OVERVIEW

Name:		Date:	Score:
Subject:	Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person
Topic:	Methods of Philosophizing
Content Standards:	The learner demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy
Performance Standards:	The learner evaluate opinions
Learning Competencies	2.1. Distinguish opinion from truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1) 2.2. Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.2) 2.3. Realize that the methods of Philosophy lead to wisdom and truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.3) 2.4. Evaluate opinions(PPT11/12-Ie-2.4)
What is this module all about?	This is a discussion on Methods of philosophizing to give the learners an idea on how to determine Truth, Opinion and Argument. Fallacies and Biases are also dealt with in this module to give students an information that not all arguments are valid, pure and genuine. Proving the validity of a statement is also presented in this module.
Module Content	Lesson 1: Understanding truth and opinion Lesson 2: Distinguishing Truth from Opinion Lesson 3: Difference between Fallacy and Bias

Components in each Lesson
	What I Need to Know - Learning Objectives
	What I Know? - Pre-Assessment
	What’s In? - Review Activity
	What’s New? - Motivational Activity
	What is It? - Lesson Proper
	What’s More? - Performance Task
	What I Have Learned? - Generalization
	What I Can Do? - Application
	Assessment - Post-Assessment

What I Need to Know?

At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:

1. distinguish opinion from truth;

2. analyze situation which show the difference between opinion and truth;

3. realize that the methods of philosophy will lead to wisdom and truth; and

4. perform the given task in every lesson to enforce a clearer understanding of the subject matter.

The following are your guides for the proper use of this module:

1. Follow closely the instructions in every activity.

2. Be honest in answering and checking your exercises.

3. Answer the pre-test before going over the materials. This is to find out what you already know.

4. Answer the exercises encountered at the end of every lessons.

5. Review the lesson that you think you failed to understand.

6. Seek assistance from your teachers if you need help.

7. Ask permission from y our parents/guardians whenever you have research and requirements to be conducted outside your home.

What I know?

I: Choose the correct answer, write the letter only on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a statement which is observable to be real or truthful.

a. claims c. facts

b. beliefs d. opinions

2. This statement is not evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs further investigation or examination to see to it that this statement is true or false.

a. claim c. fact

b. beliefs d. opinion

3. These are statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts.

a. claims c. facts

b. beliefs d. opinions

4. A statement which tells the belief, impression, or prevailing view held by a person.

a. claim c. fact

b. belief d. opinion

5. This is a judgment based on a certain facts.

a. conclusion c. argument

b. explanation d. bias

6. These are series of statements that provide explanations to convince the listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful.

a. conclusion c. argument

b. explanation d. bias

7. This means that a person having the opinion may have views and tendencies that affect the way he or she sees reality.

a. fallacy c.argument

b.explanation d.bias

8. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.

a. conclusions c. knowledge

b. fallacies d. biases

9. It is a clear awareness and understanding of something.

a. conclusion c. knowledge

b. explanation d. bias

10. These are statements that make something clear, it provides reasons to make the statements true.

a. conclusions c. knowledge b .explanations d. biases

II. Identify the following statements. Write T if the statement is true, write O if the statement is opinion.

_____1. The spelling of chair is c-h-a-i-r.

_____2. Every person must visit Boracay.

_____3. The reigning president of the Philippines in the year 2019 is President Rodrigo R. Duterte.

_____4. Jackie is more beautiful than Jade.

_____5. Snakes and crocodiles are examples of reptiles.

_____6. The biggest planet in the solar system is Jupiter.

_____7. Money is the most important thing in the world. _____8. Bukidnon province is part of the region 10 _____9. Cats are the best pets among all animals.

_____10. Camiguin Island is the most beautiful island in the Philippines.

Lesson 1: Understanding Truth and Opinion

Learning Competency: Distinguish opinion from truth. (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)

What’s New?

Activity 1. Check Me!

Which of the following statement are obviously true? Which of the statements are required more thoughts to determine their truthfulness?

Mark (/) if it is opinion or truth.

Statements	Opinion	Truth
1. 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram.
2. Purple is the best color
3. People use their legs to walk
4. Alice likes book
5. Mt. Apo is the highest mountain the Philippines

What is it?

In today’s society, we acquire a lot of information from our friend, family and member in the community. Some information that you receive from maybe utterly true but some information may be utterly false. These kinds of information often have a positive or negative impact on our lives. Thus, as an individual, we have to examine every situation or issue if it is true or if it is opinion.

Difference between opinion and truth

What is opinion?

- is a belief, impression or judgment about something by not necessarily based on fact.

- it prevails personal view of a person. What is truth?

- it is something that has been proven by facts or sincerity.

- in science, truth is based on facts-as something that is observable - in philosophy ,truth is considered as a kind of quality and value.

Every day in your life, you have encountered a lot of information that you have heard from your parents, friends, members of the community or even in social media like Facebook or news from the television and radio. Some information may be helpful to you, but some may mislead you or may even be utterly false. These kinds of information can either give positive or negative impact on your life. For instance, you have a neighbor who wants to lose weight until she saw an advertisement from the television that there is an affordable and effective “slimming pill”. Your neighbor is convinced by the advertisement and took an order then tried and hoping to be physically fit. But then she noticed that there has no effect to her, and having a feeling of fear if it can harm other internal organ in her body. Based on your neighbor’s experienced, the information that you have heard or have watched from the news or the social media especially on products, may tell you the true or may tell you the false. Every day you are confronted with announcements, news, claim, from your peer, friends, family members, the government and media. How would you know if they are telling the truth? Have you experienced the same? Please feel free to share and write it in the space below

___________________________________________________________________

Why truth is important?

Truth is important to clarify knowledge, since it is through knowing that we are able to determine what is true, while talking about Knowledge, it is the clear awareness and understanding of anything that surrounds you. It is a product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts. Our knowledge is comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true.

Take for instance, “No bird have no wings”. This statement simply means that we know what is an observable or evident in a real world- that is based on reality so this is proposition and this statement is considered as facts. Fact is a statement which are observable to be real or truthful. We all know and see that all the birds have wings.

There are also statements that need to have further examination to establish whether it is true or false. For instance; “my man is the best and the smartest” .This statement is not evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs further investigation or examination to see that this statement is true or false. This statement is opinion. Opinion can be proven by verification and experimentation in order to find that the statement is true or false. Please work out the exercise below:

Complete the given phrase:

I know that _________________________________________________________ I believe that _______________________________________________________

How do you know if something is true?

You assumed that everything you know about in this world is true, through your senses and beliefs. But as philosophers, you do not assumed that every statement is true. You need to analyze or investigate or have own investigation to better understand the means by which you gain knowledge and determine the truth about everything. Doubt drives your desires to discover the truth. There should be sufficient reasons and evidences taken to prove that it is true.

Ways on Determining Truth

1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.

Let’s have a sample statements:

A. Ana is the only beautiful classmate that I have.

Prove that Ana is beautiful by writing it in one sentence below.

__________________________________________________________

B. I am a Filipino.

How will you prove that you are a Filipino? Answer that in just one sentence.

__________________________________________________________

Are you now convinced that you call yourself a Filipino Citizen? If not, you can use other mean.

2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.

This is another bases of determining truth. If you think that there are still doubt in your mind, you can do an investigation to some other experts or research to fully seek the truth. You can try the following:

1. Look for your birth certificate. This is an official document to prove that you are really a Filipino Citizen.

2. Ask your biological parents and other relatives. This is to prove that they are the witnesses that you are really a Filipino Citizen.

Write your answer in your activity notebook the information presented in the birth certificate and the information given by your parents regarding your citizenship.

3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief.

This is getting everyone to agree on something with nobody opposing or against on that statement. Based on the previous example, by looking at your birth certificate, since it is an official documents that is issued by the institution of the government it shows factual information, the entries it bears are truthful. And if your biological parents and relatives agreeing that you are truly a Filipino Citizen, this is way in determining what is true.

4. Statements can also be true through actions.

For instance, your best-friend tells you that he/she knows how to cook a menudo. Do you believe his/her statement instantly? Or might you ask him/her to perform the cooking. Then let you taste the menudo if the taste is delicious or not. If the taste of the menudo is delicious, then that would be the time that you believe him/her that he/she really knows how to cook menudo.

What’s More?

Activity 2: Transformation!

The statements below are examples of opinions. Transform them into truth? Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Opinion	Truth
1. We live in a peaceful community
2. My father is taller than my mother.
3. Our house is tidy.
4. She can fry egg
5. He can play basket ball

Lesson 2. Distinguishing Truth from Opinion

Learning Competency: Analyzed situations that show the difference between opinion and truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.2)

What’s New?

Activity 1: Recall

Based on what you have encountered in everyday conversations give at least 3 example of opinions and facts on what you have heard and seen.

Opinion	Truth
1.	1.
2.	2.
3.	3.

What is It?

You can have now an idea how philosophizing recognizes truth, let us apply it in a various situations in your life. Everything you have encountered could either be an opinion or truth. But what distinguishes one from the other? Let us take a look at the following statements .and observe the difference between truth and opinion.

Truth

Opinion

1. The minimum fare for motorela from Balbagon, Mambajao to Poblacion,Mambajao public market is 9.00Php.

1. Fare is increasing because the driver wants to have a high income

2. Frederick Navarro arrived in Cagayan de Oro at 01:05pm.

2. Frederick Navarro arrived in Cagayan de Oro in the afternoon, he is supposed to arrive in Cagayan de Oro in the morning but because he feel lazy to wake up early and feel bored to travel alone.

Analyzing closely the statements, it is observable that statements in the first column are truth because they contain ideas or information which are easily verifiable, while statements in the second column are opinions since they need further facts which will provide conclusion and beliefs in the given situation.

Conclusion is a statement based on a certain fact. Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. For example, if your mother states that “God created everything that is present in this entire world”, proving that this statement is considered as truth, you need other person’s views and experiences. Explanations are statements claiming to be true and provides reasons to make the statements true.

What’s more?

Activity 2. Think And Tell!

Copy the following situations in your activity notebook. Identify the following situations whether it is opinion or truth by checking the box provided. Support your answer.

1. My sister gave birth to her baby boy at exactly 8:45am on July 04, 2015 through cesarean delivery. Opinion Truth

Why? ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

2. My sister delivered her baby boy through caesarean because she believes that it is a safer way of delivering a baby. Opinion Truth

Why? ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Lesson 3. Difference Between

Fallacy and Bias

Learning Competency: Realize that the method of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.3)

:Evaluate opinions (PPT11/12-Ie-2.4)

What’s New?

Activity 1: I Imagine!

Imagine that you are a part of the conversation below, how will you react to the statements given?

Friend 1: Hey have heard about Miguel? He was with Algen last night, do they boy/girlfriend.

Friend 2: I just saw him last week he was with

Jackilyn and I just asked Miguel if Jackilyn is his girlfriend. And then he replied “yes”.

Friend 3: I am a friend of Algen, and I know who her boyfriend is.

You: __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

What is It?

Every day in our experience, we argued on so many things. In our family we often argued on who is right and is wrong, who is smart and who is not, who is handsome and who is not or who is the best the mother or the father. What then is argument?

Arguments are series of statements that provide explanations to convince the listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful.

Types of Arguments

1. Fallacy or Fake argument (maling pangangatuwiran)– are group of statements that appear to be arguments to support the conclusion.

Example:

There is no hope in the Philippine government, because it is tropical country.

What makes the statement fallacious? It is fallacious because climate has nothing to do with the hope of Philippine government.

2. Bias – refers tendencies or influences which affect the views of the people. When looking at an opinion you must be aware of bias so that you can objectively and critically examined points of view.

Types of Fallacy

Fallacy	Characteristics	Example
Argumentum Ad hominem	(Argument against the Person) Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself	“Do not listen to his opinion he is fool.”
Argumentum ad BaculumAppeal to force	(Appeal to Force) Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument	“If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government, then we will have no recourse but go to war.”
Argumentum ad Misericordiam.	(Appeal to Emotion) It is by using emotions such as pity or sympathy, one might be able to convince the person.	“Please, let me in. I was just late because I have to attend to my son who is sick.
Argumentum ad Populum.	Appeal to Popular or Bandwagon) The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it	“Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go find one!”

Bias	Characteristics	Example
Correspondence bias or attribute effect	You judge a person’s personality based on the actions, and never mind the extrinsic (panlabas na dahilan) factor.	“These rebels who fought against the government are all inconsiderate murderers!”
Confirmation bias	Tendency to look for a readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views that go against it	“How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!”
Framing	Do not only settled in one issue of the problem and then you do not mind the other aspects. Judging an incidence without looking at the other side.	“In motorcycle accident yesterday, it is altogether a fault of the driver for reckless driving.”
Hindsight	The phenomena which occur has a pattern and can be predicted, such is usually based in historical evidence.	“Let us take an example on the Magellan’s assault on Mactan, his defeat was just due to his looking Filipinos as people of no knowledge.”

An individual cannot live his or her life just agreeing with everybody he or she meets. A critical mind aided by a philosophy can help us from our own personal point of view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when faced with a problem. Each individual’s point of view is unique but it should be based on sound and reasonable ideas and views. We would be able to come up with ideas which are truthful and can be accepted universally through the study Philosophy. Let us imagine several individuals reacting to news on the television and radio about the SAME SEX MARRIAGE that is being proposed in the congress. Let’s analyze the opinions of these individuals.

Father Nael: (Priest)

It’s not allowed to marry with the same sex. Married is for a man and a woman. This is a sacred ceremony for a couple that promise and exchange vows before the Lord. They disobeyed the commandments of the Lord. God created man for woman.

Mrs. Casiana: (Member in the society)

It is awkward to hear that same sexes were married. How could they produce children? Even though they loved each other, but for me it is a mistake.

Mr. Serge: (Gay)

I agree on these proposal, in a sense that I could feel secured and have peace of mind. And I would also feel full of happiness because my love one and I will live together in a legal way.

Ms. Emyang: (Lesbian)

It is alright for me. There’s no such mistake of having an affair with same sex, because we cannot resist that love that we felt, whatever gender it is, as long as you live with her with happiness and feel comfortable of being companion, well it’s good. So much good if you both live in a legal way or have married legally.

Ms. Jennifer: (Parent of a gay)

If that proposal would be a law, I would just let my son-gay to marry a man if he thinks that a man is meant for him. As long as they know their limitations and overcome the consequences in their relationship. I would agree just for him to be happy.

What’s More?

Activity 2: My Personal Insights:

After reading the six arguments on the given issues above, which do you think the best argument and why? Write your answer in your Reflection notebook.

• The truth that we are looking for could be determine because it is situated at the heart of inquiry.

• Fact is a statement which are observable to be real or truthful, while claim is the statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs further investigation or examination to see it that this statement is true or false.

• All Philosophers only accept things as facts if it observable fact or it is an empirical facts or reality. In Philosophy, opinion, conclusion, beliefs, explanations, arguments are of utmost importance in understanding philosophical argument.

• Not all argument are genuine, some are fake or fallacious and some are bias. This means that they are products of faulty reasoning. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of arguments. We must also be aware of bias so that we can objectively and critically examined points of view.

• The different issues in our lives could be examined through Philosophy. An objective evaluation of opinions and an awareness of our own personal biases can help us make wise choices regarding the most acceptable views to adopt the right actions to undertake.

What I Can Do?

Visit to your market in your locality, make an observations on the vendors who are selling products and advertising its benefit. The vendor convinces people to purchase the product.

How will you determine the truth of the claims given? Write your observations in your activity notebook.

Criteria	Ratings
The paper relates entirely to the assigned topic or issue.	1 2 3 4 5
The paper conveys a genuine personal view regarding the topic or issue.	1 2 3 4 5
The Paper written following the conventions of good writing and standard grammar	1 2 3 4 5
The work is original and does not contain plagiarized content	1 2 3 4 5
TOTAL (20 points)

Assessment

Choose the correct answer. Write only letter on your separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a statement which are observable to be real or truthful.

a. claims c. fact

b. beliefs d. opinion

2. This statement is not evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs further investigation or examination to see to it that this statement is true or false.

a. claim c. fact

b. beliefs d. opinion

3. These are statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts. a. Claims c. facts

b. Beliefs d. opinions

4 A statement which tell the belief, impression, or prevailing view held by a person. a. Claim c. fact

b. Belief d. opinion

5. This is a judgments based on a certain facts.

a. conclusion c. argument

b. explanation d. bias

6. This is a series of statements that provide explanations to convince the listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful.

a. conclusion c. argument

b. explanation d. bias

7. This means that a person having the opinion may have views and tendencies that affect the way he or she sees reality.

a. fallacy c. argument

b. explanation d. bias

8. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.

a. conclusions c. knowledge

b. fallacies d. biases

9. It is a clear awareness and understanding of something.

a. conclusion c. knowledge

b. explanation d. bias

10.These are statements that make something clear, it provides reasons to make the statements true.

a. conclusions c. knowledge b .explanations d. biases

II. Identify the following statements. Write T if the statement is true, write O if the statement is opinion.

_____1. The spelling of chair is c-h-a-i-r.

_____2. Every person must visit Boracay.

_____3. The reigning president in the Philippines in year 2019 is President Rodrigo R.

Duterte.

_____4. Jackie is more beautiful than Jade.

_____5. Snakes and crocodiles are examples of reptiles.

_____6. The biggest planet in the solar system is Jupiter.

_____7. Money is the most important thing in the world.

_____8. Camiguin Island is part of the region 10

_____9. Cats are the best pets among all animals.

_____10. Camiguin Island is the most beautiful island in the Philippines.

Congratulations! You are done!

Module 2: References

Books:

Roberto D. Abella, M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Department of Education. Republic of the Philippines.

Internet:

https://www.google.com/search?q=fact+statement+examples&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-

8&client=firefox-b https://brainly.ph/question/375582#readmore https://brainly.ph/question/445975#readmore https://piolocom.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/methods-of-philosophizing https://www.quora.com/Why-do-you-think-people-argue-Why-is-it-important-to-argue https://philosophy.hku.hk/think/fallacy/list.php

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Table of Contents

OVERVIEW

Lesson 1: Understanding Truth and Opinion

Lesson 2. Distinguishing Truth from Opinion

Lesson 3. Difference Between