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1.1. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾1)


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ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¼º°ú´Â, ±×¸¦ ¡°±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ¡±·Î ÀÌÇØÇϵµ·Ï ÀεµÇØ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ µðÇÁ¾à ¹Ú»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾î¼­ 1980³â´ë¿¡ ÆíÁýµÈ ¡°µðÇÁ¾à ÆíÁö¡±4)³ª µ¹º¸¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¹ß±¼µÇ¾î 1990³â´ë¿¡ ÃâÆÇµÈ ¡°µ¹º¸ÀÇ ¼³±³¹®¡±5)µéÀÌ ±×·ÁÁÖ´Â ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¸ð½ÀÀº, °æÁ÷µÈ ½ÅÇÐÀڷμ­ÀÇ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Èı⠷θ¶ Á¦±¹ÀÇ ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÁÖ±³·Î¼­ÀÇ »óÀÌ´Ù.6) ±³È¸ Á¤Ä¡¿Í »çȸÀÇ Çö½Ç¿¡ ±íÀÌ °ü°èÇß´ø ¸ñȸÀڷμ­ÀÇ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±Ù·¡ÀÇ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ Ž±¸ÀÇ Çй®ÀûÀÎ °æÇâ°ú °ü·ÃÇؼ­ °í·ÁÇØ º¼ ¶§, ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀº Áß¿äÇÑ ¿¬±¸ Å׸¶ÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


1.2. ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡


¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¿ª°ú °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ´Â ±âµ¶±³È¸´Â ¼¼»ó ¼Ó¿¡¼­ Çϳª´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ ÇöÀ缺°ú Á¾¸»·Ð¼ºÀÇ ±äÀå¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¶ó´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¼ö·¹ ¹ÙÄû´Â, ¼­¾ç»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çö´ëÀÇ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è¼Ó¿¡¼­µµ, »óÈ£ ¿ªµ¿Àû °ü°è¼Ó¿¡¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ »çȸÀû, Á¾±³Àû »îÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ» ½Ç¾î ³ª¸£±â À§ÇÑ µÎ °³ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÃàÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇØ ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î °íÂûÇØ º¼¶§, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±³È¸ ÀüÅëµé Áß¿¡¼­, ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ±Ø½ÉÇÑ Ç̹ÚÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´ø ±âµ¶±³ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡ Çϸé, ±¹°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ ÈÄ¿øÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´ø ±³È¸ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ Àֱ⵵ ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±¹°¡¿Í ±× ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÈÄ¿øÀ» ÀÔÀº ºÐÆÄ ¸ðµÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¹ÚÇظ¦ °æÇèÇß´ø ±³È¸ ±×·ìÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù.7) ´õ±º´Ù³ª, Çö´ëÀεéÀº, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¸¦ °¡Áø Á¤Ä¡, °æÁ¦, »çȸÀû ±×·ìµéÀÌ ÇÑ ±¹°¡ ¾È¿¡ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º¹ÀâÇÑ ±¹Á¦ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿ªÇмӿ¡¼­ °øÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À̵éÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ¼ºÃëÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¾çÅ·Π±¹°¡µé°ú °ü°èÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¸ñ°ÝÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »óȲ¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Çö´ë ±³È¸°¡ ±× °íÀ¯ÀÇ »ç¿ªÀ» °¨´çÇÏ·Á°í ÇÒ¶§¸¶´Ù, ¾î¶² ÇüÅÂ·Îµç ±¹°¡¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ´Â ´õ¿í º¹ÀâÇÑ ¾ç»óÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±³È¸-±¹°¡ °ü°è·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î Á¡Â÷ Áß¿äÇÑ ±³È¸»ç ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦·Î ºÎ°¢µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 


2. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:31-45


¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ÇÑ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥¿¡ ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ä¾àÇÏ¿© Áø¼úÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.8) ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀº, Àü »ý¾Ö¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­, ƯÈ÷ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁÖ±³¿´´ø ±×°¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ñȸÀû »óȲ¿¡ ºÀÂøÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù, ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­, »ç»óÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸´Ù ÀûÇÕÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.9) ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ »ç»ó, ´õ±¸³ª ±Þº¯ÇÏ´Â Èı⠷θ¶Á¦±¹ ½Ã´ë¸¦ »ì¸é¼­ »ç¿ªÇß´ø ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀÇ ÀÌÇØ´Â, ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû »óȲÀÇ ÃßÀÌ¿Í ¸Â¹°·Á¼­ ÀÌÇصǾî¾ß¸¸ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


º» ³í¹®Àº ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:31-45ÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» °íÂûÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ´Ù´Ï¿¤¼­ ÁÖ¼®À» º°µµ·Î ±â·ÏÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡, º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» ÃëÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 1)ù°·Î, ±×ÀÇ Àü ÀÛÇ°µé¿¡ ÆÄÆíó·³ Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2Àå ÀοëÀ» °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ¸¹ÀÌ Ã£¾Æ³»¸ç10) 2) µÑ°·Î, ±×°¡ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀ» »ç¿ëÇß´ø ÀÛÇ°µéÀ» ¿¬´ë±âÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.11)  3) ¼¼ ¹ø° ´Ü°è´Â, ±×ÀÇ Çؼ®À» ºÐ¼®ÇØ ³»¾î ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ÃßÀûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

´Ù´Ï¿¤¼­ 2ÀåÀº, ¹®È­ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯´ëÀÎÀ» Çï¶óÈ­ÇÏ·Á´Â Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ¸Â¼­¼­, À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç¸¦ Áö¹èÇϸç À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ÁöÇý°¡ À̱³µµµéÀÇ ±×°Íº¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇÔÀ» ¼³¸íÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀÇ Çؼ®Àº ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÄܽºÅºÆ¾À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ºñÀÜƾÀÇ À¯½ºÆ¼´Ï¾È ȲÁ¦»çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ±âµ¶±³ Àú¼ú°¡µéÀÌ °¢°¢ ±×µéÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹®È­Àû ÄÜÅؽºÆ®¿¡¼­ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¹Ý¿µÇߴ°¡¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.12) ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀÇ Çؼ®Àº, ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ »ç»óÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ÇÑ Ã¢¹®ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

²Þ¿¡ ¿ÕÀÌ ÇÑ ½Å»óÀ» º¸´Âµ¥, ¸Ó¸®´Â Á¤±ÝÀÌ¿ä, °¡½¿°ú ÆÈÀº ÀºÀÌ¸ç ¹è¿Í ³ÐÀû´Ù¸®´Â ³òÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â °¢°¢ ¹Ùº§·Ð, ¸Þµ¥¾Æ, Æ丣½Ã¾Æ ¹× ±×¸®À̽º¸¦ ´ëº¯ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÑ ¶ßÀε¹ÀÌ ½Å»óÀÇ Ã¶°ú ÁøÈëÀÇ ¹ßÀ» Ãļ­, ö°ú ÁøÈë°ú ³ò°ú Àº°ú ±ÝÀÌ ´Ù ºÎ½¤Áö°Ô µÇ¸ç, ¿ì»óÀ» Ä£ µ¹Àº Å»êÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î ¿Â ¼¼°è¿¡ °¡µæÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù.

º» ³í¹®¿¡¼­´Â, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°µéÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû ºÐ¼®¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇؼ­, ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀ» ¼¼ ´Ü°è·Î °íÂûÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.13) ù ´Ü°è´Â ±×°¡ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁÖ±³·Î ¼­Ç°µÈ 395³â ÀÌÀüÀ̸ç, µÎ ¹ø° ´Ü°è´Â, 396³âºÎÅÍ, µµ³ªÆ¼½ºÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¢·ÉÀÌ ¹ÝÆ÷µÈ 405³â »çÀÌÀÇ ±â°£ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼ ¹ø°´Â, °í¿ï Áö¹æÀ» À¯¸°Çß´ø ¹Ý´ÞÁ·ÀÇ Ä§ÀÔÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø 406³â ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ½Ã±â°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù.


I. 385³â ÀÌÀü (Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁÖ±³°¡ µÇ±â ÀÌÀü)


1. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Expositions on the Book of Psalms 3,4.14) (392³â ±â·Ï)


II. 396³â - 405³â


2. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Reply to Faustus the Manichaean, 13,13.15) (398³â)

3. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2: 47. The Catechising of the Uninstructed, 21, 37.16) (400³â)

4. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:35. The Letters of Petilian, The Donatist, 2, 38, 90.17) (400³â)

5. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:35. The Letters of Petilian, The Donatist, 2, 70, 158.18) (400³â)


III. 406³â ÀÌÈÄ (·Î¸¶°¡ ¹Ý´ÞÁ·ÀÇ Ä§ÀÔÀ» ¹ÞÀº ÀÌÈÄ)


6. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Letter 164, 5,16.19) (written 414/415)

7. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Tractates on the Gospel of John, 4,4.20) (416/417 ±â·Ï. 407-408¿¡ ±â·Ï ½ÃÀÛ)21) 

8. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Tractates on the Gospel of John, 9, 15.22) (416/417 ±â·Ï. 407-408¿¡ ±â·Ï ½ÃÀÛ)

9. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Tractates on the First Epistle of John, 1, 12.23)  (416 ±â·Ï. 407-408 ±â·Ï ½ÃÀÛ)24)

10. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:35. Tractates on the First Epistle of John, 3, 6.25) (416 ±â·Ï. 407-408 ±â·Ï ½ÃÀÛ)


´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¾ð±ÞµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀÇ ÀοëÀº, ±× ÀÛÇ°µéÀÇ ±â·Ï ¿¬´ë°¡ ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÏ´Ù.


11. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 43, 4.26) ( 392-418)

12. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 45, 30.27) (392-418)

13. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:35. Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 46, 11.28) (392-418)

14. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:35. Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 48, 2.29) (392-418)

15. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:48. Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 62, 4.30) (392-418)

16. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:34-35. Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 99, 11.31) (392-418)



2.1. 395³â ÀÌÀü


¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ½ÃÆíÁÖ¼® 3Àå¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ´Ù´Ï¿¤¼­ 2ÀåÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÌ ºñ¼óÀÌ µÇ±â ÀÌÀüÀÎ 392³â¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ32) À¯ÀÏÇÑ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀÇ ÀοëÀ̶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¸ñµÈ´Ù. 

º»¹®Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.


¡®±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼º»ê¿¡¼­ ³ª¸¦ µé¾ú´Ù.¡¯¿ì¸®´Â ¼±ÁöÀÚ°¡ ¡®»ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ°í »ê¿¡¼­ ¶ßÀÎ µ¹ÀÌ ÀÚ¶ó¼­ Å»êÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù.¡¯¶ó°í ±â·ÏÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í°°ÀÌ, ¡®ÁÖ²²¼­ Ä£È÷ ±× »ê¿¡¼­ ºÒ·¯Á³´Ù°í µè´Â´Ù.¡¯33)


ÀÌ ÂªÀº Àο뿡¼­, ÁÖ´Â °Å·èÇÑ »ê¿¡¼­ ºÒ¸®¿öÁø´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ÀÌ »êÀ» µ¹ÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú °ü·Ã½ÃÄѼ­ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀ» ÀοëÇϸ鼭, ±×´Â µ¹ÀÌ »êÀÇ Å©±â±îÁö ÀÚ¶ó´Â °Í¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ°íÀÖ´Ù. ±¸¾à¼º¼­ÀÇ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀº, ±× µ¹ÀÌ ±¹°¡¸¦ ÀǹÌÇß´ø ½Å»óÀ» ºÎ¼ø´Ù°í ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ±× µ¹ÀÌ ¡°ºÎ¼ø´Ù(crushing)¡± ±×¸®°í ¡°Ä£´Ù(striking)¡±´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ´ÜÁö µ¹ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¼º°Ý¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ±×´Â ÀÌ µ¹À», ±×°¡ ÈÄ¿¡ ±â¼úÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í´Â ´Þ¸®, ¼¼»ó¹× ±¹°¡¿Í ¿¬°á½ÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ ÁÖ¼®À» ÅëÇؼ­ º¼¶§, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº Àû¾îµµ 392³â±îÁö´Â ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀΠŵµ¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ±×°¡ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀ» ÀοëÇÑ °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇØ º¼¶§, ±³È¸ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óµµ ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ¹ßÀüµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº µíÀÌ º¸ÀδÙ.

 

2.2. 396³â - 405³â


¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº 398³â¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ Relpy to Faustus the ManichaeanÀ̶õ ÀÛÇ°¿¡¼­, Å»êÀ» ÀÌ·é µ¹ÀÌ ¼ºÀåÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ±×ÀÇ ÃÊÁ¡À» ´õ¿í °­Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2: 34-35¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϸ鼭, ±×´Â ÂüµÈ µµ½Ã°¡ ÀÛÀº µ¹¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÇÑ »ê À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹¦»çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ¡°±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ... ´«¿¡ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô º¸¿©Áø´Ù¡±°í ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ °¡½ÃÀûÀÎ ±³È¸¿Í ¿¬°á½ÃÅ°±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Áø¼úÇÑ´Ù.


... ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ µµ¼ºÀº »ê À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× »êÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ ¼±Áö¼­¿¡¼­ Àд ¹Ùó·³, ÀÛÀº µ¹¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¿Â ¼¼»óÀ» °¡µæ ä¿ï¶§±îÁö ÀÚ¶ó³µ´Ù.34)


¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº, ±×ÀÇ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2Àå ¼³¸í¿¡¼­, 392³â°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ÀÛÀº µ¹ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» ¹¦»çÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¡°ÀÚ¶ó³µ´Ù¡±¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 398³â°æ¿¡´Â, ¡°¿Â ¼¼»óÀ» °¡µæä¿ü´Ù¡±¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±×ÀÇ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀÇ Àο뿡¼­ óÀ½ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼»ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±× µ¹°ú °ü·ÃÇؼ­ ¿¹¾ðÀÇ ¼ºÃë¶ó´Â °³³äÀÌ ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ ·Î¸¶ ¼¼°è ¾È¿¡¼­ ±³È¸ÀÇ È®ÀåÀ» ÀǵµÇÑ µíÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸, ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2Àå¿¡´Â, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÆĸêÀÌ ¸íÈ®È÷ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, ±×°¡ ±× ±¸ÀýÀ» ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ÀοëÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â, ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Áö»óÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¸ê¸Á¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ÀüÇô ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

 

µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Çö»óÀÌ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ The Letters of Petilian, The Donatist ¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. 400³â¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°¿¡¼­, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ È®ÀåÀ» ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2Àå 35ÀýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÓÇϽô ¼º·É¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹·ç»ì·½, À¯´ë »ç¸¶¸®¾Æ ±×¸®°í Àü ¼¼°è·Î È®ÀåµÇ´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» º¸°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº µµ³ªÆ¼½ºÆ®ÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÎ ÆäÆ¿¸®¾ÈÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇϴµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×´Â ÀÛÀº µ¹¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÇؼ­ Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ Ã游Çß´ø »êÀ» ÀνÄÇÏÁö ¸øÇ߱⠶§¹®À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.35) ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀ» ÀοëÇϸ鼭, Àü ¼¼°è·Î È®ÀåµÇ´Â Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ßÀüµÈ ºñÁ¯À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®¿¡¼­´Â, µ¹¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ºÎ¼ö¾îÁø ½Å»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹¦»ç´Â ÀüÇô ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖÁö ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2Àå¿¡¼­ ½Å»óÀÇ ÆĸêÀº °ð Áö»ó ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÆĸêÀ» ÀǹÌÇß¾ú´Âµ¥ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.


¼Â°·Î, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÆíÁö¿¡¼­, µµ³ªÆ¼½ºÆ®ÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÎ ÆäÆ¿¸®¾ÈÀÌ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾¿¡°Ô ÆòÈ­°¡ ¾îµð¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹°¾úÀ» ¶§, ±×´Â ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀÇ º»¹®À¸·Î ´ë´äÇß´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÆòÈ­´Â µ¹¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¶ó¼­ Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ Ã游ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â »êÀ̽Š±×¸®½ºµµ¾È¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº, ±× »êÀ§¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â µµ¼º, Áï Áï Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸´Â ¼û°ÜÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í °­º¯ÇÑ´Ù.36)  ÀÌ ¼³¸í¿¡¼­ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ·Î¸¶¼¼°è¿¡¼­ º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ȹµæÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ½Å·Ú°¨À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


³Ý°·Î, ¶ÇÇÑ 400³â¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀÇ Àο뿡¼­, ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¹·ç»ì·½°ú ¹Ùº§·Ð, ÀÌ µÎ µµ¼ºÀº Á¾¸»¶§±îÁö ¼­·Î È¥ÀçÇØ ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀ» ÀοëÇϸ鼭, ±×´Â ¡°±³È¸´Â ¸¶Ä¡ ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÌ ¹Ùº§·ÐÀÇ Æ÷·Î·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÇµíÀÌ, ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀÇ È¥µ·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸¿øµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¹¦»çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀÇ À̾߱⸦ ÅëÇؼ­, ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀÌ Æ÷·Î »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¹Ùº§·ÐÀÇ ¿ÕµéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¡°ÇÑ ºÐÀ̽ŠÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Â°¡?¡±¶ó°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ȯ±âÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.37) ±×ÀÇ ¼³¸í¿¡¼­, ±³È¸´Â ÀÌ ¼¼»ó°ú Àû´ëÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç·Î ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ùº§·ÐÀÇ ¿Õµé°ú ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀ» ´ëÁ¶ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸, ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀ» ÀοëÇؼ­, ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ±¹°¡°¡ Àû´ëÀûÀÓÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, ±×´Â Áö»óÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ¡°ºÎ¼ö¾îÁ³´Ù¡±¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ» ÀüÇô »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. 406³â ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°µé¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·± Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ÀÚÁÖ µîÀåÇߴµ¥ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î 396-405³â µ¿¾È¿¡, ±×´Â ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀΠŵµ¸¦ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °ßÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


À§¿¡¼­ °íÂûÇÑ ¹Ùó·³, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÌ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀ» ÀοëÇÑ ³× °÷¿¡¼­, ±×´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ±³È¸ÀÇ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è¼º ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¼¼»ó¿¡ È®ÀåµÇ´Â ±³È¸¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼º¼÷ÇÑ ±âµ¶·ÐÀû ±³È¸·ÐÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ºñ·Ï ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¼º(antithesis)À» ¹¦»çÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀΠŵµ¸¦ ÃëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

±×·¸Áö¸¸, ±×´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±× µ¹ÀÌ ½Å»óÀ» "ºÎ¼ö°í" ¡°Ä¡´Â¡±°ÍÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2ÀåÀº ±× ½Å»ó, Áï ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÆĸêÀ» °­Á¶ÇßÁö¸¸, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸¸¾à ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?


ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© °¡´ÉÇÑ ´äº¯Àº, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÌ ÀÌ ±â°£µ¿¾È¿¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±³È¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ±â´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â´ë¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¼³¸íÀÌ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ »ç»óÀû ¹ßÀü °úÁ¤¿¡¼­, ±×°¡ 395³â¿¡ ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ È÷Æ÷ÀÇ ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ÁÖ±³·Î ¼­Ç°¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ» ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î, ÁÖ±³À¸·Î¼­, ±×´Â ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±âµ¶±³±Ç¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â Àϵé°ú ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸¸¦ º¯È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ »ç¿ªÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÛÇ°À» ½á¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù.38) 

±× ´ç½Ã, ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû Á¾±³Àû »óȲÀº ¸Å¿ì ±Þ°ÝÇÑ º¯È¯±â¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡´Â, ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¹éÀÛÀ̾ú´ø ±æµµ(Gildo)ÀÇ ¹Ý¶õ(386-398)ÀÌ ¹ßÈïÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹Ý¶õÀº ¿ÉŸÅõ½º(Optatus)ÀÇ Áöµµ·ÂÇÏ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø µµ³ªÆ¼½ºÆ® ¿îµ¿°ú °áÇյǾú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹«·Æ, ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Å¸ÀÇ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸´Â ÀÌ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °­·ÂÇÏ°Ô µµÀü¹Þ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.39) ½±°Ô »ý°¢µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾°ú ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÀÇÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¶Á÷ü¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû »óȲÀº ¿Ö ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾°ú ±×ÀÇ ½ÅÀÚµéÀÌ ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ±â´ë¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ´õ±¸³ª, ±æµµÀÇ Æйè´Â Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸¸¦ ÈÄ¿øÇÏ´Â ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ °­ÇÑ ±â´ë°¨À» °®µµ·Ï Çϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³», 405³â¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ µµ³ªÆ¼½ºÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬ÇÕÄ¢·É(Cod Theod xvi, 5, 8)Àº ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾¿¡°Ô ·Î¸¶ ȲÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú°¨À» ´õ¿í ÁÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µµ³ªÆ¼½ºÆ® ±×·ì¿¡¼­ ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿À´Â °ÍÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.40)

±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¿ì¸®´Â Àû¾îµµ, ¹Ý´ÞÁ·ÀÌ ¼ÒÀ§ ±âµ¶±³ Á¦±¹À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ·Î¸¶¸¦ ħÀÔÇÏ¿© À¯¸°Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´ø 406³â ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÌ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2:31-45¸¦ ÀοëÇÒ ¶§, ½Å»óÀÌ ºÎ¼ö¾îÁø´ÙµçÁö, ±× ½Å»óÀÌ µ¹¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ±ú¶ß·Á Áø´Ù´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ» ÀüÇô »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


2.3. 406³â ÀÌÈÄ


¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀÇ µÎ¹ø° ÀüȯÁ¡Àº, 406³â¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¹Ý´ÞÁ·ÀÌ ·Î¸¶·Î ħÀÔÇØ ¿Ô´ø ¶§ÀÌ´Ù. ¸ô¶ôÇØ °¡´Â ¡°±âµ¶±³ Á¦±¹¡±À» ¸ñ°ÝÇϸ鼭, ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯ÀÇ ÁÖ±³¿´´ø ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´Ù½Ã »ý°¢ÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡¼­, °­Á¶Á¡ÀÇ ÀüȯÀÌ ¶Ç Çѹø º¸¿©Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


¿ì¼±, 416³â¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾ú´ø Homilies of the Gospel of John(407-408³â¿¡ ±â·Ï ½ÃÀÛ)À» º¸¸é, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ¹ß´ÞµÈ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ °³³äÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿äÇÑ. 1:19-33ÀÇ ¼³¸í¿¡¼­, À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ¼¼·Ê¿äÇÑÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼º¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Ë±â¸¦ ¿øÇßÀ» ¶§, ¿äÇÑÀÇ Áõ°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑ µ¹, Áï ±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼­ À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ´«¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¸ê½Ã¸¦ ¹ÞÀ¸¼Ì´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× µ¹Àº ÀÚ¶ó¼­ Ä¿´Ù¶õ µ¹ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä§³», ¿Â ¼¼»óÀÇ Ç¥¸éÀ» µÚµ¤¾ú´Ù.41)  ÀÌ¿Í°°ÀÌ ¼³¸íÇϸ鼭, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¿Õ±¹°ú µ¿ÀϽÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº °è¼Ó ¼­¼úÇÑ´Ù.


¡° ... ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±× µ¹ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ÀÚ¶ó¼­ ¿Â ¼¼»ó¿¡ Ã游ÇÏ°Ô µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ´ÔÀº ´ç½ÅÀÇ ³ª¶ó, °ð ±³È¸¸¦ º¸¿©Á̴ּÙ. ±× ±³È¸¿Í ´õºÒ¾î ÁÖ´ÔÀº ¿Â ¼¼»óÀ» Ã游ÇÏ°Ô Ã¤¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±42)


¾î°Å½ºÆ¾¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±³È¸´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ±³È¸¿Í ÇÔ²², ±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼­´Â, Áö»óÀÇ ¸ðµç Ç¥¸éÀ» µ¤À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±¹°¡¿Í °ü·ÃÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äÀº Àüº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ °­Á¶µÇ¾ú´Ù.43)  ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°¡ ±³È¸ÀÇ À§»óÀ» °­È­ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ´õ±¸³ª, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾¿¡°Ô´Â ±³È¸, Áï ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ ÀڽŠµÇ½Ã´Â »êÀ» °Å½º¸£´Â °ÍÀ̵ȴÙ.44)  ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡¼­ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§°¡ ÇÑÃþ °­Á¶µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â °¡·ç°¡ µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ À־ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ±³È¸ÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌÀüº¸´Ù ´õ¿í °­Á¶ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


µÎ¹ø° ¿¹´Â, Homilies of the Gospel of JohnÀÇ ¿äÇÑ. 2:1-11¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. °¡³ªÀÇ È¥ÀÎÀÜÄ¡¿¡¼­, Æ÷µµÁÖ°¡ ¶³¾îÁ³À¸³ª ¿¹¼ö²²¼­ 6 µ¹Ç׾Ƹ®¿¡ ¹°À» ä¿ü´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ¼³¸í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é µ¹ Ç׾Ƹ®¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â µ¹Àº ´Ù´Ï¿¤ÀÌ ±â·ÏÇß´ø °Íó·³ »ê¿¡¼­ ¶ßÀÎ µ¹À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µ¹Àº ÀÚ¶ó¼­ Å« »êÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í, ¸¶Ä§³», ¿Â ¼¼»óÀ» µ¤¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °ÇÃàÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¹ö·ÁÁ³´ø µ¹Àº, ¸ðÅüÀÌÀÇ ¸Ó¸®°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µ¹Ã³·³, ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼­µµ À¯´ëÀε鿡 ÀÇÇؼ­ ¹ö·ÁÁ³À¸³ª, ±×ÀÇ ¿Õ±¹Àº ¼¼»óÀ» Á¡À¯ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾Àº ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.

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< Abstract >


Augustine's Thoughts about Church and State: A Development

- His interpretations of Dan 2:31-45


In-Sub Ahn (Dr. Theol. Chongshin University)


In a globalized world, as well as in multicultural States, it becomes increasingly necessary to investigate the Church's relation to the State. It is natural that when researchers study the relationship between Church and State from a historical perspective that they will turn to Augustine to see how he, as a centre of the Christian tradition, dealt with the same issues. Recent research into Augustine shows a tendency to interpret Augustine as man of the Church.

Augustine's use of Dan. 2: 31-45 shows us the development of his thoughts about Church and State. When we find as many references of Dan. 2 as possible and date the writings, we can see the development of Augustine's teaching on Church and State. Firstly, before 395, when he became a bishop of the Catholic Church. Secondly, between 396 and 405 in which period the edict against the Donatists was issued. And thirdly, after 406 when the invasion of the Vandals in Gaul took place.

After Augustine's dedication as a bishop around the year 395, he seemed to modify his thoughts on Church and State. He deepened his view of the biblical texts when he started to work as a bishop of the Catholic Church.

Concerning his ideas about Church and State, Augustine showed a significant development around 406. Prior to the issue of the Edict of unity against the Donatists in 405 (Cod Theod xvi, 5,8), he still seemed to hold a positive attitude toward the State and to view the Roman Empire as a Catholic State.

However, the Roman Empire, which was a faithful guardian of orthodox Christianity, seemed to decline in the face of the invasion of the Vandals. Inspired by this new historical context, he, as a bishop of Roman Catholic Church, began to adopt a negative position toward the State. Therefore, it is after 406 that he began to use the sentence  "the earthly kingdom will be broken by the stone" which he had taken from Daniel 2.


1) º» ³í¹®À» À§Çؼ­ »ç¿ëµÈ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ¶óƾº»µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. (1) Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum (=CSEL). Vienna: Academia Litterarum Caesarae Vindobonensis, 1866 ff. (2) Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (=CCL). Turnholti, Typographi Brepols, 1953 ff. (3) Patrologia Latina Cursus Completus(=PL). ed. J.-P. Migne. 221 vols. Paris: Vives, 1844-55. (4) Dolbeau F. ed. Augustin D'Hippone: Vingt-six sermons au people d'afrique (Paris: Institut d'Etudes Augustiniennes, 1996). ÇÑÆí ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¿µ¾î ¹ø¿ªº»µéÀÌ ÂüÁ¶µÇ¾ú´Ù. (1) A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. First Series, vol 1-8. New York: Christian Literature Co., 1886-1900. Reprinted. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999. (2) The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century. New York: New City Press, 1990 ff. (3) The Fathers of the Church. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1947 ff.


2) Áß¼¼ ±âµ¶±³ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ º» »õ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Àü¸ÁÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. W. Otten, "The Role of Theology in the third Millennium: Views from the Perspective of Medieval Christianity," in In Quest of Humanity Globalising World. Dutch Contributions to the Jubilee of Universities in Rome 2000, (eds.) W. Derkse, J. van der Lans and S. Waanders (Leende: Damon, 2000), pp. 321-338. Ãʱ⠱⵶±³ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ±âµ¶±³¿Í Á¤Ä¡¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. W. Otten, "Early Christianity between Divine Promise and Earthly Politics," in Religious Identity and the Invention of Tradition: Papers read at a NOSTER Conference in Soesterberg, January 4-6, 1999, (eds.) J.W. van Henten and A. Houtepen (Assen: Royal van Gorcum, 2001), pp. 60-83.


3) W. Otten, "Augustine on Marriage, Monasticism, and the Community of the Church," Theological Studies vol. 59 (1998), p. 385.


4) °¢ ¹øÈ£¿¡ º°Ç¥¸¦ ºÙÀÓÀ¸·Î ÀÌ »õ·Ó°Ô ¹ß°ßµÈ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ÆíÁöµéÀº ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÆíÁöµé°ú ±¸º°½ÃŲ´Ù. Ed. J. Divjak, CSEL 88 (Vienna: Tempsky 1981). ¿µ¾î ¹ø¿ªº»Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. R.B. Eno, Saint Augustine, Letters VI (1*-29*). Fathers of the Church Vol. 81 (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1989).


5) F. Dolbeau (ed.), Augustin D'Hippone: Vingt-six sermons au people d'afrique (Paris: Institut d'Etudes Augustiniennes, 1996). ¿µ¾î ¹ø¿ªº»Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. F. Dolbeau, Sermons: Newly Discovered Sermons (New York: New City Press, 1998) [The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century].


6) P.R.L. Brown, Augustine of Hippo: A Biography(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California, 2000), pp. 441-473.


7) A.J. Jelsma, Frontiers of the Reformation: Dissidence and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth-Century Europe (Aldershot/Brookfield USA/ Singapore/ Sydney: Ashgate, 1998), p. 1. ¿»½º¸¶ ±³¼öÀÇ ÀÌ Àú¼­´Â, ±×ÀÇ È­¶õ¾î Ã¥ÀÌ ¿µ¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾î ÃâÆÇµÈ °ÍÀ̸ç, È­¶õ¾î ¿ø¼­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. Zonder een Dak Boven het Hoofd: In het grensgebied tussen Rome en Reformatie (Kampen: Kok, 1997).


8) ´ÙÀ½À» ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó. H. Chadwick, Augustine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986/1996), p. 106.


9) Augustine, Retractationes, prologue 3. ¡°... ³» ÀÛÇ°µéÀ» ±â·ÏµÈ ¼ø¼­´ë·Î Àд »ç¶÷µéÀº, ³»°¡ ±× Ã¥µéÀ» Àú¼úÇϸ鼭 ¾î¶»°Ô »ç»óÀû ¹ßÀüÀ» °¡Á®¿Ô´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±(FC, LX, 5). ±× ¿¹·Î¼­, ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ³í¹®°ú Ã¥µéÀ» º¸¶ó. Cranz, F.E., "The Development of Augustine's Ideas on Society Before the Donatist Controversy," Harvard Theological Review vol. 47 (1954) pp. 255-316. Reprinted in Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays (ed.) R.A. Markus (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1972) pp. 336-403. ; J.P. Burns, The Development of Augustine's Doctrine of Operative Grace (Paris: Etudes Augustiniennes, 1980)


10) ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2Àå ÀοëÀÇ Á÷Á¢ ÀοëÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â, ÁÖ·Î NPNFÀÇ ÅؽºÆ®µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÅؽºÆ®µé°ú ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù.


11) ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°µéÀÇ ¿¬´ë¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Ã¥µéÀÌ ÂüÁ¶µÇ¾ú´Ù. P. Brown, Augustine of Hippo (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California, 2000). A.D. Fitzgerald, Augustine through the Ages, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999).


12) S. de Boer, "Welk dier was Rome?," in: S. de Boer and M.B Pranger (eds.) Saecula saeculorum: Opstellen aangeboden aan C.W. Moennich (Amsterdam: Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep, 1982) pp. 98-141.


13) Å©·£Ã÷´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ÈÄ¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû »ç»óÀº 386³â¿¡¼­ 400³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ½É´ëÇÏ°Ô ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½À» ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó. F.E. Cranz, "The Development of Augustine's Ideas on Society Before the Donatist Controversy," Harvard Theological Reviewvol. 47 (1954) pp. 255-316. ±×·¯³ª ÇÊÀÚ´Â, Å©·£Ã÷ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ëÇϸ鼭µµ, º¸´Ù ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÌ°í º¸´Ù ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­, ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ »ç»óÀº 3´Ü°è¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸é¼­ ¼ºÀåÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ´Ù.


14) PL 36. p. 393.


15) CSEL 25. p. 393.


16) CCL 46. pp. 161-162.


17) CSEL 52. p. 75.


18) CSEL 52. p. 101.


19) CSEL 44. p. 536.


20) CCL 36. p. 32.


21) ´ÙÀ½À» ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó. P. Brown, Augustine of Hippo (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California, 2000), p. 280.


22) CCL 36. p. 98.


23) PL 35. pp. 1986-1988.


24) ÂüÁ¶. P. Brown, Augustine of Hippo, p. 280. ÀÌ ¼³±³µéÀº 407³â¿¡ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù. ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. A.D. Fitzgerald, "Epistulam Johnnis ad Parthos tractatus", in: Augustine through the Ages, pp. 310-311.


25) PL 35. p. 2000.


26) CCL 38. pp. 474-481.


27) CCL 38. pp. 493-517.


28) CCL 38. pp. 517-529.


29) CCL 38. pp. 538-550.


30) CCL 39. pp. 772-793.


31) CCL 39. pp. 1379-1392.


32) ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ ½ÃÆí ÁÖ¼® 1Àå¿¡¼­ 32Àå±îÁö´Â ¾à 392³â¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ½ÃÆíÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¼®µéÀº ´ë·« 418³â °æ¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. M. Cameron, "Enarrationes in Psalmos," in: Augustine through the Ages : An Encyclopedia, (ed.) A.D. Fitzgerald (Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999), pp. 290-296. 


33) Augustine, Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 3, 4. "et exaudivit me de monte sancto suo: montem quidem ipsum Dominum per Prophetam dictum habemus, ut seriptum est, lapidem praecisum sine minibus crevisse in magnitudinem montis."


34) Augustine, Reply to Faustus the Manichaean, 13, 13. "cum illa civitas super montem sit, quem montem, nisi eum. Qui secundum prophetiam Danihelis ex paruulo lapide crevit et factus est mons magnus, ita ut inpleret universam terram?"


35) Augustine, The Letters of Petilian, The Donatist, 2, 39, 90.


36) Augustine, The Letters of Petilian, The Donatist, 71, 157.


37) The Cathechising of the Uninstructed, 21, 37.


38) W. Otten, "Augustine on marriage, monasticism, and the community of the church," Theological Studies vol. 59. (1998). pp. 393-394. ; P. Burnell, "The Problem of Service to Unjust Regimes in Augustine's City of God", in: Journal of the History of Ideas 54 (1993), pp. 178-180. ; R.A. Markus, Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 141ff. ; P. Brown, "St. Augustine's Attitude to Religious Coercion," in: Religion and Society in the Age of Saint Augustine (London: Farber and Faber, 1972), pp. 268 ff. ; F. Van der Meer, Augustine the Bishop: The Life and Work of a Father of the Church (London: Sheed and Ward, 1978), pp.102 -128.


39) W.H.C. Frend, "Donatus 'paene totam Africam decepit'. How?," Journal of Ecclesiastical History (1997) vol. 43., p. 611. W.H.C. Frend, The Donatist Church: A Movement of Protestant in Roman North Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952/1971), pp. 193-207.


40) ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀΠŵµÀÇ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. P. Brown, Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianization of the Roman World(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 3-54. ¶ÇÇÑ ºê¶ó¿îÀÇ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Àú¼­¿Í ³í¹®À» º¸¶ó. P. Brown, Power and Persecution in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire(Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), pp. 118-158. P. Brown, "Christianization and Religious Conflict," in: The Cambridge Ancient History. vol. XIII. The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 632-664.


41) Augustine, On the Gospel of St. John, 4, 4.


42) Augustine, On the Gospel of St. John, 4, 4. "quia nondum creverat lapis ille, et impleverat orbem terrarum : quod ostendit in regno suo, quod est ecclesia, qua implevit totam faciem terrae." CCL 36.


43) Augustine, On the Gospel of St. John, 4, 4.


44) Augustine, On the Gospel of St. John, 4, 4.


45) Augustine, On the Gospel of St. John, 9, 15. "Daniel vidit lapidem praecisum de monte sine minibus, et fregisse omnia regna terrarum, et crevisse illum lapidem, et factum esse montem magnum, ita ut impleret universam faciem terrae." CCL 36.


46) Augustine, Ep. 164, 5, 16.


47) Augustine, Ep. 164, 5, 16. 


48) Augustine, The Homilies on the Epistle of John to the Parthians, 1, 2.


49) Augustine, The Homilies on the Epistle of John to the Parthians, 3, 6.


50) ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÌ ´Ù´Ï¿¤ 2: 34-35¸¦ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÅؽºÆ®µéÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. 1) Augustine, Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 43, 4.  2) Augustine, Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 45, 43.  3) Augustine, Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 46, 11.  4) Augustine, Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 48, 2.  5) Augustine, Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 48, 2.  6) Augustine, Expositions on the Book of Psalms, 62, 4.


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