| Chapter 29 |
| Section 3 India Seeks Self Rule 1. Tensions were running high in Amritsar a city in northern India 2. As Indian leaders addressed the crowd Dyer arrived with 50 soldiers 3. The Amritsar massacre was turning point for many Indians Moving Toward Independence 1. The tragedy at Amritsar was lined to Indian frustrations after World War I 2. To quite nationalist demands the British promised India greater self government after the war 3. Since 1885 the congress party had pressed for self-rule with in the British Empire. Mohandas Gandhi 1. Mohandas Gandhi came from a middle class Hindu Family 2. For 20 years Gandhi fought laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa 3. Gandhi also embraced western ideas of democracy and nationalism The Salt March 1. To mobilize mass support Gandhi offered a daring challenge to Britain in 1930 2. To Gandhi the government salt monopoly was an evil burden on the poor and symbol of British oppression 3. Early in 1930 Gandhi wrote to the British viceroy in India explaining his motives and goals Looking Ahead 1. Sun Yixian father of the Chinese revolution painted grim picture of china after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty 2. As the new Chinese republic took shape nationalists like sun Yixian set the goal of catching up and surpassing the powers east and west 3. The goals would remain a distant dream as china suffered the turmoil of civil war and foreign invasion The Chinese Republic 1. In China as you recall the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911 2. In 1912 Sun Yixian stepped down as president in favor of a powerful general Yuan Shikai 3. Then In 1919 at the Paris peace conference the victorious allies gave Japan control over German possessions in china Leaders for A New China 1. In 1921 Sun Yixian and his Guomindang or nationalist party established a government in South China 2. After Suns Death in 1925 an energetic young army officer Jiang Jieshi took over the Guomindang 3. In 1926 Jiang Jieshi began a march into northern chin crushing local warlords as he advanced and capturing Beijing. Japanese Invasion 1. While Jiang was pursuing the communists across China the country face another danger 2. In 1937 the Japanese struck again 3. From 1937 to 1945 the Guomindange the communists and the Japanese were locked in a three sided struggle Section 5 Empire of the Rising Sun 1. Solemn ceremonies marked the start of Emperor Hirohitos reign 2. The prime minister then made his own brief speech ending with a ringing cry 3. In fact Hirohito reigned from 1926 to 1989 an astonishing 63 years The Nationalist Reaction 1. In 1929 the Great depression ripped across the Pacific striking Japan with devastating force 2. Japanese nationalists were further outraged by racial policies in the United States Canada and Australia that shut out Japanese immigrants 3. When the League of Nations condemned Japanese aggression Japan simply withdrew from the league Militarists in Power 1. By the early 1930s ultra nationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquests and a touch stand against the western powers 2. To spread its nationalistic message the government focused on the schools 3. By 1939 Japan had joined with two aggressive European powers Germany and Italy |
| Section 1 Struggle for change in Latin America 1. The winds of revolution swept through Mexico between 1910 and 1920. 2. The Mexican revolution unleashed radical forces 3. As the revolution spread Indian peasants battled to end centuries of oppression and to win land The Mexican Revolution 1. By 1910 the dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years, winning reelection 2. Prosperity benefited wealthy landowners, business people, and foreign investors 3. During the power struggle that followed several radical leaders emerged Reforms 1. In 1917 Venustiano Carranza a conservative was elected president of Mexico 2. Nationalization or government takeover of natural resources 3. Although the constitution gave suffrage only to men it did give women some protection Rising Tide of Nationalism 1. Mexico move to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors reflected a growing spirit of nationalism in Latin America 2. A tide of economic nationalism swept Latin America countries 3. In Mexico cultural nationalism was reelected in the revival of mural paintings a major art form of the Aztecs The Good Neighbor Policy 1. During and after World War I investments by the United States in the nations of Latin America soared especially as British influences declined 2. During the Mexican revolution the United States supported leaders who it thought would protect American interests 3. In the 1930 President Franklin Roosevelt took a new approach to Latin America. Section 2 Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East 1. The Kikuyu people of Kenya were outraged 2. Not only had the British taken their land but they also treated the Kikuyu like second class citizens 3. The Kikuyu were among many African people who resented colonial rule Movements for change in Africa 1. During the early 1900s more an more Africans felt the impact of colonial rule 2. Everywhere Africans were forced to work on European run plantations or in mines to earn money to pay taxes 3. Many western educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule Growing Self � Confidence 1. During the 1920s a movement known as Pan Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit 2. Led by the African American W.E.B. DuBois Pan Africanism tried to forge a united front 3. In 1922 the British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent Modernization in Turkey and Iran 1. Led by the determined an energetic Mustafa Kemal Turkish nationlists overthrew the sultan defeated western occupation forces and declared turkey a republic 2. Like Peter the Great in Russia ataturk forces his people to wear western dress 3. Under Ataturk the government helped industry expand Arab Nationalism and European Mandates 1. Arab nationalism blossomed after World War I and gave rise to Pan Arabism 2. Arabs felt betrayed by the west a feeling that has endured to this day 3. During World War I the allies made two vague sets of promises |