Social Science Review
Section I
Imperial Era
221B.C.-1644; First emperor unifies China, contains earlier dynasties.
Succession of Emperors
There were often male off springs from more than one wife and since the eldest did not necessarily take over the throne, any could become emperors. Caused conflicts.
Eunuchs: Castrated men who served the emperor. Competed with scholars for emperor's favor.
Scholar-officials
Filled ritual, legal, and administrative roles. Vied for political influence with eunuchs.
Mandate of Heaven
Concept that states the emperor was chosen to reign only for as long as Tian considered them appropriate.
Tian: Heaven
Divine Ming: Mandate
Kublai Khan and Genghis Khan: Nomadic warriors from Mongolia that invaded in the Qing dynasty. Established Yuan dynasty.
Farmers (not 'peasants'): A social group that was seen as fundamental. Were also the poorest members. In idealized Confucian hierarchy, farmers stood at the top.
Workers, Artisans, and Merchants: Social class with wide range of occupations and were well off, but not considered fundamental. They are both feared and admired.
Chinese Lineage: Extended family ideals through male line. Kept single character surnames so that all male could trace ancestry to single common ancestor.
Ancestors: Most important family members.
Women role in Chinese society: Small happiness, considered temporary family members.
Male role in Chinese society: Big happiness, carries family name.
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911): Dynasty in which China reached its present size. Under rule of the Han.
Great Wall: Built in response to attacks from northern nomadic tribes. Also a symbol of continuity.
Manchuria: An eastern region in Asia. In the mid-1600s, they invaded China and took the imperial city of Beijing. The also forced out the members of the Ming dynasty and announced themselves rulers under the new Mandate of Heaven. Started Qing dynasty.
Qing Dynasty: so meant pure dynasty. Invader came from east and captured the imperial city, establishing this dynasty while announcing themselves new recipients of the Mandate of Heaven.
Civil Service Exams: ople take this and show their mastery of the Confucian Classics. Needed to gain positions in Ming bureaucracy.
Opium War: The drug derived from poppy was banned in China. European wanted to sell the drug to China to stop trade deficit after conquering India, but China refused to buy. Led to this war, which ended with China's loss.
Treaties of Nanjing(Nanking): Signed as a conclusion of the first opium war.
First Sino-Japanese War: 1894-'95. China versus Japan. Japan wins, which was humiliating to China because Japan was always viewed as it's little brother.
Boxer Crisis: Rebel's who were given this name because they used martial arts who fought as loyalist against the Chinese Christians and Westerners.
100 Days of Reform: Occurred in mid 1890's and radicals argued that people should remain true to the Confucian spirit and also embrace new ways of thinking and acting. Called for more equality for men and women.
Hong Xiuquan: A highly educated member of the Hakka ethic group. Made a living as a tutor. After failing to pass examinations he had hallucinations which he interpreted as him being the younger brother of Jesus Christ.
Taiping Uprisings: 1848-1864. A group of people who took control of the Yangzi valley and established he capital at Nan-Jing. At his height, this kingdom was roughly the size of France.
Pu Yi: Last Emperor of China
Republican Era: 1912-1949. The founding of it was a series of upheaval and tumult. Marked the curtail from dynastic system to revolution.
Chinese Communist Party (CCP): After the Russian revolution in 1917 a lot of Chinese took a interest in Marxism, led to the organization of this party.
Jang Jieshi: Nickname was Generalissimo. Role was as leader of Northern Expedition forces. In his youth he had joined a secret society, which established ties with the green gang. People saw him as Sun's natural successor.
The Long March:The trek of the CCP from it's southern headquarters in Jiangxi to the safety of the mountains of northern china.
Section II
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) – Red army, CCP’s
military wing. Launched 3 major campaigns. Then during
first hald of 1949 went to Tianjin and Shanghai , thus taking last of economic stronghold,
on mainland, of Nationalists.
People’s Republic of China – current Maoist China. October 1, 1949 is formal announcement of its beginning.
Maoism – form of Marxism. Represented break from Orthodox Marxism
with peasanrs being natural allies of the New Order.
Base areas – first rural areas that fell to
the CCP. They
experimented with many of the social policies that would become important parts
of the early Maoist era.
Jiefang ribao
(Liberation Daily) – periodicals launched by CCP in base areas to create
propaganda. It made the places such as base areas look like a Utopia.
Poor peasants – landless agricultural laborers who rented property
or worked for hire. Main goal of CCP party was always transfer power to them
away for landlords and powerbrokers.
Population – 80% of people in China lived in rural areas, 20% lived in cities,
during the beginning of communist China , now its 40%-60%
Bourgeoisie – known by CCP as immoral exploiters of labor but were
actually wealthy people who mainly lived in cities.
Zhongnanhai – a lavish housing
complex for CCP leaders in Beijing.
Xiaoshu minzu
– national minorities, CCP term for non-Han groups that were recognized by the
state as ethnically distinct.
Xinjiang – the name literally meant New Dominion or
New Frontier. Ruled by Yang Zengxin,
1st governor. It became a province in 1884/
Jin Shuren – 2nd governor of Xinjiang. He was a tyrant, gave Han Chinese top
administrative posts and persecuted Muslims.
Eastern Turkistan Republic (ETR) – 1st formed from the two
ethnic groups, Tungans and Uyghuns
in 1944. Crushed almost immediately by GMD and Russian
forces.
Sheng shi cai
– leader of Nationalist troops, next to take power in Xinjiang.
Downplayed sinicization, but next governor
reestablished it in 1944.
Sinicization – to modify by Chinese
influence.
Three District Revolution – uprising that
weakened the Nationalists control of the area and helped to ensure the
“peaceful liberation” of Xinjiang by the PLA
Islamic Land Tax – eliminated by CCP in attempt to control Islamic
institutions. Force Islamic clerics to depend on Beijing ’s money and join the officially sponsored
Chinese Islamic Association.
Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous – formally known as Xinjiang which in 1955
was formally divided into so-called autonomous counties, districts, and
prefectures, each linked to a particular ethnic group.
Seventeen Point Agreement – it was a CCP negotiation with Tibet in May 1951. One part of the agreement was
“recognition” by both sides that China had a historical basis for its current
claim to control Tibet. On October 24, 1951, the Tibetan government ratified the
treaty putting end to Tibetan political independence.
Mass campaigns – designed to publicize new policies and in
most cases also ensure compliance with them.
The New Marriage Law Campaign – 1950 In
the new system, family elders didn’t determine who would marry who, and men and
women were equal partners. Women would have the ability to file for divorce.
“Resist America , Support Korea ” Campaign – The conflict was generally
framed as a struggle for peace against the “imperialistic” U.S. and its allies. They were portrayed as the
aggressors in the Korean War. Food and clothes were sent to needy Korean
citizens, petitions were signed.
Three Anti Campaign – aimed to eliminate waste, mismanagement, and
corruption
Anti-Rightist Campaigns – launched to ensure doctrinal orthodoxy,
that is, to enforce a common understanding of what were “correct” views on
practical political issues and the single correct interpretation of Marxist
ideas.
Concept of “Three Worlds” – 1st world consisted of the
capitalist bloc headed by the US . 2nd world was made up of the
socialist bloc headed by the Soviet Union . 3rd world was made up of
non-aligned nations, such as the independent nations of Africa .
Concept of “Three Worlds” (Maoist Point Of View) – 1st
world consisted of two superpowers – the US and USSR . 2nd world consisted of the
developed countries of Europe
plus Canada and Japan . 3rd world consisted of all
developing nations, including China .
The Bandung Conference – meant to bring together
citizens of countries located on Asia
and Africa . 10 basic principles for peaceful coexistence were
formulated. Intended to promote international peace and
stability and to ease cultural and economic cooperation between African and
Asian countries. Paved the way for future Sino-African
relations.
The Report on The Hunan Peasant Movement –
written in 1927 by Mao.
Argued that the Party should study and learn from actions that the least
privileged members of rural society take to express their grievances and, when
able to, settle scores with landlords. Draws attention to the
fact that peasant women were doubly oppressed in village society.
“On New Democracy” – written by Mao in 1940, stressed potential of
peasants to play a vanguard role in revolutionary processes. Emphasized
the crucial role that imperialism could play in encouraging people to rise up.
“Talks at the Yan’an Conference on
Literature and Art” – Mao stressed the need for artists to use their creative
powers to serve the people and goals of the Revolution.
Section III: High Maoism Mao and Maoism
“Little
Red Book” – Book to find
answers to every political and moral question. It’s comprised of quotations
from Mao Zedong’s works.
Mao
Zedong Thought – A body
of wisdom rooted in the collective thinking of top party leaders.
Mao
Zedong – Improved on
works of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin. AKA “Great
Helmsman,” images of him everywhere, praised for understanding of peasants,
guerilla warfare, imperialism, and needs of developing countries. Has a
God-like status – Cult of Mao.
Factional
Politics
Maoist period
– Last half of 20th century. Lasted until 1976 and during that time, Mao’s power was
not stable.
Utopian
Approach – Rush to
radical transformation
Pragmatic
Approach – Gradual
approach to radical transformation
Mao
was in favor of moving the revolution forward quickly as possible, but claimed
he was following a “scientific” not utopian approach for bringing positive
results. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping were in favor
of slow changes, while Zhou Enlai hopped form one
side to another.
Socialism – General economy equality with some
degree of variation due to abilities. Limited amount of private property, state
plays an active role in settling conflicting interests.
Communism – All people completely equal. No
private ownership at all, state withers away because there would be no
conflicting interests.
The
Great Leap Forward and the Hundred Flowers Campaign
Agricultural Production Cooperatives (APCs) – Units made up of a dozen or two
families, typically headed by a local farmer with loose supervision by a
government cadre.
First
Five Year Plan – (1953 –
1957) Goals: Double industrial production, increase rural yields by 25%. I
didn’t move China as quickly to communism as Mao would
have liked.
Great Leap Forward (GLF) – 1958 collectivization and campaigns to increase crop yields
and raise production of steel. Local officials overstated results fearing they would be
punished for being insufficiently supportive of Mao’s policies if results
weren’t satisfactory. The metal blocks they produced were useless, only for
showing off, the idea to plant crops closer failed, and all this led to a great
famine.
Hundred
Flowers Campaign – It
was a response to the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 and was a brief flourishing of
open discussion followed by a series of purges of people whose opinions had
gone beyond the bounds of what Mao defined as appropriate constructive
criticism.
Control
of the Borderlands and Sino-Soviet Relations
The
Tibetan Uprising – A
series of dramatic public demonstrations led the CCP to thinks that a violent
insurrection was brewing. The uprising was forcibly suppressed and led the
Dalai Lama to flee to India where he and his ministers created the
Tibetan government.
Dalai Lama – Supreme
religious and political authority in Tibet. His role was to be a king, an abbot, and
a living Buddha.
Panchen Lama –
Second in holiness and in power to the Dalai Lama and the head of the Tashilhunpo monastery.
Freedom
Committee (FC) – Formed
in March 10, 1959 by people surrounding Dalai Lama’s summer palace in an attempt
to prevent him from going to a theater performance, fearing that the Chinese
might kidnap him. They demanded the Chinese leave Tibet and declared war against the PRC.
Mao’s
Resurgence, 1965 – 1969
Liu
Shaoqi – Mao’s rival withing the CCP. He ran
the government since the time Mao was ousted after the Great Leap Forward. He
was removed and put in prison in 1966.
16
Point Directive in Mao’s Cultural Revolution – Mao ordered students to purge society of all
people in authority who are taking the capitalist road and reminded them that
revolution was an act of violence whereby one class overthrows the power of
another. The students reacted by attacking authority figures such as parents
and teachers, while destroying past and tradition such as museums and temples,
trying to prove devotion to Mao. Later, the students started to attack each
other, thinking that their group was the only group following Mao’s ideas
correctly.
Section IV
The Gang of Four
The Gang of Four
Mao’s Wife thought the only way for China to move forward was if hard line taken against anyone who called for moderation or slow moving.
Cultural Revolution: In Shanghai, forces allied w/ workers and set up camp on the Paris Commune (Very Communist) which shocked conservatists (1967). Mao Warned this “Gang of Four” to back down, but when he died, the moderates attempted to prevail.
Mao’s Death and Successor
Mao was careful of choosing successor cuz he wanted to maintain power till his death.
Choices: Jiang Qing (Wife) who was unpopular with senior leaders, Deng Xiaopin, who had uncertain power base.
Mao picks dark horse, Hua Guofeng. Hua ruled for a little while but then Deng took over (more
politically powerful)
The Democracy Wall Movement
Many anti Deng propaganda arose.
Critique were not intellectuals, mostly former Red Guards
Series of Protests in 1930’s
Marked step away form Cultural Revolution era politics.
Wei Jingsheng
Jailed for criticism of gov.
Called Deng a tyrant and added a fifth to the “Four Modernization's”,
Democracy (insult).
New Policies and New Challenges 1980-1985
Tiananmen Square on October 1, 1984 marked 35 years since founding of PRC.
A year later, students protested against Japan on how they were ruing the PRC’s economy.
The Birth Control Campaign
1970s, the government began a birth control propaganda, “Once Child Family Policy.”
Farm families resented esp since they needed more for farming help.
Female Infanticide arose: created unbalance between male and female population.
Privatization, Special Economic Zones, and Political Reforms
Deng Xiaoping indicated step towards a responsive, accountable, and transparent government.
Attempt to undo wrongs in Cultural Revolutions but in regards to Mao, they sugar coated his “mistakes”
Cultural Revolution became taboo subject, spoken about only in private (Present).
Farmers like ability to work and retain profits from small private plots.
Joing Venture formed to make special economic zones ex. Shenzhen, an
urban area between Guangzhou and Hong Kong.
Section V
·
universities- key sites for top-down experiments with
loosening up state control as well as for bottom-up efforts to bring the pace
of economic & political reforms more in line with one another.
·
Fang Lizhi- physicist based at a Hefei University and an outspoken critic of the Deng
Xiaoping regime.
·
1985 protest- gave a new generation of students
lesson in how to organize and demonstrate.
·
mass actions- provided a template of sorts for
much more dramatic events that would close the decade.
·
December 1986- mass actions in Hefei, Shanghai and other cities.
·
Hefei- city in Anhui Province
·
New Year's Day 1987- mass actions in Hefei and Shanghai and other cities. March by Beijing students to Tiananmen Square.
·
1986-7 protest wave- included marches involving as many as ten or
twenty thousand educated youths in Shanghai.
·
Hu Yaobang- onetime
General Secretary of CPP
·
May 4th- National Youth Day
·
Zhao Zhiyang- replaced Hu Yaobang but then came in turn
to represent the most reformist elements in the regime.
·
May 20- Martial Law
·
"The Goddess of Democracy"- large white sculpture that
had some distinctively Chinese aspects to it but also bore a strong resemblance
to the Statue of Liberty. Created by Tiananmen Square protestors in 1989.
·
Tiananmen Square- soldiers killed students who were protesting. (The June 4th
Massacre)
·
Jiang Zemin- China's paramount leader (1997-2000)
·
SARS- highly contagious respiratory disease
·
New Century- department stores, restaurants, Starbucks, Sushi
bars, high-rise office buildings, high- security apartment complexes, gated
communities of villas, rise of nationalism
·
Falun Gong- syncretic
and contains elements of popular traditions and faith healing.
·
Li Hongzhi- Falun
Gong's leader