| Chapter 27 Section 1 The Stage is Set 1. After a century of relative peace idealists hoped for a permanents end to war 2. It was Bismarck�s prediction rather than Passys that came true 3.Too many war seemed far away in the decades before 1914 Pressure for Peace 1. The late 1800s, and early 1900s saw serious efforts to end the scourge of war 2. The struggle for women�s suffrage through out Europe supported the peace movement. 3. Governments too backed peace efforts. Aggressive Nationalism 1. Nationalism can be a positive force, binding together a nations people 2. Nationalism was strong in both Germany and France 3. In 1912 several Balkan states attacked Turkey Economic and Imperial Rivalries 1. Economic rivalries further poisoned the international atmosphere. 2. Imperialism also divided European nations 3. In 1905 and again in 1911 competition for colonies brought france and germany to the brink of war Militarism and the Arms Race 1. The late 1800s say a rise in militarism the glorification of the military 2. The rise in militarism grew partly out of the ideas of social Darwinism 3. Suspicious of Germanys motives Britain increased its naval spending A Tangle of Alliances 1. Fear and distrust led the great powers to protect them selves through alliances 2. The first alliances had their origins in Bismarck�s day 3. Other states were drawn into alliances Section 2 The Guns of August 1. In April of 1913, Bertha won Suttner wrote a grim prediction in her diary 2. Peace bertha died on June 20, 1914 3. Eight days later an assassins bullet set off the gunpowder and ignited a war that engulfed mush of the world for four bloody years A Murder With Millions of Victims 1. On a spring night in 1914, a small group of young revolutionaries huddled around a caf� table in Belgrade, Serbia 2. The Serbians were outraged 3. June 28 was a special date for Frncis Frendinand as well Peace Unravels 1. News of his nephews assassination shocked the aging government in Vienna blamed Serbia 2. Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum or final set of demands 3. when this plea failed Russia began to mobilize or prepare its military forces for war. Whose Fault 1. How could an assassination lead to all out war in just a few weeks 2. Each great power believed its cause was just Austria wanted to punish Serbia foe encouraging terrorism. 3. Although leaders made the decisions most people on both sides were equally committed to military action. Section 3 A New Kind of Conflict 1. The great war as newspapers soon called it was the largest war in history up to that time 2. For those who fought the statistics were more personal 3. The early enthusiasm for the war soon faded The Western Front 1. As the war began German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris 2. On the Western front the warring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenches 3. An underground network linked bunkers communications trenches and gun emplacements The War Beyond Europe 1. Though most of the fighting took place in Europe World War I was a global conflict 2. European colonies were drawn into the struggle 3. People in the colonies had mixed feelings about serving Section 4 Winning the War 1. By 1917 European societies were cracking under the strain of war 2. Three years into the war a revolution in Russia and the entry of the Untied States into the war would upset the balance of forces and finally end the long stalemate. 3. Instead of praising the glorious deeds of heroes war poets began denouncing the leaders whose errors wasted so many lives Effects of the Stalemate 1. As the struggle wore on nations realized that a modern mechanized war required the total commitment of their whole society 2. The result was what we today call total war the channeling of a nation entire resources into a war effort 3. The British and French press circulated tales of atrocities horrible acts against innocent people Women at War 1. Women played a major part in total war as millions of men left to fight women took over their jobs and kept national economies going 2. Military nursed shared the dangers of the men whose wounds they tended 3. Some women became nation heroes Edith Cavell a British nurse ran a red cross hospital in Belgium even after the German invasion Collapsing Morale 1. By 1917 the morale of both troops and civilians had plunged 2. As morale collapsed troops mutinied in some French units 3. Three years of war had hit Russia especially hard The United States Declares War 1. Soon after the Russian Revolution began however another event altered the balance of forces 2. In may 1915 a German submarine torpedoed the British Liner Lusitania almost 1200 passengers were killed including 128 Americans 3. In April 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany Campaign to Victory 1. A final showdown got underway in early 1918. 2. The German people showed their monarch their frustration as uprisings exploded among hungry city dwellers 3. The new German government sought and armistice or agreement to end fighting with the allies Section 5 Making the Peace 1. Just weeks after the war ended President Wilson boarded the steamship George Washington bound for France 2. Sadly it would not be that easy 3. He had decided to go in person to Paris where allied leaders would make the peace The Costs of War 1. The human and material costs of the war were staggering. 2. More the 8.5 million people were dead 3. Shaken and disillusioned people every where felt bitter about the war The Paris Peace Conference 1. To a weary and angry world, Woodrow Wilson seemed a symbol of hope 2. Wilson was one of three strong personalities who dominated the Paris Peace Conference 3. Crowds of other representatives circled around the big three with their own demands The Treaty of Versailles 1. In June 1919 the peacemakers summoned representiatives of the new German Republic to the place of Versailles outside of Paris 2. The German delegates read the document with growing horror 3. The treaty also imposed huge reparations that would put an already damaged German economy under a staggering burden Other Settlements 1. The allies drew up separate treaties with the other central powers 2. European colonies in Africa Asia and the Pacific had looked to the Paris Peace Conference with high hopes 3. Germany was not the only power dissatisfied by the peace. Italy was angry because it did not get all the lands promised in its secret treaty with the allies Hopes for Global Peace 1. The Paris Peace Conference offered one beacon of hope in the League of Nations 2. Wilsons dream had become reality 3. As time soon revealed the league was powerless to prevent aggression of war |