References & Sources
Books
Allen, F., Harold, A.P., & First, M. (2000).  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders: Fourth Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR).  Arlington, VA: APA.

Dodgen, C.E.(2005).  Nicotine Dependence: understanding and applying the most effective treatment intervention. Washington, D.C.: APA.

Kozlowski, L.T., Hemmingfield, J.E., & Brigham, J.(c.2001).  Cigarettes, Nicotine, & Health: a biobehavioral approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
Articles
Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M.T., Madden, P.A., & Bucholz, K.K. (2007). A latent class analysis of illicit drug abuse/dependence: Results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.  Addiction, 102, 94-104.

Dierker, L.C. (2006). The association between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among first year college students.  Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86, 106-114.

Li, Ting-Kai, Volkow, N.D., Baler, R.D., & Egli, M. (2007). The Biological Bases of Nicotine and Alcohol Co-Addiction.  Biological Psychiatry, 61, 1-3.

Lukas, R.J. (2007). Pharmacological Effects of Nicotine and Nicotinic Receptor Subtype Pharmacological Profiles.  Medication treatments for nicotine dependence, pp. 3-23.

McGehee, D.S., Iacoviello, M., & Mitchum, R. (2007). Cellular and Synaptic Effects of Nicotine.  Medication treatments for nicotine dependence, pp. 25-38.

Panday, S., Reddy, S.P., Ruiter, R.A., & Bergstrom, E. (2007). Nicotine Dependence and Withdrawal Symptoms among Occasional Smokers.  Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 144-150.

Pentel, P., Keyler, D.E., Hatsukami, D. (2007). Immunological Approaches to Nicotine Addiction.  Medication treatments for nicotine dependence, pp. 151-166.

Xian, Hong, Scherrer, J.F., Eisen, S.A., & Lyons, M.J. (2006). Nicotine dependence subtypes: Association with smoking history, diagnostic criteria and psychiatric disorders in 5440 regular smokers from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry.  Addictive Behaviors, 32(1), 137-147.
Internet Sources
American Heart Association.  Nicotine Substitutes/Nicotine Replacement Therapy.  www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4615, 2007.

Mirken, B.  Lifestyle and Wellness:  Nicotine Replacement Therapy. www.ahealthyme.com/topic/nrt, 2001, 2007.

Volkow, Nora D.  Research Report: Tobacco Addiction.  www.nida.nih.gov/PDF/RRTobacco.pdf, 1998, 2001, 2006.

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