956 ACTIONNAME3115A;Let us befriend the Hurons;;;;;;;;;;12957 ACTIONNAME3114A;These Excellent Military Specialists!;;;;;;;;;;12958 ACTIONNAME3113A;The Kingdom is ours!;;;;;;;;;;12959 ACTIONNAME3112B;Let the matter fall;;;;;;;;;;12960 ACTIONNAME3112A;Support the Holy League;;;;;;;;;;12961 ACTIONNAME3111A;The Kingdom is ours!;;;;;;;;;;12962 ACTIONNAME3110C;French Ultra Catholics;;;;;;;;;;12963 ACTIONNAME3110B;French Protestants;;;;;;;;;;12964 ACTIONNAME3110A;French Moderates;;;;;;;;;;12965 ACTIONNAME3109B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;12966 ACTIONNAME3109A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;12967 ACTIONNAME3108B;We will never drop our claims on what is ours;;;;;;;;;;12968 ACTIONNAME3108A;No one seem to acknowledge our claims;;;;;;;;;;12969 ACTIONNAME3107C;Express Hostility;;;;;;;;;;12970 ACTIONNAME3107B;Ignore;;;;;;;;;;12971 ACTIONNAME3107A;Express Support;;;;;;;;;;12972 ACTIONNAME3106C;Give more control to the Guilds;;;;;;;;;;12973 ACTIONNAME3106B;Do not mess with the Guilds;;;;;;;;;;12974 ACTIONNAME3106A;Take Control of the Guilds;;;;;;;;;;12975 ACTIONNAME3105B;Let us drop our claims for good!;;;;;;;;;;12976 ACTIONNAME3105A;Let us claim what is rightfully ours!;;;;;;;;;;12977 ACTIONNAME3104A;Now let us take care of those Nobles;;;;;;;;;;12978 ACTIONNAME3103B;We can safely rely on the Nobles!;;;;;;;;;;12979 ACTIONNAME3103A;We need a Permanent Force!;;;;;;;;;;12980 ACTIONNAME3102B;Let it be;;;;;;;;;;12981 ACTIONNAME3102A;Issue it;;;;;;;;;;12982 ACTIONNAME3101B;Ignore the Advice of Jean D'Arc;;;;;;;;;;12983 ACTIONNAME3101A;Heed the Advice of Jean D'Arc;;;;;;;;;;12984 ACTIONNAME3100A;Lothringen will stay within the Habsburg Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;12985 ACTIONNAME3099C;Give Concessions;;;;;;;;;;12986 ACTIONNAME3099B;Repress the Heretics;;;;;;;;;;12987 ACTIONNAME3099A;Crush the Heretics;;;;;;;;;;12988 ACTIONNAME3098A;I will become King of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;12989 ACTIONNAME3097B;Let them go their own way;;;;;;;;;;12990 ACTIONNAME3097A;Exterminate the Troublemakers;;;;;;;;;;12991 ACTIONNAME3096B;Let the liberal constitution stay put;;;;;;;;;;12992 ACTIONNAME3096A;Introduce a regime of reaction;;;;;;;;;;12993 ACTIONNAME3095A;The Cortes has enacted it already;;;;;;;;;;12994 ACTIONNAME3094B;Do not reform;;;;;;;;;;12995 ACTIONNAME3094A;Reform;;;;;;;;;;12996 ACTIONNAME3093B;Denounce the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12997 ACTIONNAME3093A;Accept the Agreement;;;;;;;;;;12998 ACTIONNAME3092A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;12999 ACTIONNAME3091A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;13000 ACTIONNAME3090B;Offer them nothing;;;;;;;;;;13001 ACTIONNAME3090A;Offer Florida for 500 ducats;;;;;;;;;;13002 ACTIONNAME3089A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;13003 ACTIONNAME3088A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;13004 ACTIONNAME3087B;Offer them nothing;;;;;;;;;;13005 ACTIONNAME3087A;Offer for 1000 ducats;;;;;;;;;;13006 ACTIONNAME3086A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;;;;;;;;;;13007 ACTIONNAME3085C;Free trade;;;;;;;;;;13008 ACTIONNAME3085B;Protective Trade reform;;;;;;;;;;13009 ACTIONNAME3085A;Trade reform;;;;;;;;;;13010 ACTIONNAME3084C;Small investment;;;;;;;;;;13011 ACTIONNAME3084B;Large investment;;;;;;;;;;13012 ACTIONNAME3084A;Medium Investment;;;;;;;;;;13013 ACTIONNAME3083A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;13014 ACTIONNAME3082B;Keep the old Stuart Dynasty as king in Scotland;;;;;;;;;;13015 ACTIONNAME3082A;Welcome the Orange Dynasty to the throne;;;;;;;;;;13016 ACTIONNAME3081B;Support David Leslie for the Scottish crown instead;;;;;;;;;;13017 ACTIONNAME3081A;Restore King Charles II to the throne;;;;;;;;;;13018 ACTIONNAME3080B;Let them live, but forfeit their rights;;;;;;;;;;13019 ACTIONNAME3080A;Exterminate the Puritan Opposition;;;;;;;;;;13020 ACTIONNAME3079B;Accept the King, but crave concessions;;;;;;;;;;13021 ACTIONNAME3079A;Declare the King's position forfeit;;;;;;;;;;13022 ACTIONNAME3078C;Furious Outrage;;;;;;;;;;13023 ACTIONNAME3078B;Fuzzy Friendliness;;;;;;;;;;13024 ACTIONNAME3078A;Close policy with England;;;;;;;;;;13025 ACTIONNAME3077B;Support the Queen;;;;;;;;;;13026 ACTIONNAME3077A;Support the Regent;;;;;;;;;;13027 ACTIONNAME3076B;Support the Queen;;;;;;;;;;13028 ACTIONNAME3076A;Force her to Abdicate;;;;;;;;;;13029 ACTIONNAME3075B;Oppose the Lords of the Congregation;;;;;;;;;;13030 ACTIONNAME3075A;Support the Lords of the Congregation;;;;;;;;;;13031 ACTIONNAME3074A;Religious Turmoil;;;;;;;;;;13032 ACTIONNAME3073A;Excellent minister;;;;;;;;;;13033 ACTIONNAME3072B;Don't ally with France;;;;;;;;;;13034 ACTIONNAME3072A;Ally with France;;;;;;;;;;13035 ACTIONNAME3071B;Make peace with the Douglas family;;;;;;;;;;13036 ACTIONNAME3071A;Destroy the castles and confiscate the lands of Douglases;;;;;;;;;;13037 ACTIONNAME3070A;Rats!;;;;;;;;;;13038 ACTIONNAME3069C;The king is not ransomed;;;;;;;;;;13039 ACTIONNAME3069B;The king is ransomed but forgives the nobility;;;;;;;;;;13040 ACTIONNAME3069A;The king is ransomed and takes revenge on the nobility;;;;;;;;;;13041 ACTIONNAME3068A;At last!!!;;;;;;;;;;13042 ACTIONNAME3067B;Decline Offer;;;;;;;;;;13043 ACTIONNAME3067A;Accept Offer;;;;;;;;;;13044 ACTIONNAME3066B;Rufus King;;;;;;;;;;13045 ACTIONNAME3066A;James Monroe;;;;;;;;;;13046 ACTIONNAME3065B;DeWitt Clinton;;;;;;;;;;13047 ACTIONNAME3065A;James Madison;;;;;;;;;;13048 ACTIONNAME3064B;Support Doves;;;;;;;;;;13049 ACTIONNAME3064A;Support War hawks;;;;;;;;;;13050 ACTIONNAME3063C;George Clinton;;;;;;;;;;13051 ACTIONNAME3063B;Charles Pinckney;;;;;;;;;;13052 ACTIONNAME3063A;James Madison;;;;;;;;;;13053 ACTIONNAME3062B;Charles Pinckney;;;;;;;;;;13054 ACTIONNAME3062A;Thomas Jefferson;;;;;;;;;;13055 ACTIONNAME3061B;Decline Offer;;;;;;;;;;13056 ACTIONNAME3061A;Accept Offer;;;;;;;;;;13057 ACTIONNAME3060C;John Adams;;;;;;;;;;13058 ACTIONNAME3060B;Aaron Burr;;;;;;;;;;13059 ACTIONNAME3060A;Thomas Jefferson;;;;;;;;;;13060 ACTIONNAME3059C;Unlimited Federal Taxation Rights;;;;;;;;;;13061 ACTIONNAME3059B;No Federal Taxation Rights;;;;;;;;;;13062 ACTIONNAME3059A;Limited Federal Taxation Rights;;;;;;;;;;13063 ACTIONNAME3058B;Thomas Jefferson;;;;;;;;;;13064 ACTIONNAME3058A;John Adams;;;;;;;;;;13065 ACTIONNAME3057C;Confederacy of Independent States;;;;;;;;;;13066 ACTIONNAME3057B;Strong Federal Government;;;;;;;;;;13067 ACTIONNAME3057A;Governmental Balance of Power;;;;;;;;;;13068 ACTIONNAME3056C;Stop immediately;;;;;;;;;;13069 ACTIONNAME3056B;Use with constrain;;;;;;;;;;13070 ACTIONNAME3056A;Print more money;;;;;;;;;;13071 ACTIONNAME3055C;Call for Volunteers;;;;;;;;;;13072 ACTIONNAME3055B;Raise Provincial Militias;;;;;;;;;;13073 ACTIONNAME3055A;Raise Professional Army;;;;;;;;;;13074 ACTIONNAME3054B;Don't issue the Act;;;;;;;;;;13075 ACTIONNAME3054A;Issue the Act;;;;;;;;;;13076 ACTIONNAME3053B;Don't issue the Act;;;;;;;;;;13077 ACTIONNAME3053A;Issue the Act;;;;;;;;;;13078 ACTIONNAME3052A;We won the Struggle!;;;;;;;;;;13079 ACTIONNAME3051A;Loyalists we welcome you!;;;;;;;;;;13080 ACTIONNAME3050A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;13081 ACTIONNAME3049C;Start Negotiations for Self-Determination;;;;;;;;;;13082 ACTIONNAME3049B;Install British Administration and Judges;;;;;;;;;;13083 ACTIONNAME3049A;Revoke the Constitutional Freedom of the Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13084 ACTIONNAME3048C;Abolish all Tolls;;;;;;;;;;13085 ACTIONNAME3048B;Keep all Tolls;;;;;;;;;;13086 ACTIONNAME3048A;Abolish all Tolls, but the Tea Toll;;;;;;;;;;13087 ACTIONNAME3047C;More Taxes in England;;;;;;;;;;13088 ACTIONNAME3047B;Stamp tax, Defense tax and Tolls;;;;;;;;;;13089 ACTIONNAME3047A;Stamp tax and Tolls;;;;;;;;;;13090 ACTIONNAME3046B;Pass the opportunity;;;;;;;;;;13091 ACTIONNAME3046A;Offer to buy Corsica;;;;;;;;;;13092 ACTIONNAME3045A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;13093 ACTIONNAME3044A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;13094 ACTIONNAME3043B;The Stuarts take back the throne!;;;;;;;;;;13095 ACTIONNAME3043A;We will smash them!;;;;;;;;;;13096 ACTIONNAME3042C;Anti-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;13097 ACTIONNAME3042B;Neutral;;;;;;;;;;13098 ACTIONNAME3042A;Pro-Habsburg;;;;;;;;;;13099 ACTIONNAME3041B;Try not to severe our relation too much;;;;;;;;;;13100 ACTIONNAME3041A;Use it as an excuse for War;;;;;;;;;;13101 ACTIONNAME3040A;An Excellent Minister!;;;;;;;;;;13102 ACTIONNAME3039B;The Stuarts take back the throne!;;;;;;;;;;13103 ACTIONNAME3039A;We will smash them!;;;;;;;;;;13104 ACTIONNAME3038A;Ahh Yes;;;;;;;;;;13105 ACTIONNAME3037A;We are Great Britain;;;;;;;;;;13106 ACTIONNAME3036C;Accept it;;;;;;;;;;13107 ACTIONNAME3036B;Fight him;;;;;;;;;;13108 ACTIONNAME3036A;Accept it conditionally;;;;;;;;;;13109 ACTIONNAME3035B;Accept it;;;;;;;;;;13110 ACTIONNAME3035A;Fight him;;;;;;;;;;13111 ACTIONNAME30352B;Rule from Kolhapur;;;;;;;;;;13112 ACTIONNAME30352A;Rule from Satara;;;;;;;;;;13113 ACTIONNAME30350B;Remain a staunch Muslim;;;;;;;;;;13114 ACTIONNAME30350A;Surrender to Mahrattis onslaught;;;;;;;;;;13115 ACTIONNAME3034C;National Loans at 800 ducats;;;;;;;;;;13116 ACTIONNAME3034B;National Loans at 200 ducats;;;;;;;;;;13117 ACTIONNAME3034A;National Loans at 500 ducats;;;;;;;;;;13118 ACTIONNAME30349B;Ignore the massacre;;;;;;;;;;13119 ACTIONNAME30349A;Punish the Decanni!;;;;;;;;;;13120 ACTIONNAME30348B;Ignore their evidence;;;;;;;;;;13121 ACTIONNAME30348A;Believe their story;;;;;;;;;;13122 ACTIONNAME30347A;Kill that Traitor!;;;;;;;;;;13123 ACTIONNAME30346B;Rule from Golconda;;;;;;;;;;13124 ACTIONNAME30346A;Rule from Bijapur;;;;;;;;;;13125 ACTIONNAME30345B;Remain Sunni;;;;;;;;;;13126 ACTIONNAME30345A;Convert back to Shia;;;;;;;;;;13127 ACTIONNAME30344B;Remain Shia;;;;;;;;;;13128 ACTIONNAME30344A;Convert to Sunni;;;;;;;;;;13129 ACTIONNAME30343B;Remain Sunni;;;;;;;;;;13130 ACTIONNAME30343A;Convert to Shia;;;;;;;;;;13131 ACTIONNAME30342B;Support Rama Raya;;;;;;;;;;13132 ACTIONNAME30342A;Support Achyuta;;;;;;;;;;13133 ACTIONNAME30340B;Too much hassle;;;;;;;;;;13134 ACTIONNAME30340A;Allow muslims to join the army;;;;;;;;;;13135 ACTIONNAME3033A;That was expected;;;;;;;;;;13136 ACTIONNAME30335B;Retain his services;;;;;;;;;;13137 ACTIONNAME30335A;Execute him and appease the nobles;;;;;;;;;;13138 ACTIONNAME30334A;Appoint Mahmud Gawan;;;;;;;;;;13139 ACTIONNAME30332B;Stick with the old dynasty;;;;;;;;;;13140 ACTIONNAME30332A;Let's the Empire fall apart and depose the ruler;;;;;;;;;;13141 ACTIONNAME3032B;Strong Monarchy with Parliament;;;;;;;;;;13142 ACTIONNAME3032A;Absolute Monarchy;;;;;;;;;;13143 ACTIONNAME30327C;Crush them and pay off Babur;;;;;;;;;;13144 ACTIONNAME30327B;Submit to Babur (become vassal);;;;;;;;;;13145 ACTIONNAME30327A;Crush them!;;;;;;;;;;13146 ACTIONNAME30323B;Refrain from interfering into Myanmar's internal problems;;;;;;;;;;13147 ACTIONNAME30323A;Provide the king of Arakan with troops;;;;;;;;;;13148 ACTIONNAME30321A;Gather troops for our defence;;;;;;;;;;13149 ACTIONNAME3031B;Chastise King James;;;;;;;;;;13150 ACTIONNAME3031A;William of Orange;;;;;;;;;;13151 ACTIONNAME30318A;We are no longer vassals;;;;;;;;;;13152 ACTIONNAME30317B;No need to upset our neighbors;;;;;;;;;;13153 ACTIONNAME30317A;Make a daring raid;;;;;;;;;;13154 ACTIONNAME30316B;Let's teach them a lesson!;;;;;;;;;;13155 ACTIONNAME30316A;It's not worth the war;;;;;;;;;;13156 ACTIONNAME3030B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;13157 ACTIONNAME3030A;Defy French claims;;;;;;;;;;13158 ACTIONNAME3029C;Catholic Supremacy;;;;;;;;;;13159 ACTIONNAME3029B;Protestant Supremacy;;;;;;;;;;13160 ACTIONNAME3029A;Religious Freedom for All;;;;;;;;;;13161 ACTIONNAME3028B;Lord Protector John Lambert;;;;;;;;;;13162 ACTIONNAME3028A;King Charles II;;;;;;;;;;13163 ACTIONNAME3027C;Ease the present policy up;;;;;;;;;;13164 ACTIONNAME3027B;The present policy is perfect;;;;;;;;;;13165 ACTIONNAME3027A;Enact;;;;;;;;;;13166 ACTIONNAME3026B;Be Merciful;;;;;;;;;;13167 ACTIONNAME3026A;Be Vengeful;;;;;;;;;;13168 ACTIONNAME3025B;Royalists;;;;;;;;;;13169 ACTIONNAME3025A;Puritans;;;;;;;;;;13170 ACTIONNAME3024C;Submit to the Parliament;;;;;;;;;;13171 ACTIONNAME3024B;Oppose the Parliament;;;;;;;;;;13172 ACTIONNAME3024A;Combat the Parliament;;;;;;;;;;13173 ACTIONNAME3023B;Refuse to sign it;;;;;;;;;;13174 ACTIONNAME3023A;Sign it;;;;;;;;;;13175 ACTIONNAME3022A;We are not amused!;;;;;;;;;;13176 ACTIONNAME3021B;Strengthen them!;;;;;;;;;;13177 ACTIONNAME3021A;Cancel them!;;;;;;;;;;13178 ACTIONNAME3020C;Set her free, but send her to the Guise in France;;;;;;;;;;13179 ACTIONNAME3020B;Let her live imprisoned though;;;;;;;;;;13180 ACTIONNAME3020A;Behead her!;;;;;;;;;;13181 ACTIONNAME3019B;Issue Strict Control;;;;;;;;;;13182 ACTIONNAME3019A;Expand Loan Market;;;;;;;;;;13183 ACTIONNAME3018C;Release Norfolk;;;;;;;;;;13184 ACTIONNAME3018B;Keep Norfolk in the Tower and start to negotiate;;;;;;;;;;13185 ACTIONNAME3018A;Keep Norfolk in the Tower and smash the rebels;;;;;;;;;;13186 ACTIONNAME3017A;Reform;;;;;;;;;;13187 ACTIONNAME3016B;No I do not trust him!;;;;;;;;;;13188 ACTIONNAME3016A;Let him become our Spymaster!;;;;;;;;;;13189 ACTIONNAME3015A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;13190 ACTIONNAME3014C;Confirm religious freedom for all;;;;;;;;;;13191 ACTIONNAME3014B;Make Catholicism the most favored religion;;;;;;;;;;13192 ACTIONNAME3014A;Reinstate Papal power over Church of England;;;;;;;;;;13193 ACTIONNAME3013B;Let us negotiate with Northumberland;;;;;;;;;;13194 ACTIONNAME3013A;Let us revolt against Northumberland;;;;;;;;;;13195 ACTIONNAME3012A;We will exploit this!;;;;;;;;;;13196 ACTIONNAME3011B;Let us institute the Royal Army instead;;;;;;;;;;13197 ACTIONNAME3011A;Let us authorize the Admiralty;;;;;;;;;;13198 ACTIONNAME3010B;Ignore it;;;;;;;;;;13199 ACTIONNAME3010A;Give it your support;;;;;;;;;;13200 ACTIONNAME30105B;Retain the faith of grandfathers;;;;;;;;;;13201 ACTIONNAME30105A;Convert to one true faith;;;;;;;;;;13202 ACTIONNAME30104A;Reform;;;;;;;;;;13203 ACTIONNAME30103A;Unify the kingdom;;;;;;;;;;13204 ACTIONNAME3009B;Accept Rome's Supremacy, but ignore it on a personal level;;;;;;;;;;13205 ACTIONNAME3009A;Take Command of the Church of England;;;;;;;;;;13206 ACTIONNAME3008B;Do not reform;;;;;;;;;;13207 ACTIONNAME3008A;Reform;;;;;;;;;;13208 ACTIONNAME3007B;No we don't;;;;;;;;;;13209 ACTIONNAME3007A;Yes we need one;;;;;;;;;;13210 ACTIONNAME3006B;Prohibit them from working in the Government;;;;;;;;;;13211 ACTIONNAME3006A;Give them your support;;;;;;;;;;13212 ACTIONNAME3005B;No that is the Noblemen's job;;;;;;;;;;13213 ACTIONNAME3005A;Yes we need them;;;;;;;;;;13214 ACTIONNAME3004A;No one seem to acknowledge our claims;;;;;;;;;;13215 ACTIONNAME3003A;Ok;;;;;;;;;;13216 ACTIONNAME3002C;Lancaster Kings make most important policies;;;;;;;;;;13217 ACTIONNAME3002B;Yorkist Kings make most important policies;;;;;;;;;;13218 ACTIONNAME3002A;Yorkist and Lancaster Kings alternate in making policy;;;;;;;;;;13219 ACTIONNAME3001B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;13220 ACTIONNAME3001A;Stop the Heretics;;;;;;;;;;13221 ACTIONNAME29016A;Lets Reform!;;;;;;;;;;13222 ACTIONNAME29014B;We can't waste money on such trivial things;;;;;;;;;;13223 ACTIONNAME29014A;Build the Barrel;;;;;;;;;;13224 ACTIONNAME29013B;Try to save them by burning whatever fuels you can find;;;;;;;;;;13225 ACTIONNAME29013A;Let them go;;;;;;;;;;13226 ACTIONNAME29011A;Reopen the University;;;;;;;;;;13227 ACTIONNAME29010A;Send the Bibliotheca Palatina back to Heidelberg where it belongs!;;;;;;;;;;13228 ACTIONNAME29009B;Vow Revenge and plan to get it back!;;;;;;;;;;13229 ACTIONNAME29009A;Protest, but nothing else;;;;;;;;;;13230 ACTIONNAME29008B;Let the Palatinate keep their religious artifact;;;;;;;;;;13231 ACTIONNAME29008A;Send the Bibliotheca Palatina to the Vatican!;;;;;;;;;;13232 ACTIONNAME29006A;The Area is completely destroyed!;;;;;;;;;;13233 ACTIONNAME29005B;Take the chance and leave the University open!;;;;;;;;;;13234 ACTIONNAME29005A;Close the University;;;;;;;;;;13235 ACTIONNAME29002B;We can't afford it;;;;;;;;;;13236 ACTIONNAME29002A;Fortify the City;;;;;;;;;;13237 ACTIONNAME29001B;Let the people run it themselves;;;;;;;;;;13238 ACTIONNAME29001A;Form the Ground Laws;;;;;;;;;;13239 ACTIONNAME28014A;Hurrah!!;;;;;;;;;;13240 ACTIONNAME28009B;Allow the cities of the low countries more autonomy;;;;;;;;;;13241 ACTIONNAME28009A;Supress the revolt;;;;;;;;;;13242 ACTIONNAME28006A;God save the king!;;;;;;;;;;13243 ACTIONNAME28005B;Grant him the crown;;;;;;;;;;13244 ACTIONNAME28005A;Deny him the crown;;;;;;;;;;13245 ACTIONNAME28004B;Do not request the crown of Lotharingia;;;;;;;;;;13246 ACTIONNAME28004A;Request the crown of Lotharingia;;;;;;;;;;13247 ACTIONNAME28003A;Remain as Brabant;;;;;;;;;;13248 ACTIONNAME28002B;Become Holland;;;;;;;;;;13249 ACTIONNAME28002A;Remain as Geldern;;;;;;;;;;13250 ACTIONNAME28001A;Remain as Friesland;;;;;;;;;;13251 ACTIONNAME28000A;Remain as Flandres;;;;;;;;;;13252 ACTIONNAME25105B;Greenland is a barren place, let's go elsewhere;;;;;;;;;;13253 ACTIONNAME25105A;The colonization of Greenland must be completed!;;;;;;;;;;13254 ACTIONNAME25104B;Let the private colonizations continue;;;;;;;;;;13255 ACTIONNAME25104A;Time has come to assume control;;;;;;;;;;13256 ACTIONNAME25102C;Refuse to allow colonization of Greenland;;;;;;;;;;13257 ACTIONNAME25102B;Accept the attempts and provide extra funding;;;;;;;;;;13258 ACTIONNAME25102A;Accept the private colonization attempts;;;;;;;;;;13259 ACTIONNAME25100B;Abandon the claims on Greenland;;;;;;;;;;13260 ACTIONNAME25100A;Claim sovereignty over Greenland;;;;;;;;;;13261 ACTIONNAME25006B;We will not bow to the demands of these rebels;;;;;;;;;;13262 ACTIONNAME25006A;Accept the demands of the Cossacks;;;;;;;;;;13263 ACTIONNAME25005B;Do not get involved with the troublesome Cossacks;;;;;;;;;;13264 ACTIONNAME25005A;Become overlord of the Cossacks;;;;;;;;;;13265 ACTIONNAME25004D;We need the help of noone!;;;;;;;;;;13266 ACTIONNAME25004C;Seek the aid of the Ottoman Sultan;;;;;;;;;;13267 ACTIONNAME25004B;Reconcile with the Polish King(GAME OVER);;;;;;;;;;13268 ACTIONNAME25004A;The Orthodox Tsar of Russia shall be our protector;;;;;;;;;;13269 ACTIONNAME25003B;We can defend ourselves;;;;;;;;;;13270 ACTIONNAME25003A;Put aside our old rivalries to fight the Poles;;;;;;;;;;13271 ACTIONNAME25002A;The revolt is over;;;;;;;;;;13272 ACTIONNAME25001B;Let the cossacks live in freedom;;;;;;;;;;13273 ACTIONNAME25001A;Fight the traitorous Cossacks!;;;;;;;;;;13274 ACTIONNAME25000B;Reject the Union;;;;;;;;;;13275 ACTIONNAME25000A;Accept the Union;;;;;;;;;;13276 ACTIONNAME24060A;The rise of Gondor;;;;;;;;;;13277 ACTIONNAME24059A;Egypt controls it's own destiny;;;;;;;;;;13278 ACTIONNAME24056B;We shall stand our ground!;;;;;;;;;;13279 ACTIONNAME24056A;We must flee the might of the Ottoman Empire!;;;;;;;;;;13280 ACTIONNAME24053B;We are overjoyed!;;;;;;;;;;13281 ACTIONNAME24053A;We do not want it but must accept;;;;;;;;;;13282 ACTIONNAME24052B;We must abstain from battle!;;;;;;;;;;13283 ACTIONNAME24052A;We shall take Tripoli!;;;;;;;;;;13284 ACTIONNAME24051C;Bah! We have our own problems. We must send nothing;;;;;;;;;;13285 ACTIONNAME24051B;We must help them. Let's send our best troops!;;;;;;;;;;13286 ACTIONNAME24051A;It's too far away. Let's send some presents instead;;;;;;;;;;13287 ACTIONNAME24050A;Conduct the reforms;;;;;;;;;;13288 ACTIONNAME24046B;Send him back to Bayezid;;;;;;;;;;13289 ACTIONNAME24046A;Give him asylum;;;;;;;;;;13290 ACTIONNAME24045B;Try to improve the army;;;;;;;;;;13291 ACTIONNAME24045A;Try to improve the economy;;;;;;;;;;13292 ACTIONNAME24040B;Try to control them;;;;;;;;;;13293 ACTIONNAME24040A;Let the beys fight;;;;;;;;;;13294 ACTIONNAME24039B;Conduct aggressive policy;;;;;;;;;;13295 ACTIONNAME24039A;Conduct peaceful policy;;;;;;;;;;13296 ACTIONNAME24038B;Leave the old administration;;;;;;;;;;13297 ACTIONNAME24038A;Replace the administration;;;;;;;;;;13298 ACTIONNAME24037A;Drats;;;;;;;;;;13299 ACTIONNAME24036B;Refuse to pay;;;;;;;;;;13300 ACTIONNAME24036A;Pay up;;;;;;;;;;13301 ACTIONNAME24035B;Conduct fair trade;;;;;;;;;;13302 ACTIONNAME24035A;Institute royal monopoly;;;;;;;;;;13303 ACTIONNAME24034B;Why bother?;;;;;;;;;;13304 ACTIONNAME24034A;Impose control over Cyprus;;;;;;;;;;13305 ACTIONNAME24033B;Curtail their power;;;;;;;;;;13306 ACTIONNAME24033A;Let the beys run the show;;;;;;;;;;13307 ACTIONNAME24032B;Wait for an opportunate moment;;;;;;;;;;13308 ACTIONNAME24032A;Punish the pirates right away;;;;;;;;;;13309 ACTIONNAME24031C;Remain on Rhodes;;;;;;;;;;13310 ACTIONNAME24031B;Just move the capital;;;;;;;;;;13311 ACTIONNAME24031A;Abandon Rhodes;;;;;;;;;;13312 ACTIONNAME24030A;Damn Knights!;;;;;;;;;;13313 ACTIONNAME24028B;Reject the Offer;;;;;;;;;;13314 ACTIONNAME24028A;Agree;;;;;;;;;;13315 ACTIONNAME24027A;Damn Impudence!;;;;;;;;;;13316 ACTIONNAME24026B;Withdraw into Fortress;;;;;;;;;;13317 ACTIONNAME24026A;Ask for Armistice;;;;;;;;;;13318 ACTIONNAME24019B;Do Not Institute the Inquisition;;;;;;;;;;13319 ACTIONNAME24019A;Institute the Inquisition;;;;;;;;;;13320 ACTIONNAME24017A;Infidel!;;;;;;;;;;13321 ACTIONNAME24016B;Free d'Amaral;;;;;;;;;;13322 ACTIONNAME24016A;Execute the Traitor!;;;;;;;;;;13323 ACTIONNAME24015B;Refrain from our Piracy;;;;;;;;;;13324 ACTIONNAME24015A;Praise the lord!!;;;;;;;;;;13325 ACTIONNAME24014A;Ha!;;;;;;;;;;13326 ACTIONNAME24013A;Bless St. Lazarus;;;;;;;;;;13327 ACTIONNAME24012B;Give up Irish Commandery;;;;;;;;;;13328 ACTIONNAME24012A;Replace Keating;;;;;;;;;;13329 ACTIONNAME24011A;Thy Will Be Done;;;;;;;;;;13330 ACTIONNAME24007B;Enough is enough;;;;;;;;;;13331 ACTIONNAME24007A;Hire him;;;;;;;;;;13332 ACTIONNAME24006B;Exile the moron;;;;;;;;;;13333 ACTIONNAME24006A;Send him on his way;;;;;;;;;;13334 ACTIONNAME24005B;Let's go for it;;;;;;;;;;13335 ACTIONNAME24005A;We lack the money;;;;;;;;;;13336 ACTIONNAME24004B;Move to Tripoli;;;;;;;;;;13337 ACTIONNAME24004A;It's not worth it;;;;;;;;;;13338 ACTIONNAME24003B;Accept Malta, but do not become a vassal;;;;;;;;;;13339 ACTIONNAME24003A;Accept Malta and become a Castillian vassal;;;;;;;;;;13340 ACTIONNAME24001B;Accept Malta, but do not become a vassal;;;;;;;;;;13341 ACTIONNAME24001A;Accept Malta and become an Aragonese vassal;;;;;;;;;;13342 ACTIONNAME24000B;They're relic of the past;;;;;;;;;;13343 ACTIONNAME24000A;Resurrect the Knights;;;;;;;;;;13344 ACTIONNAME23021A;Mehmed II cancels the vassalage of Byzantium;;;;;;;;;;13345 ACTIONNAME23019B;No, we're better off without them;;;;;;;;;;13346 ACTIONNAME23019A;Create the Akritai;;;;;;;;;;13347 ACTIONNAME23017B;No need to antagonize the new Sultan;;;;;;;;;;13348 ACTIONNAME23017A;We need the money to keep Orhan's cell locked;;;;;;;;;;13349 ACTIONNAME23016B;Continue the fight!;;;;;;;;;;13350 ACTIONNAME23016A;Move the capital to Mistra;;;;;;;;;;13351 ACTIONNAME23014B;Yes, we need Urban;;;;;;;;;;13352 ACTIONNAME23014A;We can't afford him;;;;;;;;;;13353 ACTIONNAME23013B;Feebly accept the infidel's demands;;;;;;;;;;13354 ACTIONNAME23013A;Cancel the treaty;;;;;;;;;;13355 ACTIONNAME23012B;No, it's a waste;;;;;;;;;;13356 ACTIONNAME23012A;Rebuild it;;;;;;;;;;13357 ACTIONNAME23011B;Place it under direct rule;;;;;;;;;;13358 ACTIONNAME23011A;Rule it as an independent kingdom;;;;;;;;;;13359 ACTIONNAME23010C;Give Hellas to Tuscany to gain their support;;;;;;;;;;13360 ACTIONNAME23010B;Rule it as an independent kingdom;;;;;;;;;;13361 ACTIONNAME23010A;Make it a part of the Empire;;;;;;;;;;13362 ACTIONNAME23009B;Reunite with the Empire;;;;;;;;;;13363 ACTIONNAME23009A;Don't give the Duchy to the schismatic Greeks!;;;;;;;;;;13364 ACTIONNAME23008A;Thessalonica is Saved;;;;;;;;;;13365 ACTIONNAME23007A;Thessalonica is lost;;;;;;;;;;13366 ACTIONNAME23006A;Accept the Treaty;;;;;;;;;;13367 ACTIONNAME23005B;Hand it over to the Turks;;;;;;;;;;13368 ACTIONNAME23005A;Take control of Thessalonica;;;;;;;;;;13369 ACTIONNAME23004B;Keep on Fighting!;;;;;;;;;;13370 ACTIONNAME23004A;Accept the Treaty, become Ottoman vassal;;;;;;;;;;13371 ACTIONNAME23002A;Focus on the revolts;;;;;;;;;;13372 ACTIONNAME23001A;Take advantage of the chaos with your navy;;;;;;;;;;13373 ACTIONNAME23000D;Release Mustafa and provide him funding;;;;;;;;;;13374 ACTIONNAME23000C;Execute Mustafa to please Murad;;;;;;;;;;13375 ACTIONNAME23000B;Hold on to Mustafa just in case;;;;;;;;;;13376 ACTIONNAME23000A;Release Mustafa and hope for the best;;;;;;;;;;13377 ACTIONNAME22022C;Be free;;;;;;;;;;13378 ACTIONNAME22022B;Submit to Karl V;;;;;;;;;;13379 ACTIONNAME22022A;Call upon Karel of Gelre;;;;;;;;;;13380 ACTIONNAME22021B;Not guilty!;;;;;;;;;;13381 ACTIONNAME22021A;Guilty!;;;;;;;;;;13382 ACTIONNAME22020D;Do not reform;;;;;;;;;;13383 ACTIONNAME22020C;Reform everything but the taxation system;;;;;;;;;;13384 ACTIONNAME22020B;Reform everything but the judical system;;;;;;;;;;13385 ACTIONNAME22020A;Reform everything;;;;;;;;;;13386 ACTIONNAME22016B;Reclaim Ostfriesland and Westfriesland;;;;;;;;;;13387 ACTIONNAME22016A;We have no interest in ancient history;;;;;;;;;;13388 ACTIONNAME22014B;Don't tolerate him;;;;;;;;;;13389 ACTIONNAME22014A;Tolerate him;;;;;;;;;;13390 ACTIONNAME22011A;A blessing;;;;;;;;;;13391 ACTIONNAME22010A;Well, we will have to make do...;;;;;;;;;;13392 ACTIONNAME22008B;Reject the offer;;;;;;;;;;13393 ACTIONNAME22008A;Buy it!;;;;;;;;;;13394 ACTIONNAME22007B;Do not sell it!;;;;;;;;;;13395 ACTIONNAME22007A;Sell it!;;;;;;;;;;13396 ACTIONNAME22006A;Accept him;;;;;;;;;;13397 ACTIONNAME22005A;No, thanks;;;;;;;;;;13398 ACTIONNAME21132B;Let the Highland Clans Remain As They Are;;;;;;;;;;13399 ACTIONNAME21132A;Break the Power of the Highland Clans;;;;;;;;;;13400 ACTIONNAME21131A;The North is in Arms!;;;;;;;;;;13401 ACTIONNAME21129B;Peace;;;;;;;;;;13402 ACTIONNAME21129A;War;;;;;;;;;;13403 ACTIONNAME21126B;Temporize;;;;;;;;;;13404 ACTIONNAME21126A;Rattle Our Sabres;;;;;;;;;;13405 ACTIONNAME21124A;Normalcy Returns to the New England Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13406 ACTIONNAME21123A;There is Unrest in the New England Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13407 ACTIONNAME21122A;New England Strengthens its Defenses;;;;;;;;;;13408 ACTIONNAME21121A;Support Colonial Efforts in New England;;;;;;;;;;13409 ACTIONNAME21120B;Buckingham must be controlled;;;;;;;;;;13410 ACTIONNAME21120A;We trust our Chief Minister's judgement;;;;;;;;;;13411 ACTIONNAME21119B;We cannot afford a costly war!;;;;;;;;;;13412 ACTIONNAME21119A;Let us plunder the riches of Spain!;;;;;;;;;;13413 ACTIONNAME21117B;Let the insult pass;;;;;;;;;;13414 ACTIONNAME21117A;Let us teach the Spanish a lesson!;;;;;;;;;;13415 ACTIONNAME21116A;Raleigh Sails in Search of Gold;;;;;;;;;;13416 ACTIONNAME21114A;Send Forth the Colonists;;;;;;;;;;13417 ACTIONNAME21113A;Lambert Simnel, eh? Put Him to Work in my Scullery;;;;;;;;;;13418 ACTIONNAME21111A;Henry, Prince of Wales;;;;;;;;;;13419 ACTIONNAME21110A;Send the Boys to the Tower - For Their Own Safety, of Course;;;;;;;;;;13420 ACTIONNAME21109A;Malmsey, Milord?;;;;;;;;;;13421 ACTIONNAME21108A;Your Throne is Safe, Sire!;;;;;;;;;;13422 ACTIONNAME21107A;You Are the Maker of Kings, Milord;;;;;;;;;;13423 ACTIONNAME21106A;The Day is Ours, Sire!;;;;;;;;;;13424 ACTIONNAME21105B;Long Live King Henry!;;;;;;;;;;13425 ACTIONNAME21105A;God Save King Edward!;;;;;;;;;;13426 ACTIONNAME21104A;My Lord, York is now Protector of the Realm;;;;;;;;;;13427 ACTIONNAME21103A;S'Faith, MyLord - Kent is in arms!;;;;;;;;;;13428 ACTIONNAME21098B;Do Not Mess with British Money!;;;;;;;;;;13429 ACTIONNAME21098A;Relocate Irish Taxes for Hanoveranian Purposes;;;;;;;;;;13430 ACTIONNAME21097A;The Ultra-Catholics Have Taken Over Some of Our Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13431 ACTIONNAME21096A;The Huguenots Have Taken Over Some of our Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13432 ACTIONNAME21094B;Let the Huguenots Colonize;;;;;;;;;;13433 ACTIONNAME21094A;Catholics Only;;;;;;;;;;13434 ACTIONNAME21093A;The French Come to Dominate Bretagne;;;;;;;;;;13435 ACTIONNAME21092A;The French and Irish Coexist Peacefully in Leinster;;;;;;;;;;13436 ACTIONNAME21091A;The French Have Resettled in Leinster;;;;;;;;;;13437 ACTIONNAME21090A;The French Have Resettled in Bretagne;;;;;;;;;;13438 ACTIONNAME21089A;The French Have Resettled in Morbihan;;;;;;;;;;13439 ACTIONNAME21088A;The French Have Resettled in Armor;;;;;;;;;;13440 ACTIONNAME21086A;The French Have Taken Over One of Our Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13441 ACTIONNAME21085C;Let Them Resettle in Leinster;;;;;;;;;;13442 ACTIONNAME21085B;Let Them Resettle in Brittany;;;;;;;;;;13443 ACTIONNAME21085A;Let Them Go to our Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13444 ACTIONNAME21084B;Continue to Hold the African Outpost;;;;;;;;;;13445 ACTIONNAME21084A;Cede Tangiers to Morocco;;;;;;;;;;13446 ACTIONNAME21083A;Portugal Does Not Deserve Our Aid;;;;;;;;;;13447 ACTIONNAME21081A;Welcome Catherine of Braganza to England;;;;;;;;;;13448 ACTIONNAME21079C;We Don't Need England as an Ally;;;;;;;;;;13449 ACTIONNAME21079B;Give Ducats as a Dowry;;;;;;;;;;13450 ACTIONNAME21079A;Give Territory as a Dowry;;;;;;;;;;13451 ACTIONNAME21078B;Keep the Convicts in England;;;;;;;;;;13452 ACTIONNAME21078A;Begin Regular Transportation to Australia;;;;;;;;;;13453 ACTIONNAME21077A;Damn Yankee Rebels;;;;;;;;;;13454 ACTIONNAME21076A;Highland Scots Flee Across the Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;13455 ACTIONNAME21075A;Lowland Scots Migrate to the New World;;;;;;;;;;13456 ACTIONNAME21072A;Skilled Labourers Cross the Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;13457 ACTIONNAME21069A;Convicts Begin a New Life in the Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13458 ACTIONNAME21068B;Keep the Malcontents in England;;;;;;;;;;13459 ACTIONNAME21068A;Allow the Transportation of Convicts;;;;;;;;;;13460 ACTIONNAME21065A;Indentured Servants Cross the Atlantic to a New Life;;;;;;;;;;13461 ACTIONNAME21064A;Puritans Flee Overseas;;;;;;;;;;13462 ACTIONNAME21063A;The Puritans Found Their Religious Colony;;;;;;;;;;13463 ACTIONNAME21062B;The Current Policy is Acceptable;;;;;;;;;;13464 ACTIONNAME21062A;Allow Exemptions to the Navigation Act;;;;;;;;;;13465 ACTIONNAME21061A;Let Us Exploit the North;;;;;;;;;;13466 ACTIONNAME21060A;Grant the Charters of the Colonial Companies;;;;;;;;;;13467 ACTIONNAME21059A;Our Destiny is Across the Atlantic;;;;;;;;;;13468 ACTIONNAME21057A;A Brewery is Founded;;;;;;;;;;13469 ACTIONNAME21056B;Let Wilkes Be;;;;;;;;;;13470 ACTIONNAME21056A;Suppress Wilkes;;;;;;;;;;13471 ACTIONNAME21055A;The Bubble Bursts;;;;;;;;;;13472 ACTIONNAME21054B;Don't Employ Him;;;;;;;;;;13473 ACTIONNAME21054A;Employ Him;;;;;;;;;;13474 ACTIONNAME21053B;The English Do Not Concern Us;;;;;;;;;;13475 ACTIONNAME21053A;It Is Time To Exact Revenge!;;;;;;;;;;13476 ACTIONNAME21052A;Perfidious Albion!;;;;;;;;;;13477 ACTIONNAME21051A;Bless the English;;;;;;;;;;13478 ACTIONNAME21050B;We Learned Our Lesson - Stay Out of France;;;;;;;;;;13479 ACTIONNAME21050A;Support the Huguenots;;;;;;;;;;13480 ACTIONNAME21049A;The Meddlesome English Will Pay;;;;;;;;;;13481 ACTIONNAME21048A;Welcome English Support;;;;;;;;;;13482 ACTIONNAME21047B;Leave the Dutch to Their Own Devices;;;;;;;;;;13483 ACTIONNAME21047A;Step Up Aid to the Dutch;;;;;;;;;;13484 ACTIONNAME21046A;Damn English!;;;;;;;;;;13485 ACTIONNAME21045B;Stay Out of Continental Problems;;;;;;;;;;13486 ACTIONNAME21045A;Support the Dutch;;;;;;;;;;13487 ACTIONNAME21040A;Damn English Pirates!;;;;;;;;;;13488 ACTIONNAME21039A;Plunder? What Plunder?;;;;;;;;;;13489 ACTIONNAME21038A;Cursed English Pirates!;;;;;;;;;;13490 ACTIONNAME21037B;Employ Drake as an Explorer;;;;;;;;;;13491 ACTIONNAME21037A;Employ Drake as a Privateer;;;;;;;;;;13492 ACTIONNAME21036B;Let Them Be;;;;;;;;;;13493 ACTIONNAME21036A;Impose the English Prayer Book by Force;;;;;;;;;;13494 ACTIONNAME21035A;Let the Missionary Work Begin;;;;;;;;;;13495 ACTIONNAME21034A;Evangelicals Preach in the South;;;;;;;;;;13496 ACTIONNAME21032A;The Great Awakening Sweeps British North America;;;;;;;;;;13497 ACTIONNAME21031B;Suppress Wesley;;;;;;;;;;13498 ACTIONNAME21031A;Let Wesley Preach;;;;;;;;;;13499 ACTIONNAME21030C;Maintain the Supremacy of Rome;;;;;;;;;;13500 ACTIONNAME21030B;Radicalize the Church of England and Punish the Catholics;;;;;;;;;;13501 ACTIONNAME21030A;Adopt the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity;;;;;;;;;;13502 ACTIONNAME21029A;George Canning Becomes Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13503 ACTIONNAME21028A;Charles Grey Becomes Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13504 ACTIONNAME21027A;William Wyndham Grenville;;;;;;;;;;13505 ACTIONNAME21026A;Charles Grey Becomes Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13506 ACTIONNAME21025A;The Earl of Liverpool;;;;;;;;;;13507 ACTIONNAME21024A;Spencer Percival;;;;;;;;;;13508 ACTIONNAME21023A;The Duke of Portland Becomes Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13509 ACTIONNAME21022A;William Wyndham Grenville Becomes Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13510 ACTIONNAME21021A;William Pitt the Younger Becomes Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13511 ACTIONNAME21020A;Henry Addington Becomes Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13512 ACTIONNAME21018A;Keep Pitt in Office;;;;;;;;;;13513 ACTIONNAME21015B;Now is Not the Time;;;;;;;;;;13514 ACTIONNAME21015A;Adopt the Reform Bill;;;;;;;;;;13515 ACTIONNAME21014A;England is at War with France;;;;;;;;;;13516 ACTIONNAME21013A;Reform is a Necessity;;;;;;;;;;13517 ACTIONNAME21012A;Fox Does Not Consider Napoleon an Usurper;;;;;;;;;;13518 ACTIONNAME21011A;Fox Plays Down the Worst Excesses Across the Channel;;;;;;;;;;13519 ACTIONNAME21010A;Implement the Taxation Reforms;;;;;;;;;;13520 ACTIONNAME21009B;Fall Back on the Regular Army;;;;;;;;;;13521 ACTIONNAME21009A;Raise the Militias;;;;;;;;;;13522 ACTIONNAME21008A;They Are Found Not Guilty!;;;;;;;;;;13523 ACTIONNAME21007B;Let the Radicals Preach;;;;;;;;;;13524 ACTIONNAME21007A;Suppress the Radical Societies;;;;;;;;;;13525 ACTIONNAME21006B;Choose Fox as Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13526 ACTIONNAME21006A;Choose Pitt as Prime Minister;;;;;;;;;;13527 ACTIONNAME21005B;Now is Not the Time;;;;;;;;;;13528 ACTIONNAME21005A;Pass Catholic Emancipation;;;;;;;;;;13529 ACTIONNAME21004B;Let the Irish Parliament Be;;;;;;;;;;13530 ACTIONNAME21004A;Pass the Act of Union (1801);;;;;;;;;;13531 ACTIONNAME21003B;Deny the Irish Demands;;;;;;;;;;13532 ACTIONNAME21003A;Give the Irish Parliament Some Autonomy;;;;;;;;;;13533 ACTIONNAME21002A;Crush the Irish;;;;;;;;;;13534 ACTIONNAME21001B;Hold Back the Scottish Presbyterians;;;;;;;;;;13535 ACTIONNAME21001A;Begin the Ulster Plantation;;;;;;;;;;13536 ACTIONNAME21000A;Displace the Irish;;;;;;;;;;13537 ACTIONNAME20605A;Improve Meath;;;;;;;;;;13538 ACTIONNAME20600A;Keep Irish Taxes in Eire;;;;;;;;;;13539 ACTIONNAME20402A;Let us consolidate our rule;;;;;;;;;;13540 ACTIONNAME20311A;We are in deep trouble;;;;;;;;;;13541 ACTIONNAME20310B;We are very sorry but this is not our problem;;;;;;;;;;13542 ACTIONNAME20310A;We are deeply shocked! France adds insult to injury!;;;;;;;;;;13543 ACTIONNAME20308B;No, he is dangerous, we will not submit to his theocratic rule;;;;;;;;;;13544 ACTIONNAME20308A;Yes, let him preach in our country. We need more discipline;;;;;;;;;;13545 ACTIONNAME20306B;We need all our soldiers here. No exception for the Pope;;;;;;;;;;13546 ACTIONNAME20306A;Agreed. We hope that this will soon become a tradition;;;;;;;;;;13547 ACTIONNAME20305C;Let them have full independence;;;;;;;;;;13548 ACTIONNAME20305B;Oh well... we will take care of them later;;;;;;;;;;13549 ACTIONNAME20305A;Prepare for war;;;;;;;;;;13550 ACTIONNAME20304A;Good news!;;;;;;;;;;13551 ACTIONNAME20303B;Let the mighty Habsburgs become our rulers again;;;;;;;;;;13552 ACTIONNAME20303A;We will never give in to this pressure;;;;;;;;;;13553 ACTIONNAME20302B;We will take charge this time, but we forbid any bribe in the future;;;;;;;;;;13554 ACTIONNAME20302A;We can't trust this bastard! He will pay for this treachery!;;;;;;;;;;13555 ACTIONNAME20301B;We will find a diplomatic solution to this threat;;;;;;;;;;13556 ACTIONNAME20301A;Charge!;;;;;;;;;;13557 ACTIONNAME20300A;Well...;;;;;;;;;;13558 ACTIONNAME20096A;The Usurption Must be Crushed;;;;;;;;;;13559 ACTIONNAME20077A;This Challenge Must Be Answered;;;;;;;;;;13560 ACTIONNAME20075B;Refuse the English Demand;;;;;;;;;;13561 ACTIONNAME20075A;Surrender Maine;;;;;;;;;;13562 ACTIONNAME20072A;Their Insolence Must be Punished;;;;;;;;;;13563 ACTIONNAME20055C;We will be free of both of them;;;;;;;;;;13564 ACTIONNAME20055B;Remain vassals of England;;;;;;;;;;13565 ACTIONNAME20055A;Become vassals of France;;;;;;;;;;13566 ACTIONNAME20054A;Surienne is an Imbecile and a Traitor;;;;;;;;;;13567 ACTIONNAME20050C;Apologize to the Duke, and Pay for the Damages;;;;;;;;;;13568 ACTIONNAME20050B;Apologize to the Duke;;;;;;;;;;13569 ACTIONNAME20050A;Surienne was Acting on His Own;;;;;;;;;;13570 ACTIONNAME20049B;Dishonor the Marriage Agreement;;;;;;;;;;13571 ACTIONNAME20049A;Honor the Marriage Agreement;;;;;;;;;;13572 ACTIONNAME20048A;These Territories Belong to England;;;;;;;;;;13573 ACTIONNAME20046A;As It Should Be;;;;;;;;;;13574 ACTIONNAME20045A;They Shall Loath the Day...;;;;;;;;;;13575 ACTIONNAME20044B;Submit to English Authority, and Become a Vassal of England;;;;;;;;;;13576 ACTIONNAME20044A;Defy the English, and Feudal Law;;;;;;;;;;13577 ACTIONNAME20043B;Allow the Duke to Go His Separate Way;;;;;;;;;;13578 ACTIONNAME20043A;Demand that the Duke submit to English Authority;;;;;;;;;;13579 ACTIONNAME20028B;We Will Not Be Ruled by the Hated English;;;;;;;;;;13580 ACTIONNAME20028A;Become Vassals of England;;;;;;;;;;13581 ACTIONNAME20024A;The Religious Factions are Exhausted;;;;;;;;;;13582 ACTIONNAME20023A;Let the Huguenots Go;;;;;;;;;;13583 ACTIONNAME20022B;Force Them Back Under Our Rule;;;;;;;;;;13584 ACTIONNAME20022A;Let the Ultra-Catholics Go;;;;;;;;;;13585 ACTIONNAME20018A;We Cannot Allow Them to Remain Free;;;;;;;;;;13586 ACTIONNAME20015A;Our Policy is in Ruins;;;;;;;;;;13587 ACTIONNAME20014A;The Ultra-Catholics Receive Support from Abroad;;;;;;;;;;13588 ACTIONNAME20013A;Massacres of Huguenots Worsen the Situation;;;;;;;;;;13589 ACTIONNAME20009C;Support the Huguenots;;;;;;;;;;13590 ACTIONNAME20009B;Support the Moderates;;;;;;;;;;13591 ACTIONNAME20009A;Support the Ultra-Catholics;;;;;;;;;;13592 ACTIONNAME20007A;France Triumphant!;;;;;;;;;;13593 ACTIONNAME20006A;The War Ends in France;;;;;;;;;;13594 ACTIONNAME20005A;The Battles Spread to France;;;;;;;;;;13595 ACTIONNAME200047B;Grant more freedom;;;;;;;;;;13596 ACTIONNAME200047A;OK;;;;;;;;;;13597 ACTIONNAME20002B;Appease the Nobles;;;;;;;;;;13598 ACTIONNAME20002A;Destroy the Nobles;;;;;;;;;;13599 ACTIONNAME20000A;The Rebels Must be Crushed;;;;;;;;;;13600 ACTIONNAME19026B;Let the baby have it;;;;;;;;;;13601 ACTIONNAME19026A;We shall take our inheritence by force!;;;;;;;;;;13602 ACTIONNAME19023B;Let that infidel Ferdinand have Hungary so we can expand elsewhere;;;;;;;;;;13603 ACTIONNAME19023A;We will defend our interests;;;;;;;;;;13604 ACTIONNAME19020A;János Sigismund will be the Prince of Transylvania;;;;;;;;;;13605 ACTIONNAME19019C;Let Ferdinand have it!;;;;;;;;;;13606 ACTIONNAME19019B;Support János Sigusmund;;;;;;;;;;13607 ACTIONNAME19019A;Split the Kingdom;;;;;;;;;;13608 ACTIONNAME19018A;The Habsburg rulers of Hungary;;;;;;;;;;13609 ACTIONNAME19016B;Elect Ferdinand Hapsburg of Austria;;;;;;;;;;13610 ACTIONNAME19016A;Elect János Zápolya of Transylvania;;;;;;;;;;13611 ACTIONNAME19015A;Down with the King!;;;;;;;;;;13612 ACTIONNAME19014A;Disaster!;;;;;;;;;;13613 ACTIONNAME19013B;We cannot hope to prevail;;;;;;;;;;13614 ACTIONNAME19013A;We will fight them!;;;;;;;;;;13615 ACTIONNAME19010A;Prepare for battle!;;;;;;;;;;13616 ACTIONNAME19009B;We must submit;;;;;;;;;;13617 ACTIONNAME19009A;Delay the ambassador, we must find allies;;;;;;;;;;13618 ACTIONNAME19008B;The Hapsburgs are no threat;;;;;;;;;;13619 ACTIONNAME19008A;Send the messengers;;;;;;;;;;13620 ACTIONNAME19007A;We will acceed to the will of Ferdinand;;;;;;;;;;13621 ACTIONNAME19005B;Support Dracula;;;;;;;;;;13622 ACTIONNAME19005A;Support Radu;;;;;;;;;;13623 ACTIONNAME19001B;Send Emissary;;;;;;;;;;13624 ACTIONNAME19001A;Meet with the Sultan Personally;;;;;;;;;;13625 ACTIONNAME18063B;Refuse the offer and face the consequences;;;;;;;;;;13626 ACTIONNAME18063A;Accept the offer;;;;;;;;;;13627 ACTIONNAME18062A;Make an offer;;;;;;;;;;13628 ACTIONNAME18043A;The gates are open;;;;;;;;;;13629 ACTIONNAME18042A;We are helpless;;;;;;;;;;13630 ACTIONNAME18038A;Demand Goa;;;;;;;;;;13631 ACTIONNAME18037B;We have more pressing issues at the moment;;;;;;;;;;13632 ACTIONNAME18037A;Send settlers;;;;;;;;;;13633 ACTIONNAME18036B;Don't waste our money;;;;;;;;;;13634 ACTIONNAME18036A;Improve the fortifications;;;;;;;;;;13635 ACTIONNAME18035B;Don't waste our money;;;;;;;;;;13636 ACTIONNAME18035A;Send reinforcements;;;;;;;;;;13637 ACTIONNAME18034A;Let's teach them a lesson;;;;;;;;;;13638 ACTIONNAME18032B;Defy the Portuguese;;;;;;;;;;13639 ACTIONNAME18032A;Agree to vassalship;;;;;;;;;;13640 ACTIONNAME18031A;Demand tribute;;;;;;;;;;13641 ACTIONNAME18030A;Accept Macao;;;;;;;;;;13642 ACTIONNAME18028B;This is none of our business...;;;;;;;;;;13643 ACTIONNAME18028A;Support Juana;;;;;;;;;;13644 ACTIONNAME18027B;He looks trustworthy;;;;;;;;;;13645 ACTIONNAME18027A;I know where India is!;;;;;;;;;;13646 ACTIONNAME18026A;Build it;;;;;;;;;;13647 ACTIONNAME18025B;Fight for our Overseas Colonies;;;;;;;;;;13648 ACTIONNAME18025A;Grant Brazilian Independence;;;;;;;;;;13649 ACTIONNAME18024B;Stay in Brazil;;;;;;;;;;13650 ACTIONNAME18024A;Return to Lisbon;;;;;;;;;;13651 ACTIONNAME18023B;Stay in Portugal;;;;;;;;;;13652 ACTIONNAME18023A;Flee to Brazil!;;;;;;;;;;13653 ACTIONNAME18020A;Well, they still speak Portuguese...;;;;;;;;;;13654 ACTIONNAME18019B;Avoid Open Conflict;;;;;;;;;;13655 ACTIONNAME18019A;Use Force to Secure Trade;;;;;;;;;;13656 ACTIONNAME18018A;Strictly Control Trading Rights;;;;;;;;;;13657 ACTIONNAME18016A;Support João;;;;;;;;;;13658 ACTIONNAME18015C;Support Dona Catarina's Claim;;;;;;;;;;13659 ACTIONNAME18015B;Support Dom Antonio's Claim;;;;;;;;;;13660 ACTIONNAME18015A;Accept Filipe II's Government;;;;;;;;;;13661 ACTIONNAME18010A;Damn Spaniards!;;;;;;;;;;13662 ACTIONNAME18009B;Reject Treaty;;;;;;;;;;13663 ACTIONNAME18009A;Sign Treaty;;;;;;;;;;13664 ACTIONNAME18008B;Allow Free Trade;;;;;;;;;;13665 ACTIONNAME18008A;Press Our Trading Rights;;;;;;;;;;13666 ACTIONNAME18006B;Relax Trading Restrictions;;;;;;;;;;13667 ACTIONNAME18006A;Strictly Control Trading Rights;;;;;;;;;;13668 ACTIONNAME18005B;No, Save Our Money;;;;;;;;;;13669 ACTIONNAME18005A;Send Expedition;;;;;;;;;;13670 ACTIONNAME18003B;It's a waste of time;;;;;;;;;;13671 ACTIONNAME18003A;Explore African Coast;;;;;;;;;;13672 ACTIONNAME18002B;Concentrate on the Crusades;;;;;;;;;;13673 ACTIONNAME18002A;Explore African Coast;;;;;;;;;;13674 ACTIONNAME18001C;Back the Reconquista;;;;;;;;;;13675 ACTIONNAME18001B;Invest in Known Trade Routes;;;;;;;;;;13676 ACTIONNAME18001A;Fund Enrique;;;;;;;;;;13677 ACTIONNAME18000A;Praise the Lord!;;;;;;;;;;13678 ACTIONNAME17436C;Express Support for the Pope;;;;;;;;;;13679 ACTIONNAME17436B;Ignore the Issue;;;;;;;;;;13680 ACTIONNAME17436A;Express Support for the Duke;;;;;;;;;;13681 ACTIONNAME17435A;Oh Well...;;;;;;;;;;13682 ACTIONNAME17434A;Accept this new title;;;;;;;;;;13683 ACTIONNAME17429A;How Dare They!;;;;;;;;;;13684 ACTIONNAME17427A;Alright;;;;;;;;;;13685 ACTIONNAME17426B;Stay where it is permanently;;;;;;;;;;13686 ACTIONNAME17426A;Return to Torino;;;;;;;;;;13687 ACTIONNAME17425A;Flee to Sicily!;;;;;;;;;;13688 ACTIONNAME17424B;Stay on the mainland;;;;;;;;;;13689 ACTIONNAME17424A;Flee to Sardinia!;;;;;;;;;;13690 ACTIONNAME17421B;We will fight them;;;;;;;;;;13691 ACTIONNAME17421A;They can return;;;;;;;;;;13692 ACTIONNAME17420B;Defy the French;;;;;;;;;;13693 ACTIONNAME17420A;Expel the Vaudois;;;;;;;;;;13694 ACTIONNAME17419A;More reforms;;;;;;;;;;13695 ACTIONNAME17418B;Maintain the present system;;;;;;;;;;13696 ACTIONNAME17418A;Enact absolutist reforms;;;;;;;;;;13697 ACTIONNAME17417A;Reform the government;;;;;;;;;;13698 ACTIONNAME17415A;Curses, Foiled Again!;;;;;;;;;;13699 ACTIONNAME17413A;Alas!;;;;;;;;;;13700 ACTIONNAME17412A;Oh No;;;;;;;;;;13701 ACTIONNAME17411A;A pleasant surprise;;;;;;;;;;13702 ACTIONNAME17410B;Rely on local Custom;;;;;;;;;;13703 ACTIONNAME17410A;Establish the Code of Laws;;;;;;;;;;13704 ACTIONNAME17406A;Damn them;;;;;;;;;;13705 ACTIONNAME17405B;Let it Be;;;;;;;;;;13706 ACTIONNAME17405A;Raise Money for Crusade;;;;;;;;;;13707 ACTIONNAME17404A;Urbi et Orbi;;;;;;;;;;13708 ACTIONNAME17403B;Keep Our Word;;;;;;;;;;13709 ACTIONNAME17403A;Strangle the Captains;;;;;;;;;;13710 ACTIONNAME17402B;Placate the Colonesi;;;;;;;;;;13711 ACTIONNAME17402A;Annihilate the Colonesi;;;;;;;;;;13712 ACTIONNAME17401D;Aragonese;;;;;;;;;;13713 ACTIONNAME17401C;Sforzas;;;;;;;;;;13714 ACTIONNAME17401B;d'Este Family;;;;;;;;;;13715 ACTIONNAME17401A;Keep Her;;;;;;;;;;13716 ACTIONNAME17400B;Conciliate with our Aristocracy;;;;;;;;;;13717 ACTIONNAME17400A;Annihilate the Political Factions;;;;;;;;;;13718 ACTIONNAME17385B;She was a Witch;;;;;;;;;;13719 ACTIONNAME17385A;Absolve the Maid;;;;;;;;;;13720 ACTIONNAME17382A;Oh well;;;;;;;;;;13721 ACTIONNAME17381B;Let the Pope rule;;;;;;;;;;13722 ACTIONNAME17381A;Establish a Republic;;;;;;;;;;13723 ACTIONNAME17379B;Absolve Florence;;;;;;;;;;13724 ACTIONNAME17379A;Punish Florence;;;;;;;;;;13725 ACTIONNAME17378B;Pisa;;;;;;;;;;13726 ACTIONNAME17378A;France;;;;;;;;;;13727 ACTIONNAME17377B;Rely on Mercenaries;;;;;;;;;;13728 ACTIONNAME17377A;Establish Militia;;;;;;;;;;13729 ACTIONNAME17366B;Accept the rule of the Medici;;;;;;;;;;13730 ACTIONNAME17366A;Defy the Medici;;;;;;;;;;13731 ACTIONNAME17364B;Lenient Terms;;;;;;;;;;13732 ACTIONNAME17364A;Harsh Terms;;;;;;;;;;13733 ACTIONNAME17362B;Overthrow the Albizzi;;;;;;;;;;13734 ACTIONNAME17362A;Exile the Medici;;;;;;;;;;13735 ACTIONNAME17360B;Stop the conspiracy;;;;;;;;;;13736 ACTIONNAME17360A;Assassinate them;;;;;;;;;;13737 ACTIONNAME17359B;We can handle it;;;;;;;;;;13738 ACTIONNAME17359A;Tuscany can help;;;;;;;;;;13739 ACTIONNAME17355B;Submit;;;;;;;;;;13740 ACTIONNAME17355A;Resist;;;;;;;;;;13741 ACTIONNAME17353B;Protect Ourselves;;;;;;;;;;13742 ACTIONNAME17353A;Austria;;;;;;;;;;13743 ACTIONNAME17350B;Protect Ourselves;;;;;;;;;;13744 ACTIONNAME17350A;Spain;;;;;;;;;;13745 ACTIONNAME17349B;The popolani;;;;;;;;;;13746 ACTIONNAME17349A;Petrucci;;;;;;;;;;13747 ACTIONNAME17343B;Execute them;;;;;;;;;;13748 ACTIONNAME17343A;Expel them;;;;;;;;;;13749 ACTIONNAME17341A;Accept this new title;;;;;;;;;;13750 ACTIONNAME17340A;Defend our Rights;;;;;;;;;;13751 ACTIONNAME17338A;Splendid;;;;;;;;;;13752 ACTIONNAME17337B;We are too weak to intervene;;;;;;;;;;13753 ACTIONNAME17337A;This will not stand;;;;;;;;;;13754 ACTIONNAME17333B;Accept this resolution;;;;;;;;;;13755 ACTIONNAME17333A;Assert Imperial Rights to settle dispute;;;;;;;;;;13756 ACTIONNAME17330B;We are too weak to intervene;;;;;;;;;;13757 ACTIONNAME17330A;This will not stand;;;;;;;;;;13758 ACTIONNAME17327B;Ferrante of Guastalla;;;;;;;;;;13759 ACTIONNAME17327A;Carlo of Nevers;;;;;;;;;;13760 ACTIONNAME17326A;Add it to Piemonte!;;;;;;;;;;13761 ACTIONNAME17325A;We must press our claims!;;;;;;;;;;13762 ACTIONNAME17324B;Montferrat is more trouble than it is worth;;;;;;;;;;13763 ACTIONNAME17324A;The patrimony must remain united;;;;;;;;;;13764 ACTIONNAME17322B;Don't build it;;;;;;;;;;13765 ACTIONNAME17322A;Build the Reggia!;;;;;;;;;;13766 ACTIONNAME17321B;No. Chambéry is fine;;;;;;;;;;13767 ACTIONNAME17321A;Yes! Move to Torino;;;;;;;;;;13768 ACTIONNAME17320B;We must look after our own interests;;;;;;;;;;13769 ACTIONNAME17320A;Italy needs peace;;;;;;;;;;13770 ACTIONNAME17319A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;13771 ACTIONNAME17318B;Protect the Holy Man;;;;;;;;;;13772 ACTIONNAME17318A;Hang the Heretic;;;;;;;;;;13773 ACTIONNAME17317A;Save our Souls!;;;;;;;;;;13774 ACTIONNAME17316A;A wonderful Archbishop!;;;;;;;;;;13775 ACTIONNAME17314B;Refuse the title;;;;;;;;;;13776 ACTIONNAME17314A;Accept this new title;;;;;;;;;;13777 ACTIONNAME17313B;Release Him;;;;;;;;;;13778 ACTIONNAME17313A;Poison him in his cell;;;;;;;;;;13779 ACTIONNAME17312B;Administer through Mantua;;;;;;;;;;13780 ACTIONNAME17312A;Add to Piemonte;;;;;;;;;;13781 ACTIONNAME17308B;Don't Marry Maria of Montferrat's Sister;;;;;;;;;;13782 ACTIONNAME17308A;Marry Maria of Montferrat's Sister;;;;;;;;;;13783 ACTIONNAME17307B;Maintain the marriage with the emperor's aunt;;;;;;;;;;13784 ACTIONNAME17307A;Abandon the Marriage with the Emperor's Aunt - Marry Maria of Montferrat;;;;;;;;;;13785 ACTIONNAME17306B;Don't Marry the Emperor's Aunt;;;;;;;;;;13786 ACTIONNAME17306A;Marry the Emperor's Aunt;;;;;;;;;;13787 ACTIONNAME17305B;Maintain Marriage;;;;;;;;;;13788 ACTIONNAME17305A;Divorce Maria of Montferrat;;;;;;;;;;13789 ACTIONNAME17303B;No. A man cannot be expected to perform under these conditions!;;;;;;;;;;13790 ACTIONNAME17303A;Vincenzo must again submit to this indignity;;;;;;;;;;13791 ACTIONNAME17302C;Vincenzo will stay with Elizabeth Farnese;;;;;;;;;;13792 ACTIONNAME17302B;Vincenzo will leave Elizabeth Farnese and seek a wife elsewhere;;;;;;;;;;13793 ACTIONNAME17302A;Vincenzo will submit to the test;;;;;;;;;;13794 ACTIONNAME17024C;Express Hostility;;;;;;;;;;13795 ACTIONNAME17024B;Stay neutral;;;;;;;;;;13796 ACTIONNAME17024A;Express Support;;;;;;;;;;13797 ACTIONNAME17018A;Relinquish claims to Papal territory;;;;;;;;;;13798 ACTIONNAME17017B;Look East;;;;;;;;;;13799 ACTIONNAME17017A;Look West;;;;;;;;;;13800 ACTIONNAME17016A;Replace;;;;;;;;;;13801 ACTIONNAME17015A;Curses!;;;;;;;;;;13802 ACTIONNAME17014A;They should pay for that;;;;;;;;;;13803 ACTIONNAME17013B;Our Galleys are Sufficient;;;;;;;;;;13804 ACTIONNAME17013A;Allow Reforms;;;;;;;;;;13805 ACTIONNAME17012B;I am Making This Up;;;;;;;;;;13806 ACTIONNAME17012A;I am Not Making This Up;;;;;;;;;;13807 ACTIONNAME17011B;Suppress Renier Zen;;;;;;;;;;13808 ACTIONNAME17011A;Allow Minor Reforms;;;;;;;;;;13809 ACTIONNAME17010B;Exile the Spanish;;;;;;;;;;13810 ACTIONNAME17010A;Execute Only Minor Conspirators;;;;;;;;;;13811 ACTIONNAME17009C;Submit Fully to Rome;;;;;;;;;;13812 ACTIONNAME17009B;Turn to Paolo Sarpi, but Compromise with Rome;;;;;;;;;;13813 ACTIONNAME17009A;Turn to Paolo Sarpi, Do Not Compromise;;;;;;;;;;13814 ACTIONNAME17008C;Snub This Upstart Duke and His Tramp;;;;;;;;;;13815 ACTIONNAME17008B;Endorse Union, but Do Not Grant Request;;;;;;;;;;13816 ACTIONNAME17008A;Endorse the Union and Grant the Request;;;;;;;;;;13817 ACTIONNAME17005B;Deny Rossi's Appeal;;;;;;;;;;13818 ACTIONNAME17005A;Grant Rossi's Appeal;;;;;;;;;;13819 ACTIONNAME17002C;Retain Carmagnola's Services;;;;;;;;;;13820 ACTIONNAME17002B;Exile him;;;;;;;;;;13821 ACTIONNAME17002A;Execute Carmagnola;;;;;;;;;;13822 ACTIONNAME17001B;Decline Carmagnola's Offer;;;;;;;;;;13823 ACTIONNAME17001A;Accept Carmagnola's Offer;;;;;;;;;;13824 ACTIONNAME17000C;Pursue Cautious Foreign Policy;;;;;;;;;;13825 ACTIONNAME17000B;Compromise;;;;;;;;;;13826 ACTIONNAME17000A;Pursue Agressive Foreign Policy;;;;;;;;;;13827 ACTIONNAME12148B;No need to worry about that;;;;;;;;;;13828 ACTIONNAME12148A;Accept the proposition of the Piemontese;;;;;;;;;;13829 ACTIONNAME12146B;We refuse. Roussillon is french now!;;;;;;;;;;13830 ACTIONNAME12146A;We accept Aragonese offer to re-buy the lands they had given us;;;;;;;;;;13831 ACTIONNAME12145A;Let's hope they forget about Roussillon...;;;;;;;;;;13832 ACTIONNAME12143B;We cannot stand up to the French;;;;;;;;;;13833 ACTIONNAME12143A;Protect our dynasty from French interference;;;;;;;;;;13834 ACTIONNAME12139A;Issue them;;;;;;;;;;13835 ACTIONNAME12138B;Don't sell it;;;;;;;;;;13836 ACTIONNAME12138A;Sell it;;;;;;;;;;13837 ACTIONNAME12136B;Do Not Bother;;;;;;;;;;13838 ACTIONNAME12136A;Reinstitute Marshals;;;;;;;;;;13839 ACTIONNAME12134B;Save Our Money;;;;;;;;;;13840 ACTIONNAME12134A;Establish the Schools;;;;;;;;;;13841 ACTIONNAME12133B;Do Not Bother;;;;;;;;;;13842 ACTIONNAME12133A;Establish the Order;;;;;;;;;;13843 ACTIONNAME12132B;Let it Be;;;;;;;;;;13844 ACTIONNAME12132A;Reform;;;;;;;;;;13845 ACTIONNAME12126B;Peace;;;;;;;;;;13846 ACTIONNAME12126A;War;;;;;;;;;;13847 ACTIONNAME12125B;Peace at Last;;;;;;;;;;13848 ACTIONNAME12125A;War Again;;;;;;;;;;13849 ACTIONNAME12123B;Maintain Abolition;;;;;;;;;;13850 ACTIONNAME12123A;Revert to Slavery;;;;;;;;;;13851 ACTIONNAME12122B;Legalize Colonial Slavery;;;;;;;;;;13852 ACTIONNAME12122A;Abolish Colonial Slavery;;;;;;;;;;13853 ACTIONNAME12121A;Kill all the traitors;;;;;;;;;;13854 ACTIONNAME12114B;Temporize;;;;;;;;;;13855 ACTIONNAME12114A;Rattle Our Sabres;;;;;;;;;;13856 ACTIONNAME12111A;Make the Announcement;;;;;;;;;;13857 ACTIONNAME12109B;Give in to Parlement;;;;;;;;;;13858 ACTIONNAME12109A;Force new loan edicts;;;;;;;;;;13859 ACTIONNAME12107B;Just ignore their decisions;;;;;;;;;;13860 ACTIONNAME12107A;Exile them for their insolence;;;;;;;;;;13861 ACTIONNAME12106A;Mon Dieu!;;;;;;;;;;13862 ACTIONNAME12105A;Zut!;;;;;;;;;;13863 ACTIONNAME12103B;Let Them Eat Cake;;;;;;;;;;13864 ACTIONNAME12103A;Buy Grain Abroad;;;;;;;;;;13865 ACTIONNAME12102B;Burn these Evil Machines;;;;;;;;;;13866 ACTIONNAME12102A;Support the Montgolfiere;;;;;;;;;;13867 ACTIONNAME12099B;Live and Let Die;;;;;;;;;;13868 ACTIONNAME12099A;Support the United States;;;;;;;;;;13869 ACTIONNAME12098B;Maintain the status quo;;;;;;;;;;13870 ACTIONNAME12098A;Convoke the Assembly of Notables;;;;;;;;;;13871 ACTIONNAME12097B;Appoint a prominent bourgeois;;;;;;;;;;13872 ACTIONNAME12097A;Appoint Calonne;;;;;;;;;;13873 ACTIONNAME12096B;Believe Necker's figures;;;;;;;;;;13874 ACTIONNAME12096A;Dismiss Necker and appoint new minister;;;;;;;;;;13875 ACTIONNAME12094B;Appointed a prominent noble;;;;;;;;;;13876 ACTIONNAME12094A;Appoint Jaques Necker;;;;;;;;;;13877 ACTIONNAME12093A;Short-term sufferng is worth long-term gain;;;;;;;;;;13878 ACTIONNAME12092B;Appoint a more conservative Chancellor;;;;;;;;;;13879 ACTIONNAME12092A;Appoint Turgot;;;;;;;;;;13880 ACTIONNAME12091B;Keep him;;;;;;;;;;13881 ACTIONNAME12091A;Dismiss him;;;;;;;;;;13882 ACTIONNAME12090A;Merde!;;;;;;;;;;13883 ACTIONNAME12089B;Refuse to allow the people to dictate policy;;;;;;;;;;13884 ACTIONNAME12089A;Dismiss Maupeou and recall the Parlement;;;;;;;;;;13885 ACTIONNAME12088B;Force Maupeou to resign from his post;;;;;;;;;;13886 ACTIONNAME12088A;Abolish the Parlements;;;;;;;;;;13887 ACTIONNAME12087B;Appoint someone the nobles favor;;;;;;;;;;13888 ACTIONNAME12087A;Appoint Maupeou;;;;;;;;;;13889 ACTIONNAME12086A;Tant pis-too bad;;;;;;;;;;13890 ACTIONNAME12085B;Let it expire;;;;;;;;;;13891 ACTIONNAME12085A;Make it permanent;;;;;;;;;;13892 ACTIONNAME12084B;Allow the right to express grievance;;;;;;;;;;13893 ACTIONNAME12084A;Abolish the right to express grievance;;;;;;;;;;13894 ACTIONNAME12082A;Believe absurdities and you commit atrocities;;;;;;;;;;13895 ACTIONNAME12081C;Army Reform;;;;;;;;;;13896 ACTIONNAME12081B;Trade Reform;;;;;;;;;;13897 ACTIONNAME12081A;Naval Reform;;;;;;;;;;13898 ACTIONNAME12076B;We cannot afford it;;;;;;;;;;13899 ACTIONNAME12076A;Build the Manufacture;;;;;;;;;;13900 ACTIONNAME12074B;Appoint a favorite of the nobility;;;;;;;;;;13901 ACTIONNAME12074A;Appoint Jean-Baptiste Colbert;;;;;;;;;;13902 ACTIONNAME12073B;Ignore the problem;;;;;;;;;;13903 ACTIONNAME12073A;Investigate Noble Titles and reform the titling process;;;;;;;;;;13904 ACTIONNAME12071B;Refuse to sell the monopoly rights;;;;;;;;;;13905 ACTIONNAME12071A;Sell the monopoly rights;;;;;;;;;;13906 ACTIONNAME12069B;Keep the Bureaucracy the way it is;;;;;;;;;;13907 ACTIONNAME12069A;Expand the Bureaucracy;;;;;;;;;;13908 ACTIONNAME12068A;Call for Conde's Help;;;;;;;;;;13909 ACTIONNAME12066B;Ignore the Threat;;;;;;;;;;13910 ACTIONNAME12066A;Interfering Cardinal;;;;;;;;;;13911 ACTIONNAME12065A;How Refreshing!;;;;;;;;;;13912 ACTIONNAME12062C;Support Neither Side;;;;;;;;;;13913 ACTIONNAME12062B;Support the Catholics;;;;;;;;;;13914 ACTIONNAME12062A;Support the Protestants;;;;;;;;;;13915 ACTIONNAME12061C;Support Neither Side;;;;;;;;;;13916 ACTIONNAME12061B;Support Marie de Medici;;;;;;;;;;13917 ACTIONNAME12061A;Support Richelieu;;;;;;;;;;13918 ACTIONNAME12059C;Appoint a more conservative clergyman;;;;;;;;;;13919 ACTIONNAME12059B;Appease Nobles with Other Posts;;;;;;;;;;13920 ACTIONNAME12059A;Appoint Richelieu;;;;;;;;;;13921 ACTIONNAME12057B;Appoint a Noble;;;;;;;;;;13922 ACTIONNAME12057A;Appoint Maximillian de Bethune;;;;;;;;;;13923 ACTIONNAME12056B;We don't need it;;;;;;;;;;13924 ACTIONNAME12056A;Institute the tax;;;;;;;;;;13925 ACTIONNAME12053B;Sell offices and appointments instead;;;;;;;;;;13926 ACTIONNAME12053A;Raise Levees;;;;;;;;;;13927 ACTIONNAME12052B;No. Heresy cannot be allowed;;;;;;;;;;13928 ACTIONNAME12052A;Issue the Edict;;;;;;;;;;13929 ACTIONNAME12047A;Morbleu!;;;;;;;;;;13930 ACTIONNAME12046A;Sacredieu!;;;;;;;;;;13931 ACTIONNAME12042B;Do not issue the edict;;;;;;;;;;13932 ACTIONNAME12042A;Issue the edict in an attempt to restore peace;;;;;;;;;;13933 ACTIONNAME12038A;C'est la Vie...;;;;;;;;;;13934 ACTIONNAME12037B;Refuse to sign it;;;;;;;;;;13935 ACTIONNAME12037A;Sign the Treaty;;;;;;;;;;13936 ACTIONNAME12036B;Expand the secular courts instead;;;;;;;;;;13937 ACTIONNAME12036A;Create the Burning Chamber;;;;;;;;;;13938 ACTIONNAME12035B;Let it be read;;;;;;;;;;13939 ACTIONNAME12035A;Ban this heresy;;;;;;;;;;13940 ACTIONNAME12034B;Let them be;;;;;;;;;;13941 ACTIONNAME12034A;Crush this movement;;;;;;;;;;13942 ACTIONNAME12033C;Do nothing to stop them;;;;;;;;;;13943 ACTIONNAME12033B;Treat reformers lightly;;;;;;;;;;13944 ACTIONNAME12033A;Treat reformers harshly;;;;;;;;;;13945 ACTIONNAME12032B;Allow limited religious freedom;;;;;;;;;;13946 ACTIONNAME12032A;Burn these heretical documents;;;;;;;;;;13947 ACTIONNAME12031B;Allow the church to continue to make appointments;;;;;;;;;;13948 ACTIONNAME12031A;Sign It;;;;;;;;;;13949 ACTIONNAME12030A;Establish the College de France;;;;;;;;;;13950 ACTIONNAME12027A;We have no choice but to pay;;;;;;;;;;13951 ACTIONNAME12026B;We have more pressing concerns than the French;;;;;;;;;;13952 ACTIONNAME12026A;Let us drive the French from Italy for good;;;;;;;;;;13953 ACTIONNAME12025B;Never Surrender;;;;;;;;;;13954 ACTIONNAME12025A;Commence tactical retreat;;;;;;;;;;13955 ACTIONNAME12024B;We are busy elsewhere;;;;;;;;;;13956 ACTIONNAME12024A;Let us claim that which is rightfully ours;;;;;;;;;;13957 ACTIONNAME12023A;Bien;;;;;;;;;;13958 ACTIONNAME12022B;Bow to French might (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;13959 ACTIONNAME12022A;We will never bow to the French;;;;;;;;;;13960 ACTIONNAME12020B;We dont need the reforms;;;;;;;;;;13961 ACTIONNAME12020A;We need the reforms;;;;;;;;;;13962 ACTIONNAME12010A;Her memory will now live forever;;;;;;;;;;13963 ACTIONNAME12000B;Dishonor the Auld Alliance!;;;;;;;;;;13964 ACTIONNAME12000A;Honor the Auld Alliance!;;;;;;;;;;13965 ACTIONNAME10435A;Woe is us!;;;;;;;;;;13966 ACTIONNAME10434B;Crush these plotters!;;;;;;;;;;13967 ACTIONNAME10434A;It's likely just harmless talk;;;;;;;;;;13968 ACTIONNAME10043A;Long live the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu!;;;;;;;;;;13969 ACTIONNAME10041B;Crush these plotters!;;;;;;;;;;13970 ACTIONNAME10041A;It's likely just harmless talk;;;;;;;;;;13971 ACTIONNAME10040B;Crush these plotters!;;;;;;;;;;13972 ACTIONNAME10040A;It's likely just harmless talk;;;;;;;;;;13973 ACTIONNAME10039B;Crush these plotters!;;;;;;;;;;13974 ACTIONNAME10039A;It's likely just harmless talk;;;;;;;;;;13975 ACTIONNAME10038B;We are interested in hearing their ideas;;;;;;;;;;13976 ACTIONNAME10038A;Reject the overtures of these rude western devils!;;;;;;;;;;13977 ACTIONNAME10037B;No, such corruption could ruin the state!;;;;;;;;;;13978 ACTIONNAME10037A;Appoint him despite his faults!;;;;;;;;;;13979 ACTIONNAME10036B;No, they are too valuable!;;;;;;;;;;13980 ACTIONNAME10036A;Expel them!;;;;;;;;;;13981 ACTIONNAME10035B;No, we will leave them be;;;;;;;;;;13982 ACTIONNAME10035A;Attack them now while they are weak!;;;;;;;;;;13983 ACTIONNAME10034B;Let it continue to crumble;;;;;;;;;;13984 ACTIONNAME10034A;Yes, we need further repairs to the Great Wall!;;;;;;;;;;13985 ACTIONNAME10033B;Crush these plotters!;;;;;;;;;;13986 ACTIONNAME10033A;It's likely just harmless talk;;;;;;;;;;13987 ACTIONNAME10032B;Crush these plotters!;;;;;;;;;;13988 ACTIONNAME10032A;It's likely just harmless talk;;;;;;;;;;13989 ACTIONNAME10031B;We are interested in hearing their ideas;;;;;;;;;;13990 ACTIONNAME10031A;Reject the overtures of these rude western devils!;;;;;;;;;;13991 ACTIONNAME10030B;No, such corruption could ruin the state!;;;;;;;;;;13992 ACTIONNAME10030A;Appoint him despite his faults!;;;;;;;;;;13993 ACTIONNAME10029B;No, they are too valuable!;;;;;;;;;;13994 ACTIONNAME10029A;Expel them!;;;;;;;;;;13995 ACTIONNAME10028B;No, we will remain in our old capital.;;;;;;;;;;13996 ACTIONNAME10028A;Yes,let us move to the Chinese capital!;;;;;;;;;;13997 ACTIONNAME10027A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;13998 ACTIONNAME10026B;No, we will never give up!;;;;;;;;;;13999 ACTIONNAME10026A;We surrender to the Manchu;;;;;;;;;;14000 ACTIONNAME10025A;Drat!;;;;;;;;;;14001 ACTIONNAME10024B;No, we will remain as the Manchu;;;;;;;;;;14002 ACTIONNAME10024A;We are China!;;;;;;;;;;14003 ACTIONNAME10023B;Accede to their demands;;;;;;;;;;14004 ACTIONNAME10023A;Let them revolt;;;;;;;;;;14005 ACTIONNAME10022B;Let the pirates pillage!;;;;;;;;;;14006 ACTIONNAME10022A;Evacuate the coasts!;;;;;;;;;;14007 ACTIONNAME10021A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;14008 ACTIONNAME10020B;Bah! What could barbarians teach the nation of Sun Tzu?;;;;;;;;;;14009 ACTIONNAME10020A;Yes, reform the military, as the old Chinese ways are inferior;;;;;;;;;;14010 ACTIONNAME10019A;Then they will be our vassals.;;;;;;;;;;14011 ACTIONNAME10018A;We are now the rulers of China!;;;;;;;;;;14012 ACTIONNAME10017B;We will not completely submit to these barbarians!;;;;;;;;;;14013 ACTIONNAME10017A;We have no choice but to accept (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;14014 ACTIONNAME10016A;We will rule this Empire together!;;;;;;;;;;14015 ACTIONNAME10015B;No, they will unite with us, not us with them;;;;;;;;;;14016 ACTIONNAME10015A;We accept their offer to unite with them (Game Over);;;;;;;;;;14017 ACTIONNAME10014B;Throw our lot in with the Manchu and proclaim the Qing Dynasty;;;;;;;;;;14018 ACTIONNAME10014A;Continue to fight on in the south!;;;;;;;;;;14019 ACTIONNAME10013B;Let us negotiate with him.;;;;;;;;;;14020 ACTIONNAME10013A;Let us attempt to destroy the traitor!;;;;;;;;;;14021 ACTIONNAME10012B;No, our subjects are already angry enough!;;;;;;;;;;14022 ACTIONNAME10012A;Yes, let us raise the taxes;;;;;;;;;;14023 ACTIONNAME10011B;Let the forces of the Empire crush the Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;14024 ACTIONNAME10011A;Bah, surely these cultists can do no lasting harm!.;;;;;;;;;;14025 ACTIONNAME10010B;Attempt to crush the rebels;;;;;;;;;;14026 ACTIONNAME10010A;We are too weak to crush the rebels.;;;;;;;;;;14027 ACTIONNAME10009B;We are helpless in the face of such a disaster..;;;;;;;;;;14028 ACTIONNAME10009A;Try to alleviate the suffering.;;;;;;;;;;14029 ACTIONNAME10008B;No, their foreign ideas are not acceptable in our society.;;;;;;;;;;14030 ACTIONNAME10008A;Yes, we may benefit from their learning.;;;;;;;;;;14031 ACTIONNAME10007B;No, such reforms are too costly;;;;;;;;;;14032 ACTIONNAME10007A;Go with the reforms!;;;;;;;;;;14033 ACTIONNAME10006B;Let them sack the city;;;;;;;;;;14034 ACTIONNAME10006A;Drive the pirates away.;;;;;;;;;;14035 ACTIONNAME10005B;Combat the pirates;;;;;;;;;;14036 ACTIONNAME10005A;Let the provinces look after their own defense.;;;;;;;;;;14037 ACTIONNAME10004A;Perfect!;;;;;;;;;;14038 ACTIONNAME10003B;Let it continue to crumble;;;;;;;;;;14039 ACTIONNAME10003A;Yes, we need to repair the Great Wall!;;;;;;;;;;14040 ACTIONNAME10002A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;14041 ACTIONNAME10001A;This is terrible news!;;;;;;;;;;14042 ACTIONNAME10000B;No, we will remain in the Southern Capital;;;;;;;;;;14043 ACTIONNAME10000A;Yes, let us move to the Northern Capital!;;;;;;;;;;14044 ACPTSALC;accepts the alliance;;;;;;;;;;14045 ACCTOUS_SETUP;When another country asks for military access from us.;;;;;;;;;;14046 ACCTOUS_LOG;;;;;;;;;;;14047 ACCTOUS_HEADER;;;;;;;;;;;14048 ACCTOUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;14049 ACCTOUS_BTN1;;;;;;;;;;;14050 ACCTOUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;14051 ACCTOUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;14052 ACCTOUS_4;;;;;;;;;;;14053 ACCTOUS_3;;;;;;;;;;;14054 ACCTOUS_2;;;;;;;;;;;14055 ACCTOUS_1;;;;;;;;;;;14056 ACCPSHAREXPLO_SETUP;When a nation accepts shared exploration;;;;;;;;;;14057 ACCPSHAREXPLO_LOG;%s accepted to share explorations.;;;;;;;;;;14058 ACCPSHAREXPLO_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;14059 ACCPSHAREXPLO_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;14060 ACCPSHAREXPLO_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;14061 ACCPSHAREXPLO_6;with us.;;;;;;;;;;14062 ACCPSHAREXPLO_5;share their explorations;;;;;;;;;;14063 ACCPSHAREXPLO_4;are pleased to;;;;;;;;;;14064 ACCPSHAREXPLO_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;14065 ACCPSHAREXPLO_2;%t ;;;;;;;;;;14066 ACCPSHAREXPLO_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;14067 ACCMILUS_SETUP;When another nation grants us military access;;;;;;;;;;14068 ACCMILUS_LOG;%s is now granting us military access to their country.;;;;;;;;;;14069 ACCMILUS_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;14070 ACCMILUS_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;14071 ACCMILUS_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;14072 ACCMILUS_6;;;;;;;;;;;14073 ACCMILUS_5;;;;;;;;;;;14074 ACCMILUS_4;now grants us military access.;;;;;;;;;;14075 ACCMILUS_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;14076 ACCMILUS_2;%t;;;;;;;;;;14077 ACCMILUS_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;14078 ACCMILOTHER_SETUP;When another nation grants military access to a third party.;;;;;;;;;;14079 ACCMILOTHER_LOG;%s is now granting %s military access to their country.;;;;;;;;;;14080 ACCMILOTHER_HEADER;Herald from;;;;;;;;;;14081 ACCMILOTHER_BTN2;;;;;;;;;;;14082 ACCMILOTHER_BTN1;OK;;;;;;;;;;14083 ACCMILOTHER_6;;;;;;;;;;;14084 ACCMILOTHER_5;%s;;;;;;;;;;14085 ACCMILOTHER_4;now grants military access to;;;;;;;;;;14086 ACCMILOTHER_3;%s;;;;;;;;;;14087 ACCMILOTHER_2;%t;;;;;;;;;;14088 ACCMILOTHER_1;%s;;;;;;;;;;14089 ACCEPT;Accept Alliance;;;;;;;;;;14090 _EYRSYMBOL_WOOL_ROLLOVER_;Wool;;;;;;;;;;14091 _EYRSYMBOL_WINE_ROLLOVER_;Wine;;;;;;;;;;14092 _EYRSYMBOL_WARSHIPS_ROLLOVER_;Warships;;;;;;;;;;14093 _EYRSYMBOL_TRANSPORTS_ROLLOVER_;Transports;;;;;;;;;;14094 _EYRSYMBOL_TOBACCO_ROLLOVER_;Tobacco;;;;;;;;;;14095 _EYRSYMBOL_TEA_ROLLOVER_;Tea;;;;;;;;;;14096 _EYRSYMBOL_SUGAR_ROLLOVER_;Sugar;;;;;;;;;;14097 _EYRSYMBOL_SUCCESS_ROLLOVER_;Success;;;;;;;;;;14098 _EYRSYMBOL_SPICE_ROLLOVER_;Spice;;;;;;;;;;14099 _EYRSYMBOL_SLAVES_ROLLOVER_;Slaves;;;;;;;;;;14100 _EYRSYMBOL_SIEGE_ROLLOVER_;Siege;;;;;;;;;;14101 _EYRSYMBOL_SHOCK_ROLLOVER_;Shock;;;;;;;;;;14102 _EYRSYMBOL_SALT_ROLLOVER_;Salt;;;;;;;;;;14103 _EYRSYMBOL_RANK7_ROLLOVER_;Colonel;;;;;;;;;;14104 _EYRSYMBOL_RANK6_ROLLOVER_;Brigadier;;;;;;;;;;14105 _EYRSYMBOL_RANK5_ROLLOVER_;Maj.General;;;;;;;;;;14106 _EYRSYMBOL_RANK4_ROLLOVER_;Lt.General;;;;;;;;;;14107 _EYRSYMBOL_RANK3_ROLLOVER_;General;;;;;;;;;;14108 _EYRSYMBOL_RANK2_ROLLOVER_;Field Marshal;;;;;;;;;;14109 _EYRSYMBOL_RANK1_ROLLOVER_;Monarch;;;;;;;;;;14110 _EYRSYMBOL_PROGRESS_ROLLOVER_;Progress;;;;;;;;;;14111 _EYRSYMBOL_PRODUCTS_OF_THE_ORIENT_ROLLOVER_;Chinaware;;;;;;;;;;14112 _EYRSYMBOL_NAVAL_SUPPLIES_ROLLOVER_;Naval Supplies;;;;;;;;;;14113 _EYRSYMBOL_MINERALS_ROLLOVER_;Copper;;;;;;;;;;14114 _EYRSYMBOL_METAL_ROLLOVER_;Iron;;;;;;;;;;14115 _EYRSYMBOL_MANUEVER_ROLLOVER_;Maneuver;;;;;;;;;;14116 _EYRSYMBOL_IVORY_ROLLOVER_;Ivory;;;;;;;;;;14117 _EYRSYMBOL_INFANTRY_ROLLOVER_;Infantry;;;;;;;;;;14118 _EYRSYMBOL_GRAIN_ROLLOVER_;Grain;;;;;;;;;;14119 _EYRSYMBOL_GOLD_ROLLOVER_;Gold;;;;;;;;;;14120 _EYRSYMBOL_GENERAL_ROLLOVER_;General;;;;;;;;;;14121 _EYRSYMBOL_GALLEYS_ROLLOVER_;Galleys;;;;;;;;;;14122 _EYRSYMBOL_FURS_ROLLOVER_;Furs;;;;;;;;;;14123 _EYRSYMBOL_FORTRESS_ROLLOVER_;Fortress;;;;;;;;;;14124 _EYRSYMBOL_FISH_ROLLOVER_;Fish;;;;;;;;;;14125 _EYRSYMBOL_FIRE_ROLLOVER_;Fire;;;;;;;;;;14126 _EYRSYMBOL_FAILURE_ROLLOVER_;Failure;;;;;;;;;;14127 _EYRSYMBOL_EXPLORER_ROLLOVER_;Explorer;;;;;;;;;;14128 _EYRSYMBOL_COTTON_ROLLOVER_;Cotton;;;;;;;;;;14129 _EYRSYMBOL_CONQUISTADOR_ROLLOVER_;Conquistador;;;;;;;;;;14130 _EYRSYMBOL_COFFEE_ROLLOVER_;Coffee;;;;;;;;;;14131 _EYRSYMBOL_CLOTH_ROLLOVER_;Cloth;;;;;;;;;;14132 _EYRSYMBOL_CAVALRY_ROLLOVER_;Cavalry;;;;;;;;;;14133 _EYRSYMBOL_ARTILLERY_ROLLOVER_;Artillery;;;;;;;;;;14134 _EYRSYMBOL_ADMIRAL_ROLLOVER_;Admiral;;;;;;;;;;14135 #Wardescriptions;;;;;;;;;;;14136 #VALKYRIENET;;;;;;;;;;;14137 #Trader Window;;;;;;;;;;;14138 #Trader errors;;;;;;;;;;;14139 #Trade;;;;;;;;;;;14140 #TEXTS;;;;;;;;;;;14141 #Text for religious random-events;;;;;;;;;;;14142 #Technology stuff;;;;;;;;;;;14143 #String on top of screen when adding opponents to an alliance;;;;;;;;;;;14144 #Revolt risk strings;;;;;;;;;;;14145 #recruits;;;;;;;;;;;14146 #Province value;;;;;;;;;;;14147 #province listing;;;;;;;;;;;14148 #NOTE: POPROLLPROV is a rollover help where the first %s is the name of a province, and the second %s is either string PORPOLLDEMAND or POPROLLOFFER.;;;;;;;;;;;14149 #Mission Window Error;;;;;;;;;;;14150 #misc errors;;;;;;;;;;;14151 #mil stuff for ey;;;;;;;;;;;14152 #Merchant Window;;;;;;;;;;;14153 #Maintenance;;;;;;;;;;;14154 #Losses;;;;;;;;;;;14155 #Loans;;;;;;;;;;;14156 #leader;;;;;;;;;;;14157 #Income/expense Table;;;;;;;;;;;14158 #fleets;;;;;;;;;;;14159 #EYRWARSHIPS;Warships;;;;;;;;;;14160 #EYRTRANSPORTS;Transports;;;;;;;;;;14161 #EYRLSIEGE;Siege;;;;;;;;;;14162 #EYRLSHOCK;Shock;;;;;;;;;;14163 #EYRLMANUEVER;Maneuver;;;;;;;;;;14164 #EYRLFIRE;Fire;;;;;;;;;;14165 #EYRINFANTRY;Infantry;;;;;;;;;;14166 #EYRGALLEYS;Galleys;;;;;;;;;;14167 #EYRCAVALRY;Cavalry;;;;;;;;;;14168 #EYRARTILLERY;Artillery;;;;;;;;;;14169 #EYR symbols;;;;;;;;;;;14170 #Establishments;;;;;;;;;;;14171 #ERROR MESSAGES;;;;;;;;;;;14172 #End of BZIP Texts;;;;;;;;;;;14173 #Diplomat errors;;;;;;;;;;;14174 #CREDITS;;;;;;;;;;;14175 #COT Window;;;;;;;;;;;14176 #Colonist Window;;;;;;;;;;;14177 #colonies;;;;;;;;;;;14178 #BZIP Texts;;;;;;;;;;;14179 #armies;;;;;;;;;;;14180 #;WHEN DONE: save as 'Semicolon Separated (.csv)' format, and make sure the file is called 'Text.csv'.;;;;;;;;;;14181 #;VERY VERY VERY IMPORTANT!!! YOU MUST NOT CHANGE THE ORDER OF ANY VARIABLES ('%s' and '%d') OR ADD OR REMOVE ANY VARIABLES!!!;;;;;;;;;;14182 #;NOTES TO TRANSLATORS:;;;;;;;;;;14183 #;NOTE: If Excel complains about an 'Error in formula' when the cell content begins with a '+' or '-' sign, type a ' (citation mark) in front of the plus or minus.;;;;;;;;;;14184 #;Note that the color change will be applied to all words after the code, until the end of the line that the word is printed on. If several words should have a color change, put the code in front of each of them to be on the safe side. If only one word should have a color change, make sure to reset the color after the word.;;;;;;;;;;14185 #;If any field is left blank it will not be displayed at all in the message box. If a button is left blank the button will not be displayed. Functionality of buttons cannot be changed.;;;;;;;;;;14186 #;EUROPA UNIVERSALIS TEXT STRING DATABASE;;;;;;;;;;14187 #;All texts EXCEPT the '*_HEADER' can be of virtually any length – the box and button size will change accordingly.;;;;;;;;;;14188 #;9) Unless otherwise specifically stated, length of words and texts does not really matter THAT much (message boxes, rollover help boxes and buttons WILL stretch to fit the text string) – however you will notice once the translation is inserted that space IS limited in quite a few areas… so be brief, and try not to use words that are considerably longer than the english original.;;;;;;;;;;14189 #;8) No formatting can be done in this file. To change the color of a text, insert the following codes in front of the word:;;;;;;;;;;14190 #;7) To insert a carriage return, insert a '\n' (backslash + n);;;;;;;;;;14191 #;6) Any row with a '#' in the first column (column 'A') will be ignored. However, you cannot use any paragraph characters in these rows!!!;;;;;;;;;;14192 #;5) A dollar sign, '$' will always automatically be replaced by the 'ducats' icon.;;;;;;;;;;14193 #;4) The characters '#' (hashmark), semicolon, '%' (percentage sign), '§' (paragraph sign), quotation marks and '\' (backslash) MAY NOT BE USED (except when used as control codes – this will otherwise create serious problems!!! Quotation marks may not even be used in comments -- use a 'citation mark' (single) instead if necessary!);;;;;;;;;;14194 #;3) '%t' is for indicating where the player's 'title' is inserted, however only in game message boxes.';;;;;;;;;;14195 #;2) '%d' is for indicating where another integer value is inserted, and MAY NEVER BE REMOVED! If there are more than one '%d' in a string, they may not change places. ('%.1f' is used in exactly the same way but for non-integer values – '%c%d' is used for values that are displayed with a '+' or '-' sign in front, DO NOT CHANGE, ADD, OR REMOVE!);;;;;;;;;;14196 #;12) If you want to begin a string with a ' (citation mark), you will need to type it twice (Excel will read the first one as a commentary which is not not exported into the actual text database file);;;;;;;;;;14197 #;11) The LAST CELL in the 'A' column MUST contain the string '#EOF';;;;;;;;;;14198 #;10) ALL CELLS in column 'L' in this document MUST contain a character!;;;;;;;;;;14199 #;1) '%s' is for indicating where another string is inserted, and MAY NEVER BE REMOVED! If there are more than one '%s' in a string, they may NOT CHANGE PLACES.;;;;;;;;;;14200 #;§Y = orange text;;;;;;;;;;14201 #;§W = white text;;;;;;;;;;14202 #;=====================;;;;;;;;;;14203 PAM;Parma;;;;;;;;;;14204 PAM_DESC;Parma was founded in 183 B.C. by 2000 Roman citizens as part of a colonization project in which the nearby towns of Piacenza, Modena and Bologna were also established. The city has been involved with every major artistic period and cultural institution since then. In the Byzantine period, Parma became known as Chrysopolis -- "golden city" -- due either to the richness of its soil or its administrative seat of the Treasury. During the Imperial Age, Parma had a Roman forum, a theater, an ampitheater, public baths and a basilica. The flourishing town saw the rule of the Visconti, the Sforza, the French and the Papacy from the 14th to 16th Centuries, and in 1545 Pope Paul III established a Duchy with his son Pier Luigi Farnese as its ruler (a dynasty that lasted almost 200 years). The years between 1802 and 1814 were a time of Napoleonic rule, following with the important period when the city's administration was passed to Bonaparte's second wife, Maria Luigia of Austria, whose influencial power lasted until her death in 1847. After the Bourbons regained control for a short period, Parma was joined in the Kingdom of Italy with a plebiscite on March 18, 1860.;;;;;;;;;;14205 #;;;;;;;;;;;14206 #;;;;;;;;;;;14207 #;;;;;;;;;;;14208 #;;;;;;;;;;;14209 #;;;;;;;;;;;14210 #;;;;;;;;;;;14211 #;;;;;;;;;;;14212 #;;;;;;;;;;;14213 #;;;;;;;;;;;14214 #;;;;;;;;;;;14215 #;;;;;;;;;;;14216 #;;;;;;;;;;;14217 #;;;;;;;;;;;14218 #;;;;;;;;;;;14219 #;;;;;;;;;;;14220 #;;;;;;;;;;;14221 #;;;;;;;;;;;14222 #;;;;;;;;;;;14223 #;;;;;;;;;;;14224 #;;;;;;;;;;;14225 #;;;;;;;;;;;14226 #;;;;;;;;;;;14227 #;;;;;;;;;;;14228 #;;;;;;;;;;;14229 #;;;;;;;;;;;14230 #;;;;;;;;;;;14231 #;;;;;;;;;;;14232 #;;;;;;;;;;;14233 #;;;;;;;;;;;14234 #;;;;;;;;;;;14235 #;;;;;;;;;;;14236 #;;;;;;;;;;;14237 #;;;;;;;;;;;14238 #;;;;;;;;;;;14239 #;;;;;;;;;;;14240 #;;;;;;;;;;;14241 #;;;;;;;;;;;14242 #;;;;;;;;;;;14243 #;;;;;;;;;;;14244 #;;;;;;;;;;;14245 #;;;;;;;;;;;14246 #;;;;;;;;;;;14247 #;;;;;;;;;;;14248 #;;;;;;;;;;;14249 #;;;;;;;;;;;14250 #;;;;;;;;;;;14251 #;;;;;;;;;;;14252 #;;;;;;;;;;;14253 #;;;;;;;;;;;14254 #;;;;;;;;;;;14255 #;;;;;;;;;;;14256 #;;;;;;;;;;;14257 #;;;;;;;;;;;14258 #;;;;;;;;;;;14259 #;;;;;;;;;;;14260 #;;;;;;;;;;;14261 #;;;;;;;;;;;14262 #;;;;;;;;;;;14263 #;;;;;;;;;;;14264 #;;;;;;;;;;;14265 #;;;;;;;;;;;14266 #;;;;;;;;;;;14267 #;;;;;;;;;;;14268 #;;;;;;;;;;;14269 #;;;;;;;;;;;14270 #;;;;;;;;;;;14271 #;;;;;;;;;;;14272 #;;;;;;;;;;;14273 #;;;;;;;;;;;14274 #;;;;;;;;;;;14275 #;;;;;;;;;;;14276 #;;;;;;;;;;;14277 #;;;;;;;;;;;14278 #;;;;;;;;;;;14279 #;;;;;;;;;;;14280 #;;;;;;;;;;;14281 #;;;;;;;;;;;14282 #;;;;;;;;;;;14283 #;;;;;;;;;;;14284 #;;;;;;;;;;;14285 #;;;;;;;;;;;14286 #;;;;;;;;;;;14287 #;;;;;;;;;;;14288 #;;;;;;;;;;;14289 #;;;;;;;;;;;14290 #;;;;;;;;;;;14291 #;;;;;;;;;;;14292 #;;;;;;;;;;;14293 #;;;;;;;;;;;14294 #;;;;;;;;;;;14295 #;;;;;;;;;;;14296 #;;;;;;;;;;;14297 #;;;;;;;;;;;14298 #;;;;;;;;;;;14299 #;;;;;;;;;;;14300 #;;;;;;;;;;;14301 #;;;;;;;;;;;14302 #;;;;;;;;;;;14303 #;;;;;;;;;;;14304 #;;;;;;;;;;;14305 #;;;;;;;;;;;14306 #;;;;;;;;;;;14307 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#;;;;;;;;;;;16233 #;;;;;;;;;;;16234 #;;;;;;;;;;;16235 #;;;;;;;;;;;16236 #;;;;;;;;;;;16237 #;;;;;;;;;;;16238 #;;;;;;;;;;;16239 #;;;;;;;;;;;16240 #;;;;;;;;;;;16241 #;;;;;;;;;;;16242 #;;;;;;;;;;;16243 #;;;;;;;;;;;16244 #;;;;;;;;;;;16245 #;;;;;;;;;;;16246 #;;;;;;;;;;;16247 #;*_LOG = the text that is displayed in the game log (in the bottom of the screen) – most often this is just a shorter recap of all the other text strings.;;;;;;;;;;16248 #;*_HEADER = small orange header in message box;;;;;;;;;;16249 #;*_BTN2 = right button;;;;;;;;;;16250 #;*_BTN1 = left button;;;;;;;;;;16251 #;*_6 = small orange text in message box;;;;;;;;;;16252 #;*_5 = all caps white text in message box;;;;;;;;;;16253 #;*_4 = small orange text in message box;;;;;;;;;;16254 #;*_3 = all caps white text in message box;;;;;;;;;;16255 #;*_2 = small orange text in message box;;;;;;;;;;16256 #;*_1 = large white header in message box (limited space!);;;;;;;;;;16257 ##MAJOR EVENTS;;;;;;;;;;;16258 ##FLAVOUR EVENTS;;;;;;;;;;;16259 ###TEXTS FOR MAJOR EVENTS###;;;;;;;;;;;16260 ########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16261 ########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16262 #########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16263 #########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16264 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16265 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16266 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16267 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16268 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16269 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16270 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16271 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16272 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16273 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16274 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16275 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16276 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16277 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16278 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16279 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16280 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16281 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16282 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16283 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16284 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16285 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16286 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16287 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16288 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16289 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16290 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16291 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16292 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16293 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16294 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16295 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16296 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16297 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16298 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16299 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16300 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16301 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16302 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16303 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16304 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16305 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16306 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16307 ###########################################;;;;;;;;;;;16308 ############## TUTORIAL ##################;;;;;;;;;;;16309 ############# INTERFACE TEXTS #############;;;;;;;;;;;16310 ############# GRAND CAMPAIGN ############;;;;;;;;;;;16311 ############# 1773 SCENARIO ############;;;;;;;;;;;16312 ############# 1700 SCENARIO ############;;;;;;;;;;;16313 ############# 1617 SCENARIO ############;;;;;;;;;;;16314 ########### TUTORIAL SCENARIO ############;;;;;;;;;;;16315 ########### SCENARIO INFO TEXTS ##########;;;;;;;;;;;16316 ########### MESSAGE HANDLER ############;;;;;;;;;;;16317 ########### IN-GAME MESSAGES ############;;;;;;;;;;;16318 ########### IN-GAME MAIN MENU ############;;;;;;;;;;;16319 ########### HISTORICAL EVENTS #############;;;;;;;;;;;16320 ########### FANTASIA SCENARIO ############;;;;;;;;;;;16321 ######### TEXTS DISPLAYED IN THE ########## ######## HEADER ABOVE THE SIDEBAR ######;;;;;;;;;;;16322 ######### TEXTS ABOUT RESOURCES ########;;;;;;;;;;;16323 ######### ROLLOVER HELP TEXTS ###########;;;;;;;;;;;16324 ######### RANDOM EVENT TEXTS ###########;;;;;;;;;;;16325 ######### HISTORICAL FLAVOR EVENT TEXTS ###########;;;;;;;;;;;16326 ######### GENERAL TEXT STRINGS #########;;;;;;;;;;;16327 ######## GENERAL IN-GAME STRINGS ########;;;;;;;;;;;16328 ######## FRONT & BACK END TEXTS #######;;;;;;;;;;;16329 ######## END OF YEAR REPORT TEXTS #######;;;;;;;;;;;16330 ####### MISSION SUMMARY TEXTS ###########;;;;;;;;;;;16331 ###### NAMES OF COUNTRIES & AREAS #####;;;;;;;;;;;16332 ##### To convert the semicolon-separated list to a normal Excel table, first click on the 'A' above to select the entire 'A' column.;;;;;;;;;;;16333 ##### THE GREAT NORDIC WAR SCENARIO #######;;;;;;;;;;;16334 ##### THE AMERICAN DREAM SCENARIO #######;;;;;;;;;;;16335 ##### STRUGGLE FOR THE BALTIC SCENARIO #######;;;;;;;;;;;16336 ##### Select 'Data' -> 'Text to Columns' -> 'Delimited' -> 'Next';;;;;;;;;;;16337 ##### Select column 'A' through 'K' (click + drag on letters above columns);;;;;;;;;;;16338 ##### Right-click anywhere on the sheet again (still inside the selection) and select 'Format Cells' -> 'Alignment' -> check 'Wrap Text' + select 'Vertical: Top' -> 'OK';;;;;;;;;;;16339 ##### Right-click anywhere on the sheet (inside the selection) and select 'Column width' and set it so that only THREE columns are visible ('45' with 1024 x 768 screen resolution);;;;;;;;;;;16340 ##### RACE FOR THE GOLD SCENARIO #######;;;;;;;;;;;16341 ##### Place the cursor in cell C1 and select 'Window' -> 'Freeze Panes' (allows you to scroll horizontally to see any language in the rightmost coulmn while still having the string names/comments and the english original text in the left and middle column;;;;;;;;;;;16342 ##### Open this document in Excel, version 5 or later.;;;;;;;;;;;16343 ##### Check 'Semicolon' (ONLY!) -> 'Finish';;;;;;;;;;;16344 ##### CAREFULLY read the instructions in cells B18 – B36;;;;;;;;;;;16345 ## THESE CAN PROBABLY BE SCRAPPED? ##;;;;;;;;;;;16346 ## STARTUP AND MISSION BOXES (IN-GAME) ##;;;;;;;;;;;16347 # WARS;;;;;;;;;;;16348 # VASSAL WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16349 # used in string WERELIGION_4 to describe what happens to the tax incomes;;;;;;;;;;;16350 # used in string OTHERRELIGION_4 to describe our reaction;;;;;;;;;;;16351 # UNIT INFORMATION WINDOWS;;;;;;;;;;;16352 # TUTORIAL;;;;;;;;;;;16353 # TROOPS PURCHASE WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16354 # These following pejorative adjectives are randomly inserted in some messages. The definite article ('the') can either be in the actual message or in this string – the syntax in the english version is 'the %s [in %s have declared war on us]'.;;;;;;;;;;;16355 # TEXT FOR EMPTY PROVINCE – NOTE LENGTH OF TEXTS!;;;;;;;;;;;16356 # Technology texts;;;;;;;;;;;16357 # 'TABS' ROLLOVERS;;;;;;;;;;;16358 # SWEDISH EVENTS;;;;;;;;;;;16359 # Structures Stuff;;;;;;;;;;;16360 # STRING NAME (do not change!);English;;;;;;;;;;16361 # SIEGE RESULTS MONITOR – describes status of a besieged city;;;;;;;;;;;16362 # SIEGE INFORMATION WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16363 # SIDEBAR BUTTONS;;;;;;;;;;;16364 # 'SHIELD' ROLLOVERS IN PROVINCE INFORMATION SIDEBAR WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16365 # SETTLER PLACEMENT WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16366 # SEA ZONE WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16367 # RW_I_TRADE;Our Trade will increase as the contributing provinces in each Center of Trade grows, and as we place more merchants there.;;;;;;;;;;16368 # RW_I_PROD;Our %s Production will increase as our cities and colonies grow.;;;;;;;;;;16369 # RW_D_TRADE;Increase your Trade incomes by placing more merchants in Centers of Trade that cover many %s producing provinces, and by increasing your Trade Level.;;;;;;;;;;16370 # RW_D_PROD;Increase your incomes by building/expanding %s producing colonies, and by improving your Infrastructure.;;;;;;;;;;16371 # ROLLOVER of Event Commands;;;;;;;;;;;16372 # RIGHT-CLICK ON MINI-MAP;;;;;;;;;;;16373 # RIGHT-CLICK IN END OF YEAR REPORT;;;;;;;;;;;16374 # RIGHT-CLICK DROP-DOWN MENU;;;;;;;;;;;16375 # RESOURCE WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16376 # resource names derived from manufactories;;;;;;;;;;;16377 # RESOURCE DEMAND ROLLOVER HELP;;;;;;;;;;;16378 # RELIGION WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16379 # Religion Name;;;;;;;;;;;16380 # Regional definitions;;;;;;;;;;;16381 # Province Tax effect strings;;;;;;;;;;;16382 # POPULATION GROWTH STRINGS;;;;;;;;;;;16383 # PLAYER TITLES;;;;;;;;;;;16384 # PEACE OFFER WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16385 # OPTIONS;;;;;;;;;;;16386 # NOTE: The messages work this way:;*_SETUP = the string displayed in the in-game message display options listing;;;;;;;;;;16387 # Note: In ALLEXPIRE, %s is for the date (uses player's Windows settings), %d for the year;;;;;;;;;;;16388 # Note: all five manufactory types MUST have the same gender.;;;;;;;;;;;16389 # NOTE there should be a space both before and after the 'and' in the following string.;;;;;;;;;;;16390 # NOTE there should be a space after the 'with' in the following string.;;;;;;;;;;;16391 # NEW EVENT TEXTS!;;;;;;;;;;;16392 # NAMES OF RESOURCES;;;;;;;;;;;16393 # MULTIPLE UNITS WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16394 # MONTHS;;;;;;;;;;;16395 # MONARCH PAGE;;;;;;;;;;;16396 # MISSIONARY WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16397 # MISSION WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16398 # MISSION DESCRIPTION;;;;;;;;;;;16399 # MESSAGE DISPLAY OPTIONS;;;;;;;;;;;16400 # MANUFACTORY NAMES;;;;;;;;;;;16401 # MAIN MAP ROLLOVERS;;;;;;;;;;;16402 # MAIN MAP BAR – NUMBER OF SETTLERS;;;;;;;;;;;16403 # MAIN MAP BAR – NUMBER OF MISSIONARIES;;;;;;;;;;;16404 # MAIN MAP BAR – NUMBER OF MERCHANTS;;;;;;;;;;;16405 # MAIN MAP BAR – NUMBER OF DIPLOMATS;;;;;;;;;;;16406 # MAIN MAP BAR – GENERAL;;;;;;;;;;;16407 # LOCATOR MAP;;;;;;;;;;;16408 # LOBBY BUTTONS & TEXTS;;;;;;;;;;;16409 # LOANS WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16410 # Loan offered, answer window;;;;;;;;;;;16411 # LOAD CAPACITY – the first '%d' in 'NIWNTP' is the number of units loaded on the navy, the second '%d' the maximum load capacity;;;;;;;;;;;16412 # LEVEL EFFECT STRINGS;;;;;;;;;;;16413 # LEADER TYPES – note: not rank but 'type';;;;;;;;;;;16414 # LAND AND NAVAL TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION WINDOWS;;;;;;;;;;;16415 # Invite to warpact;;;;;;;;;;;16416 # Invite to one of our alliances;;;;;;;;;;;16417 # INIT TEXTS;;;;;;;;;;;16418 # INFO BOX TAG;;;;;;;;;;;16419 # INCOMES;;;;;;;;;;;16420 # IMPORTANT! COUNTRY NAMES MAY NOT BE TOO LONG;;;;;;;;;;;16421 # ILLEGAL EXPLORATION ERROR MESSAGES;;;;;;;;;;;16422 # ILLEGAL COLONISATION ERROR MESSAGES;;;;;;;;;;;16423 # HOSTILE ALLIANCES;;;;;;;;;;;16424 # 'HIDDEN' PROVINCE INFORMATION WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16425 # HELP TEXTS FOR BUILDINGS IN SIDEBAR;;;;;;;;;;;16426 # HEADER IN VICTORY PROGRESS BOX;;;;;;;;;;;16427 # Goods historical descriptions;;;;;;;;;;;16428 # GIM text strings;;;;;;;;;;;16429 # GAME SPEEDS;;;;;;;;;;;16430 # Game messages in dialog boxes;;;;;;;;;;;16431 # FRONT END BUTTONS & TEXTS;;;;;;;;;;;16432 # FRIENDLY ALLIANCES;;;;;;;;;;;16433 # FORTIFICATION LEVELS;;;;;;;;;;;16434 # FINANCIAL SUMMARY WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16435 # EYR-texter;;;;;;;;;;;16436 # Extend Loan Window;;;;;;;;;;;16437 # EXPENSES;;;;;;;;;;;16438 # EVENT WINDOW STRINGS;;;;;;;;;;;16439 # ERROR MESSAGES;;;;;;;;;;;16440 # EEP EVENTS;;;;;;;;;;;16441 # ECONOMY;;;;;;;;;;;16442 # DYNAMIC UNIT DESIGNATIONS;;;;;;;;;;;16443 # DOMESTIC POLICY NAMES;;;;;;;;;;;16444 # DIPLOMACY WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16445 # DIPLOMACY TEXT STRINGS;;;;;;;;;;;16446 # DIPLOMACY INFORMATION WINDOW – Note space before some strings;;;;;;;;;;;16447 # DIPLOMACY CONFIRMATIONS – NOTE SPACE IN BEGINNING OF SOME STRINGS!;;;;;;;;;;;16448 # CULTURES;;;;;;;;;;;16449 # COUNTRY INFORMATION WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16450 # CONSTRUCTIONS. NOTE SPACE BEFORE 'TIME REMAINING'.;;;;;;;;;;;16451 # CONFIRM MESSAGES;;;;;;;;;;;16452 # COMBAT RESULTS – describes combat status of armies and navies;;;;;;;;;;;16453 # COMBAT PHASE NAMES;;;;;;;;;;;16454 # COMBAT INFORMATION WINDOWS;;;;;;;;;;;16455 # COMBAT INFORMATION WINDOWS;;;;;;;;;;;16456 # Colonist errors;;;;;;;;;;;16457 # BUTTON ROLLOVERS;;;;;;;;;;;16458 # BUDGET WINDOW;;;;;;;;;;;16459 # BASE VICTORY POINT NAMES;;;;;;;;;;;16460 # BACK END TEXTS;;;;;;;;;;;16461 # AUTOSAVE FREQUENCY;;;;;;;;;;;16462 # ATTRITION;;;;;;;;;;;16463 # Ask to join alliance;;;;;;;;;;;16464 # AREA NAMES;;;;;;;;;;;16465 # ALLIANCES;;;;;;;;;;;16466 # A.I. AGGRESSIVENESS SETTINGS;;;;;;;;;;;16467 # ========================;==========;;;;;;;;;;16468 # (TOGGLE land / naval info win;;;;;;;;;;;16469 # (NOTE: these will be used in the game messages WERELIGION and OTHERRELIGION – you may want to check the syntax there to make things compatible right away.);;;;;;;;;;;16470 #EOF;;;;;;;;;;;16471 #EOF;;;;;;;;;;;16472