9. About
time and speed of light
According to modern
opinions, time is determined as a sequence of change of condition of observable
systems. The analysis of this definition from the point of view of the
information theory allows us to make the following assumptions.
If any changes are
happening in some discrete system of interactions, it is possible to consider
an interval of time between two minimally distinguished conditions, for
example, à1 and à2 of system A, as a quantum of time of this system. In
intervals between changes this system can exist only in one of probable
conditions and can not change.
Hence, the
transition from a condition à1 to another condition à2 can be made instantly
for varied system only, as, by definition, from a condition à1 the system can not
proceed to any other intermediate condition, except for à2. As the time is
defined as a sequence of system's condition change, this implies, that neither
during one period of stability, nor during instant transition the system can't
form temporary intervals.
There is a
question, how the continuous time of this system, observable for us, can be
formed from static images and instant transitions of system?
In discrete system
of co-operating information objects, which form the common space, the time arises
as a continuous sequence of transitions or condition changes of the set of
objects of this system. Let's consider the process of time measurement on an
example of speed measurement of distribution of electromagnetic fluctuations,
i.e. the light speed. In chapter IX the hypothesis about structure of objects
of elementary system of interactions will be stated in details. While we shall
present quantum of physical vacuum as formal structure, formed by imposing of
three fundamental fields of opposite polarity - electrical, magnetic and
gravitational, which sum is giving a zero result of their intensities.
Let's consider,
that light is a movement of the information in space, formed by set of quanta
of physical vacuum, which are in a formal condition up to reception of the
information, when they do not show any properties and do not differ in any way
from other quanta of vacuum. The formal
condition of quanta of physical vacuum can be considered as the special kind of
balance of complex structures, formed by imposing of all fundamental fields of
different polarity.
Having received the
information from the next quantum, quantum of vacuum from a formal condition
passes to active, because the internal balance of fields, which form it, is
broken, and it turns to a fragment of quantum of electromagnetic fluctuation.
In the next cycle of interaction, the quantum of spaces, which exists as a
fragment of quantum of electromagnetic fluctuation, transfers this information
to next quantum of vacuum, coming back in an initial formal condition, i.e.
ceases to exist as an active material object and turns to quantum of vacuum.
Next quantum from a condition of physical vacuum turns to a fragment of quantum
of electromagnetic fluctuation. And so on.
Let the process of
the information transfer from a source (information system C2) to a receiver
(information system C3) is fixed by the third system of the observer (C4) (see
figure 1). Then three systems Ñ2, Ñ3 and Ñ4 form the fourth system (Ñ5), which
is a general system for them.
The transfer of
quantum of the information (1 bit) from each pair of co-operating quantum
elements of space is one of the changes of system "source - receiver"
(Ñ1), i.e. its quantum of time.
Figure
1: Time formation in systems with instant quanta’s transitions.
The transfer of the
information from the source Ñ2 to the receiver Ñ3 in system Ñ1 will consist of
final number, for example N1, the instant cycles of the information transfer
between quanta of vacuum, which form space of system Ñ1. During supervision of
changes of system Ñ1, in the system of the observer Ñ4 large, but final amount
of changes will take place too, for example, N4. As observable system Ñ1 and
system of the observer Ñ4 belong to one general system of interactions Ñ5,
process of distribution of the information in system Ñ1 and process of its
supervision by the system Ñ4 go paralelly with system Ñ5, therefore there is a
phenomenon of a simultaneity of the processes. It allows to compare the number
of discrete changes N4 of system of the observer C4 and number of discrete
changes N1 in observable system C1. Actually, the observer, by measuring time
of light movement from one point of space to another or measuring time of any
other process of any other system, compares amount of changes of observable
discrete system with amount of changes in personal discrete system. It also
gives him an illusion of duration of time intervals. The principle: "Only
changing yourself, you can notice the changes of the others" is suitable
here. The continuous time is an illusion, which arises in our consciousness at
supervision of the certain sequence of instant conditions (images) of some
discretely varied object or system of interactions. It is well known, that in a
human brain this illusion arises at frequencies of motionless videoimages
change about 20 hertz (for example, in cinema it appears at frequency of the
staff change for 24 hertz). If the special devices for time measurement are
used, they will always have the certain limits of accuracy of time intervals
fixing, caused by step-type behaviour of interaction systems' condition change,
which form these devices.
If to accept the
spatial parameter L of system Ñ5 for unit of length, and quantity of changes of
system N4 for a time unit of observer's system t, that, having divided the
first unit on second, we shall receive result as a final numerical meaning of
speed of light distribution
.
The real physical
time, which action we daily feel on ourselves, is formed as a result of
interaction of all set of information systems, forming our world and
functioning paralelly. In chapter VI it was shown, that all the multitude of
natural interaction systems, well known for us, is based on a principle, that
the younger information systems are constructed from quanta, which are created
by objects of the senior systems. These structures form an information
"matryoshka", in which the work of quanta of any younger system is
provided at the expense of functioning structures or objects of the senior
systems of interaction. Due to such principle, the interaction proceeds at the
expense of objects of the senior systems, during phases of stability of younger
systems. But, at the same time, these objects are constructed from quanta of
another, even more senior, information system and submit to the same laws of
interaction, as younger one. They pass
from one discrete condition to another, and have phases of stability. Their
transition from one condition to another is carried out instantly for them. We
can find such situation in all systems, even in chemical.
It is different
with quanta of elementary system, which are three fundamental fields -
gravitational, electrical and magnetic. All these fields exist on the carriers,
constructed from them as of quanta of the same system. So, the multitude of
elementary system formations - electron, positron etc. - are the carriers of
electrical and magnetic fields. Thus, in elementary system of interactions we
notice a short circuit of structure of co-operating objects "on themselves".
The quantum carrier is an object, constructed from the same quanta. The
interaction of fields of opposite marks (which is simulated by algebraic
addition of fields of opposite marks) forms vacuum of this system. Hence, the
physical vacuum is an object, formed from quanta of elementary system of
interaction. Vacuum, as the object of elementary system, exists in a formal
condition and in any way does not show the properties without information
influence.
Thus, there is a
question: "From objects of what structures quanta of field system of
interaction, i.e. fundamental fields are constructed? "
By virtue of a
duality of systems of interaction and according to a hypothesis, stated in
section IV, the structure of interaction systems, which is called
"imaginary" (see the chapter IV) and is symmetric to our real world,
can be such a structure.
By virtue of
symmetry of structures, the single object, which properties can be identical in
both structures, can be only an object with zero parameters and existing in the
formal form. Such object is the physical vacuum. The properties of physical
vacuum of our "valid" superstructure of interactions and property of
physical vacuum of "imaginary" superstructure should be completely
identical. On this basis the realization of formal superinteractions of both
superstructures is possible. Hence, the vacuum is an original trunk of a world
tree, which connects the visible "crone" of the valid world to
invisible "roots" of the imaginary world.
In such
incorporated superstructure, which is formed by two symmetric superinteracting
multitudes of interaction systems, and, containing the set of enclosed systems
of interaction, the physical time will be created by the set of all enclosed
cycles. It means, that in an interval between instant transitions of any
younger structure, when the discrete system is in a phase of stability,
interaction of senior system's quanta,
which has formed it, does not stop. In a stable phases, the interaction of
fields, which form them, can be carried out according to the principles of
superinteraction with similar objects of similar imaginary structure of
interaction.
Apparently,
enclosure of temporary cycles of complete set of co-operating information
systems, and the presence of superinteraction, are the factors, which ensure
formatting or calibrating of temporary intervals of stability phases in systems
of interaction. It determines the temporary dimension (temporary format) or
speed of our physical time.