Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].
Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact disc (2nd ed.), [CD-ROM]. (1992). Available: Oxford UP [1995, May 27].
Pritzker, T. J. (No date). An Early fragment from central Nepal [Online]. Available: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html [1995, June 8].
Write "No date" when the electronic publication date is not available.
When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].
Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Bosnia and Hercegovina. (1995). In Academic American Encyclopedia [Online]. Available: Dow Jones News Retrieval Service/ENCYC [1995, June 5].
This is an article from an encyclopedia with no author given.
Daniel, R. T. (1995). The history of Western music. In Britannica online: Macropaedia [Online]. Available: http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html [1995, June 14].
When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].
Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Clark, J. K. (1993). Complications in academia: Sexual harassment and the law. Siecus Report [CD-ROM], 21(6), 6-10. Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 School/Volume 4/Article 93A [1995, June 13].
Carriveau, K. L., Jr. (1995). [Review of the book Environmental hazards: Marine pollution]. Electronic Green Journal [Online], 2(1), 3 paragraphs. Available: gopher://gopher.uidaho.edu/11/UI_gopher/library/egj03/carriv01.html [1995, June 21].
This is a reference for a book review; brackets indicate title is supplied.
When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (Gopher) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Inada, K. (1995). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics [Online], 2, 9 paragraphs. Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html [1995, June 21].
When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Goodstein, C. (1991, September). Healers from the deep. American Health [CD-ROM], 60-64. Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1992 Life Science/Article 08A [1995, June 13].
Viviano, F. (1995, May/June). The new Mafia order. Mother Jones Magazine [Online], 72 paragraphs. Available: http://www.mojones.com/MOTHER_JONES/MJ95/viviano.html [1995, July 17].
When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium], paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium], paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Howell, V., & Carlton, B. (1993, August 29). Growing up tough: New generation fights for its life: Inner-city youths live by rule of vengeance. Birmingham News [CD-ROM], p. 1A(10 pp.). Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 Youth/Volume 4/Article 56A [1995, July 16].
Johnson, T. (1994, December 5). Indigenous people are now more combative, organized. Miami Herald [Online], p. 29SA(22 paragraphs).Available: gopher://summit.fiu.edu/Miami Herald--Summit-Related Articles/12/05/95--Indigenous People Now More Combative, Organized [1995, July 16].
This reference gives beginning page and the number of paragraphs; this information is useful if one wishes to refer to material in text references.
When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Basic forms:
Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: DISCUSSION LIST@e-mail address [Access date].
Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get [Access date].
Examples:
RRECOME. (1995, April 1). Top ten rules of film criticism. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: [email protected] [1995, April 1].
Author's login name, in uppercase, is given as the first element.
Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: [email protected]/Get cinema-l log9504A [1995, August 1].
Reference is obtained by searching the list's archive.
Basic forms:
Sender (Sender's E-mail address). (Year, Month day). Subject of Message. E-mail to recipient (Recipient's E-mail address)
Examples:
Day, Martha ([email protected]). (1995, July 30). Review of film -- Bad Lieutenant. E-mail to Xia Li ([email protected]).
The approach to documentation recommended by the American Psychological Association is called the author-date system. Citations in the text refer the reader to the "Reference List" at the end of the book, chapter, article or paper. Below are a few examples where the reader is guided to a specific paragraph in the electronic document.
Native peoples have little to lose by adopting these practices (Johnson, 1994, paragraph 10).
Viviano sees advantages in this line of defense (1995, paragraph 3).
Buddhist organizations have taken a somewhat different approach ... (Inada, 1995, paragraph 2).
||Electronic Sources: MLA Style of Citation||Publication information||
Send E-mail to Nancy Crane ([email protected]) for comments and suggestions.
University of Vermont.
Last update: October 29, 1997.
Contributor. "Article Title." Title of Software Version. CD-ROM. Place Produced: Vendor, copyright date.
Dunlap, Kent. "Copyright." World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1995.
Author. "Title of Article." Journal volume date: page numbers. (Category if applicable, Article if applicable.) Database. CD-ROM. Place Produced: Vendor, copyright date.
Bartholomew, Anita. "When Computers Copy Style: The Case Against Hal and the Future of the Novel." Omni January 1995: 29. (Technology, Electronic Only, Article 107.) SIRS Researcher. CD-ROM. Boca Raton, FL: SIRS, 1996.
"Title of Section." Name of Software. CD-ROM. Place Produced: Vendor, copyright date.
"Ecosystems." Eyewitness Encyclopedia of Science. CD-ROM. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 1994.
Author if available. "Title of Article/Piece." Internet Publication if available. Date: Online. Method of Access. Date of Access. Available Internet path
MacKenzie, Jamie. "'Did Anybody Learn Anything?' The Sad and Sorry State of Technology Program Assessment." From Now On 5.4 (December 1995): Online. Internet. 22 January 1996. Available WWW:http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie/
Author of Message. [Internet address]. "Title of Message." In Listserv. [Listserv address]. Date of message.
Bradburn, Frances. [[email protected]]. "Reply: Designing Your School's AUP." In NCLA-L. [[email protected]]. 15 April 1996.
Author of Message. [Internet address]. "Title of Message." Means of transmission to individual, [Internet address]. Date of message.
Bradburn, Frances. [[email protected]]. "Your AUP." Private e-mail message to Molly Media Coordinator, [[email protected]]. 1 April 1996.
(CD-ROM MLA citation information from Using the Internet, Online Services, & CD-ROMs for Writing Research and Term Papers, edited by Charles Harmon. Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1996. Listserv and e-mail citation information from Melvin E. Page. [[email protected]] "A Brief
