MINERAL DA
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AMAZONITE IS A MICROLINE FELDSPAR OFTEN FOUND IN ANORTHITE PEGMATITE DIKES AND IGNIUS MAGMA FLOW MASSES WITH SMOKY QUARTZ,and OCCASIONALLY PERISTERITIC FELDSPAR MASES BOTH OF ANORTHITE,ALBITE AND OFTEN IN THE VISINITY OF ALLANITE AND FERGUSONITE AND OTHER SPECIAL SECTOR MINERALS.
PERISITERITIC FELDSPR>
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Chemistry: KAlSi3 O8 Composition: Potassium Aluminum Silicate Class: Silicates Subclass: Tectosilicates Group: Feldspars Crystal system: triclinic Fracture: conchoidal Hardness: 6 to 6.5 Specific gravity: 2.56-2.57 Refractive Index: 1.53 Pleochroism: Luster: vitreous Streak: white Cleavage: perfect in one and good in another Color: shades of green to blue-green Transparency: opaque to translucent, rarely transparent Associated Minerals: quartz, muscovite and plagioclase feldspars COMPOSITION: Potassium aluminum silicate (16.9% K2O, 18.4% Al2O3, 64.7% SiO2) DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Microcline is a common, but not a well known mineral and has been used as a semi-precious stone under the names of Amazonite and Perthite. Amazonite is a variety that is deep green and is suitable for carving and polishing. The perthite variety is stripped, the colored stripes are microcline and the white or clear stripes are a plagioclase feldspar. If there is more plagioclase than microcline it is called "antiperthite". Twinning is common in all feldspars At some localities fine amazonite clusters are intermixed with smoky quartz crystals and this results in an outstanding classic mineral specimen. ENVIRONMENT: In the earth's crust, feldspars may be more abundant than all other minerals combined. The majority of the common feldspars fall into two groups, the alkali feldspars (KAlSi3O8 through NaAlSi3O8 series), and the plagioclase feldspars (NaAlSi3O8 through CaAl2Si2O8 series). Amazonite (KAlSi3O8) is the rare green variety of microcline. Microcline is a common potasium feldspar, usually found in granite pegmatites or in plutonic rocks, where it takes the place of orthoclase. In rare cases, the green variety amazonite occurs. Its green color is thought to be due to trace impurities of lead and OH-1. Quartz and microcline can crystalize simultaneously in pegmatites in an interpenetrating pattern known as graphic granite. This pattern is very striking when present in the green variety amazonite. CRYSTAL DESCRIPTION: Microcline is the characteristic feldspar of granite pegmatites, and may grow into tremendous crystals, several feet on an edge. Crystals may be blocky, or tabular and have a nearly rectangular or square cross-section with slightly slanted dome and pinacoid terminations. Twinning is common. Crystals can be twinned according to the Albite, Pericline, Carlsbad, Manebach and Baveno laws. Baveno and manebach twins are rare. TESTS: The hardness and the cleavage are usually sufficient for identification, when considered in relation to the associated minerals. Distinguishing characteristics: Microcline is the only bright green feldspar. If of another hue it is distinguished from orthoclase by the pegmatitic occurrence. (Pegmatite orthoclase is almost unknown.) Distinguished from the markedly triclinic plagioclases by the lack of twin striations on the prominent cleavage face. LOCALITIES: The best green crystals have come from scattered pegmatitic pockets in schist near Crystal Peak and at Pikes Peak, Colorado, associated with smoky quartz. Good green crystals were found at Amelia, Virginia, in Brazil, India, Russia, and Madagascar. Ordinary microcline is found in almost every pegmatite. USES: Microcline feldspars are used in the manufacture of glass, enamel and porcelain products. the Amazonite veriety makes a very nice ornamental stone and mineral specimens especially those with quartz are very popular. FACTS & HISTORY: Amazonite was named for the Amazon river. Although it does occur in Brazil, amazonite has not been found in the vicinity of this great river. The name microcline comes from two Greek words meaning little and inclined, referring to the cleavage angle's slight inclination from ninety degrees. Feldspar is derived from the German word feld which means field. The astrological sign of amazonite is virgo. Amazonite is the birthstone for the month of December.GEM DILLIVERY
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MINERAL DATA=0.35 CT. FANTASTIC ROUND BRILLIANT CUT DIAMOND (YELLOW NATURAL)
Product Name: Diamond (Yellow Natural)
Price: $112.99
Product ID: 3D0049101
Weight: 0.35 CT.
Size: 4.3 mm
Number of Gems: 1 Piece(s)
Shape: Round Brilliant Cut
Color: Rich Canary Yellow
Clarity: I1
Luster: Exploding
Origin: Africa
Hardness: 10
Specific Gravity: 3.52
Refractive Index: 2.42
Chemical Composition: C, Elemental Carbon
Crystal Structure: Isometric
Treatment: None
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OLD GOLD ASSAY FORMULAS
OLD GOLD ASSAY FORMULAS
- American Chemical Society
- American Geophysical Union
- Association for Women Geoscientists
- Clay Minerals Society
- Computer Oriented Geological Society
- Division of Geochemistry of the American Chemical Society
- European Association of Chemistry and the Environment
- European Association of Geochemistry
- Geological Society of America
- International Association of Geoanalysts
- International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry
- International Geothermal Association
- International Lead Zinc Research Organization
- International Meteor Organization
- International Society for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry
- Meteoritical Society
- Mineralogical Society of America
- Mineralogical Society (UK) Geochemistry Group
- Società Geochimica Italiana
- Society for Luminescence Microscopy and Spectroscopy
- Society of Economic Geologists
- Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Royal Society of Chemistry
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Description: This is the stately sunflower of our yards; a native of South America, but much cultivated for the bold look of its
enormous flower-heads. Its stem, on rich soils, will reach a height of twelve and even fifteen feet; and its flowers, with their brilliant
yellow ray florets, tubular disk florets, and numerous angled achenia surrounded by scaly chaff, are exaggerated types of the Natural
Order Compositae.
Properties and Uses: The seeds of the sunflower contain a considerable quantity of fixed oil, which may be obtained by cold
pressure. It is bland, does not oxidize (dry) as does linseed oil, is quite nutrient, and probably could be put to good use in some arts.
They also contain some mucilage; and the seed-vessels contain mucilage and a mild bitter principle. A decoction of the bruised
acheniae, (seeds and husks,) made by boiling an ounce in a quart of water to a pint, acts quite efficiently upon the
kidneys�promoting the flow of urine, and soothing inflamed and irritable conditions both of the kidneys and bladder. They are suited
for acute cases, and deserve more attention than they have received. It also acts well on irritable coughs. Used warm, this decoction
gently promotes the action of the oil-glands upon the surface, perhaps more efficiently than is done by the seeds of the burdock; and
this fact renders it useful in scarlet fever. A strong sirup may be used to advantage (in company with hepatic alterants) in such chaffy
affections of the skin as tetter and lepra. It is asserted that when a house is surrounded by many sunflowers, its inmates suffer no
intermittents, even in the worst ague districts. Without pretending to know any reason for this, I name it as an observation that has
been made repeatedly by men of science and the most reliable travelers, including Humboldt, Bonpland, Rev. J. Fletcher, and Prof.
Maury.
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http://www.shabait.com/articles/publish/article_337.html Nevsun Resources is doing gold and base metal exploration works in Eritrea. Exploration involves several steps of work. The first step is acquiring permits and ground to work followed by initial prospecting surveys which include examination of previous data, maps, topographic maps, landsat images, air photos and setting up logistics etc. These activities are supported through ground controls over the license area. The first step also involves inquiring with the local people and administrations regarding the past history of the prospect area, any history of current or old gold panning activities in the area etc. All plausible steps are taken to get acquainted with the prospect area. After these initial surveys a work program and budget is developed. Activities in the work program include examination of outcrops and rock chip sampling, soil and stream sediment sampling, mapping at an appropriate scale and so forth. Each of these activities is guided by a specific orientation survey results. The above is possible under a government permit called "Prospecting License" which allows an area of 100 sq. km. and lasts for one year. After a satisfactory completion of the prospecting survey requirements another higher up license called "Exploration License" is issued. It has an elevated commitment of works and budgets to be carried out over a period of three years. Currently, Nevsun Resources is working under exploration license over the Bisha area. Exploration drilling has already been underway, what are the developments? Recently we have completed airborne and ground geophysical surveys and mechanical trenching. The geophysical surveys (EM and Gravity) were used to locate conductors buried deep in the ground and the trenching is used to expose anomalous ground covered by soil or sand. At the moment we are conducting a diamond-drilling program pursuing conductors located through the geophysical surveys. To date we have drilled 53 holes, and we have been successful in locating the conductors. Each hole could go up to 200m deep depending on the outcome of the drilling, and it is the geologist on site who decides how deep to go. Results (rock chemical data) for the first 24 holes are in and they are very encouraging. Results for the remainder of the holes are forthcoming. The current drilling program will cover 6500m of core drilling. What do you mean by 'encouraging results'? In this case encouraging results means high-grade gold and base metals continue to be discovered as we keep drilling. In technical terms, at Bisha we have discovered a synclinal (concave upward) rock structure that hosts a significant sulfide (metallic mineral) body capped by a gold enriched oxide iron horizon followed by a supergene (enriched) copper horizon. The oxide gold horizon appears to be up to 35m thick while the underlying supergene copper horizon is 30-35 meters thick. All of the above is underlain by primary massive sulfides. We have drill tested 900m of strike length of similar structures. More extension and drill testing of the structure is to come in the next drilling program. The Bisha deposit is now labeled as a Volcanogenic Massive sulfide (VMS) deposit with a high grade gold cap. What does 'high-grade' mean in simple terms? High grade means above average concentration of ore mineral in a given bulk material. Bisha is high grade but we still have to figure out the tonnage, metallurgical feasibility and other infrastructure and logistical matters before considering it for production.AMID WORMWOOD,MUGWART AND TEA OF HORSECHESTNUT LEAVES ASHWAGANDA
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KNOW HOW ENCYCLOPEDIA
Household_Cyclopedia_of_General_Information/
MATURES TEAS A SITE TO RESEARCH FLOWERING PLANTS FOR THE HOMESTEAD
SOUTH WEST NORTH AMERICAN MINERALS
MINERALS FORUM EXCHANGE WITH EXPERTS AND AMATURES ALIKE. 
SOUTH WEST NORTH AMERICAN MINERALS
TI-FOR THE TILLUEL-MAN
CHEEP TEAS AND HERBS
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electronic_publications
http://intranet.essinfosst.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/esic/electronic_publications_e.htmlELECTRONIC ROCK AND MINERALS GOVERNMENT DATABASES FOR PUBLIC USE.
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SAPHIREROAD JOBS AND CONECTIVE SEARCHENGINES
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MINERALS FORUM EXCHANGE WITH EXPERTS AND AMATURES ALIKE.
HERE IS A LITTLE LIST OF MAGNETIC AND MINERAL RELATED SITES NOT VISITED BUT OFFERING SERVICES AND INFO TO THE RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY COMUNITY.
- General "Company" Listings
- ClickIt: Business Pages
- Industry Net
- Industry Link
- Industrial Quick Search
- Lab Crawler: ISC Buyers Guide
- Long Island High Technology Incubator
- Long Island Research Institute
- SciTrak
- SciQuest
- TechExpo
- Thomas Register - On Line
- Materials Manufacturing
- Aluminum
- Alcan
- Allied Metal
- Almetals
- Aluminum Association
- ALCOA: The Aluminum Co. of America
- ALCOE: The Aluminum Co. of Egypt
- Alumax: a world leader
- Aluminum Extrusion Consultant Inc.
- Aluminum Industry
- AlumiTech
- Elval
- Hepworth: refractory products for the aluminum industry
- Kaiser:
- Metal Matrix Cast Composites: Al and Cu composites
- Northwest Aluminum
- Reynolds: the Aluminum products company
- Specialty Steel and Forge: they do Al also
- Ceramics
- Abrasives Mall
- Advanced Ceramics
- Advanced Ceramic Technology: Precision ceramic parts
- Advanced Refractory Technologies
- A. J. Carsten: tape casting machines, kilns, furnaces, ovens
- APGreen: refractories
- Asbury Carbons
- BNZ
- Borges
- British Glass
- Cabot
- Carbide Processors
- Carborundum Corporation
- Ceradyne
- Ceramics and Industrial Minerals
- Ceramics Consulting Group
- Ceramics for Industry: silicon nitride and aluminum titanate
- CeramTek
- CM Furnaces
- Coors Electronic Packaging: Ceramics for business
- Coors Technical Ceramics
- Corning: the ceramic/glass company
- Crystalume: CVD diamond
- Custom Tech Ceramics
- Diatomic: precision microceramics CVD diamone
- Eastern Mineral and Chemicals
- ECC International, CERAMIC GROUP
- Electro Abrasives: HQ powders
- Exolon
- Feldspar
- Ferro-Ceramic Grinding: precision machining/processing
- Fuller - Ruark: consulting engineers
- Graphite Electrode Sales
- GE Quartz
- Harrop: kilns, ovens, furnaces
- High Temperature Systems: graphite products
- Hitco Technologies
- HTI Technologies
- International Ceramics
- Ipsen
- Kason: separators and seives
- KC Abrasives: micro-graded abrasives
- Keith Ceramic Materials
- Kentucky-Tennessee Clay
- K-Style Advanced Ceramics: ZrO2 products
- Lindberg Heat Treating
- Microsilica New Zealand: amorphous silica
- Morton Advanced Materials: CVD Silicon Carbide
- New Zealand China Clays: halloysite clay
- NJ Diamond Wheel
- Norton Pakco Industrial Ceramics
- Omega Slate: technical ceramics
- P1 Limited: CVD diamond
- Plibrico: refractories
- Poco: carbon and graphite
- PQ Corp: sodium and other derived-silicates
- Pyrotek
- Reade Advanced Materials: Ceramic raw materials
- RefMet Ceramics: Diamond, PVD, Ceramic coatings
- Refractron: advanced porous ceramics
- Sialon Technical Ceramics
- SiNeramics: silicon nitride
- Sonic
- Starfire Systems: specialists in SiC
- Sun Diamond
- Superior Graphite Comp: specializing in Silicon Carbide
- Tech Ceram: for electronics industry
- Techniweave: composites
- Unique/Pereny: Ceramic Casting machines
- US Silica
- Valley Design
- Vesuvius
- WashingtonMills: electro-fused minerals
- West Manufacturing
- Worldwide Composites
- Zircar: fibrous ceramics
- Zircoa
- ZIRCAR Refractory Composites
- Coatings and Films
- Aerostar Coatings:
- Alfa Aesar: sputter targets and pure metals
- Applied Coatings: thermal/plasma-spray and PVD-metallization
- Archer Technicoat: CVD & CVI equipment & processes (UK)
- Beijing Bridge Tech-Trading (PRC): Thermal Spray
- Bekaert VDS: Thermal Spray
- Bronz-Glow
- Castolin/Eutectic: thermal/plasma-spray
- Cathay Advanced Materials Ltd: rare-earth sputter targets
- Cerac: Specialty Chemical and Sputtering Targets
- Coating Measurement Instruments: what the name says!
- Copeland: thermal spray
- CYCAM: surface conditioning
- DeFelsko: thickness measurement
- EPS Plating: Bay area metal finishing
- ESPI: Elements for Science/Engineering
- GoodFellow: Metals and Materials for R&D.
- HTI Technologies
- International Metalizing Corporation: electric arc metalizing
- Kemco
- MicroCoating Technologies: combustion CVD
- Other Thermal-Spray links**
- OSU Maschinenbau: thermal spray
- Ohio Structures: thermal spray
- Multi-Arcs: PVD/CVD
- Plasma Processes
- Protek Coatings
- Progressive Technologies: plasma spray
- RefMet Ceramics: Diamond, PVD, Ceramic coatings
- SermaTech
- SNMI: thermal spray
- Soleras: sputter targets, consumables, and components
- Sophisticated Alloys: sputter targets
- Sputtering Materials: sputter targets, consumables, and components
- Sulzer-Metco Inc.: Thermal Spray Technology
- Surface Web
- Swain Tech: dozen+ coating techniques
- TAFA, Inc.: Thermal Spray Technology
- Tagnite: high performance finish for magnesium
- Target Materials: Sputtering Sources
- TechniCoat: composite coatings
- UVMaterials: sputter targets and pure metals
- Williams: sputter targets and pure metals
- Composites
- Alanx: ceramic/metal compsites
- Composite Links from Turner Moss
- Composite Materials
- Composite Technology Development
- ERG Aerospace: metal/ceramic foam
- Daewoo Advanced Composites Center
- M3 Technologies: composite/advanced materials
- Ray Publishing: HP Composites and Composites Technology
- Techniweave: composites
- Thermsulate: thermal shielding
- Worldwide Composites
- Copper
- Ampco: the largest producer of Copper Bronze alloys in NA
- Copper
- Ingot: a complete range of copper-based alloys
- Revere Copper Products
- Specialloy Metals: copper and alloys
- Swissmetal: copper and alloys
- Wolverine Tube: copper
- Magnetic Materials
- Arnold: magnetic materials
- Dexter Magnetic Materials
- Magnetic Solutions
- Metall: rare earths
- National Imports LLC: Rare-Earth Magnetics
- Other Metals, Distributers, etc.....
- Allegheny Ludlum
- Allvac
- AlloyTech
- American Metals Market: pricing
- Ametek: advanced metal powder technology
- Arris: high-purity rare-earth metals alloys and oxides
- ArtMetal Resource To Metalworking
- ASM's List of Materials Producers
- Atomizing Systems: metal powders
- Brown: powder technology
- Brush Wellman: Be and alloys
- Castings Net: devoted to castings
- Carpenter Technology Corp.: specialty materials
- CMW: Specialty materials based on W or Mo
- Composite Links from Turner Moss
- CSM Industries: moly
- Degussa
- Elkem: ferroalloys, microsilica, specials
- Finishing.Com: A huge resource for the Metals Industry
- Ferro
- FJ Brodmann: powders
- Foundry Management & Technology
- Hanover Metal Co: non-ferrous metals
- Hard Face Alloys
- High Performance Alloys
- High Purity Alloys: for sputtering targets
- Hyndman Heating Elements: coiled wire
- Indium Corp. of America
- Indium Wire Extrusion
- InductoHeat
- IncoAlloys: Nickel based alloys
- Johnson Matthey Electronics: everything for semis!
- Kvaerner Metals
- MagnaPlate
- Magnesium, Int'l
- Marketech Intl: advanced materials supplier
- Materials Resources: advance bonding technology
- Metals Machining and Fabrication
- Metal Matrix Cast Composites: Al and Cu composites
- Metal Prices: pricing
- Metal Suppliers Online: suppliers and properties database
- MetalWorks (for handcraft)
- MicronMetals (Atlantic Equipment Engineers): powders
- Mine Link
- Mintek: South African Gold, Platinum, Chromium, etc.....
- Mi-Tech Metals: W and refractorys
- Molecular OptoElectronics Corp
- Molycorp
- M3 Technologies: composite/advanced materials
- MuShield Co
- NiTiNOL
- Online Metals: non-ferrous distributer
- Parke Mathematical Laboratories: InP, GaN, SiGe
- Protective Metal Alloys: hardfacing alloys
- Powder Tech: specializing in powders
- Principal Metals: online database of properties
- Pyron: sponge and powders
- Quebec Metal Powders
- Rhenium
- Robins: specialty metals
- Rolled Alloys: heat/corrosion resistant alloys
- Shape-Memory (NiTi)
- Sophisticated Alloys
- Sparta's AMPO: advanced material technology
- Special Melted Products
- Special Metals: superalloys
- Stanford Materials Company
- Specialty Steel and Forge: refractories, alloys, Al, steel, etc....
- Strategic Aerospace Materials: supplier of all grades of metals
- Stratum Resources: minerals of asia,nz,au, etc....
- Tantalum-Niobium, Int'l Study Ctr
- Ultramet: specialty metals
- Valley Design
- Vitta: nickel based alloys
- Wah Chang
- Wall Colmonoy: alloys
- Yahoo's List
- Powders
- Alldyne Powder Technologies
- American Powder Metallurgy Institute
- Ametek: advanced metal powder technology
- Argonide: nano-sized metal powders
- Atomizing Systems: metal powders
- Brown: powder technology
- Crucible Research: specialy gas atomization powders
- Electro Abrasives: HQ powders
- EPMA: European Powder Metallurgy Industry
- FJ Brodmann: powders
- Hogonas: powders
- Invest: nanopowders
- Metal Powder Industries Federation
- MicronMetals (Atlantic Equipment Engineers): powders
- NanoPowders: nano-sized metal powders
- Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials: nano-sized powders
- Nanomaterials Research
- NanoPhase
- National Center for Excellence in Metalworking Technology: Powder and Porous Materials Knowledge Base
- Powder Tech: specializing in powders
- PowderMet: nano/micro powders
- Pyron: sponge and powders
- Quebec Metal Powders
- Reade Advanced Materials: metal, ceramic, and composite powders
- Tecnar: spray-powder analysis
- Valimet: powders
- Warren Diamond Powder: mico-superabrasives
- Steel and/or Iron
- Aquadevice: anti-corrosion alloys (Seawater-Resistant Stainless Steel)
- A. Finkl and Sons
- AK Steel
- ARBED: Metal Products
- Acme Metals
- Acominas
- Admiral Steel
- Algoma Steel
- Metalworking Products
- Alliance Midwest Tubular Products Co.
- American Iron and Steel Institute: AISI
- An Feng Steel
- Arbed
- Aribasteel Ltd., England
- Armco
- Association of Iron and Steel Engineers: AISE
- Atlas Specialty
- Auburn Steel Co., Inc.
- Avesta Sheffield
- BHP
- Baosteel
- Battershill Steel Industries
- Bayou Steel
- Belmont Steel Corp.
- Bethlehem Steel
- Birmingham Steel
- British Steel
- Cargill Steel
- Carpenter Technology Corp.
- Chaparral Steel: from recycled scrap steel
- Charleroi
- Chongqing Iron and Steel
- Cockerill Sambre Group
- Companhia Siderurgica Nacional
- Companhia Siderurgica Paulista
- Connecticut Steel
- Crucible Materials Corp.
- Daido Steel
- Dofasco
- Dura-Bar: continuous cast-iron bar
- Duraloy: heat/corrosion resistant
- Forging Association
- forging.bz: list of forging companies
- Forging Industry Educational and Research Foundation
- Geneva Steel
- Goodwin Steel Castings (UK)
- Georgetown Steel
- Gray-Iron Castings: meta-site for such castings
- Grupo Imsa
- Gruppo Lucchini
- Haynes International Inc.
- Hylsamex
- Hylsamex
- ISPAT, Inland
- Iscor
- Kawasaki Steel, Japan
- Keystone Steel and Wire Co.
- Kobe Steel
- Kubota
- LTV Steel
- Lukens
- Macsteel
- Maryland Specialty Wire
- NKK
- National Forge Co.
- National Steel
- Nippon Steel
- North Star Steel Co.
- Nucor
- Olympic Steel
- Oregon Steel Mills
- Oregon Steel Mills
- POSCO
- PT Krakatau Steel
- Peak Trading CompanyPeak Trading Company: Ferro-Alloys
- Pittsburgh Flatroll Co.
- Plymouth Tube Co.
- Queen City Forging
- Rautaruukki Group
- Renown Steel, Canada
- Republic Engineered Products
- Rouge Steel Co.
- SSAB
- Sandvik Steel
- Scientific Tube, Inc.
- Sheffield Steel Corp.
- Shree Precoated Steels
- Siam Steel Group
- Siderar
- Slater Steels - Hamilton Specialty Bar Division
- SMI Steel
- Special Metals
- Specialty Steel Industry of North America
- Specialty Steel and Forge: steel, refractories, alloys, Al, etc....
- Standard Steel
- Steel Authority of India
- Steel Lynx (meta-site)
- Steel Manufacturers Association (SMA)
- SteelNet
- Stelco
- Sumitomo Metals Industries
- The Steel Alliance
- Thyssen Aktiengesellschaft
- Thyssen
- Timken
- US Steel Group
- USS-POSCO Industries
- Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals,
- UltraCast
- Usiminas
- Vision Metals: pipe/tubing
- WCI Steel, Inc.
- Weirton Steel
- Western Tube and Conduit Corp.
- Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel
- Yieh United Steel
- Titanium
- Dynamet
- GS Titanium: Ti, Ni, Co, Zr alloys (cold drawn down to 0.005")
- RMI Titanium
- Titanium and Alloys Corporation
- Titanium Development Association
- Titanium Industries
- Titanium Metals
- Titanium Sales
- Williams Titanium
- Tungsten
- Allegheny Technologies
- Buffalo Tungsten: W and WC
- Kulite Tungsten
- M and I Materials Ltd: W
- Tungsten
- Polymers/Plastics/Chemicals
- Aluminum
- Materials Testing and Services
- Accurel: lots of techniques here
- Advanced Materials Instruments and Analysis: xray analysis and instr.
- Advanced Plastic and Materials Testing
- Advanced Technology: stress/strain uprobe
- AEA Technology: Materials and Chemical Process Assessment
- Alabama Specialty: corrosion monitoring
- AMS Worldwide: E112 analysis
- Applied Technical Services
- ASTM Testing Buyers-Guide: (no links as of 02/99)
- ASTON Metallurgical Services
- Belmont: non-destructive testing
- BendTec
- BITEC: ASTM sample prep
- Bridge Technology: rep for test/meas equip
- Briem Engineering
- BuzzMac: Non-destructive testing software
- Cambridge Polymer
- CANSPEC: materials engineering and testing
- CenBase/Materials: Materials DataBase
- CERAM Research
- CMP Cient�fica
- Conam Inspection
- Corrmet
- Crucible Materials Corp.
- InterCorr International: was CLI Houston
- Coast Testing/Bacon Donaldson
- Columbus Metallurgical
- Corrosion Com
- Corvib
- Dapco NDT: non-destructive testing
- Definitive Imaging
- Delsen Labs
- Detroit Testing
- Durability
- Dynamic Systems
- Element Anaylsis Corporation
- Enercor Int'l: Corrosion control research and consulting
- Engel Metallurgical
- ESM Software: for Materials Properties
- Eutectic
- Evans East
- Exponent FAA
- Failure Analysis
- Failure Analysis: another one
- Fitzsimmons & Associates, Inc.
- Frahme
- FTL (Fleet Technology Ltd): Mechanical Testing and Analysis
- Galbraith Labs
- Geller MicroAnalytical Labs
- Goggin Research: Product Development Specialists
- Granta: materials selection database
- H&M Analytical Services: XRD/F and met services
- Hannam Techno: inspection (Korea)
- The Hendrix Group: consultants
- Hoffman Feige: M^3 QA, Corrosion, and Failure Analysis
- Holometrix: thermal properties
- IBM: analytical services group
- Imptech: Product for Metallography
- Infodex: materials dbase
- InterCorr: Corrosion/Materials Info Service
- Ithaca Materials Research
- Laboratory Testing
- Lambda Research
- Massachusetts Materials Research
- Kennedy and Associates
- Mar-Test/MCL
- MatWeb: Online Materials Information Resource
- Material Realisations
- Materials Analytical Services (MAS)
- Materials and Chemistry Laboratory: (MLIC)
- Materials Characterization Lab
- Materials Engineer
- Materials Evaluation and Engineering
- Materials Properties Council
- Materials Science Associates
- MCNC Analytical Lab
- MEI-Charlton: consultants
- Metallurgical Engineer
- Metal Samples
- Metcut Research
- MRA Laboratories
- NDT: non-destructive testing
- NDT Italia: non-destructive testing in Italy
- NSL (National Spectrographic Labs)
- Packer Engineering
- ODonnell Consulting
- Panametrics: ultrasonic NDT
- Pittsburgh Materials Technology
- Port Richmond Engineering
- Purtech
- Refrac: vacuum metallurgical operations
- Russell Technologies: NDE using rt,mt,ut,pt,vt,rft,.....
- SEAL Laboratories
- SEM Lab: scanning electron microscopy and failure analysis
- Shiva Technologies: trace elemental analysis
- SPEX - CertiPrep: Standards
- SPI: Structure Probe Inc
- Stellite
- STEM: Science and TEchnology of Materials
- Surface Science Laboratories
- Tagnite: corrosion, adhesion and abrasion testing
- TEC: Stress Analysis Products and Services
- TEM Analysis
- Thielsch: various testing services
- Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory
- TCR Engineering Services: materials testing in India
- StressTel: ultrasonic analysis
- Yahoo's List
- Supplies and Equipment
- Also see local "semi" equipment list
- Aadvanced Machinery
- Admet: new/used/retrofit tensiometers
- Advanced Technology: stress/strain uprobe
- Allied High Tech Products
- Amherst Process Instruments: particle sizing
- Anter: thermal testing equipment
- Ardente and Associates: hardness testers
- Applied Nano Metrics: nano-indentation
- Applied Test Systems: mechanical-properties equipment
- Atspa
- Benz Materials Testing Instruments: the gamut
- Brookfield: viscometers
- Buehler
- Carver Press
- CEAST: testing gear (mostly for polymers)
- Cincinnati Scientific
- C-FER:
- Cooke: extensiometers
- CSC Scientific: particle size, surface tension, moisture
- Delta Analytical Instruments
- Dension-Mayes Group (UK)
- Disco: abrasive diamond components
- DynaCut: diamond/abrasive saws
- EG&G - PAR: electrochemical measurements
- Fatigue Dynamics
- FisherTech
- Gamry: Corrosion Measurement
- Grip Engineering: grips and fixtures for tensile tests
- Haake: rheo, visco, and thermal analysis
- Horiba: particle sizing
- Hysitron: nanomechanical test instruments
- Hytek Europe: diamond/CBN cutting wheels
- Indentec: hardness testers
- Instron/Wilson
- Korea Materials Analysis Corp
- KrautKramer
- Lapmaster
- JSR Ultrasonics: UT pulsers/receivers
- Leco: particle size
- Leica: hardness/sizings
- Linseis: Dilatometers
- Load Cell Central: load cells
- Logitech: precision sawing/lapping/polishing
- Mark-10: hand force/torque digital gauges
- Matec Applied Sciences: particle sizing
- Mecmesin Limited: Force & Torque Test Solutions
- Metatech: metallography/spectroscopy testing machines
- MetLab: metallography testing/prep equipment
- Metravib: dynamic and thermo-mechanical analysis
- Mettler
- MicroMeritics
- Microphotonics: surface testing equipment
- Mitutoyo
- Modsonic Instruments: ultrasonic non-destructive testing
- MTS
- Navas: micro/macro Vickers/Knoop
- Optonor: vibration and NDT
- Physical Acoustics
- Porous Materials, Inc.
- Quad Group
- Re-Test: meta-site for mechanical testing
- Rheometric Scientific: rheo, visco, and thermal analysis
- Satec
- Shimadzu
- Solartron: electrochemical measurements
- Sonatest: ultrasonic flaw/thickness testing
- SPI: Structure Probe Inc
- Staveley NDT: ultrasonic/eddy/composite-testing/xray
- Stresstech
- Stroud Systems: NDT since '62
- Struers
- Sturbridge Metallurgical Services
- Sun-Tec: hardness specialist
- TAinst
- Tecnar: spray-powder analysis
- TemaTest: NDT and more in Italy
- TestResources
- Thermo
- Test Systems Inc: NDT and more
- ThermCraft
- TechQuip: full range
- Theta-US
- Tinius Olsen: testing machines
- UltraTec: polishing, lapping, and consumables
- Uniscan
- Vallen: acoustic emission
- Wagner Instruments
- Wazau: tribometers
- Warren Diamond Powder: mico-superabrasives
- Westmoreland Mechanincal Testing and Research
- Windsor
- Xactex: NDT equipment
- Zetec: eddy-current
- Zwick: mechanical properties testing
- Reps
- Jess W Jackson; NDT equip
- Processing Equipment
- Datapaq: temperature profiling
- Hosokawa Micron: processing equipment
- Metaullics: molten/corrosive metal products
- Stelterbrinck: process heat equipment
- Thorpe Techologies: thermal proccesing equipment
- Thixomat: thixotropic molding of Mg
- Technic: plating/surface-finishing
- Cryogenic Processing
- CryoTemper: cryogenic tempering
- One Cryo: cryogenic tempering
- Ultrasonic Welding
- Dukane
- Stapla
- Rapid Prototyping
- Metalworking Equipment
- Action Machinery
- Active Machinery Sales
- Adams Machinery
- Alpine Equipment
- American Machinery & Tool
- American Metal Industries
- American Systems & Equipment
- Ameritool Industries
- Anderson Foundry Systems
- Barbarotto Machinery
- Blackhawk Machinery
- Bradford Equipment
- Brex Sales
- Equipment MLS: listing/meta-site
- Fabricating Machinery
- Fourway Machinery Sales
- GE Capital Commercial Shopping Network
- German Machine Tool
- GlobeSource Machinery
- Industrial Machinery Exchange
- Industrial Services
- Industrial Steel & Machine Sales
- Machinery Liqidators
- Machinery Martketing
- Machinery Wholesalers
- Morton Machinery Company
- Northeast Machinery Exchange
- NorthStar Equipment
- NPF Industries
- NS Machine
- Online Asset Exchange: used/new CNC/metalworking equipment
- Ottomatics
- Oxford Machinery Sales Corp
- Paramount Machinery
- Perfection Machinery Sales
- Prestige Equipment
- Seminole Machinery Company
- Shamrock Machinery Company
- Southern Minnesota Machinery Sales
- Supa Machinery Sales
- Universal Metalworking Equipment
- Used Foundry Equipment Sales
- Westbrook Engineering
- Wisconsin Metalworking Machinery
AT PAGE
ASSAY FOR HEAVEY METALSGOLD-BURN-TECH
Colorimetric Assay of GoldCLICK TO UNIVERSE-CITY.2YA.COM
ANOTHER GEOLOGY GATE
OLD STONE-ROCK STRUCTURE
ACTS AS A GATE
TO UNIVERSE-CITY.2YA.COMMANCHU.PICTU
http://www.toutmontreal.com/covoiturage/alternatives.html Here some suggestions of alternate ones to the uniform usage of the automobile: The co-voiturage: the co-voiturage allows diminishing the number of automobiles on the roads and, of fact even, to lessen the traffic jams. The co-voiturage can move a bigger number of persons without all as much to increase the consumption in gasoline of your automobile. Of more, you can ask a certain minimal compensation to your passengers for the used gasoline and for the usage of your automobile this that reduces the usage costs of your automobile. The public transit: the public transit (buses, subway, trains of suburbs) is a co-voiturage type on a large scale. This effective means to all points of saw and gives a certain movement liberty since you do not have at trainer constantly your automobile, such a weight, of a place to l'autre... and there is not any problem of stationnement. There is besides incitive stationnements to the subway stations Namur (next to THE hippodrome of Montréal), Longueuil and Radisson. It is necessary also to note as the public transit to Montréal is one of the more effective, cleaner one and more security in north america. For more of information, visit the excellent sites of the STM, the site of the agency Métropolitaine Transportation (AMT) that supervises the public transit in the region of Montréal or the one of the STL for Laval and the shore north and the site of the STRSM for the Shore South. The modal cocktail: the modal cocktail is an idea of the Ministries of the transportations of the Quebec and was resumed notably by the Group Bicycle (Bicycle Quebec) and the Office of the taxi of the urban Community of Montréal. The cocktail consists in a savors mixes means of transportation: public transit, taxi and automobile housing. One can, well on, add or modify ingredients, the bicycle and the co-voiturage are examples. The annual composition of the cocktail is the following one: eleven monthly cards of the STCUM, five taxis a week, an automobile housing by weekend and a housing of a month by year (for the vacation). The all coute, in average, of $2000 to $3000 dollars of less by year that the usage of an automobile without losing mobility!
Help for the New Prospector or Old-Timer.
HERE'S ANOTHER OLD STONE-ROCK STRUCTURE
IF YOU FEEL LIKE A SMOKE AFTER THAT GROW IT OUT BACK OF THE MINE AND SMOKE IT THERE TOO!
CLICK HERE TO REACH SYCRONICITY CENTRAL DATABASING AND HERBOLOGY & LYNX!
"MAEOOW"
(HERE IS A SHORT LIST ENVIED BY GROWERS AND BLENDERS)-TO PARTIALY BOILED TOBACCO LEAVES.(10-30 SECONDS ONLY)
(BOIL WATER THEN ADD LEAVES)(SAVE THE WATER IN CASE YOU OVER DILUTED THE TOBACCO.DRY IN VERY LOW OVEN-JUST ABOVE BODY TEMPERATURE.)ADD THE EXTRACT YOU BOIL OUT OF 5 POUNDS OF CHICORY,SALSIFRY,DANDELION,HOG THISTLE(A LETTUCE)(USE THE CLEANED WHOLE PLANTS INCLUDING ROOTS AND A STRIP OF KINIKINIK OR PUSSYWILLOW BARK FOR EXTRA FLAVOR.)AN EXTRACT TO BE ADDED TO THE TOBACCO AFTER DRYING.) THIS PRODUCT MAKES A SMOOTH LOW TAR TABACCO YOU CAN GROW AND USE FOR $10/YEAR PLUS THE COST OF THE RICEPAPERS!
THIS RECEIPY ALSO WORKS FINE FOR HERBAL TOBACCO'S TRADITIONALY MADE FROM COLTSFOOT,MULLIN(VELVET DOCK)SWEETGRASS,DANDELION,CHICORY WITH A FEW LEAVES OF VIOLET,CRABAPPLE,AND A HANDFULL OF ARTEMISIAN-SAGE.
TOBACO GROWING TIPS
OLD TRADITION TOBACO GROWING!<\A> PATENT INFO TO COPY BY HAND!<\P>
TOBACO GROWING TIPS VIRG.GOLD,YELLOW,BURLEY(CIGAR),STOLL(PIPE)
OLD TRADITION TOBACO GROWING!<\A> COPY !<\P>
MEADATHOME.html<BR>NO COOKBOOK WINE AND HERBS FOR HEALTH! ONE WORLD TOTAL HEALTH! MEAD FOR HEALTHY WINTER HEARTYNESS!
AM LOOKING FOR SOME LIGHT GREEN JADE TO COMPLIMENT A PACH OF PLUM TREES TO THE SOUTH OF THE MOUNTAIN IN THE WATER GARDENS BY THE SPRINGS.
PLEASE MAKE SOME SUGGESTIONS AND GIVE A PRICE ESTIMATE FOR ABOUT 20 TONS OF THE MATERIAL UNDERSTANDING THAT A SIZEABLE SAMPLE WILL BE DESIRED TO ACCERTAIN COLOR AND TEXTURE OF THE WAXEN BOULDERS!
http://zwitch.to/HEP.C.LOSS/
THE LINKS HERE SUPPLIED BY AUTHOR USE AT YOUR OWN DISCRESION, LIKELY VERY GOOD BUT TEST THE RECIEPY AND PURCHASE YOUR SUPPLIES WITH WATCHFULL CARE AS YOUR BEVERAGE IS AS GOOD AS YOUR INGEDIENTS!
Sassafras Mead Recipe-
http://www.freerecipe.org/Dessert/Drinks/SassafrasM_ibci.htm MEAD HONEY WINES AND RECIEPYS. -http://www.freerecipe.org/Dessert/Drinnks/SassafrasM_ibci.htm
Purchase from the druggist five bunches of sassafras roots, scrape and cover with two quarts of boiling water, adding a pinch each of powdered cinnamon and grated nutmeg; cover closely, and when of the desired strength, strain through cheesecloth, stirring in three pints of New Orleans molasses, a pint and a half of strained white honey and six whole cloves. Place in a granite saucepan and bring slowly to the boiling point, allowing it to simmer for about ten minutes; again strain and add a heaping tablespoon of cream of tartar and seal in air-tight bottles. Serve in tall slender glasses containing two tablespoons of shaved ice and a liberal pinch of bicarbonate of soda; fill quickly with the mead and stir vigorously with a long handled spoon, adding a teaspoon of minced candied orange peel.
An Old-Fashioned Mead PERIOD: Modern | SOURCE: Contemporary
MEAD HONEY WINES AND RECIEPYS. -http://sca_brew.homestead.com/files/doocumentation_for_blackberry_mel.htm
Recipe | CLASS: Not Authentic DESCRIPTION: A traditional mead recipe from Russia 18 liters water 8 kg. honey 1 package champagne yeast 1/2 cup ale or beer crust of one roll 1 tsp. hops 4 gr. cardamom 1 1/2 gr. cloves Mix water & honey; boil on low heat until reduced to 9 liters. Remove from burner and cool. Completely dissolve the yeast in the ale or beer. Remove the crust from the roll, soak in the beer yeast and put into mead. Add hops. Remove roll 1 hour after fermentation begins. Strain mead and pour into a keg. Add the spices wrapped in cheesecloth. Seal keg well and store in cold place (on ice or vault) for 12 days. Bottle, seal, tar (gum or wax) and store in cold place. Ready to serve in 2 months.
BLACKBERRY MELOMEL MEAD!
MEAD HONEY WINES AND RECIEPYS. -http://sca_brew.homestead.com/files/doocumentation_for_blackberry_mel.htm
Documentation for Blackberry Melomel. by Lord Nathi O'Peatain
Method
Added 8# of Oregon raspberry honey to boiling water to make 3 gallons along with 1 tbsp. malt extract for nutrients and 1 tea bag of Raspberry Zinger tea, steeped for a few minutes prior to honey addition. Removed from heat immediately and let cool. Added yeast from a starter (Yeast = Lalvin KIV-1116) and let ferment for several months. Removed 1 gallon of the finished mead and added blackberries (handpicked in Oregon, I have the scares to prove it). Let ferment for a few more months and bottle. Discussion:
This is a fruit mead or melomel made from Black Raspberries. In Mazers of Mead, Robert Gayre states that fruit juices were used to extend the honey, which was not as easy to come by (1). We know that they fermented raspberry juice near period because there is a recipe for rapsberry wine in Digby, a book of recipes from 1669, although most of the recipes are considered to be from before that (2). One period recipe for a berry mead is from the Domostroi, a late 16th c. Russian text",: Berry mead. To make berry mead, place berries of any type in a caldron with ordinary fermented mead. Cook the mixture slowly and for a long time so the berries will boil but not burn. When the berry mixture boils, let it stand overnight. Separate the berry mead carefully from the dregs and pour it into a cask. You must decide which mead to use as a base and how much to thicken the berry mixture. But when you decide the berry mead is finished, place it in a cask you have not used for mead before so there will be no yeast either in the casks or in the mead. (3) This method is very similar to my method, with a finished mead being added to berries, except that the mead is brought to a boil after the berries have been added. This would reduce the alcohol content, which was not my wish. The mead was likely brought to a boil to kill any wild yeasts or bacteria on the berries that may have turned the mead bad or into vinegar. I used camden tablets to obtain the same effect without losing alcohol. A good description of a plain mead like the one I add to the blackberries can be found in Tractatus de Magnetate et Operationibus eius (MS Reynolds 5081), a collection of 13th c. manuscripts: For to make mede: Take 1 gallon of fine honey and to that four gallons of water and heat that water 'til it be as lengh, then dissolve the honey in the water. Then set them over the fire and let them boil and ever scum it as long as any filth riseth theron. And than take it down off the fire and let it cool in [an] other vessel 'til it be as cold as milk when it cometh from the cow, then take drasts of the finest ale or else barm and cast into the water and the honey and stir all well together� The proportion of honey to water given above (1 part honey to 4 parts water) is very close to what I used (1 part honey to 4.5 parts water). The above recipe calls for boiling the must (honey/water mixture) after the honey has been added to the boiling water. Instead of doing this I allowed the must to cool. Boiling is not necessary with modern honey because modern filtering techniques now removes most of the material that was removed by boiling and skimming and by not moiling more of the volatiles that add aroma and flavor are retained. Refferences:
(1) Forester Ian Gourdon of Glen Awe, "Mead: collected comments...",
(2) Digby, Sir Kenelme. The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digby Kt. Opened: Whereby is Discovered Several ways for making of Metheglin, Sider, Cherry-Wine, &c. Together with Excellent Directions for Cookery: As also for Preserving, Conserving, Candying, &c. Published by his Son's Consent. Printed by E. C. for H. Brome, at the Star in Little Britain. London, 1669.
(3) Pouncy, Carolyn Johnston ed. and trans. The Domostroi: Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible. Published by Cornell University Press. Icatha, New York, 1995.
The Tractatus de Magnetate et Operationibus eius (Reynolds MS 1), a manuscript held by the Reynolds Historical Library, 13th c.
PAGE COPYWRITE MEAD HONEY WINES AND RECIEPYS. -http://web.raex.com/~obsidian/elixirs..html
by Forester Nigel FitzMaurice
FOR PERSONAL USE MEAD AND HEALTH!
The preparation of complex compounds for medicinal or recreational purposes has a long history. It is the intention of this paper to present some examples of non-alcoholic preparations described by an Iraqi doctor of the 9th century CE. These preparations, arising out of a medicinal background, may be seen as steps along the way toward becoming non medicinal, recreational beverages. Three are technically electuaries, that is, syrups. One is a poultice, with ingredients very commonly found in later teas, cordials, and other similar drinks. The remainder is a tonic beverage already. The recipes under study are all taken from a translation of the Aqrabadhin (formulary) of al-Kindi. The original author was Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, a doctor living in Baghdad in the period c. 800-870 CE. Kindi's formulary became famous, and was widely distributed throughout the Muslim world, and even beyond. Most of the formulae presented in his work are typical of Mediaeval medical prescriptions, and involve salves, ointments, poultices, or internal medicines with ingredients of varying strengths and toxicity's. The following are, however, strongly reminiscent of similar recipes for herbal teas, cordials and the like:
3. Drug kneaded from an Indian electuary It is the nosh-daru electuary, which is a pleasant drug and makes those happy who drink it, for it makes sadness disappear. It is pleasing to the heart and the spirit; it strengthens them both. It also strengthens the body, for it does away with a yellow complexion and improves the color. It strengthens the stomach and renders the body perspiration agreeable, improves the odor of the breath, and is good for the liver. It is harmless and is to be taken before or after meals. It is effective, if God wishes.
Red rose ... 6 Dirhams
Cyperus Longus L. ... 5 Dirhams
Clove ... 3 Dirhams
Mastic ... 3 Dirhams
Nard ... 3 Dirhams
Wild nard ... 3 Dirhams
Cinnamon ... 3 Dirhams
Ceylonese cinnamon ... 2 Dirhams
Yew ... 2 Dirhams
Saffron ... 2 Dirhams
Sebesten ... 1 Dirham
Cardamom ... 1 Dirham
Lesser Cardamom ... 1 Dirham
Walnut ... 1 Dirham
V These drugs are taken, after having been pounded and sieved with a silk cloth, according to those measured weights. They are mixed well during pulverization. Then a ratl of the best young, purified myrobalan is cooked with nine ratls of clear potable water, until three ratls of liquid remain. Then it is clarified and that liquid returned to the vessel. On it is thrown two ratls of Sijistan sugar candy. Then it is boiled gently until it becomes the consistency of a thick electuary. The vessel is removed from the fire and the ingredients are sprinkled in and stirred with an osier twig. The operation is repeated until it is thoroughly mixed. When it becomes cold, it is put in a glazed jar and its top closed with leather. Take between one and two mithqals of it on an empty stomach, if God wishes.
6. A strong poultice for the spleen. Mint, Chamomile, Marjoram, and Thyme are cooked in vinegar and the fomentation is applied. It is removed before the meal to cool, then it is cut into 21 fomentations. If it remains hot at night, it is beneficial.
108. Syrups, electuaries, and others. The best resat jellies are taken in the winter for a stiff neck. It is useful, with God's help. Ten dawariq of the best juice from pulp of the grape is taken. A dawariq is 4 1/2 ratls. It is cooked over a low fire until its foam disappears. Then the best genuine honey is put in. The proportion is one ratl of honey for every five ratls. It is boiled over a low fire until its foam also disappears. 1/2 of it evaporates. Then 1 dirham each is taken of
Lesser cardamom
Cardamom
Ceylonese cinnamon
Clove
Long pepper
It is well pulverized and put into a fine linen cloth. Then it is thrown into the decoction after the froth has been removed. When the cooking is over, it is possible to introduce the hand into it. The powder is macerated into it strongly. It is taken out and 3 dirhams of Saffron put into (the liquid). It is put into flasks and the tops are stoppered. After a little sun is allowed on it, one may use it. The older it gets, the better, God willing.
109. Sweet, pleasant, good, delicious honey syrup. Pure water of the tamarisk seed is cooked until it is diminished by a fourth. Then the best honey and crystalline sugar, of each one a part equal to half of the water which had been cooked, is thrown on it. Its froth is removed. In it is put a linen bag which contains one ratl each of Cardamom, Chinese cinnamon, Walnut, and Ginger, and one daniq each of honey and sugar. (This mixture) is boiled until a syrup remains. The bag is squeezed, kneaded in it, and then taken out. The mixture is put into flasks and the tops stoppered. It is drunk like oxymel.
114. Electuary of Fennel. It is effective, with God's help. It is good for obstruction of the liver and what is between the liver and the stomach, and it increases the urine. It is useful for pain in the sides, kidneys, bladder. It unblocks the opening of the stomach and is effective for fever heat penetrating to the bones.
Fennel root 1 ratl
Celery root 1 ratl
Fennel seed 1/3 awqiya
Celery seed 1 awqiya
Anise 2 awqiyas
All are cooked and the solution clarified. Sijistan sweetmeat, i 1/4 ratls is cooked with the concoction until it becomes a syrupy electuary. The dose is from two to five dirhams according to his strength and it is preferable on an empty stomach. It is useful with God's help.
Commentary and conclusions: The preparation of medicinal compounds is of very old date. Throughout history doctors and others have regarded fruits, spices, and herbs as having curative or restorative value. The line between medicinal potions and recreational beverages is quite vague though, and a variety of tonics can be used both for health and for pleasure. The present study was motivated by an interest in discovering within early medical formularies references to compounds which sit on the fence, as it were, between the two realms. A 9th century Iraqi formulary was looked into, and a number of medicines described therein seemed to fit the criteria of tonics or restoratives which also were tasty and interesting in and of themselves. Coming out of a Muslim background, none of the preparations is specifically alcoholic in nature, although it can readily be seen that #108 (the third in this paper) would rapidly begin to ferment under the conditions described. It remains to see how influential this, or other similar formularies, might have been on the development of cordial and tonic waters elsewhere. At the present, there is no clear and unambiguous connection between al-Kindi's Formulary and similar works written later. Nevertheless, the author, Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, was a very well-known philosopher and scientist in his era. He wrote a great many treatises on a broad number of topics, from sorcery and astrology, to medicine and cooking, to mathematics and swordsmithing, to name just a few. Many of these works survive today, and have been re-written, commented on, and re-published through succeeding generations over the past 1100 years. It is not at all implausible to imagine copies of his formulary being introduced to crusaders, and thence being carried back to Europe. Therefore, it is the surmise of this paper that the Aqrabadhin is one source which influenced European medical practitioners in the development tonics that, over time, evolved into non-medicinal cordials and strong waters.
Materia: Here are notes on the substances mentioned in each of the above recipes.
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) An annual herb, widely cultivated, with a distinctively pungent flavour and odour
Chamomile (Anthemus nobilis) A perennial found in dry ground, especially fields, gardens, and near cultivation. It has a very distinctive odor and taste, and has long been used as a muscle relaxant.
Cardamom, Lesser Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) A perenniel herb, native to southern India but widely cultivated in tropical regions as a spice.
Celery root, seed (Apium graveolens) A biennial plant native to North Africa and Europe, long used as a salad vegetable and as a flavouring agent.
Cinnamon, Ceylonese cinnamon, Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) A bushy evergreen native to southern India, Ceylon, and Burma. The well-known spice is derived from the powdered inner layer of bark.
Clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus) a spice, native to Indonesia and the Philippines, used extensively throughout the Muslim world and beyond in the Middle Ages.
Fennel root, seed (Foeniculum officinale) A biennial or perennial native to Asia Minor and the Mediterranean, but cultivated as far north as Britain from an early date. The roots and the seeds are of use.
Ginger (Zinziber officinale) A perennial native to tropical Asia, but known in the west from an early date. The root provides the well-known spice.
Grape juice (Vitis Vinifera) As regards the recipe in which this appears (# 108 (the third)), it is important to recognize that grape skins provide one of the richest environments for naturally occurring yeast.
Honey This natural source of sugar has been known from the very beginning of human experience. I recommend using inexpensive generic grades of honey, not only to control cost but also for the fact that the generics are blends from several different pollen sources, just as Mediaeval honey most likely would have been. Single source honeys, particularly the clovers, have a tendency to overwhelm other flavors with their own distinctive essence.
Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum) A pepper variety from Java; P. longum, from India, is also referenced by this name on occasion.
Marjoram (Origanum officale) A perennial spice native to the Mediterranean and Asia.
Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus). An aromatic tree of the pistachio family, providing a gum resin often used in folk medicines.
Mint (Mentha) It is not indicated in the recipe whether Peppermint or Spearmint is meant; my feeling is that Spearmint is the reference, since that subspecies (M. spicata) tends to be more southerly in native clime.
Myrobalan An unguent compounded from the dried fruit of a variety of tropical trees, high in tannin content and used, in fact, in the tanning industry
Nard, Wild nard (Aralia) Any of a variety of species of this perennial bush, normally known in Europe as Spikenard.
Red Rose (Rosa) Many species and varieties go toward making up this nearly ubiquitous flowering shrub; it is impossible to know just exactly which red rose the authors meant.
Saffron (Crocus sativus) A small, somewhat toxic perennial found in the Mediterranean and Iran.
Sebesten (Cordia) The nuts of either C. mysa or C. latifolia, shrubs of the Borage family found in Egypt and India.
Sedge (Cyperus Longus L.) A species of wetland reed, grass like in appearance, and related to Egyptian Papyrus.
Sijistan sugar candy, Sij. sweetmeats; crystallized sugar These are referred to in off-hand fashion in several recipes, with little indication as to exact composition. Sijistan was a region in south-central Iran, adjacent to the Fars district.
Tamarisk seed (Tamarix) Any of several closely related species of this shrub found in semi-arid and salt desert regions.
Thyme (Thymus Serpyllum). Wild thyme, and closely related to the common kitchen herb.
Vinegar (Acetic acid (CH3COOH)) Any of a variety of distilled vinegars.
Walnut (Juglans regia) This is the Iranian variety of this well-known nut tree.
Yew (Taxus) Any of several species of this evergreen tree. It is unclear from the recipe what part of the plant is intended, the foliage and seeds (but not the arils) are toxic.
A note on measurements: The units of measure used throughout these recipes are standard Baghdad weights of the 9th century. Here are equivalents in metric and sterling:
1 dirham = 3.125 grams = .11 ounce (avoir.)
1 mithqal = 4.46 grams = .157 ounce
1 awqiya = 33.8 grams = 1.19 ounces
1 ratl = 406.25 grams = 14.328 ounces (.8955 pound) (Technically, a ratl = 144 dirham (drachms), but in practice these measures often varied in the marketplace.) Sources:
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 1974. Many articles to confirm botanical names (which change more frequently than one might imagine) where ambiguity was found in other sources. Gibb H. A. R., Kramers J. H., Levi-Provencal E., Schacht J. (Editors). The Encyclopedia of Islam (8 Vols.). E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1979 Humbarger, Grant. Period Metrology. in The Compleat Anachronist, Vol. 82, Nov. 1995 Levey, Martin.The Medical Formulary, or Aqrabadhin, of al-Kindi. Univ.of Wisconsin Press, 1966. This version contains, aside from explanatory notes and indices of materia and foreign terms, the complete text of the original. A translation is presented on each page, and the facing page contains a photograph of the original document, showing the Arabic. Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, New York. 1974. A detailed reference guide to a wide variety of medicinal herbs and botanicals.
This Version: 15 Nov. 2000 Read similar papers:
An Arab MeadA focus on the third recipe above (#108), indicating some of it's implications. Precious Waters: A Miscellany of Early Cordials A longer paper detailing a number of 14th century English medicinal recipes that have cordial-like characteristics. Includes one very explicit recipe for Aqua Vite, with directions on how to distill it. A Recipe for Spiced Wine A brief commentary on a claree recipe found in a late-13th century Anglo-Norman manuscript. Sakanjubins and Oxymels A short review of these non-alcoholic preparations found throughout the Middle East. This paper is the basis for a class I teach on the topic.
Contact the author? [email protected].
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