CARDIAC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 

 

FUNCTIONS

 

      1.      TRANSPORTS FOOD AND OXYGEN TO ORGANS AND CELLS

 

            A.      BLOOD VESSELS IN LUNGS ABSORB OXYGEN

 

            B.      BLOOD VESSELS IN SMALL INTESTINE ABSORB FOOD SUBSTANCES

 

      2.      BLOOD VESSELS CARRY CELLULAR WASTES TO BE EXCRETED

 

            A.      CARBON DIOXIDE TO THE LUNGS

 

            B.      UREA TO THE KIDNEYS

 

BLOOD VESSELS

 

      1.      ARTERIES

 

            LARGE BLOOD VESSELS LEADING FROM THE HEART, CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD AND NUTRIENTS

 

            STRONG, ELASTIC WALLS WITHSTAND PRESSURE OF THE HEART PUMPING AND EXPAND AS BLOOD IS FORCED THROUGH THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM

 

      2.      ARTERIOLES - THINNER

 

      3.      CAPILLARIES - ONE ENDOTHELIAL CELL THICK FOR EXCHANGE OF WASTE, WATER AND NUTRIENTS

 

      4.      VENULES - SMALL VEINS

 

      5.      VEINS - THINNER-WALLED THAN ARTERIES; NOT VERY ELASTIC

 

            CARRY DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

 

            HAVE VALVES TO HELP BLOOD FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION

CIRCULATION OF BLOOD

 

      VENA CAVAE - CARRY OXYGEN-DEFICIENT BLOOD FROM BODY

 

      ENTERS RIGHT SIDE OF HEART

 

      PULMONARY ARTERY TO LUNGS (ONLY ARTERY CARRY OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD)

 

      PULMONARY VEIN - CARRIES OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD TO HEART (ONLY VEIN CARRYING OXYGENATED BLOOD)

 

      AORTA - BLOOD TO ARTERIES, ARTERIOLES, CAPILLARIES, VENULES,       VEINS TO VENA CAVAE

 

ANATOMY OF THE HEART

 

      ABOUT SIZE OF A FIST; WEIGHS <1 POUND

 

      DOUBLE PUMP (WORKING TOGETHER) WITH FOUR CHAMBERS - 2 ATRIA AND 2 VENTRICLES

 

            RIGHT SIDE - DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO LUNGS; RELEASE CO₂

 

            LEFT SIDE - OXYGENATED BLOOD FORCED TO ALL PARTS OF BODY

 

      CIRCULATION

 

      O₂ POOR BLOOD ENTERS THROUGH SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVAE

 

      RIGHT ATRIUM THROUGH TRICUSPID VALVE TO RIGHT VENTRICLE

 

      BLOOD THROUGH PULMONARY ARTERY TO LUNGS; CO₂ REMOVED

 

      O₂ RICH BLOOD RETURNS THROUGH PULMONARY VEIN 

 

      LEFT ATRIA THROUGH MITRAL VALVE INTO LEFT VENTRICLE

 

      BLOOD THROUGH AORTIC VALVE TO AORTA

 

       STRUCTURE OF HEART

 

      SEPTA/SEPTUM BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER CHAMBERS

 

      LAYERS OF HEART WALL

 

            ENDOCARDIUM - ENDOTHELIAL CELLS LINING THE HEART

 

            MYOCARDIUM - MIDDLE, MUSCULAR, THICKEST LAYER

 

            PERICARDIUM - 2-WALLED SAC CONTAINING FLUID SURROUNDING THE HEART

 

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART

 

      HEARTBEAT - 70-80 BEATS/MINUTE

 

            DIASTOLE (RELAXATION) - BLOOD FLOWS INTO HEART FROM VENA CAVAE AND PULMONARY VEINS.  TRICUSPID AND MITRAL VALVES ARE OPEN;

 

            SYSTOLE - BLOOD FLOWS FROM VENTRICLES INTO PULMONARY ARTERY AND AORTA.  TRICUSPID AND MITRAL VALVES ARE CLOSED. 

 

      PULSE - FEEL SHOCK WAVE GOING THROUGH FIBERS OF THE ARTERIES DURING CONTRACTION

 

CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART

 

      NERVES NOT PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR HEART BEAT

 

      SINOATRIAL NODE (PACEMAKER) - SPECIALIZED MUSCLE TISSUE WHERE ELECTRICAL IMPULSE ORIGINATES

 

      WAVE SPREADS THROUGH ATRIAL SEPTUM TO ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE

 

      WAVE MOVES TO BUNDLE OF HIS IN VENTRICULAR SEPTUM THROUGH RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLES CAUSING THEM TO CONTRACT

 

      ELECTROCARDIOGRAM - DETECT ELECTRICAL CHANGES IN HEART

 

            P WAVE - ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF SA NODE TO AV NODE

 

            QRS WAVE - ELECTRICITY PASSES THROUGH BUNDLE OF HIS AND VENTRICULAR WALL

 

            T WAVE - RELAXATION OF VENTRICULAR WALL, RECOVERY FROM CONTRACTION

 

BLOOD PRESSURE - FORCE THAT BLOOD EXERTS ON ARTERIAL WALLS

 

      SPHYGMOMANOMETER - MEASURE PULSE BY HAND

 

            SYSTOLE - FIRST SOUND HEARD (CONTRACTION)

 

            DIASTOLE - SECOND SOFTER SOUND (RELAXATION)

 

      EXPRESSED AS A FRACTION:  NORMAL 140/90

    CARDIAC PATHOLOGY

 

 

ARRHYTHMIAS - ABNORMAL HEART RHYTHM

 

1.    HEART BLOCK - INTERFERENCE WITH NORMAL CONDUCTION OF IMPULSES THROUGH THE AV NODE CAUSING OCCASIONAL OR NO IMPULSES TO REACH VENTRICLES.

 

2.      FLUTTER - RAPID (300 BEATS/ MINUTE), REGULAR CONTRACTIONS OF THE HEART.

 

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

 

1.    SEPTAL DEFECTS - HOLES IN THE SEPTA (WALLS) BETWEEN THE ATRIA OR VENTRICLES. OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD MIXES.

 

2.      TETRALOGY OF FALLOT - 4 DISTINCT DEFECTS

 

      A.      PULMONARY ARTERY STENOSIS - DECREASES O₂ IN CIRCULATING BLOOD

 

      B.      VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT - DEOXYGENATED BLOOD PASSES INTO LEFT VENTRICLE AND AORTA

 

      C.      SHIFT OF AORTA TO THE RIGHT - O₂ POOR BLOOD PASSES MORE EASILY FROM THE RIGHT VENTRICLE TO AORTA

 

      D.      HYPERTROPHY OF RIGHT VENTRICLE – ENLARGED MYOCARDIUM COMPENSATES FOR NARROWED PULMONARY ARTERY

 

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE - ABNORMAL CONDITIONS AFFECT ARTERIES OF THE HEART

 

1.                MAY CAUSE PATHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, I.E., DECREASED BLOOD FLOW (ISCHEMIA) TO MYOCARDIUM. 

2.                MOST COMMON ETIOLOGY - ATHEROSCLEROSIS LEADS TO STENOSIS

3.                POSSIBLE THROMBOSIS AND INFARCTION (MI).

 

(BACTERIAL) ENDOCARDITIS - INFECTION OF THE ENDOCARDIUM AND/OR HEART VALVES; POSSIBLE FORMATION OF SEPTIC EMBOLI. 

 

PERICARDITIS - BACTERIAL, VIRAL, OR IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE SURROUNDING THE HEART.

 

ANEURYSM - LOCAL DILATION OF ARTERIAL WALL; USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HYPERTENSION

 

HYPERTENSION - HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE ARTERIES

 

1.      ESSENTIAL – IDIOPATHIC ETIOLOGY  (UNKNOWN)

 

2.      SECONDARY - ETIOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE - ARTERIAL BLOCKAGE IN THE LOWER EXTREMITIES DUE TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS

 

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE – ARTERIAL BLOCKAGE IN LOWER EXTREMITIES DUE TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS

 

          

LABORATORY TESTS AND CLINICAL PROCEDURES

 

 

LABORATORY TESTS

 

      LIPOPROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS - PHYSICAL PROCESS OF SEPARATING DIFFERENT LIPOPROTEINS IN BLOOD SPECIMENS, E.G., LDL, HDL.

 

      SERUM ENZYME/PROTEIN TESTS - DETECT INCREASED LEVELS OF ENZYMES, MYOGLOBIN, TROPONIN-T

 

 

OTHER PROCEDURES

 

      CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION - FLEXIBLE TUBE (CATHETER) PASSED THROUGH VEIN OR ARTERY INTO HEART TO IDENTIFY PRESSURES AND BLOOD FLOW PATTERNS

 

      CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG) SURGERY - GRAFTS, GENERALLY FROM VEINS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY, ARE CONNECTED TO EXISTING CORONARY ARTERIES TO BYPASS BLOCKAGES.

 

      ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY - PROCEDURE TO RECORD ELECTRICITY IN THE HEART

 

      ENDARTERECTOMY - SURGICAL REMOVAL OF ENDOTHELIAL (INNER) LINING OF AN ARTERY

 

      PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY - "BALLOON" SURGERY TO COMPRESS FATTY DEPOSITS IN ARTERIES

 

      THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY - CLOT-DISSOLVING DRUGS ARE INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED TO RESTORE BLOOD FLOW AND LIMIT DAMAGE TO HEART.  MUST BE DONE WITHIN 12 HOURS FOLLOWING MI

CARDIOVASCULAR REVIEW

 

INFLAMMATION OF BLOOD       _________­­­­_______

VESSELS AND HEART

 

PAIN IN THE HEART             ________________

 

NARROWING OF BLOOD       ________________

VESSEL

 

TUMOR (MASS) OF BLOOD       ________________

VESSELS

 

INFLAMMATION OF HEART          ________________

VALVES

 

ABNORMALITY OF ATRIUM AND      ________________

VENTRICLE OF HEART

 

SUTURING OF BLOOD VESSEL      ________________

 

NEW OPENING IN OUTER          ________________

LAYER OF HEART

 

SURGICAL REPAIR OF BLOOD      ________________

VESSEL

 

INCISION OF A VEIN            ________________

 

RECORD OF AN ARTERY            ________________

 

PROCESSS OF RECORDING         ________________

AN ARTERY

 

HEART SPECIALIST              ________________

           

EXAM 3

 

COVERS 3 CHAPTERS

 

1.                MALE REPRODUCTIVE

 

2.                NERVOUS SYSTEM

 

3.                CARDIAC SYSTEM

 

 

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 

NORMAL ORGAN FUNCTION

 

USE FLOW DIAGRAMS, DEFINITIONS, ETC.

 

 

PATHOLOGY

 

VARIANCES FROM NORMAL

 

IDENTIFY SYMPTOMS OR CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE DISTINCT FOR DISEASE CONDITIONS

 

MUST KNOW MEANINGS OF WORD PARTS

1.                TAKE TIME TO CAREFULLY READ QUESTION AND CHOICES

2.                ELIMINATE CHOICES THAT DO NOT MATCH

3.                REMEMBER – YOU CAN WRITE ON THE EXAMS