| Chapter 32 Section 1 The Changing Political Climate 1. In 1972 President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania in East Africa spoke of the goals of struggling new nations 2. The balance of world power changed dramatically after 1945 3. Perhaps the greatest change however was the collapse of western overseas empires and the emergence of dozens of new countries The Great Liberation 1. The postwar decades brought a major turning point in world history when the colonial empires built by western powers during the Age of Imperialism crumbled 2. The needs and goals of developing nations transformed the postwar world 3. The new nations of Africa and Asia as well as the countries of Latin America became known as the developing world The cold War Goes Global 1. The new nations emerged into a world dominated and divided by the Cold War 2. The Cold war ended suddenly in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed 3. within many nations from Russia to Indonesia to Rwanda ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or independence New Nations seek Stability 1. While new nations had high hopes for the future, they faced immense problems 2. The new nations wrote constitutions modeled on those of western democracies 3. As problems multiplied the military or authoritarian leaders often took over The shrinking Globe 1. Since 1945 transportation and communications systems have made the world increasingly interdependent 2. The United Nations was set up as a forum for settling disputes 3. Un agencies provided services for millions of people worldwide Enduring Issues 1. Many issues pose a challenge to world peace. 2. During the cold war efforts to curb the arms race had only limited success 3. Despite the end of the cold war military spending in May countries has continued to grow Section 2 Global economic Trends 1. In 1969 Pope Paul VI expressed what he saw as a troubling mix of success and failures in the modern age 2. As new nations won independence they aspired to the high standard of living in the industrial world 3. In today�s interdependent world the stories of rich and poor nations are closely linked The Global North and South Two worlds of Development 1. The Cold war created an ideological split between the communist east and the capitalist west 2. The Global north includes the industrial nations of Western Europe and North America as well as Japan and Australia 3. With Few exceptions such as socialist Sweden most rich nations have basically capitalist economies Economic Interdependence 1. Rich and poor nations are linked by many trade and financial ties 2. At the same time however poor nations claim that the north has a stranglehold on the claim that the north has a stranglehold on the global economy 3. Much of the world�s oil comes from the Middle East Obstacles to Development 1. While some developing nations have made progress toward modernization others have not 2. In parts of Africa Asia and Latin America geography has posed an obstacle to progress 3. The Population boom that began in the 1700 has continued Economic Development and the environment 1. For both rich and poor nations economic development has been achieved at great cost to the natural environment 2. since earliest times people everywhere have taken what they wanted from the environment 3. By the 1970s conservationists raised the alarm about threats to the planets fragile environment Section 3 Changing Patterns of Life 1. In recent decades hundreds of million of people have migrated from rural villages to urban centers 2. Urbanization has transformed the lives of people in the developing world just as it did in Europe during the Industrial revolution 3. First though we will look at how the village continues to shape the lives of millions of people The Village Continuity and Change 1. The Village is close set houses make of stones clay bricks or sticks plastered over with mud roofed with thatch palm leaves tile or tin 2. Later people gather at small open fronted shops around the village square 3. While such changes enrich village life they also weaken traditional cultures Old ways and New 1. In the western world industrialization and urbanization began more that 200 years ago during the industrial revolution 2. In the west evangelical protestant sects have emphasized salvation through faith and preaching 3. In Muslim countries too religious reformers called on government to work for social improvements New Rights and Roles for Women 1. After 1945 women movements brought changes to both the western and developing worlds 2. In the industrial world more and more women worked outside the home and gradually won equal access to education 3. At the same time women generally shouldered a heavy burden of work inside and around the home Science and Technology 1. since 1945 technology ahs transformed human life and thought 2. Other European nations as well as Japan and China launched their own satellites 3. In the postwar ear medicine achieved amazing successes A new international Culture 1. Radio has changed everything noted Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser in the 1950 2. The driving force behind the new global culture has been the United States 3. Global interest in the arts has made nations realize the values of ancient cultural treasures Looking Ahead 1. Many current trends and issues emerged long before 1945 and well continue beyond 2000 2. The next five chapters trace how the trends discussed in this chapter have affected different regions 3. In many nations and regions people must reconcile local and global interests Chapter 33 Section 1 The western World an Overview 1. Western Europe rebounded out of the rubble of World War II 2. during the postwar year�s standards of living rose dramatically 3. Amid these comforts many other changes were shaping the western world The Cold war in Europe 1. For more than 40 years the cold war divided Europe into two hostile military alliances 2. Berlin remained a focus of cold war tensions 3. To stop its citizens from fleeing the East German government built a wall in 1961 that separated the two sectors of the city. Recovery and Growth in west Europe 1. with marshal plain aid western European countries recovered fairly quickly from World War II 2. A major goal of leftist parties was to extend the welfare state 3. Socialists supported the welfare state and larger role for government in the economy Toward European Unity 1. Europe�s recovery from World War II was helped by economic cooperation 2. In 1957 the same six nations signed a treaty to form the European community or common market to expand free trade 3. Despite disputes between members the common market prospered Social Trends 1. The pace of social change speeded up after 1945 2. Since the 1950s many immigrants from former colonies in Asia Africa and the Caribbean settled in Europe. 3. A women income helped improve her family�s standard of living Section 2 The western European Democracies 1. In July 1994 an army of bicycles snaked through the English country side cheered on by million spectators 2. To an English spectator the Chunnel was an important symbol 3. After 1945 the western European democracies operated within a growing framework of regional and global cooperation�s including eh common market NATO and the UN Britain government and the economy 1. World war II left Britain physically battered and economically drained 2. That New world gave government an ever larger role in the economy 3. Weakened by the war and its loss of empire Britain reluctantly gave up global leadership to its close ally the unites states France revival and Prosperity 1. Like Britain France was greatly weakened by World War II 2. In Algeria longtime French settlers and the French military opposed Algerian nationalists who wanted independence 3. In 1968 youth revolts shook France Germany Reunited at Last 1. The early years after World War II were a desperate time for Germany 2. By 1949 feuds among the allies divided Germany 3. Lured by glittering view of the west however many East Germans fled Other Democratic Nations of the West 1. Other parts of Western Europe slowly recovered from the war 2. Postwar Italy was economically divided 3. Change came more slowly to three other countries of southern Europe Spain Portugal and Greece Section 3 North American prosperity 1. John. F Kennedy made this vow when he became president 2. Canada also built democracy 3. In the post war era the United States sought to contain communism extend civil rights and secure economic prosperity The United States and the Cold war 1. In 1945 the United States was the world�s greatest military power and the only country with the atomic bomb 2. The unites States built bases overseas and organized military alliances from Europe to Southeast Asia 3. By 1967 American at home were bitterly divided over the Vietnam War. Economy and the role of government 1. Unlike Europe the unites states emerged from World War II with its cities and industries undamaged 2. By the early 1950s the American economy was booming 3. Truman�s successor Dwight Eisenhower tried to reduce the government role in the economy The civil Rights Movement 1. The 1950s seemed a peaceful time at home 2. Although African Americans has won freedom nearly a century before many states especially in the south denied the equality 3. In 1954 the Supreme Court issued a land mark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka The United States and the global economy 1. In the postwar decades the United States profited greatly from the growing global economy 2. American industries faced stiff competition from Asian and other nations 3. Still the United States remained a rich nation and a magnet for immigrants Postwar Canada 1. Like the United States Canada was a nation shaped by immigrants 2. Canada ranked among the major democratic industrial powers 3. Government leaders tried hard to meet those demands Section 4 The Soviet Union rise and fall of a superpower 1. We shall bury you soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev told the west during the cold war 2. Khrushchev�s prediction never came true 3. Efforts at reform led that soviet empire to disintegrate with stunning speed Stalin�s Successors 1. The Soviet Union emerged from World War II a superpower 2. Victory however brought few rewards to the soviet people 3. The thaw has limits though The Soviet Economy 1. After the war Stalin rebuilt shattered soviet industries using factories and other equipment stripped from Germany 2. In 1957 the soviets launched sputnik I the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth 3. Neither Khrushchev nor Brezhnev however was able to solve basic soviet economic problems Foreign Policy Issues 1. Stalin and his successors forcefully asserted soviet control over Eastern Europe 2. As nations emerged from colonial rule the Soviet Union like the United States supplied them with military and economic aid 3. As you say soviet American relations swung back and forth between confrontation and d�tente Collapse of the Soviet empire 1. As the fighting in Afghanistan dragged on the Soviet economy stagnated 2. Such rapid change brought economic turmoil 3. In mid 1991 hardliners tried to overthrow Gorbachev and restore the old order The Russian Republic 1. Russia the largest republic in size and population had dominated the Soviet Union 2. Russian approved a new constitution but they had no Democratic traditions 3. Yeltsin clashed repeatedly with parliament The Other Republics 1. Like Russia the other former society republics wanted to build stable governments and improve their standard of living 2. These new nations endured hard times as they switched to market economies 3. The republics of Ukraine Kazakhstan and Belarus gave up the Nuclear weapons left on their soil in return for trading privileges or investments from the west Section 5 A new era in eastern Europe 1. For centuries the peoples of Eastern Europe lived in the shadow of larger powers 2. Finally in 1989 eastern European nations again won independence 3. Vaclav Hovel a play Wright and the first president of the Czech Republic spoke the challenges of freedom In the Soviet Orbit 1. In 1945 Soviet armies occupied much of Eastern Europe 2. A dozen years later Leander Duck introduced liberal reforms in Czechoslovakia 3. Soviet power did not extend to Yugoslavia Poland�s Struggle toward Democracy 1. Poland was the Soviet Union most troublesome satellite 2. In 1956 economic woes touched off riots and strikes 3. In 1980 economic hardships ignited strikes of shipyards workers in the port of Gdansk Revolution and Freedom 1. By late 1989 a democracy movement was sweeping Eastern Europe 2. by the mid 1990s governments ended many benefits from the old days such as generous maternity leave and free tuition at universities 3. In the 1990s eastern European nations looked to the west for aid and many hoped to join the European Union and NATO War Comes to Sarajevo 1. Tim trying to concentrate so I can do my homework 11 year old Zlata Filipovic wrote in her diary on April 5 1992 2. Although Bosnia where zlata lived became independent it was still divided 3. Scrubs practiced ethnic cleansing forcibly removing other ethnic groups from the areas they controlled Looking Ahead 1. In 1995 the United States finally brought the warring parties to Dayton Ohio 2. There they hammered out a series of agreements called the Dayton Accords 3. NATO forces were sent to Bosnia to implement the agreements progress in making the agreement s work was slow and often unsatisfactory to Muslims Serbs or boats |