Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, Flier JS. Science.2001 Dec 7; 294(5549):2166-70
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| A comparative study of the effects of Eugenia Jambolana Insulin on Dexamethasone induced diabetes mellitus in albino rats. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nayak N, Subhabrata, Sangha RB, Dept. Of Pharmacology, KMC, Mangalore, 575001, India | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elevated glucocorticoids in the body either endogenous (that is in Cushing's syndrome) or exogenous (in form of medication) increase insulin resistance and may precipitate diabetes mellitus1.Diabetes mellitus induced by glucocorticoids is similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) where insulin resistance forms an essential component. Further it may be mentioned that glucocorticoids also cause obesity, hypertension, hyperuricemia, increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, low HDL cholesterol along with glucose intolerance. The cluster of these abnormalities was coined as 'Metabolic syndrome' by WHO in 1999 2. Obese diabetics have excess of 11-beta-HSD enzyme in their visceral fat. This enzyme coverts inactive cortisone to active cortisol. Transgenic mice producing excess of 11-beta-hsd develop typical features of the metabolic syndrome, suggesting excess of cortisol in tissues might be responsible for the insulin resistance, core feature of T2DM 3. Dexamethasone produces dose dependent inhibition of insulin release caused by glucose, tolbutamide & other insulin releasers 4. Therefore only insulin sensitisers insulin are likely to be effective in dexamethasone induced diabetes. Insulin sensitisers like Rosiglitazone ; metformin are being evaluated for primary prevention of T2DM in high risk patients 5. They produce several adverse effects. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eugenia Jambolana seed powder (EJ) is used in ayurveda for diabetes mellitus. It is likely to be safer for use as a drug to prevent metabolic syndrome than modern chemicals. A number of animal studies have shown beneficial effects of EJ in diabetes mellitus 6, 7, 8. However no study has been done in glucocorticoid induced diabetes. Hence we undertook this study. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Materials & Methods: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three groups of male albino rats, six in each group, weighing around two hundred grams were injected with twelve milligrams per kilo of dexamethasone acid phosphate intraperitoneally for a period of six days. First group received thousand milligrams per kilo of water extract of EJ orally for seven days before & during dexamethasone administration. Second group received 30U/kg of lente insulin (I) subcutaneously for six days during dexamethasone administration.� The third group served as diabetic control. Fasting blood sugar was recorded at 8am on the sixth day. The rats were fasting from 5pm on the fifth day.� Later 2.5 g/kg of glucose was given intraperitoneally & blood glucose was measured 1 hour later. One-touch glucose meter & strips were used to record blood glucose levels. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Statistical significance was measured by paired?t? test. Probability values less than 0.05 are considered significant. Results have been depicted in graphical format | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Results: Graph | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Both 1g/kg EJ & 30u/kg I produced 30% reduction of FBS. On GTT insulin produced 50% reduction while EJ produced 25% reduction. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discussion & Conclusion: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In earlier study the seed powder of EJ protected rats from mild diabetes. Considering the importance of the finding we repeated the study, but the rats developed higher degree of diabetes & EJ seed powder did not show significant beneficial result. Hence we chose to use water extract of EJ seed powder. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water extract of Eugenia jambolana is effective in dexamethasone induced severe diabetes. It might have insulin sensitiser property & may be suitable for primary prevention of T2DM. We plan to study Eugenia jambolana seed extract in greater depth & detail. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1J.I Bell, T.D.R Hockaday. Diabetes Mellitus In: D.J Weatherall, J.G.G Ledingam, D.A Warell, et al, editors. Oxford Textbook of Medicine 3rd ed.� New York: Oxford Medical Publication; 1996. P. 1448-504. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 Melvin R. Hayden and Suresh C. Tungi. Review Article: Intimal redox stress: Accelerated atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus Atheroscleropathy. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2002; September.P.1-27. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, Flier JS. Science.2001 Dec 7; 294(5549):2166-70 |
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| 4. Direct Glucocorticoid Inhibition of Insulin Secretion. C�cileLambillotte, Patrick Gilon, and Jean-Claude Henquin,J.Clin. Invest. 1997, 99; 414-423 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5. Preventing Diabetes by Treating Aspects of the Metabolic Syndrome, ��Roopa R Sathyaprakash and Robert R Henry, Current Diabetes Reports 2002; 2: 416-422 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6. Kedar P, Chakrabati CH. Effects of Jambolana Seed treatment on blood sugar, lipids and urea in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rabbits. Indian J Physiol Pharmac 1983; 10: 135-40. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7.Shrotri D.S., Kelkar M., Deshmukh V.K., Aiman R., Investigations of the hypoglycemic properties of Vinca rosea, Cassia auriculata and Eugenia jambolana. Indian J Med Res 1963; 51: 464. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 Grover JK,Vats V, Rathi SS, Dawar R.Traditional Indian anti-diabetic plants attenuate progression of renal damage in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;76(3):233-8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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