| Chapter 31 Aggression appeasement and war 1.In the last chapter you say how the western democracies tried to strengthen the framework for peace during the 1920s 2. Unlike these dictators leaders of the western democracies were haunted by memories of the Great War 3. During the 1930s the two sides tested each other�s commitment and will Early challenges to world peace 1. Challenges to peace followed a pattern throughout the 1930s. 2. One of the earliest tests was posed by Japan 3. By then Hitler too had tested the will of the Versailles treaty The Spanish civil war 1. In 1936 Spain was plunged into civil war 2. In the 1920s Spain was a monarchy dominated by a land owning upper class the Catholic Church and the military 3.The republic government passed a series of controversial reforms. German Aggression Continues 1. In the meantime Hitler pursued his goals of bringing all German-speaking people into the Third Reich 2. From the outset Nazi propaganda had found fertile ground in Austria 3. Hitler�s next victim was Czechoslovakia The Plunge Toward War 1. As Churchill predicted Munich did not bring peace 2. In August 1939 Hitler stunned the world by announcing a nonaggresion pact with his great enemy Joseph Stalin head of the Soviet Union 3. On September 1, 1939 a week after the Nazi Soviet pact German forces stormed into Poland Why war came 1. Many factors contributed to World War II 2. Since 1939 people have debated issues such as why the western democracies failed to respond 3. Many historians today think that Hitler might have been stopped in 1939 before Germany was fully rearmed Section 2 The global conflict axis advances 1. Hitler will collapse the day we declare war on Germany predicted a confident French general on the eve of World War II 2. Unlike World War I with its dug in defensive troches the new global conflict was a war of aggressive movement. 3. In the early I really like history in Hitler killed many people that suck The First onslaught 1. In September 1939 nazi forces stormed into Poland revealing the enormous power of hitter�s blitzkrieg or lightning war 2. While Germany attacked from the west stains forces invaded from the ease grabbing areas promised under the nazi soviet pact 3. With Poland crushed Hitler passed the winter without much further action The Battle Of Britain 1. With the fall of France Britain stood alone 2. The city did not break under the blitz 3. For Londoners the blitz became a fact of life Charging ahead 1. While the Luftwaffe was blasting Britain axis armies were pushing into North Africa 2. In 1940 Italian forces invaded Greece 3. Meanwhile both Bulgaria and Hungary had joined the axis alliance Operation Barbarous 1. In June 1941 Hitler embarked on operation Barbarous the conquest of the Soviet Union 2. The Russian lost two and a half million soldiers trying to fend off the invaders 3. There however the German drive stalled Growing American Involvement 1. When the war began in 1939 the United States declared its neutrality 2. In early 1941 FRD convinced Congress to pass the Lend Lease Act 3. In august 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly on a warship in the Atlantic Japan attacks 1. In December 1941 the allies gained a vital boost when a surprise action by Japan suddenly pitched the United States into the war 2. In 1940 Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies 3. In the long run the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor gave no such hint Section 3 The global conflict allied successes 1. World war II was fought on a large scale and in more places than any other war in history 2. From 1939 until mid 1942 the axis ran up a string of successes 3. Then the allies won some key victories Occupied lands 1. While the Germans rampaged across Europe the Japanese conquered an empire in Asia and the pacific 2. Hitler�s new order grew out of his racial obsessions 3. As Jews reached the camps they were stripped of their clothes and valuables The Allied War Effort 1.After the United States entered the war the allied leaders met periodically to hammer out there strategies 2. Like the Axis powers the allies were committed to total war 3. Under pressure of war even democratic governments limited the rights of citizens Turning point 1. During 1942 and 1943 the allies won several victories that would turn the tide of battle 2. In Egypt the British under general Bernard Montgomery finally stopped Rommels advance during the long fierce battle of El Alamein 3. Later in 1942 American general Dwight Eisenhower took command of joint Anglo American force in Morocco and Algeria. The Red Army Resists 1. Another major turning point in the war occurred in the Soviet Union 2. The battle of Stalin grad was one of the costliest of the war 3. The battle began when the Germans surrounded the city Invasion of France 1. By 1944 the Allies were at last ready to open the long awaited second front in Europe the invasion of France 2. The Allies chose June 6 1944 D Day they called it for the invasion of France 3. In Paris French resistance forces rose up against the occupying Germans Section 4 Toward victory 1. While the allies battled to liberate Europe fighting against the Japanese in Asia raged on 2. At first the Japanese won an uninterrupted series of victories 3. By mid 1942 however the tide began to turn War in the Pacific 1. A major turning point in the Pacific war occurred just six months after the bombing or Pearl Harbor 2. After the battle of Midway the United States took the offensive 3. On the captured islands the Americans built air bases to enable them to carry the war closer to Japan The Nazis Defeated 1. By this time Germany was reeling under round the clock bombing 2. By March the allies had crossed the Rhine into western Germany 3. Hitler too scorned talk of surrender if the war is to be lost he declared the nation also will perish Defeat of Japan 1. With war won in Europe the allies poured their resources into defeating Japan 2. Some American officials estimated that an invasion of Japan would cost million or more casualties 3. While allied military leaders planned for invasion scientists offered another way to end the war Looking Ahead 1. After the surrender American forces occupied the smoldering ruins of Japan 2. In Germany mean while the allies had divided Hitler�s fallen empire into four zones of occupation French, British, American, and Russian 3. How could they avoid the mistakes of 1919 and build the foundation for a stable world peace Section 5 From World War to Cold War 1. Give me ten years and you will not be able to recognize Germany said Hitler in 1933 2. His prophecy was correct although not in the way he intended 3. Amid the devastation hanger and disease took large tolls for years after the fighting ended Aftermath of war 1. While the Allies celebrated victory the appalling costs of the war began to emerge 2. Numbers alone did not tell the story of the Nazi nightmare in Europe of the Japanese brutality in Asia 3. During the war the allies knew about the existence of nazi concentration camps The United Nation 1. As in 1919 the World War II allies set up an international organization to secure the peace 2. Under the Un Charter each member nation had one vote in the general assembly where members could debate issues 3. The UN�s work would go far beyond peace keeping The Crumbling Alliance 1. Amid the rubble of war a new power structured emerged that would shape events in the postwar world 2. During the war the Soviet Union and the nations of the west had cooperated to defeat nazi Germany 3. The soviet dictator pointed out that the United States was not consulting the Soviet Union about peace terms for Italy or Japan, defeated and occupied by American and British troops Containing Communism 1. Like Churchill President Truman saw communism as and evil force creeping across Europe and threatening countries around the world 2. In 1955 the Soviet Union responded by forming its own military alliance the Warsaw pact 3. In 1945 the world hoped for an end to decades of economic crisis bloody dictators and savage war. |