MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
BONES - FRAMEWORK BODY IS BUILT AROUND
JOINTS - ARTICULATION (BONES COME TOGETHER)
MUSCLES - RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVEMENT
·
EXTERNAL -
CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OFMUSCLES ATTACHED TO BONES
SPECIALISTS OF BONES
AND JOINTS
ORTHOPEDIST (MD)
RHEUMATOLOGIST
OSTEOPATHS (DO)
CHIROPRACTORS - NOT MDs
MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
FETUS
ADULT
FORMATION OF BONE DEPENDENT ON
·
CA AND PHOS FROM
FOOD
·
VITAMIN D - AIDS
ABSORPTION OF CA AND PHOS FROM INTESTINE
·
PARATHYROID
HORMONE - CAUSES THE RELEASE OF CA FROM BONE TO MAINTAIN ADEQUATE BLOOD LEVEL
(INCREASES OSTEOCLAST ACTIVITY)
ANATOMY OF LONG
BONES
EPIPHYSIS ON BOTH ENDS
EPIPHYSEAL LINE
DIAPHYSIS-MIDDLE
INTERIOR BONE
STRUCTURE
ARTICULR CARTILAGE-COVERS END OF LONG BONE
PERIOSTEUM SURROUNDS BONE
COMPACT (CORTICAL) BONE UNDER PERIOSTEUM IN ALL
BONES
MEDULLARY (MARROW) CAVITY
CANCELLOUS (SPONGY) BONE WITH RED MARROW
YELLOW BONE MARROW - FAT CELLS
FACIAL BONES
1. NASAL
2. LACRIMAL
3. MAXILLARY
4. MANDIBULAR
5. ZYGOMATIC
6. VOMER
CRANIAL BONES
ALL JOINED WITH SUTURE JOINTS
1. FRONTAL
2. PARIETAL
3. TEMPORAL
4. OCCIPITAL
5. SPHENOID
6. ETHMOID
MASTOID PROCESS
FONTANELLES (LITTLE FOUNTAINS)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
CERVICAL C1-C7
THORACIC T1-T12
LUMBAR L1-L5
SACRAL 5 FUSED
COCCYX 4 FUSED
VERTEBRAE
SUPERIOR VIEW
LATERAL VIEW
BONES OF THE EXTREMITIES
SHOULDERS AND CHEST
1. CLAVICLE
2. SCAPULA
(DORSAL)
ACROMION (CLAVICLE AND HUMERUS
MEET)
3. STERNUM
·
XYPHOID PROCESS
4. RIBS
ARM BONES
5. HUMERUS
6. ULNA
7. RADIUS
HAND BONES
8. CARPALS
9. METACARPALS
10. PHALANGES
HIPS
11. PELVIC
GIRDLE
·
ILIUM
·
PUBIS
·
ISCHIUM
LEG BONES
12. FEMUR
13. PATELLA
14. TIBIA
15. FIBULA
FOOT BONES
16. TARSALS
17. METATARSALS
18. PHALANGES
CALCANEOUS (HEEL BONE)
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM PATHOLOGY
BONES
OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA - MALIGNANT TUMOR ORIGINATING IN THE BONE FROM OSTEOBLASTS (OSTEOSARCOMA). PEAK AGE AROUND 20.
OSTEOMALACIA - SOFTENING
OF THE BONE DUE TO DEFICIENT CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND VITAMIN D IN THE BONE.
·
LACK OF VITAMIN
D PREVENTS ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS AND CAN CAUSE RICKETS.
·
NEED SUNLIGHT TO
CONVERT VIT.D FROM CHOLESTEROL TO ACTIVE FORM
OSTEOMYELITIS - INFLAMMATION OF BONE AND BONE MARROW DUE TO
BACTERIAL INFECTION. MOST
OFTEN AFFECTS CHILDREN IN LONG BONES.
MAY SPREAD
0STEOPOROSIS (OSTEOPENIA)
- DECREASED BONE DENSITY; MAINLY
AFFECTS POST-MENOPAUSAL. DECREASED ESTROGEN PRODUCTION PROMOTES INCREASED
OSTEOCLASIS AND DECREASED DEPOSITS OF NEW BONE. PART OF AGING PROCESS FOR MEN
ALSO.
FRACTURE - SUDDEN BREAKING OF A BONE
SIMPLE
- BROKEN BONE, NO OPEN WOUND IN THE SKIN
COMPOUND - BROKEN BONE WITH OPEN WOUND IN
THE SKIN
COLLES'
- WRIST AT DISTAL END OF THE RADIUS
COMMINUTED
- BONE IS SPLINTERED OR CRUSHED
COMPRESSION - BONE IS COMPRESSED; OFTEN IN
VERTEBRAE
GREENSTICK - BONE IS PARTIALLY BROKEN AND PARTIALLY BENT
ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE
IMPACTED - ONE BONE FRAGMENT DRIVEN INTO
ANOTHER FRAGMENT
JOINTS
TYPES
·
SUTURE-IMMOVABLE;
E.G. SKULL
·
PARTIALLY
MOVABLE; E.G. VERTEBRAE
·
SYNOVIAL; FREELY
MOVABLE
o BALL AND SOCKET; E.G. HIP
o HINGE; E.G. ELBOW, KNEE, ANKLE, MANDIBLE
SYNOVIAL JOINT FROM OUTSIDE IN
·
JOINT CAPSULE
o SEPARATE BONES IN A SYNOVIAL JOINT
·
ARTICULAR
CARTILAGE
o COVERS BONE SURFACES AT JOINT
·
SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE
o LIES UNDER JOINT CAPSUL AND LINES JOINT CAVITY
·
SYNOVIAL CAVITY
o WATER AND NUTRIENTS THAT NOURISH AND LUBRICATE
JOINT CAPSULE (EGG WHITE CONSISTENCY)
BURSAE - CLOSED SACS OF SYNOVIAL FLUID FORMED IN
SPACES BETWEEN
·
TENDONS - BIND
MUSCLE TO BONE
·
LIGAMENTS - BIND
BONE TO BONE
·
EXAMPLES -
ELBOW, KNEE, AND SHOULDER
PATHOLOGY
OF JOINTS
ARTHRITIS - INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS
GOUTY ARTHRITIS
·
ACQUIRED FROM
DIET OR INHERITED DEFECT OF METABOLISM (PURINE) CAUSES HYPERURICEMIA.
·
FORMATION OF CRYSTALS
DESTROYS ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND DAMAGES SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. esp. BIG TOE
OSTEOARTHRITIS
·
DEGENERATIVE
JOINT DISEASE
·
OCCURS MAINLY IN
HIPS AND KNEES OF THE ELDERLY.
·
DEGENERATION OF
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE ALLOWS BONE EDGES TO RUB PUTTING PRESSURE ON NERVES.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
·
AUTOIMMUNE
·
AFFECTS WOMEN
MOST
·
CHRONIC,
INFLAMMATION AND THICKENING OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS DAMAGES ARTICULAR CARTILAGE.
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
·
COMPRESSION OF A
NERVE IN THE WRIST BY A LIGAMENT
·
ETIOLOGIES
INCLUDE:
o EXCESSIVE AND REPETITIVE WRIST MOVEMENT
o ARTHRITIS
o BONE HYPERTROPHY
HERNIATION OF
AN INTERVERTEBRAL DISK (DISC) -
CALLED SLIPPED DISK.
·
PRESSURE ON
NERVE WEAKENS CARTILAGE
·
TREATMENT
·
LAMINECTOMY
·
SPINAL FUSION
·
ASPIRATION
PERCUTANEOUS DISKECTOMY
·
INJECT ENZYME TO
DISSOLVE DISK
MUSCLES
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
·
PROGRESSIVE
WEAKNESS AND MUSCLE DEGENERATION WITHOUT NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT. DUE TO
DYSTROPHIN ABNORMALITY
·
ONSET BEGINS
SOON AFTER BIRTH AND MAINLY AFFECTS MEN.
POLYMYOSITIS
·
CHRONIC
INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY
·
SYMMETRICAL
MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND PAIN.
LABORATORY TESTS AND CLINICAL PROCEDURES
LABORATORY TESTS
·
RHEUMATOID
FACTOR
o
DETECTS PRESENCE
OF ANTIBODY (RA FACTOR) FOUND IN SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
·
URIC ACID TEST
o MEASURES AMOUNT OF URIC ACID IN THE BLOOD
o INCREASED AMOUNTS ASSOCIATED WITH GOUT
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
·
ARTHROCENTESIS
o SYNOVIAL FLUID IS REMOVED FOR ANALYSIS
·
ARTHROGRAPHYX
o RAYS TAKEN OF JOINT AFTER CONTRAST DYE INJECTED
·
ARTHROPLASTY
o SURGICAL REPAIR OF A JOINT
·
ARTHROSCOPY
o VISUAL EXAM OF A JOINT USING AN ENDOSCOPE
(ARTHROSCOPE)
o INSTRUMENTS CAN BE PASSED INTO THE JOINT TO
REMOVE TISSUE AND/OR REPAIR JOINT
·
BONE SCAN
o INTRAVENOUS USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS TO
DETERMINE IF ABNORMAL CHANGES HAVE OCCURED DUE TO TUMORS, INFECTION, INFLAMMATION,
ETC
·
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
o RECORDING OF THE STRENGTH OF A MUSCULAR
CONTRACTION FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
·
MUSCLE BIOPSY
o TISSUE REMOVED FOR MICROSCOPIC AND
BIOCHEMICAL/NUCLEIC ACID ANALYSIS
MOVEMENT
DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
ELBOW
·
FLEXION
·
EXTENSION
KNEE
·
FLEXION
·
EXTENSION
ANKLE
·
DORSAL FLEXION
·
PLANTAR FLEXION
ARM
·
ABDUCTION
·
ADDUCTION
LEG
·
ABDUCTION
·
ADDUCTION
ARM
·
SUPINATION
·
PRONATION
·
PROXIMAL
·
DISTAL