Hole physics, teleportation and levitation, V1,
nr.3, 2005
Open Tunnel paradox in teleportation (wormholes)
Paper shows that open wormholes violates conservation
laws and destroy large-scale structure of universe. Is
hole geometry a tunnel?
The review on teleportation methods [1] shows that practically
all methods of material teleportation use the topological tunnels connecting
different points of space. Other names of these objects are wormholes or
Einstein –Rosen bridges. My attention was involved with a question - why
in hole teleportation this topological tunnel is absolutely isolated from
the external universe, whereas in the theory of traversable wormholes one
is open?
Through the open tunnel it is possible to observe the remote
regions of the universe [1]:"...an Observer Sitting in Region Ω1 Who Looks
Through the Wormhole Throat ∂Ω and Sees Remote Region Ω2". Or other example
from 2005 conference past in February [2]:"Users would simply step through
to the other end, without any "travel" type experience. The other end would
be clearly visible through the wormhole, as if one were gazing through a
doorway". In other papers [3, 4] wormholes also are responsible for an overflowing
of substance and radiation from one region of the universe to another.
Now imagine the universe - planets fly around the stars, stars
move in the galaxies, galaxies and congestions of galaxies move around the
centers of gravity. And here suddenly appears a traversable wormhole between
two far regions of the universe. (Wormhole created by black (white) hole
or by an advanced civilization). While users look closely at star N from
another galaxy, the gravitational fields from regions A and B dive through
the tunnel. Gravitational field chooses always the shortest way for interaction.
Why stars and galaxies must interact through huge astronomical distances,
whereas there is a shortcut through the wormhole?
Therefore between our sun and star N from another galaxy suddenly
appears the strong gravitational interaction. Naturally, the sun quickly
changes the trajectory, losing the planets. Our galaxy also suddenly realizes
about its collision with another galaxy. Appearance of a wormhole’ mouth
for example near the Earth will change the whole structure of our galaxy.
The mouth of a wormhole connected to other large galaxy will be most massive
"body" of our galaxy, therefore stars will move on new orbits according
to new distribution of mass. These events do not vary, if the second mouth
of wormhole appears spontaneously or is delivered by a spaceship.
You may object that the area of wormhole is insufficient to
produce so large effects. The reply is following: First, the gravitational
theories of Newton and Einstein do not contain the notion of area of interaction.
Thus if wormhole exists, we must modify first the gravitational laws by
introduction of area of interaction. If such modification is not possible,
then wormholes do not exist. Secondly, even weak gravitational interaction
between remote stars through wormhole may change the structure of universe
and lead to violation of conservation laws.
Thus, creation of a traversable wormhole is the largest catastrophe
for the universe. While people look closely at other worlds through the
open tunnel, begins the catastrophic reorganization of large-scale structure
of the universe. Wormhole must change orbits not only of separate stars,
but also of large congestions of galaxies. Since appearance of open wormhole,
the radius of zone of catastrophic changes increases with speed of light
around both mouths.
Creation of the open wormholes violates conservation laws
and creates unnatural situations when the nature simply does not know what
to do. Imagine two congestions of the galaxies, which never "knew" about
existence of each other and located far apart behind the horizon. How should
move these congestions of galaxies, if at appearance of wormhole appears
a gravitational attraction between them? They may move, for example, perpendicularly
to its old plane of an orbit, on which they moved billions years. The unnatural
event here is that not exist a closed orbit for galaxies located far apart
behind horizon, but connected together by wormhole. Therefore all region
of universe with wormholes must be a zone with chaotic motion of stars and
galaxies, with frequent collisions between them. Besides, galaxies should
interact with themselves through the wormhole that contradicts common sense.
Fig. 1. The open topological tunnel in wormhole theory and absolutely
isolated from the external universe geometry of hole teleportation. At
the moment of teleportation, the closed hole surfaces A and B exchanges
the contents without opening "the tunnel" for external universe.
A common analogy used to visualize wormholes involves marking
two holes at opposite ends of a sheet of paper, to represent distant points
in the Universe. One can then bend the paper over so that the two remote
points are positioned on top of each other. Let’s look now if the gravitational
field allows such operations.
Let us suppose,one mouth (À) of wormhole be near the sun, and
another (Â) near the orbit of Pluto (Fig. 1). Since points A and B coincide
or are very close through wormhole, hence the gravitational potential of
the sun in point A also is equal to potential in point B. It is equivalent
to appearance of another star near the orbit of Pluto. The sun begins to
interact intensively gravitationally with itself. Sudden change of the sun
trajectory because of appearance of its gravitational image is accompanied
certainly by the scale violation of conservation laws and angular moment,
etc. When has energy and the angular moment appeared due to which the massive
sun has changed direction of motion at appearance of wormhole?
There is an example of the perpetuum mobile taking energy
from anything, constructed with application of open wormholes. We shall
take example [8, 9] widely quoted in the literature, when one mouth A of
wormhole remains on the Earth (or better close to sun), and another B is
carried away by a spaceship to another star. Proceeding from references,
there are no problems with transportation of a wormhole’s mouth, which is
like usual cargo. Since near mouths A and B is identical sun’ gravitational
potential, the spaceship may carry away all solar system to other star (if
the gravitational (solar) attraction at mouth A will be strongest than attraction
from the center of our galaxy). If to start such spaceships serially to
the opposite sides, the sun and planets will move with acceleration to the
different sides. There is a huge perpetuum mobile where piston is the whole
planet, star or the whole solar system. Thus open wormhole violates conservation
laws.
To understand better this case, imagine a tractor, which pulls
a cargo not feeling reciprocal force of reaction. In that case the tractor’
force can be infinite. Such tractor is able to carry an infinite mass;
it depends only on durability of a rope. In above case the rope is the
gravitational potential at mouth B, and tractor is a spaceship that transports
a mouth as a usual cargo. Thus it is impossible to carry mouths separately,
because of appearance of gravitational forces between them and other gravitating
masses. It means teleportation through wormhole is not possible.
Even it is not possible in general mathematically to describe,
for example the orbit of the Earth, if tens wormholes connect the Earth
gravitationally to other points of the universe. It is necessary to take
into account not only traditional heaven neighbors of the Earth, but also
interaction of the Earth with itself through wormholes, and interaction
with hundreds of other "close" planets and stars, which before were very
far.
Time machines with wormholes
Below is given an example of time travel by wormholes [5]:
“Then, sitting near a mouth «À» in the middle of winter, we shall see through
wormhole a bright picture of last summer, and really we shall return in this
summer passing through wormhole. Then again we shall come nearer to mouth
«A», as we have agreed, somewhere beside, once again we shall dive into
a hole and - we shall jump straight through a last year's snow, and so
repeatedly. Moving in the opposite direction - diving in mouth «B», -
we jump for half-year in the future …” The traveler carefree passes through
the tunnel from one time to another, allowing two universes, from the past
and the future, an opportunity to interact through open wormhole. This
picture of time travel should not look such peaceful as in [5]. At appearance
of the tunnel the traveler would be killed at once by the gale-force winds
moving with space speeds. The atmosphere, oceans and solid rocks of the
Earth immediately would fly to the new center of the Earth - a mouth of
a wormhole, erasing cities and settlements. Another variant is that gravitational
and other fields coming from another universe may transform the Earth into
a mixture of elementary particles or a black hole. This picture supplements
scale violation of causality and conservation laws.
These events, fortunately, never can happen, because open topological
tunnels do not exist in the nature. As Hawking put it: "there is considerable
evidence in favour of [chronology protection] based on the fact that we
have not been invaded by hordes of tourists from the future."
The possible objection of wormhole' supporters is not fair
that open wormhole is not transparent for external gravitational fields.
If living traveler, substance and radiation can pass through a wormhole,
then gravitational field also will always pass. Gravitation is the most
penetrating interaction in nature. Even the horizon of a black hole with
its unilateral passing ability for substance, electromagnetic and nuclear
radiation is transparent for external gravitational fields, otherwise the
horizon should not let cross even own gravitational field of a black hole.
Is hole geometry a tunnel?
At hole teleportation also is created the geometry, responsible
for carry of bodies, but there is no "Open tunnel" paradox. As it has been
described in article [6], at teleportation in points A, B, Ñ… appears identical
closed hole surfaces, which exchange the contents. Thus, the topological
tunnel is created only for an instant and it appears absolutely isolated
from the external universe by the closed hole surface. Contrary to the theory
of wormholes, at the moment of hole teleportation the observer will not
see any far regions of the universe. Thus construction of hole teleportation
initially avoids paradoxes and catastrophes.
There are no geometry like to "tunnel" of hole teleportation
among topological tunnels described in references, that is good. The biggest
part of these tunnels leads to paradoxes and violation of fundamental laws
and therefore do not exist in the nature. As hole teleportation can be
described only by the first definition (the body is thrown outside of the
universe and instantly appears in other point) there can be idea to refuse
in general the topological tunnels connecting different points of space.
On the other hand, the closed hole surface is an curvature of space-time
by a strong gravitational field. It enables us to explain alternatively
teleportation by appearance of curvature of space-time as was described
in [7]. Closed hole surfaces appear on all points lying on trajectory of
uniform rectilinear motion that exchange the context. But is the tunnel hole
geometry? Hole "tunnel" is not similar, for example to Einstein - Rosen bridges,
as has no throat (Fig 1). At hole teleportation the body does not exist between
points of start and finish, hence, the body does not move, as in the theory
of wormholes, through any tunnel. And the closed hole surfaces A and B cannot
be named mouths of the tunnel, even because mouths by definition should be
open, and hole surfaces are closed and from them nothing flows into or flow
out. The concept of the tunnel means, that the body moves mechanically through
the tunnel and flows, for example from a point A to B, whereas in hole teleportation
the identical closed volumes of space in points A and B are simply cuts
out and exchange (instant inversion). Such instant inversion of volumes together
with bodies fundamentally differs from mechanical motion through wormhole.
Besides the tunnel usually connects two mouths, but not tens,
hundreds or N as in hole teleportation. Only conditionally and more likely
incorrectly "hole" geometry can be named “tunnel”. In article [7] this geometry
is identified as Poincare model of non-Euclidean universe. The second definition
of hole teleportation needs to be changed: space-time is bent for creation
of geometry «Poincare model of non-Euclidean universe» whose virtual copies
appear simultaneously on all points of trajectory of uniform rectilinear
motion and change the contents; instead of “points A and B coincides". In
fact the notion "to coincide" means, that bodies in points A and B can occupy,
even for an instant, the same volume in space. This affirmation is simultaneously
true and not true. On the one hand, bodies do not coincide in direct sense,
i.e. do not occupy the same volume of space that would lead to their deformation
and interaction with each other. On the other hand, points A, B, C really
coincide in space-time, if in each of these points instantly appear and disappear
all bodies from points A, B, C. Therefore the notion “an exchange in volumes”
describes more precisely hole teleportation than “coincidence of points ".
Notwithstanding that Poincare model of non-Euclidean universe has
no throat, mouths and is not similar to the tunnel, it is geometry responsible
for carry of bodies in hole teleportation. At the moment of teleportation
virtual copies of such geometry appear on all points lying on a trajectory
of uniform-rectilinear motion of body and exchange the contents. Hole teleportation
cardinally differs from the theory of wormholes.
Cosmological paradox
According to the theory of wormholes, macroscopic wormholes should
be much; these are natural wormholes created by black (white) holes, plus
artificial wormholes created by the advanced civilizations. But let's look,
as such network of wormholes may influence the cosmological expansion of
the universe. If between points A and B, taking place at distance 100
Mp, the wormhole appears, then points A and B coincide or are very close.
Before the speed of galaxies was 7500 km/s, according to Hubble's law, and
after creation of wormhole the distance between them is about several parsec.
What should be the speed of cosmological expansion for given galaxies? It
is natural, that by inertia they will continue movement, but speed of cosmological
expansion according to Hubble's law v=HS should be close to zero. Moreover,
galaxies will break the movement because of the mutual gravitational attraction
through wormhole.
Imagine now there are thousands of wormholes on each cubic
kilometer of space, which connect random points of universe. Actually the
distance (for gravitationally interacting bodies) up to any point through
network of open wormholes is very little, from some meters up to some parsec.
Will the universe expand in this case? Certainly, it depends on nature
of cosmological expansion, but from the point of view of the Hubble’s law,
the universe should not expand, because the distance between any points
of the universe is less than some parsec. Moreover, if to take into account
the increased gravitational interaction between all bodies of the universe
through network of wormholes, the matter of the universe should flock, depending
on position of wormholes. Thus the theory of open wormholes contradicts at
least to known today laws of cosmology.
The case of many universes
The gravitational paradox of the open tunnel does not disappear
even if to accept that open wormhole connects not two points of the same
universe, but two points of different universes. First, it is necessary
to notice, that if to connect two isolated universes by the open topological
tunnel, it will be already one universe, not two. Mouths of wormhole would
be in that case the special and privileged points of space, the centers
of the universe for both parts of the universes, that is violation of cosmological
principle. Appearance even of one open wormhole would lead to reorganization
of large-scale structure of the universe, because of gravitational interaction
between two parts of the universe. However, if there are more wormholes,
then all paradoxes described above for one universe exist also for case of
two universes. The sun can interact with itself and with others before inaccessible
stars through the network of open topological tunnels, with scale violation
of conservation laws. And wormholes open only for an instant are not traversable
and do not result to open tunnel paradox.
Principle of stable universe
Taking into account above-stated and observable stability of
the visible universe at the big scales, I propose a principle of the stable
universe, forbidding all actions, processes and structures, which can lead
to spontaneous changes of large-scale structure of the universe. Just this
principle violates open wormholes. If any investigated process or structure
breaks a principle of the stable universe, it is a true indication of its
unreality.
Conclusions
Thus open topological tunnels and wormholes do not exist in the
nature, otherwise it would lead to violation of conservation laws and catastrophic
reorganization of large-scale structure of the universe. It is unknown,
if exist virtual non-traversable wormholes like Einstein-Rosen bridges, open
for an instant. Such instant wormhole do not lead to Open Tunnel Paradox,
but the network of instant wormholes, which continuously appears, may violate
conservation laws...Teleportation of material bodies is possible only on
condition of absence of “Open Tunnel” paradox, which allows using only instant
and closed geometry as in hole teleportation. By the way, there is no “open
tunnel” paradox in quantum teleportation, nor in hole teleportation.
References:
1. Eric W. Davis, "The Teleportation Physics Study", Air Force Research
Lab Special Report, Edwards Air Force Base, August 2004
2. Eric W. Davis - "Teleportation via Wormhole Stargates", STAIF 2005,
February 13 -17, 2005, Albuquerque, NM
3. David Hochberg, Thomas W. Kephart, «Wormhole Cosmology and the
Horizon Problem», arXiv:gr-qc/9211006v1 04 Nov 1992
4 N.S. Cardashev "Ghost mass and searches for alien civilizations"
Assambleia Poznavatelinogo.
5. Kiril Bronnicov, «The bridge between worlds», Around the world
¹5 (2764) 2004
6. C. Leshan "Appearance and inversion of bodies in hole teleportation",
Hole physics, teleportation and levitation, N3, 2005
7. C. Leshan, "The properties of hole teleportation" - Hole physics,
teleportation and levitation, N1, 2001
8. Morris, M. S, Thorne, K. S., and Yurtsever, U. "Wormholes, Time Machines,
and the Weak Energy Condition," Phys. Rev. Letters, 61, 1446-1449 (1988).
9. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/W/wormhole.html
10. Ê. Ëåøàí "Ïàðàäîêñ îòêðûòîãî òóííåëÿ â òåëåïîðòàöèè (wormholes)", ÄÔÒË
N3, 15.07.2005
Paper [10] was translated and updated by C. Leshan at 02.12.2005