Is Jenny being good or bad?
THE CHILD WITH SEVERE LEARNING DIFFICULTIES:
1. objects used as natural type 2 symbols:
a. body parts
J. R. LOCKING & I. J. LOCKING
Published: April 13 2000
Updated: 1 July 2006
SUMMARY
A small percentage of mentally handicapped or 'autistic' children are in the habit of looking at their hands, a behaviour which I will call hand regarding behaviour or h.r.b. Cases showing this behaviour were studied and the following tentative conclusions emerged:
a. The behaviour is symbolic, and it is symbolic of an emotional encounter with a parent, (or parent figure).
b.These encounters are of two opposite emotional types, with the child expressing affection, or aggression.
c. These reactions are triggered by current and corresponding actions by a parent figure, where the adult either shows affection to the child, or satisfies the child's needs in some other way, or reprimands the child, or frustrates one of his needs in some other way.
This behaviour, h.r.b., is related to more extreme symbolic responses to the child's own hands, and indeed to other parts of his body, and also to reactions to inanimate objects. In related actions on the child's hands we may see more extreme and physical responses such as kissing the hands, or biting them. These reactions might be called hand directed behaviour, or h.d.b. These conclusions are, of course, also hypotheses to be tested in future research.
INTRODUCTION
|
What we are referring to here are those symbolic uses of body
parts which the child unconsciously adopts in certain situations
when interacting with other people.
The word 'natural' in the title excludes a) learned formal symbolic uses of body parts as seen in sign languages. We must also distinguish this natural symbolic use of body parts, e.g. hand staring behaviour, from b) the finger twiddling behaviour observed in some s.l.d. children. There the twiddling fingers of a child's hand are placed between the child's eyes and a light source, producing a stroboscopic effect. The children indulging in this activity seemingly find it comforting and/or pleasurable. This is explicable in terms of brain wave entrainment, whereby the child's cerebral activity is modified and synchronised, via the optical system, by and with the frequency of the stroboscopic finger twiddling. Such children have learnt that certain finger twiddling frequencies result in desired states of being , and from |
c) low-level neurological phenomena such as the 'flapping'
movement of the upper limbs, a result of a combination of a
minimal and usually sub-clinical U.M.N. (upper motor neurone)
disorder and excitement. We must also distinguish the type of symbolism involved in hand regarding , (either in a negative manner, e.g. angry staring, or a positive manner, fond looking), and in hand biting or kissing , or hand slapping or stroking , from d) the kind of symbolism seen in the kind of early communication we have described as t.r.a. While our hand behaviour involves an object or event reminding us of, or suggesting , another because they appear similar, e.g. in form or function as in Freudian symbolism, where for example plant pots symbolise the female reproductive organs etc, in t.r.a. an object or event may remind us of some other object or event by virtue of their association in the same process, consisting of events linked by cause-effect and temporal relationships, e.g. the mother's car key 'reminds' a child of a trip out to the shops because of past |
experiences where he saw this object being used to open and start the car, whereupon followed his experience of a trip to the shops. Accordingly we will call the symbols we are discussing here type 2 symbols, and those figuring most prominently in t.r.a. as type 1 symbols. Type 1 symbols, in t.r.a., are importantly involved in communicating with other people, about everyday matters, while type 2 symbols, discussed here, are mainly involved in fantasy, wish fulfilling processes, possibly closely related to what are described by the psychoanalysts as the primary process. Only secondarily might they have a role in communicating with other people, in what might be termed a sort of secondary gain , to use another psychoanalytic term. An example of this might be the child who bites his hand very close to, and in front of an adult, in a sort of threat display. Naturally, should the adult then allow the child what had prompted his hand biting , e.g. the denial of something he had wanted , e.g. not to be asked to do something , the behaviour is rewarded and its occurrence becomes more probable. |
OBSERVATIONS - CASES.
|
CASE A DATE: 24.7.93 AGE: 10 SEX: F While on a van trip, J.'s care worker, S., who is sitting
behind her, tells her to sit up properly in her seat, (she had
been slouching down, with her knees up against the back of the
seat in front of her). J. then chews the edge of her comfort
cloth, tugs at her hair with her right hand, holds up the other
hand, fingers spread, palm towards and very close to her face,
and glares angrily at it. The shaking of the hand and the
movements of her face betray great muscular tension. CASE B DATE: 18.9.98 AGE: 11 SEX: M NAME : K.W. K.W. can be pressured by someone staying next to him who he
may be nervous of, especially a man, into inhibiting his
tendencies to engage in wild, overactive behaviour. After a while
he gets quite anxious and may become aggressive to himself or
others, (especially if the 'guard' is female). He engages,
sometimes when frustrated in this way, in hand staring behaviour.
He stares at his palm, eyes wide open and fingers stretched out
tensely and stiffly. Sometimes he stares at the back of his hand,
which seems to be a less common form of this behaviour.
|
K.W. engages in these behaviours: 1) hand staring (usually palmar surface) 2) clapping or slapping his hands together 3) hitting his head or chin with his hand A sequence observed fairly often is: 1) he is frustrated by someone (e.g. made to sit still). 2) he gets angry. 3) he hits his chin with the heel of his hand or hits his head. 4) he stares angrily at his palm, his whole hand betraying much muscular tension. SAME CASE DATE: 15.10.98 K.W. holds up the palm of his left hand close to and in front
of his face, slaps the hand with his right hand, shouts at it and
stares at it with his eyes wide open. |
CASE C B. S. stares at the palm of his hand held close to his face,
regards it intently, and then says "Mummy!" and
"Ohhh!", and utters an expression of sympathy and
concern into his hand. (Later he repeats this with an audio-tape
held in his hand and then says "Daddy!" to a brush in
his hand). SAME CASE DATE: 15.10.98 B.S. holds up the palm of his hand in front of his face and
says "Ohhh!" and "Mummy!". CASE D |
INTERPRETATION
|
In these cases the hand in the flat, spread fingers or claw
shape seems to represent a person, the palm and fingers
symbolising the face and hair respectively. More specifically the
representation seems to be of a parent or parental figure. TYPE I Anger, hatred and aggression. TYPE II Love and affection. A person's hand or palm may be regarded as a sort of unstructured stimulus complex, an objectively vague and indistinct form like clouds, the surface of the moon, Rorschach ink blots and so on. In contrast to highly structured stimuli such forms can suggest very different things to different people, and just what is seen is dependent upon subjective factors such as a person's needs, mood, habits of thought, preoccupations etc. In the class of structured stimuli would be placed photographs, which should mean almost the same thing to all observers, while in the class of unstructured stimuli would be placed the palm of a person's hand, in which one could see virtually anything one wanted to see. This discussion of course is related to the psychological phenomenon of 'projection'. The fact that the palm is a roundish shape with lines (fingers) projecting from it, which could suggest hair, would make it more likely that what is seen would be a face, the uncertainty would lie in just whose face is seen. The fact that people probably have a predilection to see faces in unstructured stimuli, such a tendency being hard wired into the nervous system, again makes it likely that a face will be seen, e.g. the man in the Moon. We might remark here on the fact that I do not recall seeing a child hold his hand to his face in a position such that the fingers are orientated in a left-right direction, with respect to the child's view. Clear similarities in appearance and mode of construction may be seen between children's drawings of themselves and their parents, on the one hand, and on the other, of the sun. An initial circle serves for face or Sun disc and around this are placed radiating lines which serve for hair or rays, and not uncommonly they draw faces on their sun. In their thinking , as revealed by our prompted tree drawing story method, it is clear that the sun is a parent symbol, sometimes kind, loving and benevolent (warm), and sometimes angry and punishing (hot). Such very basic, primitive ideas and equivalences are also seen in the mythologies of earlier peoples. The Egyptian sun god, to take an example, is more or less a father figure. He can be a source of love but also oftentimes of anger, of benevolence but also of authority and power. It is observed that many s.l.d. children exhibiting behavioural difficulties show bad scarring , often on the backs of their hands, due to years of biting themselves. This indicates displaced aggression onto something and someone 'near to hand '. Aggression would be caused by someone frustrating one of the child's need drives. Aggression cannot be aimed directly at the frustrator because there is conflict with other drives, e.g. fear and, or love of the person etc. There is also an element of emotional suppression in this behaviour, of controlling oneself, of hiding one's true feelings. This self-mutilation is compatible with our hypothesis that the child's hand symbolises the parent figure. The aggression, properly directed at the adult, since it is the adult who angered the child, is displaced onto the child's hand. This self |
mutilation is probably most common where a
rejecting , turning away of the parent figure would, in the
child's mind, merit a more severe retaliatory aggressive act than
would an angry rebuke, possibly precipitating a physical attack
in reality, or a symbolic one in fantasy, i.e. biting the back of
the hand. We note that the physical aggression involved, either directed at objects in themselves or to objects symbolic of other objects, is predominantly biting , (oral aggression), while the affectionate interaction is often kissing, mouthing or sucking , (oral receptive). Psychoanalysts tell us that this oral phase, both in its receptive and aggressive aspects, is the earliest psychosexual stage of development of the normal child as it suckles at its mother's breast, and so would be expected of any individual functioning at this level, whatever his chronological age might be. In certain circumstances, e.g. a craving for attention, a child may regress to this oral phase. At such a stage one would expect the child to soil and wet itself, and further, that its feeding habits would be primitive and messy. In addition the tendency to discard either food or clothing may be exhibited, representing a rejection of the mother as both food (breast), and clothing (love and protection). Body parts as symbolic objects can provide a vehicle for fantasy in children who can not so easily manipulate internal symbols or representations via normal mental processes and have the advantage of convenience, being necessarily always present to hand. The hand in this role is perhaps an intermediate stage in the process of internalisation of an object, e.g. the mother or father parental figure. In case A, this behaviour is clearly a symbolic re-enactment of a typical angry confrontation between mother and daughter. These are both very strong-willed females in dispute over who (if either) should control the other, who should have power and authority in the home environment and over the objects in it, including the primary object of sexual desire, the father. J. plays the part of herself, while her comfort cloth, hair and left hand play the part of the mother, the latter symbolic object representing more specifically the mother's glaring face. As playwright, scriptwriter, director and actress J. has total control over what occurs in fantasy after S. orders her to sit up, total real control over her left hand and so total symbolic control over the parent figure it represents in the drama. J. relieves her feelings symbolically and so fairly safely, she symbolically attacks the mother with a hand (tugs on her own hair), and with her teeth (chews her comfort cloth) while glaring at her angrily (stares at the palm of her left hand). In similar fashion the child bullied at school later achieves partial satisfaction in fantasies of successful revenge on the bully. We note that it is J.'s left hand which represents the mother, while the other plays itself. This right hand is tugging on J.'s hair, a symbolic attack on the mother. We thus have the mother represented by J.'s left, weaker, non-preferred, bad hand. The raised left hand was trembling with tension in a sort of minor tonic-clonic spasm. One could imagine the right side of J.'s brain as being both a) the mother, sending motor messages to, and receiving proprioceptive sensory messages from, the mother/ hand/face to attack her ( J.) and b) J. herself, counteracting the above motor impulses more or less peripherally in the same organ, which also represents itself, J.'s hand. Here the hand could be seen as grasping the mother's face or head, granting J. even more power over the parental figure. Not only is it J's left and weaker hand which symbolises the mother, it is still J.'s hand and she has control over it, both as a real and as a symbolic object. J. relieves her feelings in fantasy: this is a private matter, there is an element of disguise and the 'message' is not communicated clearly to others, (or to herself ? ), and so |
she
need fear no retaliation. Perhaps if one could show that one
understands the 'message' then this may be regarded as a true,
intentional , deliberate and conscious communication between two
people. In the fantasised continuation of the beginning, which is
a typical interaction between mother figure and daughter in
reality, a different conclusion can be arrived at; reality is
modified to be nearer to J.'s heart's desire. Rather than comply
with the authority figure's order , (as J. actually does), she
will get her own way, she will gain the upper hand over the
parental figure, she will outface her and be triumphant. J.'s behaviour can be compared with someone imagining a specific disliked person as the punch-bag they are hitting, so relieving their aggressive feelings towards this person in a partially symbolic fashion. Such behaviour is less internal and symbolic than the fantasy situation we have described for J., something is really assaulted, but not the thing the aggressor really wishes to attack. It is a real external (though symbolic) object which cannot retaliate and is safe to attack. J. is genuinely angry and directs real aggression towards the symbolic objects. Perhaps she is not quite as angry as she would be towards the object of her ire and therefore not as aggressive to its symbols, nonetheless the reality of the emotion and aggression is undisputed. A glove puppeteer may adopt the roles of two people or creatures simultaneously, using his two hands to represent two distinct entities; this seems similar to J.'s fantasy behaviour. In contrast to her behaviour we can consider theatre or film where the distance from reality is greater. Here the emotions are assumed and counterfeit; the actors pretending to be angry, afraid, in love and generally to be people other than themselves, in situations possibly alien to their experience. J. often covers various of her bodily orifices with her comfort cloth or dress, e.g. her mouth, nostrils and genitals, this may involve a slight degree of insertion. With her hair the action is more clearly an intrusion (in to her nostril). J.'s gentler use of cloth and hair represents J.'s desire for decide for herself whether the mother blocks (protects from invasion) or intrudes into any of her orifices. It could also represent a gentle contact of the lips or mouth with the mother, e.g. a kiss or a mouthing or sucking of the mother - breast (an oral receptive response). J.'s aggressive response to S was caused by her desire to slouch into a lying position with her comfort cloth in her mouth, being frustrated. She wants to remain a baby with no responsibilities, obligations or demands on her, she wishes to be cared for completely, given what she wants, allowed to do what she wants, immediately, without having to make contact with other people or express her needs. In case B, K.W. shows similar symbolic behaviour when his over-activity is frustrated, to some degree, by an authority figure, (especially a man). He additionally strikes the symbolically engaged left hand with his right, shouting and staring wide-eyed at it. Here we see rather more enhanced aggressive behaviour directed at the symbolic authority figure in the actual physical striking of the symbol. K.W. attacks himself as well as others and, as would be expected, the observations of 11.12.98 show him engaging in both affectionate and aggressive symbolic hand use. In case C, B. S. illustrates type II symbolic interactive behaviour s where affectionate exchanges are portrayed; 'mummy' is bestowing love and attention on him. (The symbolic object is not always his own hand, but may sometimes be one of his "precious objects", (comb, keys, TV remote control). B.S. utters an expression of sympathy and concern into his hand. Is he enacting a scene where 'mummy', (an echo), is expressing sympathy and concern for him? Case D also illustrates type II behaviour in affectionate interaction with parental authority figures. G.H. represents both mother and father with her hands and goes as far as kissing her palms in turn where, symbolically, a person's lips would be and giggling as she does so. |
DISCUSSION
|
J. and G.H. illustrate quite clearly the two distinct varieties of this behaviour, J. exhibits type I and G.H. type II. A number of questions logically arise: (i) What are the characteristics of children who engage in this type of behaviour, children of what intellectual level and stage and type of communication, what personality type, and what family situation? (ii) Do some children engage predominantly in type I behaviour, while some engage more in type II ? (iii) Do children who engage more in one type have other common features, while children who engage more in the other type have different common features? Some provisional answers present themselves. (i) Children of a high enough level, but in the s.l.d. range, who are apart from their family and who may have family difficulties, (e.g. J. and G.H.). (ii) and (iii) Children who are extra-punitive, directing their anger outwards, may engage more in type I behaviour (e.g. J.), while children who are intro-punitive, directing their anger against themselves, engaging in self - injurious behaviour, (s.i.b.), may engage more in type II behaviour, (e.g. G.H.)Note J. also tugs at her hair. I believe the hair here is a symbol of the mother. Her behaviour could be seen as verging on s.i.b. but I believe it is more properly understood as an outwardly directed attack. J. also sees and treats inanimate objects as symbolic objects, as when she smashes her mother's plant pots. |
This symbolises an
aggressive attack on her mother, especially on her child-bearing
abilities. In this case meaning is even clearer because these
plant and flower pots contain earth in which living things develop
and grow. There is over-generalisation in this symbolic behaviour due to the strength of the sex and maternal drive and the degree of its frustration. The behaviour is not so clearly or consciously a communication, but rather the enactment of fantasy. J. engages in this sort of s.o. use but doesn't show ordinary s.o. use, probably due to the perception of objects as symbols of sex or reproduction overpowering more normal and specific perceptions, such that for her a cigar could not "just" be a cigar, or more relevantly to her case, a plant pot could not "just " be a plant pot. Note that J. has the condition of precocious puberty, no doubt exacerbating the problem of over- generalisation of sexual symbolism. Note that this type of object symbolism is of a different type from that seen in t.r.a. (token real action). In the former Freudian type, the object is a symbol of some other object by virtue of similarity of form or function, the similarity been possibly quite remote and abstract and the class or category very wide (over-inclusion and over-generalisation). In the type of symbolism seen in t.r.a. the object remains itself (or rather the specific type of object remains itself) and the symbolism or conceptualisation is function. So a young normal, preverbal child or older mentally handicapped one may give his mother his coat, engaging in real actions with real objects, though symbolising a desire for his mother to dress him and then take him out to the park or shops etc. |
With a drive that is strong , though not necessarily unusually
so, plus a lack of inhibitory controls and selectivity over the
expression of the drive, (factors with social and aesthetic
determinants), we expect attempts to satisfy desires in socially
unacceptable situations with very inappropriate objects. Pica and
public masturbation are indeed witnessed, the drives here being
obviously hunger and sex respectively.
A number of factors could
be responsible for these drives, e.g.:- a) physiological reasons, e.g. high b.m.r. related to hyperactivity etc. b) normal drive not being satisfied, e.g. actual hunger. c) drive is not merely physiological but psychological e.g. emotional hunger expressed as a desire for food. G.H. is indeed emotionally deprived, she has a strong and frustrated drive for parental affection, and this hunger for love and affection is manifested in her hunger and craving for food c), and the associated regressive behaviours of fingering and daubing it on her chest. In learning theory models of behaviours such as s.i.b., attention and affection are seen as rewarding and reinforcing the behaviour, thus making it more probable. On the other hand, this model emphasises the child's negative attitude towards itself, which generates s.i.b., under certain circumstances. We must therefore endeavour to make children such as G.H. more positive about themselves and, or less unrealistically positive about their parents. This will hopefully reduce the degree of intro-punitive behaviour displayed, allowing the child to re-direct aggression outwards to a greater extent, which should be considered as being psychologically healthier. |
Further discussion.
|
The development of nervous control in an infant's body is cephalo-caudal and proximo-distal, i.e. 1st head, eyes, mouth, tongue, lips. In the initial phase the infant's sense of self, its ego is
nebulous and poorly delineated, although roughly focused at the
temple, behind and between the eyes. This fledgling identity is
causally related to the increasing conscious control of the
organs of the head , those functioning in perception and the
expression of needs. It is interesting to note here that this
locus of I-feeling persists throughout life undiminished. |
The child is in this manner facilitated in its
semi-disassociation of these distal organs and their consequent
symbolic application, due to that diminished sense of I-ness
associated with more distal portions of its anatomy, that we have
previously alluded to as being most symptomatic of this
functional level. During certain interactions with others, the child thus temporarily reverts to an earlier conception of this extremity, wherein the sense of self is, to a greater or lesser extent, disconnected from this organ, allowing it to represent the parental figure. It is commonly observed that children such as G.H. strike their heads (especially their foreheads) either with their hands or against hard surfaces. This is tantamount to an attack against their basic, essential, core self. 'N' is the initial letter of various English words. Similarly, in b.s.l., in finger-spelling, the hand shape 'n' is the initial of a variety of finger-spelt words. The hand shape 'n', short for 'name', can invoke or call-up a whole range of names, it is the symbol of a large class of specific names, animate or inanimate; in the former group being members such as 'John', 'Peter' and so on. In the b.s.l. sign for name the hand-shape 'n' is initially
brought to the body of a specific person, specifically the
forehead of the signer. This is the seat of their identity, their
self and so this drastically limits the meaning to 'Peter' or
'John' etc. (One's name is a symbol of one's individual self, and
in primitive and, or pathological states or stages of development,
of mind, one's name is thought of as almost identical with, or a
real part of, one's actual self. Similarly this is the case with
inanimate objects). Note that the second movement of the 'n'
(name) hand-shape is from the signer's forehead or temple, the
seat of Peter-ness or John-ness etc., outwards. |
Note some other signs connected with this part of the body
(head): i.e. think, know, believe, clever, silly, mad, forget and
remember etc. We have thus far concentrated on the hands as symbolic objects and in this context note that the voluntary control of these organs allows of their 'directorial' manipulation by the child in its fantasy enactment. The hair also has a symbolic significance for the child, although of a different and more limited kind. Hair can be assigned a role, but obviously, unlike the hands, cannot be directed as it is not under neural control. Females tend to generally have long hair and this comes to symbolise femininity, (particularly the mother) for both boys and girls. In the case of girls this connection is further reinforced by their mothers' ministrations during childhood: brushing, combing, and styling of the hair. These attentions may not always be pleasant and may indeed involve a degree of discomfort if the hair is knotted or tangled. The girl's hair comes to represent the mother in both her good and bad and angry aspects. We may note here the habit of girls or women to free their hair from tight styles, bands, clips etc., letting it loose, literally 'letting their hair down', when relaxing , at play or engaging in sexual activity. A similar attitude is observed regarding restrictive clothing, this being shed in favour of looser-fitting garments under similar circumstances. These observations can be interpreted as the girl or woman casting off the restrictive, inhibitory influence of the mother and the associated perception of her interference in the girl's or woman's sexual interaction with a male (conceivable on some level as a father figure). Pulling hair is one of the forms of aggression more commonly encountered in females and could be seen in connection with the previous points regarding the symbolism of hair. Even the pulling of one's own hair, which normally would be considered as self-abusive, can be reinterpreted in light of these facts, such that the hair is not perceived by the child as an intrinsic part of its basic core self and can therefore easily assume the role of another in fantasy. |
Additional.
|
More recently G.H., during affectionate interactions, has
involved the hands of the affection-giver, grasping them and
smiling at their palms. This seems to represent a healthier state
of mind, as does the externalisation of some of her aggression.
These factors indicate a less self-absorbed, more socially aware
state and a less self-negative intro-punitive attitude
respectively. The involvement of the affection-giver's hands
might represent a transitional stage in the child's acceptance of
the adult as a parent figure. |
In the years I have known these children, none of them seems to
have changed noticeably their type of behaviour towards their
symbolic hand object(s). However, with some of them, the
direction of their aggression has become less polarised. For
example G.H. originally demonstrated purely self-directed
aggression, but has now begun to show aggression to others . All the children seem to be at a stage of expressive communication where they are able to use photographs, pictures and symbols to express a variety of desires. |
B.S.'s head slapping is rather 'superficial' and motivated by a
desire for attention, sympathy and concern. In the absence of an
audience it quickly stops. With G.H. her self-aggression seems
much more the result of a real desire to injure herself. The parallel is with the distinction between a suicidal gesture and a genuine suicide attempt., although the distinction is rather artificial, these two representing the poles of a behavioural continuum. There is indeed a continuous variation in the degree of the gamble one takes and the chances one allows others, or 'fate' etc. to intervene to save one. |
Appendix I.
G.H.
| A. actual attitude and responses to self and others. | a. later, began to hit others. b.1 previously used to hit herself, only or mainly. |
| B. hand symbol behaviour. | a. 0 b. 1 gazes fondly at her hand. |
B.S.
| A. actual attitude and response to self and others. | a. attacks others, pulls their hair, (not their core
self). b. 1 hits self on head. |
| B. hand symbol behaviour | a. 0 b. 1 gazes fondly at his hand. |
J.W.
| A. actual attitude and responses to self and others. | a. 1 used to hit other people, (on head). b. 0 never hit her real, basic self but pulled her hair = the other. |
| B. hand symbol behaviour | a. 1 stares crossly at her hand(s). b. 0 doesn't smile or look fondly at her hand(s). |
K.W.
| A. actual attitude and responses to self and others. | a. 1 hits others, (and his hand = the other). b. 1 hits his chin, with his hand. |
| B. hand symbol behaviour. | a. 1 stares crossly at hand. b. 1 looks fondly on it. |
0 = not observed
1 = observed
Appendix II
| Individual A | Individual B | ||
| Inner Core Self, e.g. face, temple, forehead and chin. | Outer Self, e.g. hair and head. | Outer self, e.g. hair and hand. | Inner Core Self, e.g. face, temple, forehead and chin. |
The above diagram expresses a view of the situation that may
cover all the observed facts. We may see the outer parts of
persons as closer together, literally and figuratively, (i.e.
more similar) and the behaviour of a person directed to these,
their own outer parts or the outer parts of another, as more
similar than one might imagine. Aggression by individual A on A,
on his core self, may be seen as much more removed and much more
dissimilar to aggression by A on B's core self.
If you have seen similar things, want to know more, or even think you might want to do research in this area you can e-mail me at:-
john_reginald_lockingathotmail.co.uk
Please fill in the attached form as part of my own research into this topic. When you do so you will be entitled to a FREE professional consultation on any problems your child might have. Click on 'FORM' below:-
© 2004 John and Ian Locking