TECHNOLOGY-- A BRIEF NOTE
1. Technology is defined by the equation:
RESOURCES + TECHNOLOGY = REQUIREMENTS
2. Technology is management of resources and activities by the application of the laws of nature ( science) to convert resources into requirements.
3. TECHNOLOGY AND LANGUAGE are the salient features in the evolution of man, facilitating and facilitated by the development of hand and brain, practice and knowledge
and hence interdependent.
Machines should not be confused as Technology just as WORDS should not be confused as LANGUAGE. Equally sophistication or automation does not necessarily confer a higher status.
Machines, Techniques and Technology correspond to Words, Speech ( grammar ) and Language.
Machines could be borrowed just as words could be borrowed, but like Language, Technology cannot be borrowed or purchased.
Technology appropriate to the desired social changes should be developed in AUTONOMOUS REGIONS just like Language, Culture, History and Economy.
4. Technology is a socio- political process and is class biassed, Hence political power is necessary to develop technology appropriate to the social changes required. If appropriate
technology is not developed, even the political power won could be lost. Technology is a BRIDGE between resources and requirements. Finalising acceptable " requirement end " is a
political process. Constructing the bridge between the "resource end " and the " requirement end " is the technological change. Consolidating the new " requirement end " is the social change.
If the technological change does not take place ( i.e. appropriate technology is not developed ), the existing bridge will lead to the earlier "requirement end" invalidating the new political
change.
5. Technology is not merely a question of scale ( small, medium , large ) but more importantly a question of content to reinforce sustainability of human welfare, the ecosystem and the environment.
6. Technological detwrminism is not unconditional. It is relevant only in a classless society.
7. Technology was neutral only when history developed independent of man's will.
8. Building for shopping complex NOT same as building for hospital complex. Kitchen for house NOT same as kitchen for hotel.
9. Restructuring or demolition and reconstruction to be decided on the basis of minimising TOTAL cost ( resources ) and impersonal like the Dance of Siva.
10. Technologies for asphalt, concrete, road construction, building, irrigation are limited in scope compared to technology for social development which is limited in scope compared to the technology for evolution. The learning process constitute forward and backward movements between the specific and the general, from the masses to the masses.
11. EFFICIENCY to be evaluated in relation to the objectives, in relation to the NORM and not unit cost rate.
12. PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCTION RELATIONS are thought to be independent and production relations ( relationship between productive forces-- i.e. machines, the instrument of production and people involved ) are determined by the people who claim ownership.
Even productivity is defined as production per person and the aim of development is said to be to increase this factor as much as possible (resulting in sophistication and/or automation), the real reason being to increase the surplus value and to reduce dependency on labour in order to facilitate exploitation and profit. The merger of big corporations into mega- corporations is precisely for this purpose. THE DESIRED TECHNOLOGY will be based on the fact that productivity and production relations are interdependent and the aim of development will be for total production to match total consumption and productivity per
CONSERVABLE resoueces be maximised to ensure the sustainability of the environment. THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT should be directed to fully harness the NON-- CONSERVABLE RESOURCES.
13. Technology for GLOBALISATION is appropriate for the profit of the few and is very easy to develop provided power remains in the hands of the few. Technology appropriate for the development of society as a whole, the ecosystem and the
environment is much more complicated requiring complex inventories of resources and requirements. BUT the direction and salient features of technology for people and the environment should be understood and planned for during the struggle for political change. Income redistribution is not to be considered as charity or welfare payment but should be a consequence of appropriate technology encouraging development of hand and brain
to all ( FULL EMPLOYMENT ).
14. In a sence, technology can be said to be " PRODUCTION CULTURE". Production culture cannot be simply established by the political power degreeing a change in ownership (as in the past change to state ownership ) but any legal form of change in ownership should be followed by carefully planned ( planned even before political change ) changes in production relationship which is capable of transforming the productive forces both the people ( labour ) and the instruments of production ( machines, plants etc. ) and only then appropriate technology could be developed. It is to be noted that in the period of CONSCIOUS DEVELOPMENT, changes take place in the reverse sequence-- i.e. political change leading to change in ownership, leading to change in production relations, leading to transformation of productive forces first in the attitude of people and finally in the
instruments of production themselves.
15. DEVELOP APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY to suit local materials and local skills to serve local needs at OPTIMUM LEVEL OF SERVICE, minimising total cost/resources/ energy consumed, (minimised total cost is defined as the sum of costs incurred in producing at the optimum
level of service plus the costs incurred in using such products ) minimising the use of CONSERVABLE resources, maximising the use of NON-- CONSERVABLE resources, converting consumption into investment, bridging the gap between practice and knowledge
and other UNITY OF OPPOSITES, incorporating resource depletion cost into marginal cost ( supply/demand line moves much closer to the horizontal ), reducing technology of scale to size and expanding the content of technology to eliminate the explotation of man, the
ecosystem and the environment, encouraging user to pay, ensuring sustainability of the environment and the welfare of all beings.
16. Mutual education and development of the above.
PREPARED BY P.A. SUBRAMANIAM.
28th August 2003.