Adverbul (The Adverb)
1. Adverbul de mod
§ Se formează în general din adjective la care se adaugă sufixul “-ly”:
beautiful – beautifully rapid – rapidly
§ Gradele de comparaţie se formează la fel ca cele ale adjectivelor.
Comparaţia regulată
Comparaţia neregulată
soon – sooner – soonest
early – earlier – earliest
frequently – more frequently – most frequently
good, well – better – best
badly – worse – worst
little – less - least
much – more - most
2. Adverbe determinative
Tipuri
Exemple
- de mod
quietly, well, badly, kindly, so, usually, fast, heavily
Ex. John performed excellently.
- de loc
away, far, near, here, there, downstairs, upstairs, backwards, forwards, under, inside, outside, everywhere
Ex. He looked for her everywhere.
- de timp
after, already, early, since, late, then, occasionally, once, today, yet, still, tomorrow, monthly
Ex. He will do it today.
- de cantitate, aproximare
extremely, terribly, little, almost, very, enough, much
Ex. He is much obliged to you.
- de frecvenţă
ever, never, seldom, often, always, every time, sometimes, rarely, once, twice
Ex. I have never seen him in my life.
- de cauză, concesiv
consequently, so that, therefore, still, that is why, for this reason
Ex. Still she behaves in a friendly manner.
- de afirmare şi negare
how, where, when, why: How did you do it?
no, not: I did not do it.
- restrictive
only, but, just
Ex. Only Tim came to the party.
Prepoziţia (The Preposition)
1. Caracteristici
§ Prepoziţia reprezintă o problemă dificilă a limbii engleze din cauza numărului lor foarte
mare şi deoarece aceeaşi prepoziţie poate avea mai multe sensuri în funcţie de cuvintele
cu care este asociată.
De exemplu prepoziţia “about”:
1. He walks about in the garden. (El se plimbă prin grădină.)
2. He was back about six. (S-a întors pe la şase.)
3. What is your opinion about him? (Care este părerea ta despre el?)
§ De multe ori, aceleiaşi prepoziţii din limba română îi corespund diferite prepoziţii
în limba engleză. De exemplu:
1. Mă trezesc la 6:00. I wake up at 6:00.
2. Merg la mare. I go to the seaside.
3. Stai la noi? Are you staying with us!
§ Există numeroase verbe, substantive, adjective urmate numai de anumite
prepoziţii obligatorii.
verbe
substantive
adjective
to insist on = a insista pe
to aim at = a aspira la
to remind of = a aminti de
to stand for = a reprezenta
to look for = a căuta
objection to = obiecţie la
care for = grijă pentru
supremacy over = supremaţie (asupra)
hatred for = ură împotriva
certain of = sigur de
free from = liber de
adequate to = adecvat la
surpise at = surprins de
2. Clasificarea prepoziţiilor
Clasificare
Exemple
- simple
at, by, on, for
- compuse
into, within, inside, outside, upon
- complexe
from above, out of, outside of, inside of, back to, up to, because of, along with, instead of
- locuţiuni prepoziţionale
by means = cu ajutorul
on account of = din cauza
by way of = în chip de
in spite of = în ciuda
with the help of = au ajutorul
with regard to = cu privire la
in the middle of = în mijlocul
on behalf of = în numele
in front of = în faţa
for the sake of = de dragul
thanks to = datorită, mulţumită
Conjuncţia (The Conjuction)
1. Conjuncţiile coordonatoare
copulative
disjunctive
adversative
conclusive
§ and = şi, iar
§ as well as = precum şi
§ both...and... = atât ... cât şi...
§ not only ... but also ... = nu numai...dar şi...
§ neither... nor...= nici... nici...
§ or = ori, sau
§ either...or...= sau...sau...
§ but = dar, ci
§ only = numai
§ and while = iar
§ however = însă
§ so = deci
§ accordingly = aşadar
2. Conjucţiile subordonatoare
§ Clasificare:
1. relative:
When = când
Where = unde
How = cum
Why = de ce
Who, which, what = care
What = ce
Which, what = ceea ce
Such as = astfel de
2. completive
how + adjective, adverbe = cât de
that + indicativ = ca
if, whether = dacă
when = când
where = unde
3. adverbiale de timp
when = când
since = de când
till, until = până când
as soon as = îndată ce
4. de mod
as = cum , aşa cum
as ... as = atât... cât
as for as = pe cât
5. cauzale
beacuse = fiindcă
as = deoarece
since = din moment ce
6. de scop
in order to = cu scopul de a
lest = să nu
GRAMMAR
Prepositions
A. Put one suitable word in each space.
1. The statue was holding a sword _____ one hand.
2. What’s on _____ the cinema this week?
3. When I look _____ the mirror, I don’t recognize myself!
4. What have you got _____ your bag?
5. Peter found someone’s wallet _____ the pavement.
6. My family moved from the country _____ the city.
7. You’ve got a small hole _____ your pullover.
8. The burglar climbed _____ the fence and into the garden.
9. I decided to visit my grandmother _____ the hospital.
10. We put a blanket _____ the injured man to keep him warm.
11. It’s not far. We’re wearing _____.
12. We found our cat hiding _____ a car.
13. Jim hung his coat _____ the back of a chair.
14. What time is the news _____ the radio?
15. Bye for now. I’ll see you _____ school tomorrow.
B. Put one suitable word in each sentence.
1. Fiona is very different ________ her sister.
2. This house reminds me ________ the house I grew up in.
3. Please try and listen ________ my instruction.
4. My home town is famous ________ its peaches.
5. Excuse me, but does this umbrella belong ________ you?
6. What exactly was George talking ________?
7. I think we should ask ________ some information.
8. Kate is very keen ________ growing her own vegetables.
9. I feel sorry ________ Sam because he hasn’t got any friends.
10. When I speak Italian, all the others in the class laugh ________ me.
Conjunctions
PRESENT TENSE
A.
1. Compaq .......... computers. a) is making b) makes c) does d) is doing 2. H.P. .......... a new advanced type of printer. a) is developing b) develops c) is taking d) takes 3. The yen .......... against the dollar a) is flying b) flies c) is falling d) falls 4. The dollar .......... at 1.8 to the pound. a) is growing b) grows c) is standing d) stands 5. I guess we .......... a market share of about 20% a) are having b) have c) are in charge of d) are being in charge of 6. Kate .......... in her report later today. a) is coughing b) coughs c) is sending d) sends 7. Kate often .......... her reports in late. a) is flying b) flies c) is sending d) sends 8. Things are really great. Business .......... a) is booming b) booms c) is thundering d) thunders 9. Inflation .......... quickly, I'm afraid to say. a) is sliding b) slides c) is growing d) grows B.
1. What time do you get up? a) No way. I'm not at all happy with it. b) It's OK. I'm not enjoying my present project very much. c) It depends on what I'm doing that day. Usually about 7.30. d) Sure. I never fail to. I want to stay informed. 2. Where do you work? a) No way. I'm not at all happy with it. b) I don't stay in the same place. I'm a consultant so I move around a lot. c) I'm only staying until I find something better. d) Sure. I never fail to. I want to stay informed. 3. What time do you finish work? a) I usually get away about 7.00 but sometimes I have to stay later. b) No way. I'm not at all happy with it. c) I'm only staying until I find something better. d) Yes. I'm going down the pub. 4. Where do you have lunch? a) Sure. I never fail to. I want to stay informed. b) I'm trying to lose weight so I'm not having lunch at present. c) No way. I'm not at all happy with it. d) Yes. I'm going down the pub. 5. Do you like your job? a) I usually get away about 7.00 but sometimes I have to stay later. b) Sure. I never fail to. I want to stay informed. c) It depends on what I'm doing that day. Usually about 7.30. d) It's OK. I'm not enjoying my present project very much. 6. Do you often read the 'situations vacant' ads? a) Sure. I never fail to. I want to stay informed. b) No way. I'm not at all happy with it. c) I'm only staying until I find something better. d) Yes. I'm going down the pub. 7. What do you think of your boss? a) Yes. I'm going down the pub. b) It's OK. I'm not enjoying my present project very much. c) Usually she and I get on fine but we're having a few problems at the moment. d) No way. I'm not at all happy with it. 8. Do you earn enough? a) Yes. I'm going down the pub. b) Sure. I never fail to. I want to stay informed. c) I'm only staying until I find something better. d) No way. I'm not at all happy with it. 9. How long do you intend to stay in your job? a) Yes. I'm going down the pub. b) Sure. I never fail to. I want to stay informed. c) I'm only staying until I find something better. d) It's OK. I'm not enjoying my present project very much. 10. Do you want to stop now? a) Yes. I'm going down the pub. b) It depends on what I'm doing that day. Usually about 7.30. c) Sure. I never fail to. I want to stay informed. d) It's OK. I'm not enjoying my present project very much.
PAST TENSES
A. Irregular verbs
1. Go a) goed gone b) gone gone c) went gone d) went goed 2. do a) done done b) doed doed c) did did d) did done 3. come a) came come b) comed comed c) came came d) come come 4. stay a) stayed stayed b) steyed steyed c) state state d) staid staid 5. see a) seed seed b) seeed seeed c) saw sawed d) saw seen 6. put a) put put b) putted putted c) put putted d) putted put 7. meet a) meeted meeted b) met met c) meeted met d) meet meet 8. take a) took taken b) took took c) taked taken d) taked taked 9. get a) got gotted b) get got c) gotted getted d) got got 10. withdraw a) withdrawded withdrawed b) withdrew withdrawn c) withdrew withdrew d) withdraw withdraw
B. Choose the correct form 1. The day .......... terribly. a) took care of b) announced c) finished d) began 2. My alarm .......... a) didn't get up b) didn't begin c) didn't wake up d) didn't go off 3. and I .......... the house with only 1 hour to spare a) left b) entered c) quitted d) goodbyed 4. before the plane .......... due to take off. a) didn't go b) wished c) became d) was 5. Luckily there .......... very little traffic a) was b) existed c) had d) turned over 6. and I .......... at the airport with 30 minutes to spare. a) went b) terminated c) reached d) arrived 7. I .......... in at the gate a) checked b) stood c) waited d) stamped 8. and .......... for a coffee. a) started b) shouted c) went d) whistled 9. Just as I .......... down , a) went b) sat c) jumped d) drank 10. the announcer .......... my flight. a) sang b) whistled c) shouted d) called 11. I .......... my coffee quickly a) chose b) drank c) sang d) looked for 12. too quickly in fact as I .......... some on my shirt. a) spilled b) dropped c) spread d) smiled 13. I .......... the sign to the departure gate a) looked after b) followed c) discussed d) ran after 14. and .......... through passport control. a) went b) discussed c) smiled d) went under 15. I .......... down in the departure lounge. a) hurried b) came c) went d) sat 16. It .......... full of teenagers, obviously a school trip. a) was b) happened c) suggested d) disappeared 17. They .......... a terrible noise. a) were happening b) were smoking c) were doing d) were making 18. And then I .......... that terrible announcement, the one you don't want to hear. a) heard b) listened c) felt d) spoke 19. There .......... a problem with the engine. a) arrived b) happened c) were d) was 20. I .......... around for a place to get another coffee. a) saw b) looked c) had d) was 21. I .......... a drinks machine so I .......... over to get some. a) looked over / went b) saw / fell c) saw / went d) looked over / fell 22. I .......... in my money and .......... the button for black coffee. a) put / pressed b) put / pulled c) threw / pressed d) threw / pulled 23. When I .......... up the cup, a) took b) pushed c) pulled d) picked 24. it .......... only water. a) went in b) got up c) filled d) contained 25. At that moment, the hostess .......... that the plane was delayed because of bad weather. a) announced b) called c) spoke d) mimed
THE BUSINESS WORLD
Hello!
Allow me to introduce myself!
(ălau mi tu introdius maiself)
Glad to meet you! / A pleasure to meet you!
(glead tu mit iu ă plejăr tu mit iu)
Where are you from? I am from...
(uer ar iu from)
Would you like something to drink/ eat?
(ud iu laic samsing tu drinc/ it)
Where do you work?
(uer du iu uorc)
I work in a state/ private company.
(ai uorc in ă steit/ paivăt compani)
big/ small
How/ What about you?
(hau/ uat ăbaut iu)
Do you have your own business?
(du iu heav oir ăun bisnis)
What do you think of Romanian market economy?
(uat du iu sink of răumeiniăn marchet economi)
culture? (calciăr)
tradition? (tradişiăn)
tourism? (turizm)
politics? (politics)
future? (fiuciăr)
education system? (educheişăn sistem)
history? (histori)
I think it has potential.
(ai sinc it heaz potenşiăl)
It lacks financial resources.
(it leacs fainanciăl risoursis)
It is (not) well organized.
(it iz (not) uel orgănaizd)
Needs good managers.
(nidţ gud menegers)
It is very interesting.
(it iz veri intristing)
Lost in the city
Excuse me! Do you speak English?
Yes. A little. How can I help you?
Can you tell me how to get to
a hotel/ the closest hotel?
a bank?
a hospital?
a park?
a restaurant?
a museum?
a cinema?
a theatre?
a supermarket?
the City Hall?
the zoo?
the British embassy?
It’s too far. You should take a taxi.
It’s quite close. You go straight ahead and then turn left/ right.
It’s just around the corner.
At the next crossroad turn right.
Thank you!
There was once a young man who, in his youth, expresses his desire to become a great writer.
When asked to define "great" he said, "I want to write stuff that the whole world will read, stuff that people will react to on a truly emotional level, stuff that will make them scream, cry, howl in pain and anger!"
He now works for Microsoft, writing error messages.
Driving our family to a new restaurant, I took several wrong turns. When I finally found the right road, I asked my husband, "Why didn't you tell me I was lost?" "I thought you knew where you were going," he replied. "You always know where you're going when I'm driving."
A little girl had just finished her first week of school. "I'm just wasting my time," she said to her mother. "I can't read, I can't write - and they won't let me talk!"
A mother was showing her son how to zip up his coat. "The secret," she said, "is to get the left part of the zipper to fit in the other side before you try to zip it up."
The boy looked at her quizzically... "Why does it have to be a secret?"
Complete set of Encyclopedia Britannica. 45 volumes. Excellent condition. $1,000.00 or best offer. No longer needed. Got married last weekend. Wife knows everything.
Differences Between You and Your Boss
When you take a long time, you're slow.
When your boss takes a long time, he's thorough.
When you don't do it, you're lazy.
When your boss doesn't do it, he's too busy.
When you make a mistake, you're stupid.
When your boss makes a mistake, he's only human.
When doing something without being told, you're overstepping your authority.
When your boss does the same thing, that's initiative.
When you take a stand, you're being suborn.
When your boss does it, he's being firm.
When you overlooked a rule of etiquette, you're being rude.
When your boss skips a few rules, he's being original.
When you please your boss, you're apple-polishing.
When your boss pleases his boss, he's being co-operative.
When you're out of the office, you're wandering around.
When your boss is out of the office, he's on business.
When you're on a day off sick, you're always sick.
When your boss is a day off sick, he must be very ill.
When you apply for leave, you must be going for an interview.
When your boss applies for leave, it's because he's overworked.