ACCIDENT AND INJURY
http://www.geocities.com/iwcg2004

This website describes situation in a developing country with increased motorization but weak institutional structure and inappropriate policy process. Under the circumstance, technical know - how for road safety could hardly be applied to crud increasing trends of traffic injury, deaths and disability.

About our Website: www.geocities.com/iwcg2004/
Section 1: Is the power point presentation, paper proposal and members personal website
Section 2: All the information about our topic - Accident and injury.
Section 3: Links to all the sources

Unifying direction and concerted efforts among various public authorities and sectors should be a goal for system reform. Systematic and methodologically sound monitoring and evaluation should be integral parts of all programs for road safety.

Injuries and death from road traffic crashes have become a major public health and socio - economic problem in Thailand, a growing trend as the country becomes more and more motorized. During the decade 1987 - 1997, there was a nearly four - fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles, from 4.9 million to 17.7 million. This paper examines traffic injuries in Thailand. Recommendations are giving on areas that need improvement,

This report describes situation in a developing country with increased motorization but weak institutional structure and inappropriate policy process. Under the circumstance, technical know - how for road safety could hardly be applied to crud increasing trends of traffic injury, deaths and disability.

Introduction
Injuries and deaths from road traffic crashes have become a major public health and socio problem in Thailand, a growing trend as the country becomes a more and more motorized. During the decades, there was a nearly four fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles, from 4.9 million to 17.7 million > this paper examines trends, underlying determinants and inventors in road traffic injuries in Thailand. Recommendations are given out on the areas need improvement.

The number of people killed in the traffic crashes are aged 10-39. Men are at four to five times' higher risk of death and injury due to traffic crashes than women. A number of known behavioral risk factor have been identified i.e. drunk driving, speeding, substance abuse and failure to use helmet and seat belt.

Materials and methods
Three majors sources provide the data used in this study
· Hospital-based data compiled by the ministry of public health
· Police data compiled by the National police office
· High way data complied by MOTC

Hospital-based data
Out of 1345 public and private hospitals in the country, only 22 actively private in the injury surveillance. The key data sets include demography characteristics

High way data
The roads in Thailand are classified into six categories according to the high way act.
1) Motor way
2) National high
3) Rural roads
4) Municipal roads
5) Sanitary roads
6) Concession

Police data
The police information system center in Bangkok compiles monthly traffic crash reports from all police stations through out the country. A standard report form is used by the police station to exactly daily records of traffic crashes from an active log book. The following variables are recorded number of vehicles involved, probable causes, number of victims.

Comparative motorcycle helmet tests
The most important test requirement of this regulation, the impact absorption capacity of helmet is determined by recording against time the acceleration imparted to a head form fitted with helmet, when dropped in guided free fall at a specific impact velocity upon a fixed steel anvil. The drop height shall be such that the unit constituted by head form and helmet falls on test anvil at velocity:
§ 7 m/s (+0. -0.15) for flat anvil, (height: 2.5 m)
§ 6 m/s (+0. -0.15) hemispherical anvil, (height: 1.84 m)

Comparative laboratory tests
The freely falling dummy onto the same basement and anvil as used at helmet tests of ECE R22.05, gives good comparative data with detached HIII head+neck unit and Mg-alloy head form tests' results. The aim of this test series was to study the influence of body-neck unit on the linear acceleration comparing to the simple head form usage.

Conclusions
According to the measured values and functions we can make the next conclusions:

In the case of Mg-alloy head higher acceleration values were measured than at the HIII head and neck unit. The whole-body arrangement gives less peak acceleration. During a real accident the impact force acting onto the head is transmitted by the neck to the body. The resulting linear acceleration to the head will therefore be reduced for the same impact force compared to head form tests, due to an increase in the effective mass of the dummy head form.

Measuring with used helmets (second drop tests) the registered peak values are higher than at the previous test (using untouched helmet). [The helmet shall be changed after any accident resulting severe impact onto any surface in daily usage!]

At the Mg-head tests and HIII head-neck tests two-wave form signals were measured at rear head impacts and one-wave forms were registered at forehead impacts.

To promote our organization and ideas, we have to use media for sure.

Printing Media
Newspaper
One of the common ways for several years is putting our announcement on the newspaper. Buying a column on a newspaper and promote our organization with activities. The stuff that we put in a newspaper should be something that is very current such as a campaign that we will have soon.

Magazine
This is appropriate for promoting our organization. This media is depended. Whatever we want to put on this kind of media depends on the type. For example, weekly magazine, monthly magazine. The contents that we want to put in will be different. For monthly magazine, we can put something that will last for a month, such as about our campaign. For weekly magazine, we may post a campaign that will happen in a week.

Brochure
Brochure is one of the easy ways to promote our organization and campaign. We do not need anyone (maybe we do need printing house). We do not need the place. Once brochures have published, we can just put our staff into the place and hand out brochures. This is the easiest way to do. What we will put in brochures will be general information about our organization, our plan and also a campaign or projects that we are doing.

Radio and Television Media
Radio
To promote on a radio, what we can do is not just by time on the radio station to promote. With technology's today, we can do something a lot more than that. We can set up our radio station and also put them online. Part of radio will be on our website which we will discuss more under Internet topic.

Television
This type of media is advanced. When we want to promote through this media, we should ensure that our organization is ready. The audiences do not only hear the information, they can also our organization and plan through this type of media. What we will provide on television will be like an announcement about the campaign.

Online Media
Internet
Internet is worldwide, not only local people can see our organization, but also the whole world can see our organization. The promotion that we put on the newspaper, magazine, radio, and television, we can also put all of those online on the internet. What we will provide on this type of media is also wide. We can put the general information of our organization, our goal, our plan, teams, and more.

We can see that all information that we want to promote on media will be similar, that is because of people should know about our organization first before they plan to participate with us. Then we they know what our organization is all about, they will decide that they want to participate with us or not. That is why we provide the general knowledge for audiences to get some clues in what we are doing. Finally, the campaign that we have set up will be the last step to get all audiences to participate and evaluate our work.

To promote our organization, at first we have to start as an advertisement on a radio or television. Then when our organization is strong to the point, we will move on to set up our own online radio station or television station. We can put those into our website also.

To start an online radio station or be a broadcaster

First Step: Getting Audio
From ordinary user like we are, we need the audio that we want to put online such as music, interview, talk show, news. To get the audio can be from CD, or go on a field and record.
Tools
To record an audio, user primary need microphone, speaker. To go on a field for reporting, user may need something like wind filter.

Second Step: Editing
After we had all audio recorded, we first need to put them into our computer to edit, or maybe edit at a studio. For PC, user must have sound card (PC's today normally has sound card on board). The quality of sound will depend on the sound that user has recorded and sound card.
Tools
To put audio onto computer, user has to have device. This depends on user's audio format. For example, if user record on a USB Flash Drive, user may directly use from that, but if user record onto a cassette, user may need device to put them into computer.
When you have your audio on your computer, ready to be edited, now you need software.
Software used for editing audio is various. The two common used are "Sonic Foundry Sound Forge" and "Pro Tools". Sonic Foundry Sound Forge is most commonly used for beginners as well as professionals. Pro Tools is recommended for advanced users. Tools are better but they are also harder to use. User must know when putting sound into computer in which formats software support. For example, user may use MP3, WAV. But most of software do not support MID, user need to be careful.

Third Step: Putting Online
To put audio online, user must have server. User can find someone who runs for. Two is using Shout cast system.
Tools
Shout cast system runs on a server attached to an IP network with lots of bandwidth, and is responsible for receiving audio from a broadcaster, updating the Shout cast directory with information about what the broadcaster is sending, and sending the broadcast out to listeners.
Recommended players are: Windows users should use Winamp with Plug-in, Mac users should use Audion, Linux/X Windows users should use XMMS.

When our company has our own online radio station, we can do many things:
Ø When we go out to do a promotion, we can note our station.
Ø Also we can put our station into our website.

What to be on our website:
Once we have our own radio station, we will put them online.

Program:
Ø News (in accident and injury)
Ø Interview governors
Ø Songs for campaign
Ø Process of organization

When we put our station online, we will not put all programs online. We just provide some highlight online. For example, all news that will be on a station will not be on our website. We will put only highlight such as comments from governors.

Same thing as broadcasting an online television station:
To start an online television station or be a broadcaster

First Step: Video
To start broadcasting an online television station, user definitely needs the video camera to record your file. Unless, user has their file already that user downloaded or captured from Video CD, DVD.
Tools
To record a video, user needs a video camera which can be any brands such as JVC, Sony. Common used of video camera currently is Digital Video which is easier to use than a film video.
Sony is known as worldwide brand of electronics. Memory stick can be used in all of their technologies such as laptop, digital camera, and digital video.
JVC is also known as one of the electronics. The capability is not less than Sony and cost lower.

Second Step: Recording
When user got their video camera, now it is time to record.
Tools
For an accident, there is no way to prepare to record an event. Therefore, user must have a handy digital camera and ready to record the event all the time. In other case, if user prepares for an interview, user may need more than a camera. User may have a light, camera stand, portable mixer, etc.

Third & Fourth Step: Transferring & Editing
Once user has an event recording, user must transfer to computer to edit.
Tools
To transfer recording events into computer, user must know what is required. For example, user needs to beware of some new digital video camera that requires IEEE 1394 device but old version USB port should be fine (since most computer nowadays has USB plugged in). To transfer does not need only a device, it also requires some software. For some digital camera, it may come along with own hardware (device) and software.
Recommended software for editing videos: for beginners may use software from Windows such as Windows Movie Maker. For this software, user must transfer video into file format: .mpeg, .mov, .avi, etc. before importing to edit. For advanced user may use Adobe Premiere. With this software, user can transfer through this software directly from video tape using a device like USB or IEEE 1394.
Editing videos: user can import file or capture video from tape into timeline and also import sound or still image to editing your video. After all actions have been done, user can export file and make a video CD, DVD.

Fifth Step: Putting Online
When everything is done, now it is ready to be put online.
Tools
Almost the same thing as online radio station, user needs to run a server. User may use Meet software or Hardware MCU to set up a server. For user to view your station, user may use Apple QuickTime, Real player, Windows Media Player to view a station. Meet software provides a powerful multi-point control and transcoding engine, which can connect more disparate systems than any other communications infrastructure product on the market.

Company Meeting
Company meeting will discuss about how to decrease the number of accidents and injuries that occurred. Evaluation will be in this section also.

Promoting
To promote, with technologies today, there are various ways to promote our organization and campaign.

Newspaper:
To buy a column they charge as its area by inches x inches. The price will depend on each newspaper. For example, Bangkok Post will charge more than Thai Ruth newspaper in the same size

Magazine:
As magazine is the printing media, the price charge is the same way as newspaper and the price also depends on the brand of magazine. The price will cost more than newspaper since it lasts for a week or month rather than day.

Radio:
Radio, time that they provide will be as 30, 60, 90 seconds, still the same that the well-known station will cost more. However, we do this project for people benefits, not our own benefits. That means we can do as a public service announcement (PSA) on a radio station. But they won't turn the announcement on unless there are spaced. On the other hand, we can do an online radio station which cost nothing but time and devote. Some website provides a shareware to download and start our own station. (See Audio and Video Conferences)

Television:
This media is most likely to radio but there is vision. Audiences can see our organization. We can do the same thing and this charges the same as radio. To buy a time, they provide 30, 60, 90 seconds. Or if we want to do a PSA, it is the same system. We can also start an online television station with cost nothing to do.

Internet:
With internet we can do advance things. Newspaper, magazine, radio, television can all be put on an internet. But when we talk about internet, we will focus on website. To create a website, we must have a domain name. Some company provides a free domain name but the name will not be good. For example, Geocities, this company provide a free web site space but once you have created with this server, your web address will be http://www.geocities.com/iwcg2004. But if you pay for a domain name, you can get http://www.iwcg2004.com. The name is a lot easier to remember and caught the audience attention. To buy a domain name, they charge as a space and service. If we want large storage and no ads on our website we have to pay more. For example, with 1 GB web storage with no ads cost around 2,800 bht a year. But for 50 MB web storage with ads cost about 400 bht a year.

Evaluation
Once our promotion is complete, now it's time to see if we finish our goals. We can do as a commentary or comparing the rate before and after the campaign.

To overcome such institutional and policy weaknesses, society at large has to become involved in the policy process through strengthening civil society to take a lead on a lend on a long haul to policy advocacy. There has to be someone assuming the role of policy entrepreneur or champion to organize endless interactive process of multiparty movements in defining problem, identifying solution and advocating for relevant policy decisions and implementation. Of course, the movements need to base on scientifically sound knowledge and evidence.

Unifying direction and concerted efforts among various public authorities and sectors should be a goal for system reform. Systematic and methodologically sound monitoring and evaluation should be integral parts of all programs for road safety.

Research should be undertaken to shed lights on local problem and context. Research could also help identifying cost - effective intervention and assist program evaluation. In addition, the development and maintenance of information system are important for generating relevant information and knowledge to guide policy and action. In this regard, performance of specific databases and linkage among different sets of data are critical. In parallel to policy decisions, implementation of a policy requires capable authorities to translate policy into actions Capacity - building in planning and development for responsible bureaucrats at central and local levels are needed.

Accident and Injuries information
http://www.accidentcompensation.com/
http://www.accident-injury-laws.com/
http://www.bright-training-safety-wear.com/accident_investigations.htm
http://www.btl.gov.il/English/btl_indx.asp?name=newbenefits/accidents.htm
http://www.clancylaw.com/FSL5CS/Custom/TOCPracticeAreaDescriptions.asp
http://www.heckfordnorton.co.uk/accident.htm
http://www.heymanand.co.uk/accident.html
http://www.lb-lawfirm.com/CM/Custom/TOCMedicalNegligence.asp
http://www.memorialhospital.org/Library/general/accidentprevent.html
http://www.nortonlaw.ie/accident.html
http://www.phillipmiller.com/faqaccident.html
http://www.sba.gov/starting_business/index.html
http://www.transbay.net/~jelinek/accident.html

Media information
http://www.real.com
http://www.shoutcast.com
http://www.domainname.com
http://www.pantip.com
http://www.geocities.com
http://www.angelfire.com

Audio and Video Conferences
http://www.sony.com
http://www.jvc.com
http://www.digidesign.com