Ch 14
Annul: The Church did not allow people to divorce, so the Pope had to cancel his marriage from Catherine. Annul means to cancel.
Gravity: Newton named this the force that keeps everything on the ground. This theory of gravity took 20 years for Newton to perfect it.
Patron: A financial supporter of the arts. Lorenzo held Florence together during difficult times.
Perspective: Artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect. Renaissance artists learned the rules of perspective.
Theocracy: Government run by church leaders. In 1541, Protestants in the city-state of Geneva in Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their community.
John Calvin: Calvin was born in France and trained as a priest and lawyer. He had a razor sharp mind and his ideas had a profound effect on the direction of the Protestant Reformation.
Henry VIII: He stood firmly against the Protestant revolt. The pope even awarded him the title Defender of the Faith for a pamphlet that he wrote denouncing Luther.
Leonardo da Vinci: Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci. He was one of the greatest painters during the Italian renaissance.
Lorenzo de' Medici: Lorenzo represented the Renaissance ideal. He was a clever politician, he held Florence together during difficult times.
Niccolo Machiavelli: Niccolo wrote the Prince which was a book on how to hold power. He had served Florence as a diplomat and had observed kings and princes in foreign courts.
Heliocentric: This is a sun-centered model of the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the sun was at the center of the universe and the Earth is just one of the many planets that revolve around it.
Humanism: Intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individuals creative powers.
Indulgence: In the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a persons lifetime. Indulgences could be bought, this practice was later reprimanded.
Predestination: Predestination was the Idea that God long ago determined who will gain salvation. To Calvinists, the world was divided into two kinds of people-saints and sinners.
Recant: The church tried to persuade Luther to recant, or give up his views. Luther refused to, and instead he developed even more radical new doctrines.
Copernicus: Published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Most experts rejected his theory that the sun was the center of the universe.
Durer: Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the Italian masters. Returning home, he employed methods in paintings, engravings, and prints that portray the religious upheaval of his age.
Luther: Martin Luther was the man who triggered the revolt against the church abuses. He was a German monk professor of theology.
Newton: Isaac was a student at Cambridge University in England and developed the theory to explain why the planets moved as they did. Using mathematics, he showed that a single force keeps the planet in their own orbits around the sun; he called this gravity.
Patrarch: Francesco Petrarch a Florentine who lived from 1304 to 1374, was an early Renaissance humanist. In monasteries and churches, he hunted down and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts and his speeches became known to Western Europeans.
Renaissance focus: The Renaissance�s focus was political, social, economic, and cultural. But the most important were the changes that took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world.
Printing of reformation: By 1300, methods of papermaking had reached Europe. By the 1400s, German engravers had developed movable type. Johann Gutenburg of Mainz, Germany, printed a complete edition of the bible using movable type. With the Gutenburg Bible, the European age of printing had begun.
Results of Reformation: The new printing press made books easier to make and cheaper to buy. With the new access to books, people became more educated.
Causes of Renaissance: The causes of the Renaissance were Roman Catholic church becomes more worldly Humanists urge to return to simple religion strong national monarchs emerge. The renaissance was the rebirth of Europe. This was spurred by a reawakened interest in classical learning, especially the culture of ancient Rome, creative Renaissance minds set out to transform their own age. They felt their era was a time of rebirth after the disorder and disunity of the medieval world.
Ch18
Hobbes: Hobbes was an English thinker that set forth ideas that were to become key to the enlightenment. Hobbes argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.
Locke: Locke believed that people were basically good, but were corrupted by society. They had natural rights or rights that belonged to all humans from birth. These included the rights to life, liberty, and property.
Joseph II: The most radical enlightened despot was the Hapsburg emperor Joseph II. Joseph traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems. His efforts to improve their lives won him the nickname the peasant emperor.
Constitional government: This is a government that whose power is defined and limited by law. The British Constitution is made up of all acts of Parliament over the centuries.
Enlightened despots: Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change. These monarchs accepted the Enlightenment ideas.
Natural laws: Laws that govern human nature. These laws were governed by the physical world.
Natural rights: Rights that belonged to all humans from birth. These rights included the right to life, liberty, and property.
Physiocrat: Physiocrats were people who focused on economic reforms. They looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system.
Bach: Johann Sebastian Bach was a German Lutheran who wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organs and choirs. His beautiful masterpieces are still thought of as great today.
Diderot: Didertot was a philosopher who spent 25 years on a 28- volume Encyclopedia. His purpose was to change the general way of thinking.
Thomas Paine: Paine was an immigrant from England wrote the Common Sense pamphlet in 1776. The pamphlet called on them to declare their independence from Britain.
Rousseau: Rousseau�s view was that people were basically good, but were corrupted by the evils of society. He wrote the social contract is 1762.
Robert Walpole: From 1721 to 1742, the able Whig leader Robert W. molded the cabinet into a unified body, requiring all members to agree on major issues. He was the prime minister of the majority party in Parliament.
Baroque: In the age of Louis XIV, courtly art and architecture were either in classical style, in the Greek and Roman tradition, or in the grand, complex style known as the Baroque. Baroque paintings were huge, colorful, and full of excitement.
Free market: The free market was the natural forces of supply and demand. Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to operate and regulate businesses.
Laissez faire: Physiocrats urged a policy allowing businesses to operate with little or no government interference. The Physiocrats claimed that wealth came by producing good land.
Salon: A salon was a kind of book club, run by women, where women went to discuss important matters. Only the smartest and most intelligent women were allowed into the salons.
Social contract: An agreement where if your government provides foot, shelter, and natural rights for you, then you have to follow the laws. However if your government does not provide the necessities for you, you can rebel and it will be Anarchy.