|
mfgh |
kf;fh nry;Yk; ghijapy; kpdhtpw;F
mUfpYs;s XH ,lj;jpd; ngaH. kjPdhtpy; ,];yhk; guTtjw;F Kd;> kjPdhthrpfspy;
rpyH ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ,U fl;lq;fshf egpfs; ehafk;(]y;) mtHfsplk; toq;fpa
cWjp nkhopiaNa 'igmj;Jy; mfgh - my; mfgh cWjpg; gpukhzk;; my;yJ mfgh
cld;gbf;if" vd;gH. |
|
mfo;g; NghH |
`p[;hp 4-Mk; Mz;L (fp.gp. 627) kjPdh
efH kPJ a+jHfs; cs;gl midj;J muGf; Fyj;jpdUk; jpuz;L te;J njhLj;j NghH.
,jpy; vjphpfis efUf;Fs; Eioa tplhkypUf;f mfo;(fd;jf;) Njhz;lg;gl;lJ. ,ijNa
'm`;]hg;(gy mzpapdH) NghH" vd;Wk; $WtH. |
|
mj;j`pa;ahj;J |
,J xUtif tho;j;Jk; gpuhHj;jidAk; MFk;.
ehd;F uf;mj; kw;Wk; %d;W uf;mj; njhOifapd; ,uz;lhtJ uf;mj; ,Ug;gpYk;
filrp uf;mj; ,Ug;gpYk; ,uz;L uf;mj; njhOifapd; filrp uf;mj; ,Ug;gpYk; ,ij
XJtJ egptopahFk;. 'mj;j`pa;ahj;J ypy;yh`p" vd;gJ 'nrhy;tbtpyhd vy;yhf;
fhzpf;iffSk; tzf;fq;fSk; ,iwtDf;Nf chpait!" vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ,jidj;
'j\`;`Pj;' (cWjp nkhop $wy;) vd;Wk; $wg;gLk; |
|
mGy; fhrpk; |
,J ,Wjpj;J}jH K`k;kJ egp(]y;)
mtHfspd; Fwpg;Gg; ngauhFk;. 'fhrpkpd; je;ij" vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. egp(]y;)
',d;dhhpd; je;ij" vd;W xUtiuf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;j> mthpd; kfd; my;yJ kfspd;
ngaUf;F Kd;G mg+-je;ij vd;Dk; thHj;ijiar; NrHj;J mtiuf; Fwpg;gpLtJ
muGfspd; tof;fk;. egp(]y;) mtHfspd; Gjy;tuhd fhrpk; mtHfs; ,uz;L
tajpNyNa kuzpj;J tpl;lhHfs;. |
|
mg+ [`;y; |
mk;H gpd; `p\hk; vd;gJ ,tdJ ,aw;ngaH.
ngUkhdhhpd; Kf;fpa vjphpahd ,td; Fiw»f; Fyj;jpy; 'gD} kf;]_k;" fpisj;
jiytd; Mthd;. fp. gp.623-y; gj;Ug; Nghhpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;L ,we;jhd;. |
|
mky; |
muG nkhopapy; 'mky;" vd;gJ nghJthf
nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. jkpo; K];ypk;fspd; Ngr;R tof;fpy; ew;nraYf;F ,r;nrhy;
gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ. |
|
mr;r Neuj; njhOif |
(]yhj;Jy; ft;/g;). NghH %Sk; Kd;
vjphpfs; jhf;Fk; mr;rk; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; xNuNahH ,khkpd; jiyikapd; fPo;
giltPuHfs; ,U mzpfshfg; gphpe;J njhOk; flikahd njhOif. |
|
mgprPdpaH |
#lhd; ehl;il NrHe;j fWg;gpd kf;fs;. |
|
ma;a+g; (miy) |
egp ,g;uh`Pk;(miy) mtHfspd; topj;
Njhd;wy;fspy; te;j XH ,iwj;J}jH. egp هR/g;(miy)
mtHfSf;Fg; gpd; njd; gy];jPDf;Fk; 'my; mfgh" tisFlhTf;Fk; kj;jpapy; 'mj;tk;"
gFjp kf;fSf;F ,iwj;J}juhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
nghWikf;Fg; ngaHngw;wtuha; tho;e;jhHfs;. |
|
mH\; |
Ml;rp gPlk;> rpk;khrdk;> fl;by;> tPL>
KfL Nghd;w gy nghUs;fs; ,jw;F cz;L. ',iwtdpd; Ml;rpg;gPlk; my;yJ
rpk;khrdk;" vd;Dk; nghUspy; ,r;nrhy; Msg;gLfpwJ. |
|
mu/gh |
Gdpj kf;fhtpw;Ff; fpof;Nf 25 fpNyh
kPl;lH njhiytpy; mike;Js;s jpwe;jntsp. kf;fhtpw;F `[; nra;ar; nry;gtHfs;
Jy;`[; khjk; xd;gjhk; ehs; ,q;F jq;FtJ fl;lhaf; flikahFk;. |
|
my;yh`; |
muG nkhopapy; xNu ,iwtidf; Fwpf;Fk;
nrhy;. |
|
my;`k;J ypy;yh`; |
'Gfo; midj;Jk; my;yh`;tpw;Nf chpaJ"
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. 'my;`k;J ypy;yh`;" vd;W Muk;gkhFk; #uj;Jy; /ghj;jp`h>
K];ypk; nghJkf;fs; tof;fpy; my;`k;J #uh vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ghHf;f: /ghj;jp`h
#uh. |
|
'miy" |
''miy`p];]yhk; - mtH kPJ (,iwtdpd;)
rhe;jp cz;lhfl;Lk;" vd;gjd; RUf;fk;. ,iwj;J}jHfSf;Fg; gpuhHj;jid nra;Ak;
tifapy; mtHfs; ngaHfSld; 'miy" vd;W jkpopy; RUf;fkhfg; Nghlg;gLk;. |
|
mt;jh]; |
'`th]pd;" Fyj;jhH FbapUe;j gFjpapy;
,Ue;j xU gs;sj;jhf;fpd; ngaH. `{idd; Nghhpy; jg;gpNahba `th]pd; Fyj;jhH
kPz;Lk; NghUf;Fj; jahuhdhHfs;. mtHfis xLf;f eil ngw;w NghNu 'mt;jh];
NghH" ,jw;F 'mg+ MkpH gilg;gphpT" vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. |
|
mt;]; - f];u[; |
kjPdh efhpypUe;j ,U ngUk;
muGf;Fyj;jhH. Kd;G akdpy; trpj;J te;j ,tHfs;> k/hpg; ePH Njf;fj;jpy; fp.
gp. 542-570 thf;fpy; cilg;G Vw;gl;l NghJ mq;fpUe;J te;J kjPdhtpy;
FbNawpdH. md;rhhpfspy; ,tHfSk; mlq;FtH. |
|
md;rhH |
'cjtp GhpgtHfs;"vd;gJ nrhw;nghUshFk;.
jk; jhafkhd kf;fhitj; Jwe;J kjPdhtpw;F (`p[;uj;) nrd;w K`k;kJ egp(]y;)
mtHfSf;Fk; mtH jk; NjhoHfSf;Fk;> gpw gFjpfspypUe;J kjPdhtpw;F (`p[;uj;)
nrd;w K];ypk;fSf;Fk; Mjutspj;J cjtp nra;jikahy; kjPdh thrpfs; 'md;rhH" (cjtp
Ghpe;NjhH) vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. |
|
m]H |
gpw;gfypd; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J #hpad;
kiwAk; tiuAs;s Neuj;ij ,J Fwpf;Fk;; ,e;Neuj;jpy; njhog;gLk; njhOif m]H
njhOif vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JTk; K];ypk;fs; kPJ flikahd Iq;fhyj;
njhOiffspy; xd;whFk;. |
|
Maj;Jy; FH]p |
'my;yh`{ yh ,yh` ,y;yh`{ty; `a;Ay;
fa;هk;" vd;W Muk;gkhFk; 'jpUf;FH
Md; trdk; (2:25) Maj;Jy; FH vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ',J jpUf;FH Mdpd;
trdq;fspNyNa kpfTk; rpwg;Gf;FhpaJ" vd;W egp(]y;)
mtHfs; $wpAs;shHfs;. |
|
Mjk; (miy) |
Mjk;. Mjp kdpjUk; Mjpapiwj; J}jUk;
MthH. Mjk; - `t;th jk;gjpahpypUe;Nj kdpj Fyk; ngUfpw;W. |
|
MJ |
akd; ehl;L flw;fiug; gFjpfspy;
tho;e;j muGg; goq;FbapdH. ,tHfSf;F mDg;gg;gl;l egpNa `_j;(miy) mtHfs;
MthHfs;. ,tHfsJ fhyk; fp.K. 2000 MFk;. |
|
,k;uhd; |
md;id kHak; mtHfspd; je;ij. |
|
,y;ah]; (miy) |
(vypah - fp. K. - 8 - Mk; E}w;whz;L)
egp `h&d;(miy) mtHfspd; topj;Njhd;wypy; te;j XH ,iwj;J}jH. md;iwa \hk;
ehl;L kf;fSf;F ,iwj; J}juhf epakpf;fg; gl;lhHfs;. |
|
,d;\h my;yh`; |
,jw;F ',iwtd; ehbdhy;......" vd;W
nghUs;. tUq;fhyj;jpy; xd;iwr; nra;ag;Nghtjhf thf;fspf;Fk; ,iw
ek;gpf;ifahsH ,ijAk; NrHj;Nj Fwpg;gpLtH. (ck;) ,d;\h my;yh`;> Kf;j];H
K];ypk; tpiutpy; ntsptUk;. |
|
,iw ek;gpf;ifahsH |
(%kpd;) Xhpiwtd;> thdtHfs;> ,iwj;J}jHfs;>
,Wjpj; J}jH K`k;kJ(]y;)> ,iwtdhy; mUsg;gl;l Ke;ija Ntjq;fs;> ,Wjp Ntjk;
jpUf;FHMd;> kWik ehs;> tpjp Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltH ,iw
ek;gpf;ifahsH MthH. |
|
,iw ek;gpf;ifahsHfspd; md;id |
(ck;Ky; %kpdPd;) egp(]y;) mtHfspd;
JiztpahH. |
|
,iw ek;gpf;ifahsHfspd; jiytH |
(mkPUy; %kpdPd;) ,iwj;J}jUf;Fg; gpd;
te;j ,];yhkpa Ml;rpj; jiytH. |
|
,iw kWg;ghsH |
(fh/gpH) ,iwek;gpf;ifahsH vd;gjd;
vjpHr; nrhy;. |
|
,/jpfh/g; |
,iwtDf;fhf iyyj;Jy; fj;H vd;w Mapuk;
khjq;fis tplr;rpwe;j ,ghit ehk; ngWtjw;fhf ukshd; khjj;jpy; filrpg;
gj;Jehl;fs; gs;spapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; tzf;f topghL. ,iwj;J}jH topKiwapy;
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; gs;spthrypy; jq;Fk; xU tif topghL. |
|
,fhkj; |
njhOiff;F tUkhW miog;G. (ghq;F)
tpLj;j gpwF njhOif eilngwg; NghfpwJ vd;wwptpf;Fk; miog;G. |
|
,j;jh |
fzpj;jy;> vz;Zjy; vd;gJ ,jd;
nrhw;nghUshFk;.
fztdhy; tpthfuj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;l
my;yJ tpthfuj;ijg; ngw;w ngz; %d;W khjtplha;f; fhyj;ijj; jd; fztd;
tPl;by; fopg;gJ flikahFk;. ,jw;Nf ',j;jh" vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jh ,Uf;Fk;
ehl;fspy; mts; ,j;jh ,Uf;Fk; tPl;bypUe;J ntspNaWtJ jil nra;ag;gl;l
xd;whFk;. tpthfuj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,j;jh ,Ug;gtis ,j;jh fhyj;jpy; fztDk;
tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wf;$lhJ. %d;W Kiw jyhf;(tpthfuj;J) chpik fztDf;F ,Ug;gjhy;
me;j jyhf; KjyhtJ jyhf;fhf my;yJ ,uz;lhtJ jyhf;fhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ,UtH
kdKk; fdpe;J xd;WNrUk; tha;g;G ,jd; %yk; jug;gLfpwJ. ,UtUk; jk; tho;itg;
gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; xU tha;g;G fpilf;fpwJ. kz cwtpd; Gdpjk;> fztdpd;
nghWg;G> kfspH eyk; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nl ,j;jhtpd; ,e;jr; rl;lk;
mike;Js;sJ.
,jdhy; %d;whtJ Kiw jyhf;(tpthfuj;J)
nra;ag;gLk; NghJ my;yJ fztd; ,we;JtpLk;NghJ ngz;> jd; fUg;ig fhypahf
cs;sjh vd;wwpe;J nfhz;L gpwF NtnwhU Mizj; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;sTk; tha;g;G
fpilf;fpwJ. ,j;jh ,Ue;J fhj;jpuhky; cldbahfj; jpUkzk; nra;tjhy; Ke;jpa
fztdhy; cUthd fUitr; Rke;j epiyapy; NtnwhUtiuf; fztdhfg; ngWk;
JHghf;fpaj;jpw;F Mshfhky; jg;gpf;fTk; jhd; Rkf;Fk; Foe;ijapd; je;ij ahH
vd;W njhpahj mty epiy Vw;glhky; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; mtSf;F tha;g;G
fpilf;fpd;wJ.
fztd; ,we;j ngz;Zf;F ehd;F khjq;fSk;
gj;J ehl;fSk; ,j;jhTila fhykhFk; vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jyhf;
nra;ag;gl;l> khjtplha; epd;WNghd ngz;zpd; ,j;jh fhyk;. %d;W khjq;fshFk;.
fUTw;wpUf;Fk; ngz;zpd; ,j;jh fhyk; Foe;ijia <d;nwLf;Fk; tiuapyhFk;. |
|
,];uNtyHfs; |
,iwj;J}jH a/$g;(miy) mtHfSf;F ,];uhaPy;
vd;Wk; xU ngaUz;L. mtHfsJ topj; Njhd;wy;fSf;F ,];uNtyHfs; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLk;. |
|
,j;hP]; (miy) |
,iwj;J}jH E}`;(miy) mtHfspd;
Kg;ghl;ldhuhd ,tH egp Mjk; kw;Wk; \{j;(miy) mtHfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; te;j ,iwj;J}jH
MthH. |
|
,g;uh`Pk; (miy) |
,iwj;J}jHfspy; xUtuhd ,g;uh`Pk;(miy)
mtHfs; (Mg;u`hk;) fp. K. 2160-y; njd; ,uhf;fpy; cs;s (cH-UR) vd;Dk; Chpy;
gpwe;jhHfs;. fyPYy;yh`; - ,iwtdpd; cw;w ez;gH vd;W rpwg;Gg; ngaH ngw;wtH. |
|
,g;yP]; |
neUg;ghy; gilf;fg;gl;l '[pd;" ,dj;jhiur;
NrHe;jtd;. Kjy; kdpjH Mjk; (miy) mtHfisg; gilj;J mtHfSf;Fr;
rpuk;gzpAk;gb ,iwtd; fl;lisapl;lNghJ> ngUikabj;J rpuk; gzpa kWj;Jtpl;l
fhuzj;jhy; ,iwtd; jd; fUizapypUe;J ,tid mg;Gwg;gLj;jptpl;lhd;. vdNt ,td;
',g;yP];"- ,iwf;fUizapypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gl;ltd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhd;.
,td; i\j;jhd;fspd; je;ij Mthd;. |
|
,g;D (gpd;) |
kfd; (ck;: K`k;kj; gpd; mg;Jy;yh`; -
mg;Jy;yh`;tpd; kfd; K`k;kj;) |
|
,khk; |
,];yhkpa murpd; jiytH; Fwpg;gpl;l xU
Jiwapy; NjHr;rp ngw;W rpwe;j Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;gtH; njhOiff;Fj; jiyik
jhq;fp elj;JgtH. |
|
,\h |
#hpad; kiwe;J nrt;thdKk; kiwe;j
gpd;dhy; cs;s Neuk;. ,e;Neuj;jpy; njhog;gLk; ,uTj; njhOif ,\hj; njhOif
vdg;gLk;. |
|
,];khaPy; (miy) |
fp. K. 19-k; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j egp
,];khaPy;(miy) mtHfs; (,];k;Nty;)> egp ,g;uh`Pk;(miy) mtHfspd; %j;j
kfdhthHfs;. ,tHfs; md;id `h[uhTf;Fg; gpwe;jtHfs;. 'muGfspd; je;ij" vdg;
Nghw;wg;gLk; ,tHfspd; re;jjpapy;jhd; K`k;kJ egp(]y;) mtHfs; gpwe;jhHfs;. |
|
,`;uhk; |
Gdpj `[; kw;Wk; ck;uh Mfpa topghLfs;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; NghJ mzpa Ntz;ba> ijf;fg;glhj ,U Jz;Lfshyhd ntz;ikahd
Mil. |
|
<Jy; ms;`h |
`p[;hp Mz;by; Jy;`[; khjk; 10-k; ehs;
K];ypk;fs; nfhz;lhLfpd;w ngUehs; gz;bif. ,iwj;J}jH ,g;uh`Pk; (miy) mtHfs;
,iwtdpd; fl;lisg;gb> jk; kfdhd ,];khaPiy ,iwtDf;fhf mWj;Jg; gypapl Kd;
te;j jpahfj;ij epidT $Uk; tifapy; ,e;ehspy; K];ypk;fs; ML> khL> xl;lfk;
Mfpa gpuhzpfis ,iwtDf;fhf mWj;Jj; jpahfk; Ghpe;J> mij ViofSf;Ff; nfhLj;J
,g;gz;bifiaf; nfhz;lhLtjhy; ,J <Jy; ms;`h - jpahfg; ngUehs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,ij `[; ngUehs; vd;Wk; miog;gH. |
|
<Jy; /gpj;U |
ukshd; khjk; KOtJk; Nehd;G Nehw;W>
me;j khjk; Kbe;jJk; Nehd;ig epiwT nra;J mLj;j ehs; \t;thy; khjk; gpiw
1-y; K];ypk;fs; nfhz;lhLfpd;w gz;bif. MfNt> ,e;j \t;thy; Kjy; ehs;
gpiwapd; tUif jhd; ukshd; Nehd;ig epiwT nra;af; fhuzk; vd;gjhy; ,J <Jy;
/gpj;U - Nehd;ig epiwTnra;j ngUehs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nehd;Gg; ngUehs;
vd;Wk; ,ij miog;gH. |
|
<]h (miy) |
,iwj;J}jHfspy; xUtuhd ,tH(,NaR -
JESUS) ghy];jPdj;jpy; cs;s eh]Nuj; - #`S`RE$o vd;Dk; Chpy; kHak;(miy)
mtHfSf;F Mz; Jizapd;wp mw;Gjkhd Kiwapy; gpwe;jhHfs;. ,tHfSf;F ,d;[Py;
Ntjk; (iggps; Gjpa Vw;ghL - #EW $ES$`M`#$) ,iwtdhy; mUsg;gl;lJ. |
|
ck;K |
,jw;F 'jhahH" vd;W nghUs;. (ck;)
ck;K rykh - rykhtpd; jhahH. |
|
ck;uj;Jy; fsh |
(tpLgl;l ck;uh) `p[;hp 7-Mk; Mz;L
egpfshUk; 2000 egpj;NjhoHfSk; epiwNtw;wpa ck;uh; `p[;hp 6-Mk; Mz;L
epiwNtw;w Kbahkw; Nghd ck;uhTf;Fg; gpujpahfNt ,ij epiwNtw;wpdH. |
|
ck;uh |
`[;i[g; Nghd;Nw ,JTk; fmghit
jhprpf;f kf;fhtpw;Fr; nry;Yk; fl;lhaf; flikahFk;. ,jw;Ff; fhyf; Fwpg;G ,y;iy. |
|
ckH gpd; mg;Jy; m[P]; |
(`p[;hp 61-101- fp. gp.681-720)
cika;ah Ml;rpahsHfspy; vl;lhktH. (`p[;hp:99-fp.gp717) NeHtop fyP/ghf;fspy;
Ie;jhktH. epHthfk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj; Jiwfspy; rPH jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;L
tUtjpy; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;jpdhHfs;. |
|
c@ |
njhOif Nghd;w rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
tzf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Kd;dhy; Kfk;> if> jiy> fhy; Kjypatw;iw
my;yh`;tpd; Mizf;fpzq;f egpfshhpd; topKiwf;Fl;gl;L J}a;ikg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk; mq;f Rj;jp Kiw. |
|
c];]h |
mwpahikf; fhyj;jpy; Fiw»aH tzq;fp
te;j rpiyfspy; xd;W. |
|
c`{J(g; NghH) |
kjPdhtpw;F mUfpYs;s 'c`{J"
kiyf;fUfpy; `p[;hp 3-k; Mz;L \t;thy; khjj;jpd; kj;jpapy; ,iwek;gpf;ifahsHfSf;Fk;
,iwkWg;ghsHfSf;FkpilNa eilngw;w NghH. |
|
Cfpah |
38.66 fpuhKf;Fr; rkkhd mf;fhy
muGfspd; XH vil msT |
|
fmgh |
Gdpj kf;fhtpYs;s rJu tbtk; nfhz;l
fl;llkhd Gdpj ,iwapy;yk;; cyfpy; Kjd; Kjyhf Vf ,iwtdpd; tzf;fj;jpw;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;l ,iwahyak;. ,ij Kd;Ndhf;fpNa K];ypk;fs; njhOif elj;JfpwhHfs;.
,ijj; jhprpg;gjw;fhfNt `[; Gdpjg;gazKk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwhHfs;. |
|
f/gd; |
,we;jtHfis mlf;fk; nra;Ak; NghJ
mtHfSf;F mzptpf;fg;gLk; Mil |
|
fg;U |
,we;jtHfis mlf;fk; nra;Ak; kz;ziw;
GijFop |
|
fuh[; |
,];yhkpa murpd; ghJfhg;gpy; thOk;
K];ypky;yhNjhH Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw Fwpg;gpl;l msT jq;fspd; nry;tj;jpypUe;J
muRf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba xU tif epy thp. |
|
/fdPkj; |
NghHr; nry;tk;; Nghhpy; vjphpfs;
tpl;Lr; nrd;w nghUs;. ,jpy; NghuhspfSf;F Ie;jpy; ehd;F gq;Fk;> kPjKs;s
xU gq;F ,iwj; J}jUf;Fk; chpajhFk;. |
|
fyP/gh |
,iwj;J}jhpd; topKiwg;gb ,iwr;
rl;lq;fis tho;f;ifj; Jiwfs; midj;jpYk; nray;gLj;Jfpd;w ,];yhkpa Ml;rpj;
jiytH. egpfshUf;Fg; gpd;dH Ml;rpf;F te;j K];ypk; Ml;rpj; jiytHfs; ,t;thW
miof;fg;gl;ldH. |
|
fsh |
flikahd tzf;fq;fis chpa Neuj;jpy;
epiwNtw;w Kbahj epiy Vw;gLk; NghJ mtw;wpw;Fhpa Neuk; fle;J NtW fhyq;fspy;
mtw;iw epiwNtw;WtJ. |
|
f];H |
fl;lhaf; flikahd ehd;F uf;mj;
njhOiffs; S`H> m]H> ,\h mfpatw;iw gpuahzj;jpd; NghJ ,uz;L uf;mj;fshfr;
RUf;fpj; njhOjy;. |
|
fh/gpH |
Vf ,iwtid Vw;f kWg;gtH; 'K\;hpf;"
vDk; ,izitg;gtUk; xNu ,iwtid tzq;fhky; gy flTs;fis tzq;Ftjhy; mtiuAk; 'fh/gpH"
vdf; $WtJz;L. |
|
ft;]H |
nrhHf;fj;jpy; egp(]y;) mtHfSf;F
my;yh`; nfhLf;fpd;w jz;،Hj;
jlhfk;! jhfk; epiwe;j me;ehspy; egp(]y;) mtHfs; jkJ rKjhaj;jpdUf;F
mjpypUe;J jz;،H Gfl;LthHfs;. |
|
f]hkh |
nfhiyf; Fw;wj;jpy; rhl;rpfSld;
nfhiyahsp mwpag;glhj re;jHg;gj;jpy; nfhiyAz;lthpd; cwtpdH nra;Ak; xU tif
rj;jpak;. |
|
fp];uh |
ghurPfg; NguurHfspd; Gidg; ngaH.
egpfshhpd; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j F];&tpd; ngaH mg;Nuha]; gpd; `{HK]; - fp.gp.
590-628) ,tUld; ,uhf;fpy; ghurPfg; NguuR KbTf;F te;jJ. |
|
fpg;yh |
cyfpYs;s K];ypk;fs; midtUk;
kf;fhtpYs;s Gdpj ,iwapy;ykhk; fmghit Nehf;fpNa njho Ntz;Lk;. fmgh cs;s
jpirNa 'fpg;yh" vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. |
|
fpahkj; ehs; |
cyfk; mbNahL mopf;fg;gl;L> gilg;Gfs;
midj;Jk; capH nfhLj;J vOg;gg;gLk; kWik ehs;> ,e;j ehspy; jhd; kdpjd;
nra;j nray;fSf;Ff;fhd jPHg;Gfs; toq;fg;gLk;; jPa nray;fSf;Fj; jf;f
jz;lidfSk; ew;nray;fSf;F KOikahd ew;gyd;fSk; toq;fg;gLk;. |
|
fpuhmj; |
XJjy;. ,iwkiwahk; jpUf;FH Mid Kiwahf
XJtjw;Fk;> XJk; Kiwf;Fk; 'fpuhmj;" vd;gH. |
|
fPuhj; |
xU fPuhj; vd;gJ 213 kpy;yp fpuhk;
msthFk;. rpy Ntisfspy; ,J c`{J kiyasT ngUk; viliaf; Fwpf;fTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L. |
|
F/g;U |
Vf ,iwtid kWf;Fk; jd;ik> ,izitj;jYk;
,iwia kWg;gNj! |
|
FHMd; |
cyf kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; NeHtop fhl;l ,Wjpj;
J}jH K`k;kj; egp(]y;) mtHfSf;F ,iwtd; mUspa ,Wjp Ntjk; |
|
FHghdp |
,iwtdpd; neUf;fj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf
mtdJ fl;lisg;gb ML> khL> xl;lfk; Mfpatw;iw mWj;J ViofSf;Ff; nfhLj;jy;. ,g;gb
,iwtDf;fhf mWj;Jj; jpahfk; nra;ag;gLk; gpuhzpia FHghdpg; gpuhzp vd;gH.
jpahfg; gpuhzp vd;Wk; $wyhk;. |
|
FK]; |
,jw;F 'Ie;jpy; xU ghfk;" vd;W nghUs;.
Nghhpy; fpilj;j nry;tq;fspy; ehd;F ghfk; Nghhpy; fye;J nfhz;l tPuHfSf;Fg;
gfpHe;jspf;fg;gLk;. kPjKs;s xU ghfk; (1/5)
,iwj; J}jUf;F chpa epjpahFk;. ,ij 'FK];" vd;gH. ,jid ,iwj;J}jH Nrk
eyepjpahfTk; ,d;Dk; chpa ,dq;fspYk; nrytpLthHfs;. |
|
Fiw» |
es;H gpd; fpdhdhtpd; re;jjpfshfpa
muG tk;rj;jpdH. egp(]y;) mtHfSk; ,t;tk;rj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs. |
|
FD}j;J |
,e;jr; nrhy;Yf;F njhOif> cs;sr;rk;>
ePz;l Neuk; epw;wy;> fPo;g;gbjy;> gpuhHj;jid vd;W gy nghUs;fs; cz;L.
mjpfkhfj; njhOifapy; Xjg;gLk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpuhHj;jidia ,r; nrhy;
Fwpf;Fk;. |
|
$/gh |
,uhf;fpYs;s nghpa efuk;. |
|
ifgH |
a+j kjPdhtpypUe;J \hk; ehl;bw;Fr;
nry;Yk; topapy; mike;Js;s nghpa efuk;. `p[;hp 7-(fp.gp. 628)Mk; Mz;by; ,iwek;gpf;ifahsHfSf;Fk;>
,iwkWg;ghsHfSf;Fk; ,ilNa ele;j NghUf;F 'ifgH" NghH vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. |
|
if]H |
Nuhk> ig]he;jpag; NguurHfspd; Gidg;
ngaH> egp(]y;) mtHfs; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j ifrhpd; ngaH `puhf;spa]; (oeraclius
fp.gp 610- 641) MFk;. ,tNuhL Nuhkg; NguuR Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ. |
|
r%j; |
fp.K. ,uz;lhapuj;jpy; (.2430) r¥jpa;ahtpy;
cs;s 'My; `p[;H" vd;Dkplj;jpy; tho;e;j muGg; goq;FbapdH. |
|
r/A |
]/gh> kHth kiyf;Fd;WfSf;fpilNa VOKiw
Xl;lKk; eilAkhfr; nry;tJ ,J `[;[pd; fphpiafspy; xd;whFk;. |
|
rjfh> ]jfh |
jHkk;; mwk;. mugp nkhopapy; ,r;nrhy;
flikahd ]fhj;ijf; Fwpf;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ cz;L. |
|
rhp/g; |
kf;fhtpypUe;J gj;J iky;fSf;F cl;gl;l
xU gFjp. ,q;Fjhd; egpfshhpd; JiztpahH md;id ik%dh (uyp) mtHfs; ,we;jhHfs;. |
|
r[;jh (R[{j;) |
rputzf;fk;. njhOifapy; new;wp> %f;F>
,U cs;sq;iffs;> ,U Kl;Lf; fhy;fs;> ,U fhy;fspd; tpuy;fs; Mfpa cWg;Gfs;
jiuapy; gLk;gb nra;ag;gLk; rputzf;fk;. ,J> ,iwtDf;F kl;LNk nra;ag;gl
Ntz;bajhFk;. |
|
r`H (Neuk;) |
,utpd; gpw;gFjpapy; itfiwf;Fr; rw;W
Kd;Ds;s> Nehd;gpw;fhf czT cz;Zk; Neuk;. |
|
ryhk; |
xU K];ypk; kw;nwhU K];ypikr;
re;jpf;Fk; nghOJ 'm];]yhK miyf;Fk;" (,iwtdpd; rhe;jp> mikjp cq;fs; kPJ
cz;lhfl;Lk;) vd;W $Wk; ,];yhkpa Kfkd;. ryhk; nrhy;yg;gl;ltH ryhk;
nrhd;dtUf;F 't miyf;F K]; ]yhk;" (mt;thNw cq;fs; kPJk; ,iwtd; rhe;jp
cz;lhfl;Lk;) vd;W gjpy; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. |
|
rP/Gy; g`;H |
'flw;fiu" vd;W nghUs;. `p[;hp - 8 -
Mk; Mz;L u[g; (fp.gp. 629 etk;gH) khjk; kjPdhtpypUe;J md;iwa 5 ehs;
njhiy J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;j flw;fiu Xuj;jpy; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j Fiw»fspd; tzpff;
FOnthd;iw klf;f> 300 NgH nfhz;l gil mg+ cigjh gpd; [Huh`;(uyp) jiyikapy;
nrd;wJ. ,r;rk;gtj;ij 'flw;fiug; NghH" vd;Wk; 'mg+ cigjh gilg;gphpT"
vd;Wk; 'fUNty ,iy gilg;gphpT" vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtH. |
|
Rg;`hdy;yh`; |
',iwtd; ve;j tpjf; FiwghLk; gytPdKk;
mw;w J}Nahd;" vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. ngUk;ghYk; tpag;Gf;Fhpa tp\aq;fisg;
ghHf;Fk; NghNjh Nfl;Fk; NghNjh ,g;gbf; $wg;gLk;. ,iwtidj; Jjpf;f ,ijf; $WthHfs;. |
|
Rg;`{ |
itfiwapy; #hpa cjaj;jpw;F Kd;Ds;s
Neuk;. ,e;Neuj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; flikahd njhOiff;Nf Rg;`{j; njhOif
vd;Wk; /g[;Uj; njhOif vd;Wk; ngaH. |
|
Riykhd; |
egp Riykhd;(miy) mtHfs; (fp.K.
990-930) egp jh¥j;(miy) mtHfspd; ike;juhthH. ,tH NguuruhfTk; tpsq;fpdhH.
n[&ryj;jpYs;s Gdpj ,iwapy;ykhd igj;Jy; kf;jpi] ,iwtdpd; fl;lisf;F Vw;g
GJg;gpj;jhHfs;. [pd; ,dKk; gwit ,dKk; md;dhUf;F trg;gLj;jpf;
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. |
|
NrHj;Jj; njhOjy; |
''mu/ghtpy; ,UNtisj; njhOiffisr;
NrHj;Jj; njhOjy;"" vd;gJk; 'K];jyp/ghtpy; ,UNtisj; njhOiffisr; NrHj;Jj;
njhOjy;" vd;gJk; [k;T vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gazj;jpy; Y`H> m]H
njhOiffis NrHj;Jj; njhoyhk;. kf;hpg; ,\h njhOiffisAk; NrHj;Jj; njhoyhk;.
Y`H> m]H Mfpa njhOiffis Y`H Neuj;jpy; NrHj;Jj; njhOjhy; [k;kjf;jPk;
vd;Wk; m]H Neuj;jpy; njhOjhy; [k;kj/fPk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;. mt;thNw ,\hit
kf;hpg; Neuj;jpy; NrHj;Jj; njhOjhy; [k;k jf;jPk; vd;Wk;> ,\h Neuj;jpy;
NrHj;Jj; njhOjhy; [k;kj/fPH vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;. |
|
jMyh |
'caHe;J tpl;lhd;" vd;W nghUs;.
ngUk;ghYk; my;yh`;tpd; jpU ehkj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,izj;J (my;yh`{j; jMyh -
caHe;Njhdhfpa my;yh`; vd;W) $wg;gLfpwJ. |
|
jf;gPH |
'my;yh`{ mf;gH - ,iwtd; kpfg;
nghpatd;" vd;W nrhy;Yjy;. |
|
jth/g; |
Gdpj fmghitr; Rw;wp VO Kiw tyk; tUtJ.
`[;[pYk; ck;uhtpYk; ,J Kf;fpa topghlhFk;. |
|
jak;Kk; |
'c@" vd;Dk; mq;f Rj;jp nra;aj;
jz;zPH fpilf;fhj rkaq;fspYk; NehAw;wpUg;gJ Nghd;w rkaq;fspYk; Rj;jkhd kz;
cs;s jiuapy; iffisg; gjpj;J Kfk; iffspy; jltpf; nfhs;tJ. |
|
jg+f; |
kjPdhtpw;F tlf;fpy; 7 fp. kP.
njhiytpy; mike;Js;s efuk;. `p[;hp 9y; u[g; khjj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifahsHfSf;Fk;
,iwkWg;ghsHfSf;F kpilNa ,q;F eilngw;w NghH 'jg+f; NghH" vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
jy;gpah |
'yg;igf; my;yh`{k;k yg;igf;> yg;igf;
yh \hPf;f yf;f yg;igf;> ,d;dy; `k;j td;dp/kj;j yf;f ty;Ky;f> yh\hPf;f
yf;f" vdf; $WtJ. ,jd; nghUs; gpd;tUkhW: ,iwth! cdf;Nf ehd; fPo;g;gbfpNwd;.
,izapy;yhjtNd! cdf;Nf ehd; fPo;g;gbfpNwd;. GfOk;> mUl;nfhilAk;> Ml;rpAk;
cdf;Nf chpad. cdf;F ,izahdtH vtUkpy;iy. |
|
jt;uhj; |
(Njhuh) ,iwtd; ,iwj;J}jH %rh(miy)
mtHfSf;F mUspa Ntjk;. ,J iggpspd; gioa Vw;ghlhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. |
|
j[;[hy; |
,Wjp ehs; rkPgpf;Fk; nghOJ Njhd;Wk;
ngha;ad;; fz;fl;L tpj;ij nra;gtd;. fpwp];jtHfs; ,tid md;b fpwp];J vd;gH.
,tid <]h(miy) mtHfs; te;J nfhy;thHfs;. |
|
j];gP`; |
'Rg;`hdy;yh`;" (,iwtd; midj;Jf;
FiwghLfspypUe;Jk; J}a;ikahdtd;) vd;W Jjpj;jy;. |
|
j`[;[{j; (njhOif) |
#hpad; kiwe;J> nry;thdKk; kiwe;j
gpd;dhy; njhog;gLk; ,\h - ,uTj; njhOiff;Fg; gpd;G J}q;fp vOe;J njhOk;
es;spuTj; njhOif. |
|
juhtP`; |
'jHtP`;" vd;gJ ,jd; xUikahFk;. 'Xa;ntLj;jy;"
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. ukshd; khj ,uT Neuj;jpy; njhog;gLk; ,j;njhOifiaj;
njhOgtHfs;. ,uz;L ]yhk;fSf;fpilNa rw;W Xa;ntLj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;. vdNt> ,J
'juhtP`;" vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. |
|
jt;gh |
nra;j jtw;wpw;fhf kdk; tUe;jp> mij
kPz;Lk; nra;tjpy;iy vd;w cWjpAld;> ,iwtd; kd;dpg;ghd; vd;w ek;gpf;ifAld;>
J}a;ikahd vz;zj;Jld; ,iwtdplk; ghtkd;dpg;Gj; NjLjy;. |
|
jth/Gy; tjh |
fmghit ,Wjpahf tyk; tUjy;. |
|
jth/G]; ]pahuj; |
jth/g; tyk; tUjy;> ]pahuj; -
re;jpj;jy;. Jy;`[; khjk; 10k; ehs; `[; Gdpjg; gazpfs; kpdhtpypUe;J
jpUk;gp te;J fmghit VOKiw Rw;wp tyk;tUtJ. ,J `[;[pd; ,d;wpaikahf;
flikfSs; xd;whFk;. |
|
j\`;`{j; |
'rhl;rp nrhy;Yjy;" vd;W nghUs;.
njhOifapd; ,uz;lhtJ uf;mj; kw;Wk; filrp uf;mj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ][;jhtpw;Fg;
gpd; mkHe;J XJfpd;wtw;wpy; 'm\;`J" ehd; rhl;rp nrhy;fpNwd;" vd;w thrfk;
te;Js;sjhy; ,e;j ,Ug;gpw;F j\`;`{jpd; ,Ug;G (rhl;rp nrhy;Yk; ,Ug;G)
vd;Wk; ,jpy; XJtij 'j\`;`{j;" XJtJ vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. j\`;`{j;
m\;`J ,uz;Lk; xNu NtHr; nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jitahFk;. |
|
jhj;Jy; fuj; |
kjPdhtpypUe;J \hk; ehL nry;Yk;
topapy; md;iwa 2 ehs; gazj; njhiytpyike;j XH ,lj;jpd; ngaH. ,q;F `p[;hp
6-Mk; Mz;L xl;lfj; jpUlHfSld; eilngw;w chpikg; Nghuhl;lNk jhj;Jy; fuj;
NghH> J} fuj; NghH> my; /fhgh NghH vDk; ngaHfspy; mwpag;gLfpwJ. |
|
jhj;JH hpfhc |
r¥jpa;ahtpy; e[;j; gFjpapy; cs;s XH
,lk;. /fj;/ghd; Fyj;jhuhd gD} K`hhpg;> gD} ]mygh $l;lj;jhUld; `p[;hp
7-Mk; Mz;L ele;j ifgH NghUf;Fg; gpwF ,q;F eil ngw;w rz;ilNa jhj;JH hpfhc
NghH; K`hhpG f];/gh NghH; gD} ]mygh NghH; e[;Jg; NghH vd;w ngaHfspy;
mwpag;gLfpwJ. |
|
jhY}j; |
fp.K. 10-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ,];uNty;
kf;fspd; jiytH. egp %rh(miy) mtHfSf;F RkhH 350 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; tho;e;j
mtH muruhfTk; ,Ue;jhH. |
|
jhap/g; |
kf;fhtpw;Fj; njd;fpof;Nf 65 iky;
njhiytpy; mike;Js;s efuk;. |
|
jhj;J]; ]yh]py; |
kjPdh efhpypUe;J md;iwa 10 ehs; gazj;
njhiytpypUe;j kzw; ghq;fhd XH ,lk;. mq;F tho;e;j muGf; Fyj;jhH kjPdhtpd;
kPJ gilnaLf;f Kw;gl;ldH. mtHfSld; ,q;F `p[;hp 7 my;yJ 8-(fp. gp. 630)
Mk; Mz;L eil ngw;w rz;ilNa 'jhj;J];]yhtpy; NghH" vdg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F 'yf;k;
NghH" '[{jhk; NghH" vd;w ngaHfSk; cz;L. |
|
jh¥j; (miy) |
egp jh¥j;(miy) mtHfs; (fp. K. 1010 -
970) egp am$g; (miy) mtHfspd; topj; Njhd;wyhthHfs;. ,tHfSf;F ']g+H"
vd;Dk; Ntjk; ,iwtdhy; mUsg;gl;lJ. ghy];jPd rHthjpfhhp [hY}j;ij tPo;j;jp
rhjid gilj;jhHfs;. |
|
jpk;kP |
,];yhkpa murpd; fPo;thOk; gpw
kjj;jtH. |
|
jpH`k; |
,J 3.62 fpuhk; msT nfhz;l mf;fhy
nts;sp ehzak;. |
|
jPdhH |
4.374 fpuhk; vil nfhz;l jq;f ehzak;.
50 thw; NfhJik jhdpaq;fSf;Fr; rkkhd vil. |
|
JM |
gpuhHj;jid Ntz;Ljy;. |
|
Jy;fy]h |
(Jy;Fy]h) akd; ehl;L f];mk; kw;Wk;
g[Pyh Fyj;jhH vOg;gpa Myak;. ,J jhap/g; - e[;uhd; ,ilNa f];mk;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. Nghl;b fmghthf epHkhzpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j Myak; 'akd;
ehl;L fmgh" vd;W miof;fg;gl;L te;jJ. |
|
Jy; `{iy/gh |
kf;fh - kjPdh ,ilNa cs;s XH ,lk;.
kjPdh kw;Wk; mjd; jpirapypUe;J `[;[{f;Fr; nry;NthH ,q;F jhd; ,`;uhk; cil
mzptH. |
|
Jy;fmjh |
`p[;hp Mz;bd; gjpNdhuhk; khjk;. |
|
Jy; `[; |
`p[;hp Mz;bd; gd;dpuz;lhk; khjk;. |
|
J}H |
kiy vd;W nghUs;. egp %rh(miy) mtHfs;
,iwtDld; ciuahba ,lk; J}H rPdh - rpdha; kiy MFk;. |
|
J} fuj; |
kjPdhtpypUe;J \hk; ehL nry;Yk;
topapy; md;iwa 2 ehs; gazj; njhiytpyike;j XH ,lj;jpd; ngaH. ,q;F `p[;hp
6-Mk; Mz;L xl;lfj; jpUlHfSld; eilngw;w chpikg; Nghuhl;lNk jhj;Jy; fuj;
NghH> J} fuj; NghH> my; /fhgh NghH vDk; ngaHfspy; mwpag;gLfpwJ. |
|
egp |
kf;fSf;F ,iwr; nra;jpfis vLj;Jiuj;J>
mtHfSf;F NeHtop fhl;Ltjw;fhf kf;fspypUe;Nj ,iwtdhy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ,iwj;J}jH. |
|
eatQ;rfHfs; |
(Kdh/gpf;$d;) neQ;rj;jpy; tQ;rj;ij
(,iwkWg;ig) itj;Jf; nfhz;L K];ypikg; Nghy ebg;gtHfs;. |
|
e[;j; |
,jw;F Nkl;L epyk;> cs;ehL> Nkl;Lr;
rkntsp vd;W nrhw; nghUs;fs; nfhs;tH. md;W jp`hkhtpypUe;J ,uhf;
epyg;gug;G tiuAs;s Nklhd gFjpfSf;F e[;j;
(the araniaN high laNd)
vd;w ngaH ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dH e[;j; vd;gJ hpahj;> cid]h> Giujh cs;spl;l
mNugpa efuq;fisf; nfhz;l r¥jpa;ahtpd; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpw;Fg; ngauhapw;W. |
|
e[h\P |
,J mgprPdpa ehl;L kd;dHfspd; Gidg;
ngauhFk;. egpfshhpd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j e[h\Papd; ,aw; ngaH: m];`kh>
md;dhH egpfshiu tpRthrpj;jJld; kf;fh efu K];ypk;fSf;F ,f;fl;lhd fhyj;jpy;
MjuTk; ey;fpdhH. `p[;hp 8 my;yJ 9-Mk; Mz;L ,we;jhH. |
|
e/gpy; |
flikay;yhj> cghpahd tzf;f topghL. |
|
ew;$yp> ed;ik |
tzf;f topghLfs;> jhd jHkq;fs; kw;Wk;
ey;y nray;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gyid> Gz;zpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nghUspy; ,e;jr;
nrhw;fisj; jkpo; K];ypk;fs; toq;fp tUfpd;wdH. |
|
epa;aj; |
kdjpy; vz;zk; nfhs;Sjy;> njhOif
epa;aj;: njhog;NghfpNwd; vd vz;Zjy;. Nehd;G epa;aj;: Nehd;G Nehw;gjhf
vz;Zjy;. |
|
E]{f; |
,iwtzf;fk;> my;yh`;tpw;fhfr;
rkHg;gpf;fg;glf;$baJ. mWf;fg;glf;$ba gypg;gpuhzp (FHghdp) vd ,jw;Fg; gy
nghUs;fSz;L! |
|
E}`; (miy) |
(Nehth) Mjpj; J}jH Mjk; (miy)
mtHfSf;Fg; gpd; te;j XH ,iwj;J}jH. 950 Mz;Lfs; tho;e;jhHfs;. md;dhhpd;
fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l nts;sg; gpusaj;ij tuyhW NgRk;. |
|
iey; |
Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; mike;Js;s cyfpNyNa
ePskhd ejp. ,iwj;J}jH %rh(miy) mtHfSf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;l murd; /gpHmt;d;
,e;j ejpapy; jhd; ,iwtdhy; %o;fbf;fg;gl;L ,we;jhd;. |
|
gj;U(g; NghH) |
kjPdhtpw;Fj; njw;Nf 150 fp. kP.
njhiytpy; 'gj;U" vd;Dk; ,lk; mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tplj;jpy; `p[;hp 2y; ,iwek;gpf;ifahsHfSf;Fk;>
,iwkWg;ghsHfSf;FkpilNa ele;j NghH gj;Ug; NghuhFk;. ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; ,JNt
Kjy; Gdpjg; NghuhFk;. |
|
gs;sp |
gs;spthry;; njhOif elj;jg;gLk; ,iwapy;yk;;
'gs;sp" vd jkpo; K];ypk;fspd; tof;fpy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. |
|
/gjf; |
ifgH efuj;Jf;F mUfpYs;s XH ,lk;. |
|
/gH]f; |
RkhH 8 fpNyh kPl;lH nfhz;l J}uk;. |
|
/guf; |
RkhH 7.425 fp. fpuhk; vilAs;s
muGfspd; msit. |
|
/g[;U(j; njhOif) |
itfiwapy; #hpa cjaj;jpw;F Kd;dH
njhog;gLk; njhOif. |
|
gD} ,];uhaPy; |
,iwj;J}jH am$g; (miy) mtHfSf;F ,];uhaPy;
vd;w ngaUz;L. mtHfspd; re;jjpfs; gD} ,];uhaPy; (,];uhaPypd; gps;isfs; -
,];uNtyHfs;) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. |
|
g]uh |
,uhf;fpYs;s Kf;fpakhd efuk;. ,uz;lhtJ
fyP/gh ckH gpd; fj;jhg;(uyp) mtHfspd; fhyj;jpy; fp. gp. 636y; ,e;efuk;
epWtg;gl;lJ. |
|
g`;iud; |
r¥jpf;Ff; fpof;Nf ghurPf tisFlhtpy;
mike;Js;s mNugpa ehL. ,jd; jiyefH kdhkh. |
|
gHjh |
me;epa MltHfs; ghHf;fhj tifapy;
ngz;fs; jq;fs; Kfk;> iffs;> ghjq;fs; jtpu cly; KOtijAk; Jzpahy; kiwj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy;. ,jid '`p[hg;" vd;Wk; $WtH.
me;epa Mz;fs; ghHf;fhj tifapy;
ngz;fs; jkJ cly; KOtijAk; kiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;. ,jid `p[hg; vd;Wk; $WtH.
cliy kiwf;Fk; tp\aj;jpy; gpd;tUk; epge;jidfisf; filg;gpbg;gJ mtrpak;.
1. KO cliyAk; kiwf;Fk; tpjkhf Milfs;
mika Ntz;Lk;.
2. Milfs; gpwiu trPfhpj;J ,Of;Fk;
tpjj;jpy; ftHr;rp fukhditahf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
3. cly; mtatq;fisf; fhl;Lk; tifapy;
nky;ypajhf ,y;yhky; fdkhditahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. clypd; fdghpkhzq;fisf; fhl;Lk;
tpjj;jpy; ,Wf;fkhdjhf ,y;yhky; njha;thf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. eWkzk; jltg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
6. Mz;fspd; Milfs; Nghy ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
7. me;epa kjg; ngz;fs; mzpAk; Mil
Nghd;Wk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. cjhuzk; nghl;L> g+ Nghd;witfshFk;.
8. kkij fHtj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhfg;
ngUikahd Milfis mzpahyfhJ. |
|
guf;fj; |
mUs; tsk;; tsHr;rp; Nkk;ghL;
mgptpUj;jp vd;W nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. fy;tp> nry;tk;> Mw;wy;> MAs; Mfpa
midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; ,iwtd; mUSk; Nkk;ghl;il ,r;nrhy; Fwpf;fpwJ. |
|
/ga;c |
vjphp ehl;Lld; NghH elf;fhkNyNa
me;ehL ntw;wp nfhs;sg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; fpilf;fg; ngWk; nry;tk;. ,jpy;
NghuhspfSf;Fg; gq;F fpilahJ. Ml;rpahshpd; nghWg;gpy; ,J rpwg;G epjpahf ,Ue;J
tUk;. |
|
gD} md;khH |
(md;khH) tlf;F mNugpaf;Fyq;fspy;
xd;W. ep]hH gpd; Kmj; vd;gthpd; kf;fspy; xUtuhd 'md;khH" vd;gthpd; topj;
Njhd;wy;fNs gD} md;khH MtH. jhj;JH hpfhcg; Nghhpy; ,tHfSk; fye;J
nfhz;ldH. MfNt mg;NghUf;F 'md;khH NghH" vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. |
|
gD} K];jypf; |
gD} F]hM Fyj;J [{ijkh gpd; rmj;
vd;ghhpd; Gid ngaNu K];jypf;. ,tUila topj;Njhd;wy;fNs gD} K];jypf;
Fyj;jhH MtH. ,tHfspd; jhf;Fjiy Kwpabf;f kjPdh mUfpYs;s KiurPc vDk; ePH
epiyaUNf (`p[;hp 5 my;yJ 6-y;) eil ngw;w vjpHj; jhf;FjNy gD} K];jypf;
NghH> KiurPc NghH vDk; ngaHfspy; mwpag;gLfpwJ. |
|
ghj;jp`h #uh |
jpUf;FHMd; XJtijj; njhlq;fp itf;Fk;
jpwg;ghf mike;Js;s Kjy; mj;jpahak;;. vy;yhj; njhOiffspYk; ,J
Xjg;gLfpd;wJ. |
|
ghq;F |
njhOiff;fhf tpLf;fg;gLk; miog;G. |
|
/gpH mt;d; |
mkhypf;fh murg;guk;giuapy; te;j 11
vfpg;J ehl;L murHfspd; gl;lg; ngaH. ,iwj;J}jH %rh(miy) mtHfs; fhyj;jpy;
rHthjpfhhpahf ,Ue;j /gpHmt;dpd; (ramses
II) ngaH K];mg; gpd; cikH MFk;.
,td; fp.K. 15-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jhd;. ,iwtDf;Fk; ,iwj;J}jH %rh(miy)
mtHfSf;Fk; vjpuhfr; nray;gl;l ,td; nrq;flypy; %o;fbf;fg;gl;L ,we;jhd;. ,tDila
cly; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L> ,d;Wk; vfpg;J kpa+rpaj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. |
|
/gpHjt;]; |
Njhl;lk;> g+q;fh> Nrhiy Mfpa
nghUs;fs; cz;L. nrhHf;fj;jpYs;s Njhl;lk; xd;Wf;F /gpHjt;]; vd;W ngaH.
'my;/gpHjt;]{y; m/yh" vd;why; caHe;j nrhHf;fk; vd;W nghUs;. |
|
gpj;mj; |
khHf;fj;jpd; ngauhy; khHf;fj;jpy;
Gjpjhf Eiof;fg;gLfpd;w> my;yh`;Tk; ,iwj;J}jUk; mq;fPfhpf;fhj E}jd
fUj;Jf;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;. |
|
/gpj;uh |
Nehd;Gg; ngUehshfpa <Jy; /gpj;H
ngUehSf;fhf (Nehd;Gg; ngUehs;) Vio vspNahHf;F FLk;gj;jpYs;s nghpatHfs;>
rpwpatHfs; midtH rhHghfTk; Nehd;ghspahy; mspf;fg;gLk; fl;lha jHkk;. |
|
gpd;J |
kfs; (/ghj;jpkh gpd;j;J K`k;kj; -
K`k;kjpd; kfs; /ghj;jpkh) |
|
/gpj;dh |
,jw;Fg; gy;NtW nghUs;fs; cz;L.
topnfLj;jy;> ,iwepuhfhpg;G> NghH> Fog;gk;> Jd;gk; vd;Dk; nghUspy;
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; Fog;gk; Nkw;fz;l nghUs;fspy; ve;j
tbtpy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; tuyhk;; ngUk;ghYk; K];ypk;fspilNa cl;g+ry;>
jkf;fpilNa xUtNuhnlhUtH NghHGhpjy; Mfpa tbtq;fspy;jhd; ,e;jf; Fog;gk;
jiyJ}f;fpaJ. |
|
gp];kpy;yh`; |
my;yh`;tpd; ngauhy;................ |
|
GM]; |
kjPdhtpypUe;J 2 iky; njhiytpYs;s XH
,lk;. `p[;uj;jpw;F 5 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; kjPdh thrpfshd mt;]; kw;Wk; f];u[;
Fyj;jhhpilNa ,q;F eilngw;w (cs; ehl;Lr; rz;ilNa 'GM]; NghH" vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
Guhf; |
NfhNtWf; fOijia tplr; rpwpaJk;
fOijia tplg; nghpaJkhd nts;is epwj;jpyike;j (kpd;dy; Ntf) gwf;Fk; thfdk;.
,J ghHit vl;Lfpw J}uj;jpw;F XH vl;L itf;Fk; mghu Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy;jhd;
egpfshH kpmuh[; vDk; tpz;Zyfg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;. |
|
Gituh |
kjPdhTf;Fk; ijkhTf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s XH
,lk;. |
|
igj;Jy; km%H |
kf;fhtpYs;s ,iwapy;yk; fmghtpw;F
Neuhfthdpy; mike;Js;s ,iwapy;ykhFk;. 'Suh`;" vd;gJ ,g;gs;spthrypd;
ngauhFk;. ,jd; cz;ik epiyia ,iwtNd mwpthd;. |
|
igj;Jy; kf;jp]; |
INtisj; njhOiffs; elj;jg;gLk;
gs;spthry;> muG nkhopapy; 'k];[pj;" - 'my; k];[pj;" (njhOk; ,lk;) vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 'my; mf;]h" gs;spthry; ghy];jPdj;jpy; n[&ryj;jpYs;s
gs;spthry; MFk;. 'igj;J kf;jp];" (J}a;ikapd; ,y;yk;) 'my; igj;Jy; Kfj;j];"
(J}a;ikahd ,y;yk;) vd;Wk; miog;gH. ,g;gs;spthry; ,Uf;Fk; jpir Nehf;fpj;
jhd; Muk;gj;jpy; K];ypk;fs; ,iwtidj; njhOJ te;jhHfs;. Ntjf;fhuuHfs; ,ij
'i`f;fy;' vd;gH. ,J %d;whtJ Gdpjg; gs;sp MFk;. |
|
igmj;JH hps;thd; |
`p[;hp 6-Mk; Mz;L egp(]y;) mtHfSk;
1500 K];ypk;fSk; ck;uhg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ kf;fh thrpfshy; jLj;J
epWj;jg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; K];ypk;fisj; jhf;fg; NghFk; nra;jp egpfshiu vl;ba
NghJ egpj;NjhoHfs; ''kPd; thq;f khl;Nlhk;; capiuj; jj;jk; nra;Nthk;"" vd
cWjp nkhop toq;fpdH. xU fU Ntykuj;jpdbapy; eil ngw;w ,r;rk;gtj;ijj; 'ig
mj;JH hps;thd;" (,iw jpUg;jp ngw;w cWjp nkhop) vd;W miog;gH. |
|
igj;Jy; `uhk; |
fz;zpakpf;f ,iwapy;yk;; Gdpj fmghitr;
Rw;wpYKs;s gs;spthry;. ,jw;F 'k];[pJy; `uhk; - fz;zpakpf;f gs;spthry;"
vd;Wk; ngaUz;L. |
|
igsh |
egp(]y;) mtHfsJ nts;isf; NfhNtWf;
fOijapd; ngaH. |
|
ig]he;jpaH |
md;iwa Nuhk; ehl;ltH. |
|
kfhK ,g;uh`Pk; |
',g;uh`Pk; epd;w ,lk;" vd;W nghUs;.
egp ,g;uh`Pk;(miy) mtHfSk; md;dhhpd; Gjy;tH ,];khaPy;(miy) mtHfSk;
fmghtpd; mbj;jsj;ij caHj;jpf;fl;b mijg; GJg;gpj;j NghJ ,g;uh`Pk;(miy)
mtHfs; ve;j ,lj;jpy; epd;W fmghitf; fl;bdhHfNsh me;j ,lj;jpd; ngaH. |
|
k];[pj; |
INtisj; njhOiffs; elj;jg;gLk;
gs;spthry;> muG nkhopapy; ''k];[pj;"" (njhOk; ,lk;) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. |
|
ka;apj; |
,we;j cly; |
|
kyf;F |
thdtH. ,jd; gd;ik 'kyhapf;fh" (kyf;Ffs;)
vd;gjhFk;. ,tHfs; ,iwtdpd; Nguurpy; mtdJ CopaHfs; MtH. mtd; ,l;l
fl;lisfis mg;gbNa nray;gLj;JgtHfs; MtH. ,tHfs; ,iwf;fl;lisf;F khW
nra;akhl;lhHfs;. |
|
kfhKd; k`;%j; |
Gfog;gLk; me;j];J> kWikapy;> ePjp
tprhuizf;F Kd;G kf;fs; kWikapd; Ntjidahy; Jd;GWk; nghOJ mjpypUe;J
mtHfisf; fhg;ghw;Wk; nghUl;L> my;yh`;tplk; ghpe;Jiu nra;Ak; kpfg;nghpa
me;j];ij egp(]y;) mtHfSf;F kl;LNk my;yh`; toq;Fthd;. ,jdhy; egp(]y;)
mtHfs; midtuhYk; Gfog;gLthHfs;. ,e;j kpfg;nghpa me;j];J kfhKd; k`;%j;
vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
kHak; |
md;id Nkhp. ,k;uhd; - `d;dh
jk;gjpahpd; kfshd ,tH> Mz; Jizapd;wp mw;Gjkhd Kiwapy; ,NaR(<rh)itg;
ngw;nwLj;j fd;dpj; jha; MthH. ,Wjp tiu kzKbj;Jf; nfhs;shj md;id khpahis
,iwj;J}jH ]fhpa;ah(miy) mtHfNs tsHj;jhHfs;. |
|
k`;\H |
xd;W $l;lg;gLk; ,lk;. fhyk; cyfpy;
Njhd;wpa vy;yh kdpjHfisAk; cyfk; mope;j gpd; cap&l;lg;gl;L xd;W $l;lg;gLk;
ehisNa 'at;Ky; `\;H" vd;Wk; 'k`;\H" vd;Wk; $WtH. |
|
k]P`; |
(m) ,jw;Fj; jlTfpd;wtH> jltg;gl;ltH>
gazpg;gtH Kjypa nghUs;fs; cz;L. ,iw cjtpahy; jkJ jpUf;fuq;nfhz;L
Nehahspfisj; jltp epthuzg;gLj;jpaikahy; ,iwj;J}jH <rh(miy) mtHfis 'k]P`;
- jlTfpd;wtH" vd;gH. fpwp];jtHfis 'k]{`pa;a+d;" vd;gH. |
|
kf;hpG(j; njhOif) |
#hpad; kiwAk; Nkw;Fj; jpir. #hpad;
kiwe;j gpd; njhog;gLk; njhOif 'kf;hpGj; njhOif" vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. |
|
k[_]p |
'kpd;[; $\;" Njhw;Wtpj;j nfhs;ifia
Vw;wtHfs; 'k[_]pfs;" vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. xspAk; ,USNk midj;Jr;
nray;fSf;Fk; mbg;gil. ey;yit xspapypUe;Jk; jPait ,UspypUe;Jk; cUthfpd;wd
vd;gJ ,tHfspd; Kf;fpaf; nfhs;if. 'kpd;[; $\;" vd;w thHj;ij
mugpahf;fg;gl;L 'k[_];" vd;whdJ. |
|
k];[pJy; mf;]h |
INtisj; njhOiffs; elj;jg;gLk;
gs;spthry;> muG nkhopapy; 'k];[pj;" - 'my; k];[pj;" (njhOk; ,lk;) vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 'my; mf;]h" gs;spthry; ghy];jPdj;jpy; n[&ryj;jpYs;s
gs;spthry; MFk;. 'igj;J kf;jp];" (J}a;ikapd; ,y;yk;) 'my; igj;Jy; Kfj;j];"
(J}a;ikahd ,y;yk;) vd;Wk; miog;gH. ,g;gs;spthry; ,Uf;Fk; jpir Nehf;fpj;
jhd; Muk;gj;jpy; K];ypk;fs; ,iwtidj; njhOJ te;jhHfs;. Ntjf;fhuuHfs; ,ij
'i`f;fy;' vd;gH. ,J %d;whtJ Gdpjg; gs;sp MFk;. |
|
k];[pJe; egtp |
kjPdhtpYs;s Gdpj ,iwapy;yk;. ,ij
egp(]y;) mtHfs; fl;bajhy; ,J k];[pJe; egtp (egpfshhpd; gs;spthry;) vd
miof;fg; gLfpd;wJ. ,J cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg; ngUk; gs;spthryhFk;. |
|
k];[pJy; `uhk; |
Gdpj kf;fhtpYs;s ,iwapy;yk;; ,jDs;spUf;Fk;
ikag; gFjpapy; jhd; 'fmgh" vd;Dk; Guhjd ,iwapy;yk; cs;sJ. |
|
k];`{ |
jlTjy; vd;W nghUs;. c@r; nra;Ak;NghJ
eide;j iffshy; jiyiaj; jlTtjw;Fk;> mb> fhak; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; fOt
Kbahj cWg;Gfis ePH njhl;Lj; Jilg;gjw;Fk; k];`{ vd;gH. |
|
k`;H |
kzk; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf kzkfd;
kzkfSf;Ff; fl;lhak; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tpthff; fl;lzk;. |
|
kpmuh[; |
(,jw;F VWk; fUtp - Vzp vd;gJ
nrhw;nghUs;.) ,iwtdpd; fl;lisg;gb egp(]y;) Nkw;nfhz;l tpz;Zyfg; gazk;. ,g;gazk;
egp(]y;) mtHfs; kf;fhitj; Jwe;J kjPdhtpw;F (`p[;uj;) nry;tjw;F Xuhz;bw;F
Kd;G u[g; khjk; 27k; ehspy; (fp. gp.621y;) ele;jJ. ,g;gazj;jpd; NghJ ,iwthdhy;
K];ypk;fSf;F INtisj; njhOif flikahf;fg;gl;lJ. |
|
kpk;gH |
ciuNkil. ,khk; my;yJ jiytH Vwp epd;W
nrhw;nghopthw;w gs;spthrypy; njhOif elj;jg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;F mUfpy; ,J
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. |
|
kpdh |
mu/ghTf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy;
kf;fhtpypUe;J 5 iky; njhiytpy; mu/ghtpypUe;J Vwf;Fiwa 10 iky; J}uj;jpy;
mike;Js;s XH ,lk;. |
|
kpdhTila ,uT |
'`[; cila fhyq;fspy; 'kpdh" vd;w ,lj;jpy;
jq;f Ntz;ba Jy;`[; 11>12>13 Mfpa %d;W ehl;fs;. |
|
kPf;fhaPy; |
Kf;fpakhd thdtHfspy; xUtH. kio kw;Wk;
gapHfSf;Fhpa nghWg;Gf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ltH. rpy Neuq;fspy; ,iwr; nra;jpia ,iwj;
J}jHfSf;Fj; njhptpf;Fk; gzpiaAk; nra;Js;shH. |
|
K/kpd; |
Xhpiwtd;> thdtHfs;> ,iwj; J}jHfs;> ,Wjpj;
J}jH K`k;kJ(]y;)> ,iwtdhy; mUsg;gl;l Ke;ija Ntjq;fs;> ,Wjp Ntjk; jpUf;FH
Md;> kWik ehs; kw;Wk; jiytpjp Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,iw
ek;gpf;ifahsH. |
|
KiurPc |
gD} F]hM Fyj;J [{ijkh gpd; rmj;
vd;ghhpd; Gid ngaNu K];jypf;. ,tUila topj;Njhd;wy;fNs gD} K];jypf;
Fyj;jhH MtH. ,tHfspd; jhf;Fjiy Kwpabf;f kjPdh mUfpYs;s KiurPc vDk; ePH
epiyaUNf (`p[;hp 5 my;yJ 6-y;) eil ngw;w vjpHj; jhf;FjNy gD} K];jypf;
NghH> KiurPc NghH vDk; ngaHfspy; mwpag;gLfpwJ. |
|
K];jyp/gh |
mu/ghTf;Fk; kpdhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s
jpwe;j ntsp. `h[pfs; mu/ghtpypUe;J jpUk;gpa gpd;dH ,q;F jq;FtH; ,JTk;
`[;[pd; fphpiafspy; xd;whFk;. ,ij 'k\;mUy; `uhk;' (Gdpjr; rpd;dk;) vd;W
miog;gH. |
|
Ki]ypkh |
egp(]y;) mtHfspd; me;jpkf; fhyj;jpy;
(fp. gp. 633) akhkh gFjpapy; tho;e;j xU kfh ngha;adpd; ngaH. ,td; jd;id
,iwj;J}jnud thjpl;L te;jhd;. Kjyhk; fyP/gh mg+gf;H(uyp) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
(`p[;hp: 14-y;) tlf;F akhkhtpYs;s mf;ugh (`jPf;fj;Jy; kt;j;) vDk;
fsj;jpy; ele;j akhkh Nghhpy; egpj;NjhoH t`;\P(uyp) nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. |
|
K`h[pH |
ehL Jwe;jtH. ,iwkhHf;fj;ijg;
gpd;gw;wpl jilfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ jhk; trpf;Fkplj;ij> jhafj;ijj; Jwe;J
Ntw;wplk; nry;gtH. ,t;thW kf;fhitj; Jwe;J kjPdh efuj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w
egpj;NjhoHfs; 'K`h[pHfs;" vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. |
|
Kj;J |
kjPdh efhpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J te;j
RkhH 796 fpuhk;> 68 kpy;ypfpuhk; vil nfhz;l XH msT. |
|
K];ypk; |
,iwek;gpf;if nfhz;L ,iwr;
rl;lq;fSf;Ff; fPo;g;gbgtH; ,iw topghLfisr; rhptur; nra;J tUgtH. |
|
K`k;kJ (]y;) |
,iwtdpd; ,Wjpj; J}juhd egp(]y;)
mtHfSila ngaH. Gfog;gl;ltH vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. ,tHfs; fp. gp. 570 Mf];L
20 -y; kf;fhtpy; gpwe;jhHfs;. |
|
K]y;yh |
njhOifj;jply;> njhOif tphpg;G |
|
Kdh/gpf; |
eatQ;rfd;; ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; jd;id
,iwek;gpf;ifahsdhff; fhl;bf; nfhz;L cs;Ns ,iwepuhfhpg;ig nfhs;ifahff;
nfhz;bUg;gtd;. |
|
K`Huk; |
`p[;hp Mz;bd; Kjy; khjk;. |
|
%]h (Nkhr];) (miy) |
,iwj;J}jHfspy; xUtH. ,tHfs; fp.
K.14k; E}w;whz;by; vfpg;jpy; gpwe;jhHfs;. (moses
NkhNrh> fp.K. 1520- 1400) ,tHfSf;F ,iwtdhy; jt;uhj; (Njhuh) vd;Dk; gioa
Vw;ghL (old
testament) mUsg;gl;lJ. |
|
%j;jh |
N[hHjhd; ehl;by; 'my;fuj;" efUf;Fj;
njw;Nf mike;Js;s XH ,lk;. ,J md;iwa \hk; ehl;bd; 'my; gy;fh" efH mUfpy;
mike;jpUe;jJ. ,q;F `p[;hp 8-Mk; Mz;L Nuhk ig]he;jpaHfSf;Fk;
K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa eil ngw;w rz;ilNa '%j;jh NghH" vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
ahf;NfhG (miy) |
ahf;NfhG - fp. K. 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by;
tho;e;j ,tHfs; egp ,];`hf; (miy) mtHfspd; Gjy;tUk; ,iwj;J}jHfspy; xUtUk;
MthH. md;dhUf;F 12 Mz; gps;isfs; ,Ue;jdH. ,e;j gd;dpUthpd;
topj;Njhd;wy;fNs ,];uNty; rKjhaj;jpdH (jews)
MtH. am$g;(miy) mtHfspd; kw;nwhU ngaNu ,];uhaPy;. ,jdhy;jhd; ,];uNtyHfis
gD} ,];uhaPy; - ,];uhaPypd; kf;fs; vd;gH. |
|
a/[_[;> k/[_[; |
tlfpof;F Mrpahtpy; tho;e;j xU
r%fj;jhH. ,tHfs; tskpf;f ehLfisf; nfhs;isabj;J tho;e;J te;jdH. kWik
ehspd; rkPgj;jpy; ,tHfs; ntspg;gLtH. NtW rpyhpd; fUj;Jg;gb fUq;flypd;
tlf;F> fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; tho;e;j rpj;jpad; (sythians)
r%fj;jpdH vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. kh];Ny cs;spl;l u\;ag; gFjpfspYk;
tho;e;Js;sdH. |
|
akd; |
r¥jpf;Fk;> XkDf;Fk;> Vlhd;
tisFlhTf;Fk;> nrq;flYf;Fk; kj;jpapy; mike;Js;s mNugpa jPgfw;gj;jpd; njd;
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapYs;s muG ehL. |
|
akhkh |
kf;fh efhpypUe;J md;iwa 4 ehs; gazj;
njhiytpy; mike;j XH ,lk;. md;W akd; efukhf ,Ue;j akhkh ,d;W r¥jpa;ahtpy;
xU ghiy ,ilr; Nrhiy MFk;. jd;id egpnad thjpl;l kfh ngha;ad; Ki]ypkhTld;
fyP/gh mg+gf;H(uyp) Ml;rpapy; ,q;F eil ngw;w NghNu 'akhkh NghH"
vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
aH%f; |
N[hHjhdpYs;s xU fhy;thapd; ngaH. `p[;hp
15-Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 636) ,uz;lhk; fyP/gh ckH(uyp) mtHfsJ Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; Nuhk ig]he;jpaHfSf;Fk;> K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w rz;ilNa
'aH%f; NghH" vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
a`;ah (miy) |
,iwj;J}jH a`;ah(miy) mtHfs;; (Nahthd;)
egp ]fhpa;ah(miy) mtHfspd; kfdhthH. ,tHfs; ,];uNtyHfshy; gLnfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lhHfs;. |
|
a];hpg; |
'Fog;gk;" vd;gJ nrhw;nghUs;. egp(]y;)
mtHfs; FbNawpa kjPdh efuj;jpd; Kd;dhs; ngaNu ,J. gpd;dhspy; 'kjPdj;Je;
egP - egpfshhpd; efuk;" vdg; ngaH khw;wg; ngw;wJ. |
|
a`Pj; |
a+jHfs; (,];uNtyHfs;) |
|
a+R/g; (miy) |
,iwj;J}jH am$g;(miy) mtHfspd; kfdhd
,tHfSk; XH ,iwj; J}juhthHfs;. ,tHfs; fp. K. 13-k; E}w;whz;by;
tho;e;jhHfs;. vfpg;jpa murpy; Mw;wy; kpf;f epjpaikr;ruhf ,tHfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. |
|
at;Kd; d`;H |
gypapLk; ehs;> Jy;`[; 10Mk; ehs;
gypg;gpuhzpiag; gypapLtjhy; me;ehs; 'at;Kd`;H" vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,Nj
ehspy; jhd; cyf K];ypk;fs; midtUk; ,iwtDf;fhfg; gpuhzpiag; gypapl;L ,iwtDf;fhf
vijAk; mHg;gzpf;fj; jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; czHitj; njhptpf;Fk; ehs; (<Jy; ms;`h)
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. |
|
a+D]; (miy) |
egp a+D]; gpd; kj;jh(miy) mtHfs; (Nahdh
- JB#`o) fp. K. 6-k; E}w;whz;by; ,uhf;fpYs;s 'ePdth" gFjp kf;fSf;F ,iwj;J}juhf
mDg;gg;gl;lhHfs;. |
|
a+\c gpd; E}d; |
a+\c gpd; E}d;(miy) mtHfs; ,iwj;J}jH
%rh(miy) mtHfs; ,we;J 40 tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd; egpahf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. |
|
uf;mj;J |
njhOifapy; xU Kiw Fdpjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;L
Kiw ][;jh (jiuapy; new;wpiag; gjpj;J tzq;Fk;) epiyfis cs;slf;fpa gFjp. |
|
ug;G |
epHtfpg;gtd;. tsHg;gtd; vd;W
nghUs;gLk;. cyfpy; midtiuAk; epHtfpf;ff; $ba ,iwtdhd my;yh`;Tf;F 'ug;G"
vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. |
|
ukshd; |
`p[;hp Mz;bd; xd;gjhk; khjk;. ,k;khjj;jpy;
jhd; jpUf;FH Md; mUsg;gl;lJ. Nehd;G itg;gJ flikahf;fg;gl;lJ. ,k;khjj;jpy;
K];ypk;fs; midtUk; Nehd;G Nehw;gH. |
|
uyp |
'uypay;yh`{ md;`{" ',iwtd; mtHfisf;
Fwpj;Jj; jpUg;jp nfhs;thdhf!" vd;gjd; RUf;fk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk;
egpj;NjhoHfSf;fhfr; nra;ag;gLk; gpuhHj;jidahFk;. |
|
u[g; |
`p[;hp Mz;bd; Vohk; khjk;. |
|
u`; |
'u`;kj;Jy;yh`p miy`p" - ,tHfs; kPJ ,iwtd;
fUiz Ghpthdhf!" vd;gjd; RUf;fk;. ,we;J Nghd ,];yhkpag; nghpatHfSf;fhf ,g;gbg;
gpuhHj;jpg;gJ tof;fk;. |
|
u[Pc |
kf;fhtpw;Fk; jhap/gpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
XH ,lk;. `{ijy; vd;Dk; muGg; g+HtPff; Fbfs; ,q;F trpj;J te;jdH. `p[;hp
3-Mk; Mz;L ,q;F eilngw;w rz;ilNa 'u[Pc NghH" vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
uky; |
`[;[pYk; ck;uhtpYk; Njhs;fisf;
FYf;fpathW XLtJ. |
|
uhk `{HK]; |
Nkw;F <uhdpy; Nfh]];jhd;
khfhzj;jpYs;s njhd;ik tha;e;j xU gpugy efuk;. ,J ',uhf;Fy; muG" gFjpf;F
mUfpYs;sJ. egpj;NjhoH ry;khd; my; ghHrP(uyp) mtHfs; ,e;efuj;ijr;
NrHe;jtHfs; MthHfs;. |
|
Uf;Dy; akhdp |
fmghtpd; tyJgf;f %iy. |
|
U$c |
njhOifapy; ,U iffisAk; ,U Koq;fhy;fs;
kPJ itj;Jf; Fdpe;J epw;Fk; epiy. |
|
yg;igf; gp ck;uj;jpd; t `[;[j;jpd; |
`[; ck;uhit epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf cd;
fl;lisf;F mbgzpe;J te;J tpl;Nld;!"" vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. ,J ck;uhTk;
`[;[{k; nra;tjw;fhf kdj;jpy; cWjp nfhz;ltz;zk; thahy; nkhoptjhFk;. ,J
flikahd xd;W. |
|
yh ,yh` ,y;yy;yh`; |
'tzf;fj;jpw;Fk; fPo;g;gbjYf;Fk; chpa
,iwtd; my;yh`;itj; jtpu NtnwtUk; ,y;iy!"" |
|
iyyj;Jy; fj;U |
'fz;zpaj;Jf;Fhpa ,uT. ,e;j ,utpy;
jhd; jpUf;FHMd;> egp(]y;) mtHfSf;F mUsg;gl;lJ. ukshd; khjj;jpy;> filrpg;
gj;J ehl;fspy; cs;s xw;iwg;gil ,uTfspy; ,e;j ,uT ,Ug;gjhf egp(]y;) mtHfs;
$wpAs;shHfs;. |
|
Y`;H (njhOif) |
ez;gfYf;Fg; gpd; gpw;gfypd;
Kw;gFjpapy; cs;s Neuk; Y`H MFk;. me;Neuj;jpy; njhog;gLk; njhOif ,J ,];yhkpa
khHf;fj;jpy; flikahd INtisj; njhOiffspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. |
|
Yf;khd; (my; `fPk;) |
kj;jpa fpof;F Mrpahtpy; tho;e;j xU
jj;Jtg; NguwpthsH. nrq;flNyhuj;jpy; 'ma;yh" vDk; gFjpapy; trpj;J te;j
md;dhH> Xhpiwf; nfhs;ifia mOj;jkhfg; Nghjpg;gtuhfj; jpfo;e;jhHfs;.
md;dhhpd; jj;Jtq;fs; rpytw;iwj; jpUf;FH Md; vLj;Jiug;gNj md;dhhpd;
rpwg;Gf;F Nghjpa rhd;whFk;. |
|
Y}j;(miy) |
Nyhj;. ,iwj;J}jHfspy; xUtH. egp ,g;uh`Pk;(miy)
mtHfspd; rNfhjuH kfdhd md;dhH N[hHjhdpYs;s ']j;J}k;" vd;Dk; gFjpf;F ,iwj;J}juhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. rpiy tzf;fj;ijAk; Xhpdr; NrHf;ifiaAk; vjpHj;Jj;
jPtpug; gpurhuk; nra;jhHfs;. |
|
s/d; |
nghpa muGf; Fykhd 'm];j;" Fyj;jpy;
xU fpisNa 'jt;];" vd;Dk; Fyk;. ,f;Fyj;jhH trpj;J te;j gFjpapypUe;j xU
kiyapd; ngaNu 's/d;" MFk;. egpj;NjhoH mg+ `{iuuh (uyp) mtHfs; 'jt;];"
Fyj;jhH MthHfs;. |
|
S`h |
#hpa cjaj;jpw;Fk; ez;gfYf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
Neuk;. ,e;Neuj;jpy; egpfshH njhOj vl;L uf;mj; njhOiff;F 'S`h njhOif"
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J flikay;yhj njhOifahFk;. |
|
tyPkh |
jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; kzhsd; toq;f
Ntz;ba kztpUe;J. ,J egp topahFk;. |
|
tf;/g; |
xUtH jdJ nghUisj; jd;dplk; itj;Jf;
nfhz;L (private
of family trust) my;yJ ,iwtdplk;
(nghJthd mwf;nfhilahf
public trust)
xg;gilj;J tpl;L> mjd; gad;ghl;ilj; jHkk; nra;tJ. |
|
t]f;F |
160 fp. fpuhKf;Fr; rkkhd msT. |
|
t`P |
thdtH %yk; ,iwj;J}jHfSf;F ,iwtdhy;
toq;fg;gLk; ,iwr; nra;jp. |
|
thjpy; Fuh |
`p[h]; gpuNjrj;jpy; kjPdhTf;Fk; my;
cyhTf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s xU gs;sj;jhf;F. `p[;H thrpfSk; r%j; $l;lj;jhUk;
tho;e;j tuyhw;Wg; gjpT ngw;w gFjpahFk;. |
|
thdtHfs; |
(kyf;Ffs;) kdpj ,dk;> [pd; ,dk;
my;yhj NtNwhH ,dj;jpdH. xspahy; gilf;fg; gl;l ,tHfs; Mz;ghypdUky;yH.
ngz;ghypdUky;yH. ,iwtdpd; cj;juTfisr; nra;J Kbg;gJk; ,iwtid tzq;FtJk;
Jjpg;gJNk ,tHfspd; gzpfshFk;. ,tHfSf;F Cz;> cwf;fk;> cwT> jpUkzk;> Mrh
ghrk;> re;jjp fpilah. thdfNk ,tHfspd; trpg;gplkhFk;. |
|
tpj;H |
xw;iw> xw;iwahdtd; vd;W nghUs;. ,\h
njhOiff;Fg; gpd;G my;yJ j`[;[{j; ,uTj; njhOiff;Fg; gpd;G njhog;gLk;
xw;iwg;gilahd uf;mj; nfhz;l njhOiff;F 'tpj;Uj; njhOif" vd;gH. |
|
[ky; (NghH) |
`p[;hp 36-k; Mz;L g]uh (fp. gp. 656)
(,uhf;) EioT thapypy; myP(uyp) mtHfspd; MjuthsHfSf;Fk;> Map\h(uyp)
mtHfspd; MjuthsHfSf;Fk; ,ilNa ele;j cs; ehl;Lg; NghH. |
|
[dh]h (ka;apj;) |
,we;j cly;> gpNujg; ngl;b> gpNujg;
ngl;bapy; fplj;jg; gl;bUf;Fk; rlyk; vd;w nghUs;fs; cz;L. ,we;jtUf;Fg;
gpuhHj;jid nra;Ak; Kfkhfj; njhOtpf;fg;gLk; njhOiff;F '[dh]hj; njhOif"
vd;Wk;> fz;nzjpNu gpNujk; ,y;yhky; njhOtpf;fg;gLk; njhOiff;F '/fhapg; [dh]h
njhOif" vd;Wk; $WtH. |
|
[k;uh |
`uk; vy;iyf;Fs; 'kpdh" vDkpj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w
i\j;jhd; kPJ fy;nywpAk; ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa [k;uhf;fs; nkhj;jk;
%d;W cs;sd.(m) [k;uhj;Jy; Cyh: Kjy; [k;uh (M) [k;uj;Jy; c];jh: eL [k;uh
(,) [k;uj;Jy; mfgh : filrp [k;uh |
|
[khmj; |
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egHfisf;
nfhz;l mikg;Gf; $l;lk;. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltHfs; NrHe;J elj;Jk;
njhOif '[kh mj;" njhOif vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
[hkpc |
njhFg;G; jpul;L 'my; [hkpy;c]; ]`P`;
my; K];dj; my; Kf;j]H kpd; c%hp u#ypy;yh`p tRddp`p t ma;ahkp`p" vd;gjd;
Jtf;fk;. ,JNt ]`P`{y; Gfhhp vd;Dk; E}Yf;F E}ypd; MrphpaH #l;ba KOg;
ngauhFk;. ,jd; nghUshtJ; Mjhug; g+Htkhd> mwptpg;ghsH njhlH KwpTwhj>
epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l mwptpg;Gfs; kl;LNk ,lk;ngw;w egp(]y;) mtHfspd; nrhy;>
nray;> mq;fPfhuk;> tho;f;ifr; rhpij> Fz eyd;fs;> mq;f yl;rzq;fs; Mfpa
midj;Jk; cl;nghjptha; mike;j rd; khHf;fj;jpd; rfy JiwfisAk; cs;slf;fpa
njhFg;G. |
|
[pd; |
kdpjDk; thdtUk; my;yhj XH ,dk;. ,e;j
,dk; jPg;gpok;ghy; gilf;fg; gl;ljhFk;. fz;Zf;Fj; njhpahj thAthfTk; kdpjd;
cs;gl gy;NtW caphpdq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpYk; [pd;fs; cs;sd. kdpjDf;F Kd;Ng ,e;j
,dk; gilf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ek;ikg; NghyNt [pd;fspYk; Mz;> ngz;> re;jjpg;
ngUf;fk;> khHf;fr; rl;lk;> ed;ik - jPik vy;yhk; cz;L. ,g;yP]; ,e;j ,dj;jpy;
gpwe;jtd; Mthd;. |
|
[p`hj; |
,iwjpUg;jpiag; ngWfpd;w xNu
Nehf;fj;Jld; jHkj;ijf; fhg;gjw;fhf mjHkj;ij vjpHj;J ,iwtuk;GfSf;Fl;gl;L
NghHGhpjy;; nrhy;yhYk; nrayhYk; cz;ik K];ypkhf tho KaYjy;. |
|
[{khjp];]hdp |
`p[;hp Mz;bd; 6-tJ khjk;. |
|
[pg;hpy; |
,iwtdpd; jug;gpypUe;J ,iwj;J}jHfSf;Fr;
nra;jp nfhz;L te;j thdtH. ,tNu thdtHfspd; jiytH MthH. |
|
[p];ah |
,];yhkpa murpd; fPo; mjd; ghJfhg;gpy;
tho;e;J nfhz;bUe;j K];ypky;yhj gpui[fSf;F K];ypk;fSf;fpUe;j midj;J
chpikfSk; mspf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jg; gpui[fSf;Fg; Nghhpy; fye;J
nfhs;tjpypUe;J tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j tpjptpyf;fhy; mtHfs;
mikjpahd tho;f;if thoTk;> tsuTk; tha;g;Gf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Nkw;nrhd;d
epahakhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf kpff; Fiwe;j tpfpjj;jpy; '[p];ah" vDk; fhg;G thp
mtHfsplkpUe;J t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j thpiag; ngz;fSk; ViofSk; nrYj;j
Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,ij ,];yhkpa Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j K];ypky;yhj muRfs; $l
,];yhkpag; NguuRf;Ff; fg;gkhff; fl;b te;jd. ngUkhdhH fhyj;jpy; ,J
tUlj;jpw;F 10 jpH`k;fshf ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; K];ypky;yhj xUtH ,];yhkpag;
gilapy; NrHe;J gzpahw;Wk; nghOJ mtUf;Fk; ,e;j thpapypUe;J tpyf;F
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. |
|
[{k;M ehs; |
nts;spf; fpoik> ,e;ehspy; K];ypk;fs;
#hpad; cr;rp rha;e;j gpd;G gs;spthrypy; xd;W $b [{k;M njhOifia elj;Jtjhy;
,e;ehs; [{k;M ehs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. |
|
[{i`dh |
[{i`dh gpd; ]{/gH vd;ghhpd; topj;
Njhd;wy;fs;> mwpahikf; fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;Fld; tho;e;j muGf; Fyj;jhH. |
|
\t;thy; |
`p[;hP ,];yhkpa Mz;bd; 10 MtJ khjk;;
ukshd; khjj;jpw;F mLj;j khjk;. |
|
\mghd; |
`p[;hp Mz;bd; vl;lhk; khjk;. |
|
\`Pj; |
capHj; jpahfp ,iwthf;if (rj;jpaj;ij)
NkNyhq;fr; nra;tjw;fhf mjHkj;jpw;F vjpuhd mwg;Nghhpy; capHj; jpahfk;
nra;jtH. |
|
\hk; |
mf;fhyj;jpy; rphpah> /gy];jPd;>
N[hHjhd;> nygdhd; Kjyhd ehLfs; NrHe;j If;fpa ehl;bd; ngauhFk;. ,d;W mjd;
ngUk;gFjp rphpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. |
|
\{Ig; (miy) |
egp ,g;uh`Pk;(miy) mtHfspd;
topj;Njhd;wy;fspy; te;j XH ,iwj; J}jH. md;dhH tl Nkw;F r¥jpa;ahtpYs;s
kiyg;gpuNjrkhd 'kj;ad;" gFjpf;F ,iwj;J}juhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. Xhpiwf;
Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; tzpf NeHikiaAk; typAWj;jp> jk; kf;fspilNa jPtpug; gpurhuk;
Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;. |
|
i\j;jhd; |
rhj;jhd;; kdpj ,dj;ij - fz;Zf;Fj;
njhpahky; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl - top nfLf;Fk; [pd; ,dj;ijr; NrHe;jtd;; ,tidf;
fpwp];jtHfs; mRj;j Mtp vd;wiof;fpd;wdH. |
|
]fhj; |
Mz;L KOtJk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT nry;tk;
xUthplk; Njq;fpapUe;jhy; mtH fl;lhaf; flikahf ,iwtDf;fhf mjpypUe;J 2.5
rjtPjk; ,];yhkpag; nghJepjp thpahf FHMdpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s> NjitAs;s
vl;L gphptpdUf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. |
|
]/gh> kHth |
kf;fhtpy; fmghTf;F mUNf mike;Js;s
rpwpa kiyf; Fd;Wfs;. |
|
]k;]k; |
kf;fhtpYs;s Gdpjf; fpzW. |
|
]%J |
fp. K. ,uz;lhapuj;jpy; (2430) r¥jp
mNugpahtpy; cs;s 'my; `p[;H" vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; tho;e;j muGg; goq;FbapdH. ,tHfSf;F
NeHtop fhl;Ltjw;fhf mDg;gl;l ,iwj;J}jH ]hyp`;(miy) mtHfs; MthHfs;. |
|
]y; |
']y;yy;yh`{ miy`p t]y;yk;' (,iwtdJ
fUizAk; mikjpAk; mtHfs; kPJ cz;lhfl;Lk;) vd;gjd; RUf;fk;. ,J K`k;kJ
egp(]y;) mtHfs; ngaUld; ,izj;Jf; $wg;gLk;. mtHfSf;fhf ehk; mt;thW
gpuhHj;jpf;fpNwhk;. |
|
][;jh> ]{[{J |
njhOifapy; ,U ghjq;fs;> ,U
Koq;fhy;fs;> ,U iffs;> new;wp Mfpa VO cWg;Gfs; jiuapy; gLkhW jiy
jho;j;jp tzq;Fk; epiy. |
|
]`;H |
1. itfiw - tpbfhiy. 2. Nehd;G
Nehw;gjw;fhf itfiwf;F Kd;dhy; cz;zg;gLk; czT mt;thW cz;Zjy;. |
|
]`hgh |
egpj;NjhoHfs;; egp(]y;) mtHfNshL
el;Gf; nfhz;L my;yJ mtHfisg; ghHj;J> ,];yhj;ij Vw;W> K];ypk;fshfNt
tho;e;jtHfs;. |
|
]hT |
kjPdhtpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J te;j 3
fpNyh 149 fpuhk; 280 kp. fp. vil nfhz;l msT. |
|
]t;H |
kf;fhtpw;F mUfpYs;s xU kiyapd; ngaH.
,jpYs;s Fifnahd;wpy;jhd; egp(]y;) mtHfSk;> NjhoH mg+gf;H(uyp) mtHfSk; `p[;uj;
gazj;jpd; NghJ xspe;jpUe;jhHfs;. |
|
]fhpa;ah (miy) |
[fhpah fp. K. Kjyhk; Ew;whz;bd; ,Wjpf;
fl;lj;jpy; ,];uNtyHfSf;F ,iwj;J}juhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. egp jh¥j; (miy)
mtHfspd; topj; Njhd;wyhd ,tHfNs md;id kHaik tsHj;jhHfs;. egp a`;ah(miy)
mtHfs; md;dhhpd; Gjy;tuhthH. |
|
]d;M |
akd; ehl;bd; jiyefH. |
|
]hyp`; (miy) |
fp. K. 2000-y; (2430) r¥jpa;ahtpy;
cs;s 'my;`p[;H" vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; tho;e;j ,iwj;J}jH. Mlk;gu tho;tpy; %o;fp>
rpiy tzf;fj;jpy; kha;e;J Ngha;f;nfhz;bUe;j 'r%j;" $l;lj;jhiur;
rPHjpUj;jg; ghLgl;lhHfs;. |
|
]p/g;gPd; (NghH) |
fp. gp. 657y; `[;hp 37 Mk; Mz;L
rphpah ehl;bd; هg;uB];
ejpf;fiuapy; ']p/g;gPd;" vDk; ,lj;jpy; myP gpd; mgPjhypg;(uyp) mtHfspd;
MjuthsHfSf;Fk; KMtpah gpd; mgPR/g;ahd; (uyp) mtHfspd; MjuthsHfSf;FkpilNa
eilngw;w cs; ehl;Lg; NghH. fhH[pahf;fspd; fpsHr;rp ,jw;Fg;
gpwF jhd; Jtq;fpw;W. |
|
]{d;`{ |
k];[pJe; egtP gs;spthrypUe;J xU iky;
njhiytpYs;s xU fpuhkj;jpd; ngaH. kjPdhtpd; Nkl;Lg;gFjpapy; ,J ,Ue;jjhy;
,jid 'Mypah - Nkl;Lg;gl;b" vd;Wk; miog;gH |
|
]{Hkh |
Fwpg;gpl;l fy;ypypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLk;
xU tif mQ;rdk;. (fz; ik) |
|
]{d;dh |
egp(]y;) mtHfspd; nrhy;> nray;>
mq;fPfhuk;. |
|
]{g;`hdy;yh`; |
'',iwtd; ve;j tpjf; FiwghL gytPdKk;
mw;w J}Nahd;"" vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. ngUk;ghYk; tpag;Gf;Fhpa tp\aq;fisg;
ghHf;Fk; NghNjh> Nfl;Fk;NghNjh ,g;gbf; $wg;gLk;; kdpjj; jtWfisAk;
FiwghLfisAk; epidT$Uk; NghJk; ,g;gbf; $w Ntz;Lk;. |
|
`jP]; |
egp(]y;) mtHfspd; nrhy;> nray;>
mq;fPfhuk; MfpaitAk; mtw;iw mwptpg;gJk; '`jP];" vdg;gLk;. |
|
`Huh |
kjPdhTf;F ntspNa fUq;fw;fs; epiwe;j
gFjp. cika;ahf;fspd; ,uz;lhk; fyP/gh aJf;Fk;
kjPdh K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa `p[;hp 63-y; ,q;F eilngw;w rz;ilNa 'my; `Huh
NghH" vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
`uk; |
mgakspf;Fk; Gdpj g+kp. Gdpj kf;fhTk;
Gdpj kjPdhTk; mgak; mspf;Fk; Gdpj g+kpfshf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F NghH
Ghpaf; $lhJ. ve;j caphpdj;jpw;Fk; ,k;kpAk; ,ilQ;ry; juf;$lhJ. |
|
`uhk; |
jpUf;FHMdhYk;> egp(]y;) mtHfshYk;
rl;lg;g+Htkhfj; jil nra;ag;gl;lit. rl;lg; g+Htkhf mDkjpf;fg;gl;ltw;Wf;F
`yhy; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. |
|
`[; |
Gdpj kf;fhtpYs;s Kjy; ,iwapy;yj;ij (fmghit)
jhprpj;J epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba xU topghL. ,J ,];yhj;jpd; Ie;J flikfspy;
xd;whFk;. |
|
`yhy; |
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W nghUs;. Gdpj
`[;[pd; NghJ ,`;uhk; ciliaf; fise;J ,ay;ghd epiyf;Fj; jpUk;Gtjw;Fk; '`yhy;"
vDk; nrhy; Msg;gLtJz;L. |
|
`t;Sy; ft;]H |
kWikapy; egp(]y;) mtHfSf;F ,iwtd;
nfhLf;fpw jz;،Hj; jlhfk;. |
|
`[;[Jy; tjh |
egp(]y;) mtHfs; kuzpg;gjw;F Ke;ija `p[;hp
10-k; Mz;by; KjyhtjhfTk; ,WjpahfTk; nra;j `[; `[;[Jy; tjh - tpil ngw;Wr;
nry;Yk; `[; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. |
|
`[;[h[; gpd; a+R/g; |
(`p[;hp: 95> fp. gp. 714) jhap/g;
thrpahd ,tH mg;Jy; kypf; gpd; kHthdpd; gilj;jsgjpahfj; jpfo;e;jhH. ,yf;fpa
thjpahd ,tH(kf;fh> kjPdh> jhap/g;> ,uhf; cs;spl;l) `p[h]; khepyj;jpd;
MSeH gjtp tfpj;jhH. ,tuJ Ml;rpapy; nfhLq;Nfhz;ik NfhNyhr;rpaJ. |
|
`[Uy; m];tj; |
fmghtpd; xU %iyapy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fUg;Gf; fy;; `[;[pd; NghJ ,ij Kj;jkply; egp topahFk;. |
|
`[_d; |
kf;fhtpd; nghJ mlf;fj;jyj;jpw;F
mUfpYs;s XH ,lk;. kf;fh ntw;wpapd; NghJ ,q;Fjhd; egp(]y;) mtHfs; ,];yhkpar;
Nridapd; nfhbia el;L itf;f cj;jutpl;lhHfs;. |
|
`h&d; (miy) |
MNuhd;; %rh(miy) mtHfspd; rNfhjuuhd
,tHfs; %rh(miy) mtHfSf;Fj; Jizahf Vf fhyj;jpy; ,iwj;J}juhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhHfs;. |
|
`puh |
kf;fhtpw;F mUfpYs;s kiy. ngUkhdhH
egpahf mDg;gg;gLtjw;F Kd;Ng ,iwtid ,q;F tzq;fp te;jhHfs;. mtHfspd; 40tJ
tajpy; fp. gp. 610 Mf];L 10y; jpUf;FH Md; Kjy; jpUtrdk; ,q;Fjhd;
mUsg;gl;lJ. |
|
`p[;uj; |
,iwkhHf;fj;ijg; gpd;gw;wplj; jilfs;
Vw;gLk; nghOJ jhk; trpf;Fkplj;ij> jhafj;ijj; Jwe;J Ntw;wplk; nry;Yjy;. ,t;thW
egp(]y;) mtHfs; fp. gp. 622-y; kf;fhitj; Jwe;J kjPdh nrd;w epfo;r;rp ,];yhkpar;
nrhy; tof;fpy; `p[;uj; vdg;gLfpwJ. |
|
`p[;hp |
Nkw;$wg;gl;l `p[;uj; epfo;r;rpia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl '`p[;hp" vDk; ,];yhkpa Mz;L Jtq;FfpwJ. |
|
`p[h]; |
r¥jp mNugpahtpy; nrq;flYf;F mUNf
tlf;Nf mfgh tisFlhtpypUe;J njw;Nf 'mrPH" tiu gue;J fplf;Fk; gFjp. ,e;j
epyg;gFjpapy; jhd; kf;fh> jhap/g;> jg+f; efuq;fs; cs;sd. Gdpj kf;fh ,jd;
jiyefuhFk;. |
|
`pk;]; |
rphpah ehl;by; lkh];f]{f;Fk; `khj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapy; cs;s xU efuk;. ,jid `{k;]; vd;Wk; miog;gH. |
|
`{ijgpa;ah |
,J kf;fhtpypUe;J rpwpJ njhiytpy;
cs;s xU gs;sj;jhf;F MFk;. `p[;hp 6k; Mz;by; egp(]y;) mtHfSk;
kf;fhthrpfSk; ,q;F nra;J nfhz;l xg;ge;jk; '`{ijgpa;ah" xg;ge;jk;
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. |
|
`{idd; (NghH) |
kf;fhtpypUe;J 3 iky; njhiytpy; cs;s
'`Pidd;" vd;w ,lj;jpy; `p[;hp 8Mk; Mz;L ele;j NghH. |
|
`_j; (miy) |
fp.K 2000-y; tho;e;j 'Mj;" r%fj;jpd;
,iwj;J}jH. |