j]Zofj[lQnfO{ j}wtf slt plrt
lbg]z a:g]t
j]Zofj[lQnfO{ s'g} pBf]unfO{ em} Joj;fosf ?kdf dfGotf lbg'k5{ / lbg' x'�b}g eGg] ax; ;'? ePsf] 5 . of] ax; :jf:YodGqL z/t\l;+x e08f/Ln] ��of}g Joj;fonfO{ j}wflgsTf lbPkl5 PrcfO{eL�P8\;nufotsf of}g /f]u lgoGq0f x'g]�� ts{ cl3 ;f/]kl5 of] ax;n] /fli6�o ?k lnPsf] xf] .
clwjQmf ;kgf dNn k|wfg klg of] Joj;fonfO{ j}wflgstf lbg'kg]{ kIfdf x'g'x'G5 . ��;dfh jf sfg'gn] dfGotf lbP klg glbPklg j]Zofj[lQ of}g Jofj;fo g} xf] . o;af/]df l�ljwfdf kl//xg' h?/L 5}g . cbfntn] klg af6f] vf]lnlb;s]sf] 5 .�� pxf�sf] ;+s]t j}jflxs anfTsf/;DaGwL cbfntsf] km};nftkm{ lyof] .
xfn} ;/sf/n] tof/ u/]sf] �dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/�k;f/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL� k|:tfljt ljw]osdf ;/sf/n] j]Zofj[lQnfO{ ck/flwsf/ sfo{sf ?kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . o;af/] ;+o'Qm /fi6� ;+3sf dlxnf lj?4sf lx+;f;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltj]bs /flwsf/ s'df/f:jfdLsf] l6Kk0fL o:tf] lyof] . ��cfw'lgs sfg'gn] j]Zofj[lQnfO{ ck/flws/0f ug]{ tkm{eGbf j]Zofj[lQdf x'g] zf]if0fnfO{ dfq ck/flws/0f ug'{kb{5 eGg] kIfdf jsfnt ub{5 . ljutsf] cg'ejn] j]Zofj[lQnfO{ ck/flws/0f ubf{ k|x/L sf/jfxLsf] bf]xf]/f] df/ dlxnfnfO{ g} kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf of] Joj:yf g]kfnnfO{ k5fl8tkm{ n}hfg] sbd xf] / o;n] ;DalGwt dlxnfx?sf] nflu 7"nf] kL8f l;h{gf ug]{5 .��
dlxnf, sfg'g / ljsf; d~r -FWLD_ n] u/]sf] Ps ;j]{If0fcg';f/ ztk|ltzt ;f+;bx?n] j]Zofj[lQnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg'kg]{ kIfdf dt hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\ . t/, %*=# k|ltzt gful/s ;dfhn] o;nfO{ j}wflgstf lbggx'g] atfPsf 5g\ . j]Zofj[lQnfO{ j}wtf lbg'k5{ eGg] kIfdf @% k|ltzt dfq gful/s ;dfh 5 .
To;f] t j]Zofj[lQaf6 c;/ kg]{ JolQmx?n] g} klg o;sf] ljkIfdf dt hfx]/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cWoogsf cg';f/ ^) k|ltzt c;/kg]{ JolQmx?n] j]Zofj[lQnfO{ sfg'gL j}wtf lbg g'x'g] atfPsf 5g\ . $) k|ltzt dfq o;sf] kIfdf 5g\ . To:t} sfg'g sfo{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf %^=^ k|ltzt j]Zofj[lQnfO{ j}wtfsf] ljkIfdf, $$=$ k|ltzt kIfdf, GofofwLzx? %) k|ltzt ljkIfdf, @% k|ltzt kIfdf, gLlt lgdf{tfx? %&=@ k|ltzt ljkIfdf, $@=* k|ltzt kIfdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
;f] ;+:yfsf cg';f/ cWoogsf qmddf !) hgf ;f+;b, & hgf gLlt lgdf{tf, ( hgf sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf clwsf/Lx?, $ hgf GofofwLzx?, !@ hgf gful/s ;dfhsf JolQmTjx? / % hgf g]kfn kms]{sf a]rljvgaf6 k|efljt dlxnf;lxt $& hgf;�u s'/fsfgL u/]sf] lyof] .
h:n] h] eg] klg / cWoogn] h] b]vfPklg o;sf] lj/f]w ug]{sf] klg sdL 5}g . ljZjlxGb' dxf;�\sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf cjsfz k|fKt pk/yL e/ts]z/ l;+x j]Zofj[lQnfO{ j}wtf lbP cfkm\gf] ;+:yf ;8s ;+3if{d} pqg] atfpg' x'G5 . pxf�sf] syg 5 ��gf/LnfO{ k"hLg] xfd|f] h:tf] lxGb' clw/fHodf v'nf b]xJofkf/ ug]{ 5'6 lbg] w[i6tf s';}n] u5{ eg] Tof] 3f]/ cfklQhgs s'/f xf] . o:tf] s'/f p7fpg' klg xfd|f] df}lns ;+:s[ltlj?4sf] x:tIf]k xf] .��
To:t} ;+rfl/sf ;d"xsL cWoIf jGbgf /f0ff klg of}g Joj;fonfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ubf{ dlxnfsf] cl:tTj, ;Ddfg / b[li6sf]0fdf k|efj kfg]{ atfpg' x'G5 . ��oxf� dlxnfx? o;} t ljleGg k|sf/sf b'Jojxf/af6 k|tfl8t x'g kl//x]sf] 5 To;dfly v'nf of}g Joj;fon] s:tf] c;/ kfnf{ <��
h] ePklg ;dfhdf s]xL aGwgx? klg x'G5g\ Toxf� a;]kl5 To;nfO{ dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . /, s'g} klg sfg'gn] ;dfh lgdf0f{ ub}{g a? ;dfhn] sfg'g lgdf{0f u5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg xfdLn] e'Ng ldNb}g . cfh h;/L of}g Joj;fonfO{ sfg'gL j}wflgstfsf] dfu ul/b}5 . sfg'g cfof] eg]klg ef]ln ToxL sfg'g 3f�8f] x'�b}g eGg] s] Uof/]G6L 5 <
cfh h;/L P8\; lgoGq0f / dlxnf a]rljvg tyf cf];f/�k;f/ lgoGq0fsf nflu eg]/ v'nf of}g Joj;fosf] s'/f ul/b} 5 . o;nfO{ j}wflgstf lbPkl5 oxL j]Zofno ;+rfng ug]{ / lsga]rsf] wGbf rnfpg] Pp6f ju{ hlGdof] eg] km]l/ lgoGq0f ug{ sfg'g dfUg] < To;}n] o; ljifodf s'g} lg0f{o lng'cl3 ;dfhsf] tNnf] tx;Ddf 5nkmn x'g' cfjZos 5 .
g]kfndf j]Zofj[lQ
Ps cWoogcg';f/ /fhwfgLdf dfq kf�r xhf/ a9L of}g Joj;foLx? 5g\ . cWoogcg';f/ Jofj;flos of}g Joj;foLx� Sofljg /]i6'/]G6, d;fh kfn{/, 8fG; /]i6'/]G6 / cGo Jofkfl/s k;ndf u/L !@ ljleGg k]zfdf ;+nUg /x]sf], sf7df8f}+sf ljleGg @& :yfgdf ;8sdf sfo{/t of}g Joj;foL /x]sf], Sofljg /]i6'/]G6df sfo{/t of}g Joj;foLsf] pd]/ !$ b]lv @@ jif{sf] /x]sf], of}g Joj;foL dlxnfn] Ps;o b]lv Ps xhf/;Dd lng] u/]sf], pkTosfdf $ b]lv % xhf/;Dd dlxnf of}g Joj;foL /x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 .
of}g Joj;foL dlxnfn] k|x/Ln] k};f dfUg] u/]sf], u|fxsx� k};f glbP/ efUg] u/]sf], pgLx�nfO{ ljleGg gfdn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/]sf], ;dfh / kl/jf/n] x]Kg] u/]sf], :yfgLo u'G8fn] lk6\g] / b'Mv lbg] u/]sf] h:tf] ;d:of ef]Ug'sf] ;fy} pgLx�n] of}g /f]u, P8\;, tNnf] k]6 b'MvfO{, dlxgfjf/Ldf x'g] b'Mv h:tf ljleGg ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 .
;f] cWoogdf of}g u|fxs / of}g Joj;foLx� clwsf+zn] of}g ;Dks{ ubf{ s08d k|of]u ug]{ u/]tf klg sltko ;8s of}g Joj;foL;+u s08d vl/b ug]{ Ifdtf klg gx'g'h:tf ;d:of /x]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] (@ :yfgdf @ xhf/ !#* ;'OJbf/f nfu" cf}iflw k|of]u ug]{x� /x]sf], sf7df8f}+df #)# k'?if / %& dlxnfdf ul/Psf] cWoogdf ljut % jif{df tL dWo] ^# k|ltzt k'?if / (& k|ltzt dlxnfn] ;'O{�f/f nfu' cf}ifw k|of]u ug{ ;'? u/]sf lyP . of}g u|fxsx�df vf;u/L 8�fOe/, k|x/L, ;]gf, u'G8f, sfo{fnodf sfo{/t sd{rf/L, Jofkf/L / /]i6'/]G6sf sfdbf/x� /x]sf] pNn]v 5 .
rf/ ;o dlxnf of}g Joj;foL tyf rf/ ;o of}g u|fxsdf ul/Psf] Ps cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/ of}g Joj;fo ;'? ug]{ pd]/ @! b]lv @% jif{sf] /x]sf, tL dWo] #@ k|ltzt dlxnf ljjflxt /x]sf, @# k|ltzt dlxnfn] ;DaGwljR5]b u/]sf], $$ k|ltzt cljjflxt /x]sf 5g\ .
;f] k|ltj]bgdf dlxnf of}g Joj;foLsf] ;/b/ ;fKtflxs cfo ?=# xhf/ &*! /x]sf], of}g Jofj;foL dlxnfn] k|To]s of}g ;Dks{sf] ?= $) b]lv % xhf/;Dd lng] u/]sf], of}g u|fxsx� clwsf+z dlb/f lkpg] u/]sf], (* k|ltzt of}g u|fxs ;fIf/ x'g] u/]sf], tLdWo] cfwf u|fxs ljjflxt /x]sf], && k|ltzt u|fxs cGo lHfNnfaf6 sf7df8f}+ pkTosf a;fO{ ;/]sf] pNn]v 5 .
of}g oj;fo zf}v ls afWotf <
of] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg sl7g 5 . t/, j]Zof[lQ b'j} sf/0faf6 x'�b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;af/] :jf:YodGqL z/t\l;+x e08f/Lsf] egfO 5 ��w]/}h;f]n] ul/aLsf sf/0f of] k]zfdf nfu]sf] atfPklg ul/aL dfq ul/aL dfq of] k]zfdf ;+nUg x'g'sf] sf/0f xf]Og .��
;+;/df w]/} vfnsf j]Zofx? kfOG5g\ . oxf�;DdsL OGx/]8 OG6/g]zgnsf cWoIf uf]kfns[i0f l;jfsf]6Lsf cg';f/ ljZjdf dl;{l8h sf/ / xftdf df]jfOn lnP/ lx8\g]b]lv ef]sf] k]6 lnP/ lx8\g];Ddsf j]Zofx? ljZj of}gahf/df kfOG5g\ .
xfd|} b]zdf klg zf}vn] j]Zofj[lQ ug]{x?sf] sdL 5}g . t/, xfn ;8sdf b]lvg] / ef/tLo of}g ahf/df k'�ofP/ a]lrPsfx?sf] eg] afWotf g} xf] . dGqL e08f/Ln] em} ��of] s'/f cf�cfkm\gf] OR5fdf e/k5{�� eg]/ of] Joj;fonfO{ sfg'gL j}wtf lbg ;lsPnf t < lsgsL cr]n k'?if j]Zofj[lQ klg al9/x]sf] 5 . of] b'j}nfO{ sfg'gL 5'6 lbbf ;dfh / ;dflhs ;+/rgfdf s:tf] c;/ knf{ <
sfg'gsf] b[li6df j]Zofj[lQ
;fdfGotM j]Zofj[lQnfO{ g}ltstf;�u hf]8]/ x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . /, j]Zof zAbnfO{ g} 3[0ffsf] b[li6n] x]l/G5 . t;y{ j]Zofj[lQnfO{ st} klg sfg'gL dfGotf lbPsf] kfO�b}g .
@ l8;]Da/ !($( df ;o'Qm /fi6� ;+3sf] dxf;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] �hLp df:g] a]Rg] tyf c?sf] j]Zofj[lQsf] zf]if0fsf] bdgsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf] dxf;lGw�n] j]Zofj[lQsf] p2]Zosf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ lghsf] ;xdlt lnP/ jf s'6'gLsf] k|of]u u/]/ kmsfpg] jf cu'jfO{ ug]{, s'g} JolQmnfO{ lghsf] ;xdlt lnP/} ePklg j]Zofj[lQsf] zf]if0f ug]{, j]Zofno /fVg], j]Zofno ;+rfng ug]{ jf hfgLhfgL j]Zofnodf nufgL ug]{, nufgLdf ;xefuL x'g], j]Zofj[lQsf nflu s'g} klg :yfg ef8fdf lng] jf lbg] ;a}nfO{ sf/afxL ul/g] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
cem xfd|f] /fli6�o sfg'gdf t j]Zofj[lQnfO{ k"0f{tM cj}w 7x/ ul/Psf] 5 . j]Zofj[lQ ug]{, u/fpg], j]Zofno ;+rfng ug]{ u/fpg] / ;f] s'/f yfxf kfP/ klg /f]syfdsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ va/ gug]{nfO{ ;d]t ;hfo�sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lhp df:g] a]Rg] sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os========cg';f/ s;}n] j]Zofj[lQ :j]R5fn] g} u/]sf] ePklg Ps dlxgfb]lv tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b / krf; xhf/ ?k}of�;Dd hl/jfgf ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} j]Zofj[lQ ug{ nufpg]nfO{ kfr jif{b]lv bz jif{;Dd s}b / Ps nfvb]lv b'O{ nfv;Dd hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/, of] ljw]os kfl/t eg] eO;s]sf] 5}g .
wd{zf:qdf j]Zofj[lQ
j]Zofj[lQ slxn] / sxf�af6 ;'? eof] Tof] t Plsgsf ;fy eGg ;lsb}g . t/, �j]Zof� zAb / �cj}w of}g ;DaGw� sf] k|rng eg] dxfef/tsfncl3 klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . Tolta]nf dlxnfnfO{ ef]u�ljnf;s} ?kdf dfq lng] u/]sf] ljleGg wd{u|Gyx?af6 :ki6 x'G5 . To;sf/0f klg j]Zofj[lQ xhf/f}+ jif{cl3af6} ;'? ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu dxfef/tsf] cflbkj{�!@@ df kf08' / s'GtLaLrsf] s'/fsfgLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . s'GtL;�u kf08' eG5g\�
cgfj[tfM lsn k'/f l:qL cf;g\ a/fgg] .
sfdrf/ljxl/0oM :jtGqfZrf?xl;gL ..$..
tf;f+ Jo'Rr/df0ffgf+ sf}d/ft\ ;'eu] kgLg\ .
gf wDdf]{ === o'�/f/f]x] ; lx wDd{M k"/fojt\ ..%..
cyf{tM� x] ;'Gb/L � k/fk"j{sfndf dlxnfnfO{ s'g} s'/fdf /f]s6f]s lyPg . x] ;'xfl;gL � Tolta]nf pgLx? :jtGqtfk"j{s 3'Dby] ..$.. x] ;'eu] � pgLx? s'df/fj:yfb]lvg} Joflerf/ ub{y] of] pgLx?sf nflu cwd{ x'�b}g lyof] lsgsL oxL g} Tolta]nfsf] wd{ lyof] .
o;/L wd{zf:qx? x]g]{ xf] eg] s'GtLk'q s0f{, Jof;k'q z'sb]j================x? klg cj}w of}g;DaGwaf6} hGd]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L cf}zg;�:d[lt - z'qmfrfo{nfO{ pzgf klg elgGYof] _ df s'Dxfn] -df6f]sf] ef�8f agfpg] hflt�sfo:y_ nfO{ afx'g / j]Zofsf] ;+;u{af6 hGd]sf] lelgPsf] 5 .
j}Zofof+ ljk|tZrf}o\olt s'Desf/f k|hfot] .
s'nfn j[Tof hLj]q' gflktf jf ejGTotM ..#@..
sfo:y Olt hLj]Q' ljj/]Rr O;:ttM .
sfsfNnf}No+ ddfTQmf}o\o{ :yot] /y s[Gtgd\ cfBIf/l0f ;+oXf+ sfo:y Olt sLlQ{tM ..#$..
o;sf/0f klg j]Zofj[lQnfO{ dfgj ;Eotf hlt k'/fgf] 5 Tolt g} k'/fgf] ;dob]lv rlncfPsf] Aojxf/sf] ?kdf lnOg] u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, g]kfnnufot k|foM ;a} d'n'sdf sfg"gL ?kn] cj}w / wfld{s b[li6n] lgif]lwt 5, tyflk P]ltxfl;s sfn b]lv g} j]Zofj[lQsf] rng rln cfPsf] 5 .
ljZj P8\;sf] 3/ aGb}5
ljz]ifu/L of}g;Dks{af6} a9L ;g]{ P8;\n] ljZjnfO{ lj:tf/} uf�Hb} nu]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(&) sf] cGTosf] bzslt� clk|msL dxfb]zdf b]lvPsf] P8\; b'O bzssf] 5f]6f] cjlwd} ljZje/ km}ln;s]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ c;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ / j]Zoj[lQn] km}ngdf yk d2t k'�ofO/x]sf] 5 . /, xfn;Dd @ s�f]8 eGbf a9Ln] P8\;s} sf�0f Hofg u'dfO;s]sf 5g\ . xfn;Ddsf] /]s8{cg';f/ c;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{s} sf/0f a9L of}g /f]u km}lnPsf] 5 . To;kl5 dfq ;'O{ nufotsf cGo cf}hf/x?af6 ;g]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
;+o'Qm �fi6� ;+3Lo o'PgPcfO8LP;sf cg';f� ljZjdf $ s�f]8 dflg; PrcfOeL P8\;af6 lkl8t 5g\ . ;f] ;+:yfsf cg';f/ oxL l:ylt /x]df cfufdL ;g\ @)@) ;Dd ^ s�f]8 *) nfv JolQmx?sf] Hofg P8\;sf sf/0f hfg ;Sg] 5 .
ljZjsf $ s�f]8 P8\; lkl8tdWo &) k|ltzt clk|msfsf] ;xf�f If]qdf �x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s jif{ () nfvsf] b�n] clxn]sf] l:yltdf P8\; a9\b} hfg] xf] eg] ;g\ @)!) ;Dd clk|msfdf @ s�f]8 afnaflnsf 6'x'�f x'g]5g\ .
;+o'Qm �fi6�;+3sf cg';f� ;g\ @))! ;Dd ljZjdf ! s�f]8 #$ nfv afnaflnsfx?n] P8\;sf] sf�0f afa'cfdf of tL dWo Ps u'dfP� 6'x'�f ePsf 5g\ . Plzofdf klg P8\;sf] k|efj a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
;g\ !(() df () nfv dflg; P8\;af6 kLl8t ePsf]df @))! df ! s�f]8 *) nfv P8\;af6 kLl8t ePsf 5g\ eg] of] bzssf] cGTo;Dd ;f] ;+Vof bf]Aa� x'g] c'gdfg ul�Psf] 5 . Nofl6g, cd]l�sf, k"jL{ o"�f]k nufotsf �fi6�x?df klg P8\;sf] k|efj a9\b} uPsf] 5 . P8\; lgoGq0f ug{ ah]6sf] klg 7"nf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 .
P8\; lgoGq0f ug{ ;g\ @))% ;Dd k|ltjif{ !) c�j 8n� cfjZos kg]{ �fi6�;+3Lo P8\; sfo{qmdn] hgfPsf] 5 .
clxn];Dd cf}iflw kQf nfUg g;s]sf] P8\;sf] EoflS;g ljsf; ug]{ k|of;x? klg ;'? ul�Psf 5g\ t� klg ToltGh]n;Dd nfvf}+ JolQmsf] Hofg uO;Sg] atfOPsf] 5 .
;�sf�L tYof� cg';f� g]kfndf klg P8\;sf] sf�0f !%# hgfsf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 . t/, P8\;af6 dg]{x?sf] ;+Vof of] eGbf w]�} a9L x'g] cg'dfg u}� ;�sf�L ;+:yfx?n] u�]sf 5g\ .