A. Division of study.
1. Physiology
2. Anatomy
a. gross vs Micro anatomy
b. Regional vs systemic anatomy
3. Morphology
B. Directional Terminology
1. Superior
2. Inferior
3. Anterior/Ventral
4. Posterior/Dorsal
5. Medial
6. Proximal
7. Distal
C. Body Planes
1. Sagittal
a. Mid-sagittal
2. Coronal/Frontal
3. Transverse
D. Structural Levels of Organization
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissues
4. Organ
5. Systems
a. Cardiovascular
b. Digestive
c. Endocrine
d. Integumentary
e. Lymphatic
f. Urinary
g. Skeletal
h. Muscle
i. Nervous
j. Respiratory
k. Reproductive
E. Body Cavities
1. Dorsal Cavity
2. Ventral Cavity
a. Thoracic
b. Abdominal Pelvic
F. Heomeostasis
1. Negative feedback
2. Positive feedback
G. Disease
1. Congenital diseases
2. Immunological diseases
a. Viruses
b. Bacteria
c. Fungi
d. Protozoan
3. Metabolic diseases
4. Neoplastc diseases
I. Heart
A. General characteristics
1. Location:
B. Coverings of Heart
1. Pericardium-double layer
a. Pareital pericardium (pericardial sac)-outermost layer which contains squamous epithelial cells that secrete fluid to lubricant heart againt friction from membranes which glide past one another. Pericarditis- when fluid production is reduced when pericardium is swollen. Here membranes stick together which could heart activity.
b. Visceral pericarduyn
C. Heart Wall- consists of 3 layers
1. Epicardium-
2. Myocardium-
3. Endocardium-
D. Heart Chambers
1. Atria (right and left)-thin walled with little myocardium. The auricles are earlike appendages which are attached to the atria. Inside these chamers, the pectinate mucles are visible as ridges as they protrude through the underlying endothelium. Both atria are separated by an internal septum which prevents blood from flowing across to both chambers. The fossa ovalis (foramen ovale) is barely visible on the septum of the right atrium
a. Veins entering right atrium-
b. Veings entering left atrium-
c. Veins from heart wall-
2. Ventricles
Thicker walled chambers with left ventricle being even thicker. Why? The inner wall of both chambers contains papillary muscles that project upwards to attach to heart valves. Both chambers are separated by a muscular partition called the interventricular septum.
a. Artery leaving right ventricle-
b. Artery leaving left ventricl-
E. Heart Vavles-permit blood flow in one direction only. Two types
1. Atrioventricular (AV) valves-located between the atria and ventricles.
a. Tricuspid valve-
b. Biscuspid valve (mitral valve)-
The chordae tendineae (strands of connective tissue) attach the cusps to the papillary muscles to prevent them from reversing their direction. What would happen to the flow of blood if the chordae tendineae were torn? Incomplete closure of the valves results in a heart murmur.