CHP 4 PREFIXES

 

ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLANDS - ENDOCRINE GLANDS LOCATED ABOVE EACH KIDNEY

 

ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES

 

            ANTIGENS - ANY SUBSTANCE (USUALLY PROTEIN)  THAT STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF OR REACTS  WITH ANTIBODIES.

 

            ANTIBODIES - PROTEINS PRODUCED BY B LYMPHOCYTES IN RESPONSE TO THE PRESENCE OF ANTIGENS.

 

            IMMUNOLOGY - STUDY OF IMMUNITY   (PROTECTION)

 

           

HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN (HDN):

 

·        GENERAL CAUSE - RBC DESTRUCTION DUE TO INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN MOTHER'S BLOOD PLASMA AND THE RED BLOOD CELLS IN BLOOD OF THE FETUS. 

 

·        GREATEST RISK OF SERIOUS DISEASE - CHILD FROM Rh NEGATIVE MOTHER AND Rh POSITIVE FATHER.

 

·        MOTHER'S ANTIBODIES CAN CROSS THE PLACENTA AND DESTROY FETAL ANTIGENS, e.g., ERYTHROCYTES.

 

·        HEMOLYSIS OCCURS RESULTING IN:

·         ANEMIA

·        INCREASED AMOUNTS OF BILIRUBIN (JAUNDICE) CIRCULATING IN THE BLOOD MAY CAUSE BRAIN DAMAGE (KERNICTERUS).

 

 

AUTOIMMUNE - BODY PRODUCES ANTIBODIES AGAINST ITS OWN CELLS AND TISSUES, e.g., RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS

 

CONGENITAL ANOMALY - DEFORMITY IN A STRUCTURE OR ORGAN DUE TO

·        .INHERITED CONDITION

·        PRODUCED BY FACTORS DURING BIRTH, E.G., ALCOHOL OR DRUG USE DURING PREGNANCY

 

DIALYSIS - SEPARATION OF HARMFUL WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BLOOD

 

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY - EMBRYO IMPLANTS IN A PLACE OTHER THAN THE WALL OF THE UTERUS

 

PARATHYROID GLANDS - ENDOCRINE GLANDS LOCATED IN THE CERVICAL AREA ON THE DORSAL SIDE OF THE THYROID GLAND

 

SYNDROME - SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS THAT COMMONLY OCCUR TOGETHER AND SUGGEST A PARTICULAR DISEASE, E.G., TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

 

SYMPHYSIS - IMMOVABLE JOINT, E.G., PUBIC BONES, MANDIBLE

 

TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION - REMOVE A PORTION OF THE PROSTATE GLAND BY PASSING AN INSTRUMENT ACROSS (THROUGH) THE URETHRA.

 

ULTRASONOGRAPHY - USE ULTRASOUND (HIGH FREQUENCY, INAUDIBLE SOUND WAVES TO PRODUCE AN IMAGE).  A NON-INVASIVE PROCEDURE

          CHP 19: CANCER MEDICINE

 

NORMALLY CELL DIVISION IS ORDERLY.  SOMETIMES CELLS INCREASE AT AN UNCONTROLLED RATE CAUSING A TUMOR OR NEOPLASM.

 

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOPLASMS

 

BENIGN                                                                    

 

·        ENCAPSULATED                         

 

·        COMPOSED OF TISSUE CLOSELY RESEMBLING THE TISSUE IN WHICH THE NEOPLASM ARISES                                             

 

·        DOES NOT SPREAD TO REMOTE AREAS

 

·        GENERALLY POSES LITTLE RISK              

 

 

MALIGNANT

 

·        NON-ENCAPSULATED

 

·        COMPOSED OF TISSUE THAT DOES  NOT RESEMBLE ORIGINAL TISSUE

 

·        IF UNTREATED, CELLS   METASTASIZE (IN BLOOD OR  LYMPH)

 

·        IF LEFT UNTREATED, POSES A RISK OF DEATH

 

CLASSIFICATION OF CANCEROUS TUMORS

 

·        CARCINOMAS - DERIVED FROM EPITHELIAL TISSUE

 

·        GASTRIC ADENOMA = BENIGN TUMOR OF THE STOMACH

·        GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA =  MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE  STOMACH

 

·        SARCOMAS - DERIVED FROM SUPPORTIVE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE, e.g., BONE, FAT, MUSCLE

 

TERMINOLOGY GENERALLY USED TO SEPARATE MALIGNANT FROM BENIGN

           

·        LIPOMA = BENIGN TUMOR OF FAT (TISSUE)

 

·        LIPOSARCOMA = MALIGNANT TUMOR OF FAT (TISSUE)

GRADING AND STAGING SYSTEMS - TUMORS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:

·                    LOCATION IN THE BODY

·                    MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE

·                    EXTENT OF SPREAD (METASTASIS)

 

GRADING - EVALUATE MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF TUMOR CELLS TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF MATURITY/DIFFERENTIATION.

 

GRADES I - 1V

 

·        GRADE I = WELL DIFFERENTIATED

 

·        GRADES II AND III - MODERATELY OR POORLY DIFFERENTIATED

 

·        GRADE IV = VERY UNDIFFERENTIATED. OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE THE ORIGIN OF TISSUE.

 

GRADING HELPS EVALUATE THE PROGNOSIS OF CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. 

·        GRADE I SUGGESTS A HIGH RATE OF SURVIVAL. 

·        OTHER GRADES HAVE A POORER SURVIVAL RATE.

 

STAGING - BASED ON THE EXTENT OF SPREAD (METASTASIS)

 

            A.        TNM SYSTEM

 

            T = TUMOR; SIZE AND DEGREE             OF LOCAL SPREAD

 

            N = NODES; NUMBER OF REGIONAL LYMPH NODES (NEAR THE ORIGIN)  THAT HAVE BEEN INVADED BY THE  TUMOR

 

            M = METASTASES.  PRESENCE OR  ABSCENCE OF MALIGNANT TUMOR