蘇格拉底 (Socrates) : Greek 470-399BC
柏拉圖 (Plato) : Greek 428-348BC, 形上哲學
亞里士多德 (Aristotle) : Greek 384-322BC, 自然哲學
西塞羅 (Cicero) : Italian 106-43BC, 希臘哲學羅馬化, 論法律, 論國家, 論善惡, 論神的本性
奧古斯丁 (Augustine) : Italian 354-430, 公教神學, 論三位一體, Confessions (400), City of God (410)
阿奎那 (St Thomas Aquinas) : Italian 1225-74, 自然神學, 神學大全Summa Theologiae (1265-73)
但丁 (Dante) : Italian 1265-1321, 詩人, 哲學家, 希臘哲學基督教化, The Divine Comedy (1307-21)
馬基維利 (Machiavelli) : Italian 1469-1527, 政治哲學, The Prince (1512)
哥白尼 (Copernicus) : Italian 1473-1543, 太陽中心說, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543)
馬丁路德 (Martin Luther) : German 1483-1546, 新教之父, Sermon on Indulgence and Grace, Theses (1518), The Freedom of a Christian (1520)
加爾文 (Calvin) : French Swiss 1509-1564, 教條主義神學, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
培根 (Bacon) : English 1561-1626, 經驗主義, 科學主義, 實證法學, Essays (1597), Novum Organon (1620)
伽利略 (Galileo) : Italian 1564-1642, 物理學, 天文學, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
霍布斯 (Hobbes) : English 1588-1679, 自然法學, Elements of Law (1640), Elements of Philosophy (1942), Leviathan (1651)
笛卡兒 (Descartes) : French 1596-1650, 懷疑論, 理性主義, Discourse on Method (1637), Principles of Philosophy (1644)
斯賓諾沙 (Spinoza) : Jewish Dutch 1632-1677, 一元神學, 泛神論, 理性主義, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670), Ethics (1677)
班揚 (Bunyan ) : English 1628-1685, Puritans, Pilgrim's Progress (1678)
洛克 (Locke) : English 1632-1704, 經驗主義, Checks & Balances, Two Treatises of Government (1689), Reasonableness of Christianity (1695)
萊布利茨 (Leibniz) : German 1646-1716, 創立柏林學院, Discourse of Metaphysics (1685), The New System (1695), Theocidy (1710)
牛頓 (Newton) : English 1642-1727, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687), Prophecies of Daniel, Apocalypse of St John (1727)
柏克萊 (Berkeley) : Irish 1685-1753, 經驗主義, 二元神學, Bishop 1734, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710)
孟德斯鳩 (Montesquieu) : French 1689-1755, 三權分立, On the Spirit of the Laws (1748)
伏爾泰 (Voltaire) : French 1694-1778, 人文主義, Candide (1759), Encyclopedia (1751), Philosophical Dictionary (1764)
休謨 (Hume) : Scottish 1711-1776, 經驗主義, Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751), Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1776)
慮梭 (Rousseau) : French 1712-1778, Discourse upon the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind (1755), Social Contract (1762)
亞當史密斯 (Adam Smith) : Scottish 1723-1790, Hume's nephew, Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Wealth of Nation (1776)
康德 (Kant) : German 1724-1804, 主觀唯心主義, Three Critiques (1781-1790), Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)
邊沁 (Bentham) : English 1748-1832, 功利主義, Fragment on Government (1776), Introduction to the Principles of Morals & Legislation (1789)
歌德 (Goethe) : German 1749-1832, 浪漫主義, Faust (1773-1831), "pantheists study nature, polytheists write poetry, monotheists act morality"
費希特 (Fichte) : German 1762-1814, 道德哲學, 無神論至有神論, Critique of All Revelation (1792), 至福生活指南 (1806)
施萊馬赫 (Schleirmacher) : German 1768-1834, 主觀唯心主義, 詮釋學, On Religion (1799)
謝林 (Schelling) : German 1775-1854, 浪漫主義, 神話學, 宗教學, System of Transcendental Idealism (1800)
黑格爾 (Hegel) : German 1770-1831, 客觀唯心主義, Phenomenology of Mind/Spirit (1807), Logic (1812-6), Philosophy of Right (1821)
叔本華 (Schopenhauer) : German 1788-1860, 消極生命哲學, The World as Will and Idea (1818)
穆勒 (James Mill) : Scottish 1773-1836, 功利主義, 經濟學, An Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (1829)
奧斯丁 (John Austin) : English 1790-1859, 實證法學, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832)
費爾巴哈 (Feuerbach) : German 1804-1872, 社群主義, 黑格爾主義, The Essence of Christianity (1846)
齊克果 (Kierkegaard) : Danish 1813-1855, 存在主義之父, 反黑格爾主義, Either/Or: A Fragment of Life (1843), Sickness unto Death (1849)
孔德 (Comte) : French 1798-1857, 實證主義, Positive Philosophy (1830-42), System of Positive Polity (1851-4)
達爾文 (Darwin) : Scottish 1809-1882, 進化論, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
穆勒 (John Stuart Mill) : Scottish 1806-1873, James Mill's son, 極端功利主義, 經濟學, On Liberty (1859) , Utilitarianism (1861)
狄爾泰 (Dilthey) : German 1833-1911, 精神科學, 詮釋學, 精神科學引論 (1883)
尼采 (Nietzsche) : German 1844-1900, 非理性主義, 積極生命哲學, Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883), Beyond Good and Evil (1887)
詹姆士 (James): American 1842-1910, 實用主義, Principles of Psychology (1890), Varieties of Religious Experience (1901), Pragmatism (1907)
杜威 (Dewey) : American, 1859-1952, Critical Theory of Ethics (1891), Scientific Treatment of Morality (1903), Reconstruction in Philosophy (1920)
弗雷格 (Frege) : German 1848-1925, 分析哲學, The Basic Laws of Arithmetic (1893)
柏格森 (Bergson) : French 1859-1941, 諾貝爾文學獎 1927, 直覺主義, Matter and Memory (1896)
霍姆斯 (Holmes) : American 1841-1935, 進化論法學, The Path of the Law (1897)
胡塞爾 (Husserl) : Jewish German 1859-1938, Logical Investigations (1900-13), Ideas of Pure Phenomenology & Phenomenological Philosophy (1914)
杜爾凱姆 (Durkheim) : French 1858-1917, 社會學, 前結構主義, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912)
弗洛伊德 (Freud) : Jewish Austrian 1856-1939, 無神論心理分析學, Interpretation of Dreams (1900), The Ego and the Id (1923)
榮格 (Jung) : German Swiss 1875-1961, 有神論, Symbols of Transformation (1912), Process of Individuation (1933), Collective Unconsciousness (1934)
巴特 (Barth) : Swiss 1886-1968, 辯證神學, The Epistle to the Romans (1919), Church Dogmatics (1924-35?)
韋伯 (Weber) : Jewish German 1864-1920, 社會學, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1922)
摩爾 (Moore) : British 1873-1958, 直覺主義, Principia Ethica (1903), Ethics (1912), Main Problems of Philosophy (1953)
雅斯培 (Jaspers) : German 1883-1969, 存在主義神學, Philosophy (1932)
凱爾森 (Kelsen) : Austrian 1881-1973, 實證法學, Pure Theory of Law (1934), General Theory of Law and State (1945)
維根斯坦 (Wittgenstein) : Jewish Austrian British 1889-1951, 語言哲學, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921), Philosophical Investigations (1953)
卡爾納普 (Carnap) : Jewish Austrian 1891-1970, 邏輯實證主義, Logical Structure of the World (1928), Meaning and Necessity (1947)
波普 (Popper) : Austrian 1902-1994, 科學哲學, 推反科學主義, Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935), Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
海德格 (Heidegger) : German 1889-1976, 存在主義, Being and Time (1927), Introduction to Metaphysics (1953)
沙特 (Sartre) : French 1905-1980, 諾貝爾文學獎 1964, 無神論存在主義, Being and Nothingness (1943), Existentialism is a Humanism (1946)
梅洛龐蒂 (Merleau-Ponty) : French 1908-1961, 現象學, The Phenomenology of Perception (1945)
加謬 (Camus) : French 1913-1960, 諾貝爾文學獎 1957, 有神論存在主義, 荒謬哲學, Myth of Sisyphus (1942), The Rebel (1951)
李維史特勞斯 (Levi-Strauss) : French 1908-, 結構主義, The Elementary Structures of Kinship (1949)
艾耶爾 (Ayer) : Swiss British 1910-1989, 邏輯實證主義, Language, Truth and Logic (1936), Problem of Knowledge (1956)
柏林 (Berlin) : British 1909-, 自由主義, Two Concepts of Liberty (1959)
伽達默爾 (Gadamer) : Jewish German 1900-, 後現代詮釋學, Truth and Method (1960)
哈特 (Hart) : English 1907-1992, 功利主義, 實證法學, The Concept of Law (1961)
奧斯丁 (J. L. Austin) : English 1911-1960, 語言哲學, Sense and Sensibilia (1962)
孔恩 (Kuhn) : American 1922-1996, 科學哲學, Paradigm, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)
馬塞 (Marcel) : French 1889-1973, 存在主義神學, Misery of Being (1951), Existentialist Background to Human Dignity (1963)
利科 (Ricoeur) : French 1913-, 存在主義, 神學詮釋學, Freedom & Nature, Finitude & Blame (1950), Fallible Man (1965), Symbolism of Evil (1967)
奎因 (Quine) : American 1908-, 語言哲學, 科學哲學, 反邏輯實證主義, Word and Object (1960), Ontological Relativity (1969)
海耶克 (Hayek) : Austrian British 1899-1992, 極端自由主義, The Constitution of Liberty (1960), Law, Legislation and Liberty (1976)
福柯 (Foucault) : French 1926-1984, 後結構主義, The Order of Things (1966), The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969)
羅爾斯 (Rawls) : American 1921-, 新自由主義, A Theory of Justice (1971), Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001)
諾鍚克 (Nozick) : American 1938-, 極端自由主義, Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974)
德里達 (Derrida) : French 1930-, 解構主義, Of Grammatology (1976)
德沃金 (Dworkin) : American 1931-, 自然法學, Taking Rights Seriously (1977)
李塔歐 (Lyotard) : French 1924-1998, 後現代主義, Postmodern Conditions (1979)
默根泰爾 (MacIntyre) : 社群主義, After Virtue (1981)
哈貝瑪斯 (Habermas) : German 1929- , 新馬克思主義, Theory of Communicative Action (1981), Philosophical Discourse on Modernity (1985)
羅蒂 (Rorty) : American 1931-, 實用主義, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979), Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (1989)
吉登斯 (Giddens) : English, 1938-, 新社會民主主義, Beyond Left and Right (1994), The Third Way (1999)

專題/推介


哲學家列表 (特別鳴謝: 資料由Terence提供)

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