a. Rome has linked its European territories with miles of fine roads and had spread classical ideas, the Latin language, and Christianity to the tribal peoples of western Europe
b. Europe is a small area, however, it has had a very big impact on the modern world.
c. Europe had dense forests that covered a lot of the north, and really good soil for raising crops.
d. The seas that surround a lot of Europe were very important for the growth of Europe, because people who lived on the coast could fish, but could also use the water ways for trade and for exploration.
Germanic Kingdoms
a. The Germanic tribes who migrated across Europe were farmers and herders, whose culture was really different from the culture of the Romans.
b. They had no cities and no written laws, and instead they just lived in small communities that were governed by unwritten customs.
c. In 481, Clovis, a ruler of great Energy and ability, became king of the Franks, and under Clovis, the Franks were able to conquer the Roman province of Gaul
.
Islam: A New Mediterranean Power
a. Islam is a religion that emerged in Arabia in 632, and within 200 years, Muslims had built a new empire and a major new civilization.
b. They Overran Christian Kingdoms in North Africa and Spain, then headed into France
c. To European Christians, the Muslim presence was a source of anxiety and anger
The Age of Charlemagne
a. He spent much of his 46 year reign fighting the Muslims in Spain, the Saxons in the North , the Avars and Slavs in the East, and the Lombards in Italy
b. Late in 800 Pope Leo III Called on the Frankish King for help against rebellious nobles in Rome.
c. Charlemagne tried to exercise control over his many lands and create a untied Christian Europe, he appointed nobles to rule local regions
A Revival of Learning
a. Charlemagne hope to make his capital at Aachen a �second Rome� to achieve this he made determined efforts to revive Latin learning throughout his empire
b. Charlemagne got officials with skills of writing so that they could have accurate records and write clear reports
c. To ensure a supply of educated officials Charlemagne set up a palace school as Aachen, and ask a respected scholar to run the school
Charlemagne�s Legacy
a. After Charlemagne died in 814 his empire soon fell apart
b. Charlemagne extended Christian civilization into northern Europe and furthered the blending of German , Roman , and Christian traditions
c. He Also set up a strong, efficient government, and later medieval rulers looked to his example when they tried to centralize their own Kingdoms
New Attacks
a. It was not until the mid 900s when power struggles in the middle East diverted attention from Europe, that Muslim attacks finally subsided
b. About 896 a new wave of nomadic people, the Magyars, settled in what is today Hungary
c. The most destructive raiders were the Vikings, they snapped the last threads of unity in Charlemagne�s empire
A New System
a. In face of invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars, the Kings and Emperors were too weak to maintain law and order
b. In exchange for land, these lesser lords, or vassals, pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord
c. The relationship between lords and vassals was established by custom and tradition, a lord granted his vassal a fief or estate
Lords, Vassals, and Knights
a. Everyone had a place in feudal society, as the chart at the left shows
b. Each lord had vassals, and these vassals in turn had their own vassals
c. Because vassals often held fiefs from more than one lord, feudal relationships grew very complex
The World of Warriors
a. Many nobles trained from boyhood for future occupation as a knight or mounted warrior
b. At eh age of seven, a boy slated to become a knight was sent away to the castle of his fathers lord, there he learned to ride and fight
c. In the later middle ages knights adopted a code of conduct called chivalry, this required a knight to be loyal, and true to their word
The Manor
a. the heart of the medieval economy was the manor, or lords estate
b. most if the peasants on a manor were serfs, who were bound to the land
c. the medieval manor was a small, self- sufficient world
Daily Life
a. for most peasants life was harsh, men, women, and children worked long hours, from sunup to sundown
b. the peasant family ate a simple diet of black bread with vegetables such as peas, cabbage, turnips, or onions
c. despite life�s grimness peasants found occasion to celebrate, such as marriages and birth
A Spiritual and Worldly Empire
a. after the fall of Rome, the Christian church split into eastern and western churches
b. the pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic church, he also ruled vast lands in central Italy known as the Papal States
c. Medieval Christians believed that all people were sinners, doomed to eternal suffering
The Church and Daily Life
a. Most Christians had no contact with the pope or higher clergy, they saw only their local priest, who supervised their religious life and provided comfort during times of trouble
b. The Church taught that men and women were equal before God, on earth however women were inferior to men
c. The church tried to protect women, it set minimum age for marriage
Monks and Nuns
a. about 530 a monk named Benedict founded the monastery of Monte Cassino In Italy
b. Monasteries and convents preformed a vital cultural function bye preserving the writing of the ancient world
c. Not all monks and nuns remained isolated from the outside world during the early middle ages, men and women risked their lives to spread Christian teachings across a Europe
Hildegard of Bingen: Advisor to Popes and Kings
a. perhaps in response to her visions, Hildegard�s parents placed her in a convent at an early age
b. in 1147 Hildegard founded a new convent, near Bingen, in Germany
c. Hildegard was not the only nun to raise her voice in the early middle ages, many women with inquiring minds and proud
Reform Movements
a. the very success of the medieval church brought serious problems, as its wealth and power grew, its discipline weakened
b. In the early 900s, the pious Abbot Berno at Cluny, a monastery in eastern France, set out to end abuse.
c. A different approach to reform was taken by friars, monks who traveled widely, preaching to the poor, especially in Europe�s growing towns
Jews in Western Europe
a. Medieval Europe was home to numerous Jewish communities, after the Romans expelled them form Palestine, the Jews had Scattered all around the Mediterranean
b. These Mediterranean, or Sephardic, Jews flourished particularly in Spain
c. Christians Blamed Jews for all kinds of ills, including diseases and famines
An Agricultural Revolution
a. by 1000 Europe�s economic recovery was well underway, it had begun in the countryside, where peasants adapted new farming technologies that made their fields more productive
b. by about 800, peasants were using new iron plows that carved deep into heavy soil of northern Europe
c. other changes brought still more land into use and further increase food production
Trade an Revives
a. enterprising traders formed merchant companies that traveled in armed caravans for safety
b. A first, traders and customers met at local trade fairs
c. The fairs closed in the autumn when the weather made roads impassable
A Commercial Revolution
a. to meet the needs of the changing economy, Europeans developed new ways of doing Business
b. merchants also developed as system of insurance to help reduce business risks
c. These new ways of doing business were part of a commercial revolution that transformed the medieval economy
Role of Guilds
a. merchant guilds, or associations, dominated life in medieval towns
b. to become a guild member meant many years of hard work as an apprentice, or trainee
c. Women worked in dozens of crafts
City Life
a. Medieval towns and cities were surrounded by high protective walls
b. Medieval cities were jumble of narrow streets lined with tall houses
c. during the day, streets echoed with the cries of hawkers selling their wares and porters grumbling under heavy loads
Looking Ahead
a. By 1300, western Europe was a different place from what it had been in the early middle ages
b. Trade put ideas as well as money into circulation
c. In global sphere, the economic revival of the High Middle Ages was bringing Europeans into contact with civilizations much more advanced than their own
Chapter 9
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
a. In medieval Europe, kings stood at the head of the society, but feudal monarchs had limited power.
b. Nobles and the Church has the same or as much power as the king, and each had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies.
c. The rulers would do all that they could to centralize the power, and organized a government of bureaucracy, developed a system of taxes, and built a standing army.
Strong Monarchs In England
a. In 1066, the Angelo Saxon king Edward died without a heir. A council of nobles picked Edwards�s brother-in-law Harold to rule.
b. Williams successors strengthened two key areas of government: finances and law, they created the riyal exchequer, or treasury, to collect taxes.
c. common law is law that was common for all people.
d. under Henry 11, England also developed an early just system.
Evolving Traditions of Government
a. Henrys son John, was a clever, greedy, cruel and untrustworthy ruler.
b. John suffered his first set back when he lost a war with Philip II and had to give up English held lands in Anjou and Normandy.
c. John attacked the church, and the Pope Ex-communicated him.
d. After John angered his own nobles with heavy handed taxes and other abuses of power, a group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta, or great charter, which stated a long list of feudal rights, and protecting there own privileges.
e. the Magna Carta consisted of two basic ideas, it asserted that the nobles had certain rights, and it made clear that the monarch must obey the law.
f. during the 1200�s English rulers often called on the great council for advice, and the great council eventually became the parliament.
Royalty Success in France
a. In 987, the Capetians were established, they chose them because they weren't a real threat
b. Phillip Augustus was a very powerful French ruler who was shrewd and able
c. After Phillip died Louis took power and expanded the empire
The Holy Roman Empire
a. Many emperors took most of nobles land so many nobles became angry because of this
b. There were many conflicts between the popes and emperors and the popes because they needed to decide who was going to appoint the high church people
c. As the churches to start gaining more power, they attempted to end outside interference
Two Determined Rulers
a. The popes and emperors argued and the bishops ended up getting land
b. In 1077, King Henry crossed the Alps
c. The struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years
New Struggles Between Popes and Emperors
a. Many German emperors wanted to master Italy
b. Sicily was an island in the Mediterranean sea that was rich and sophisticated
c. While Frederik was emperor he gave to many demands to German nobles
The Church Under Innocent III
a. Innocent III, took office in 1198
b. A crusade is a holy war
c. After Innocent III's death, popes pressed themselves to supremacy
The World of 1050
a. During this time period, the religion of Islam grew
b. Also during this time some of the big countries were India and China, although they were divided amongst religion etc.
c. The Byzantine empire was invaded a lot but usually rebuilt after, they were located close to the Mediterranean sea.
The Crusades
a. When the Seljuks started to grow, Alexius sent a message to pope Urban
b. This message that was sent was asking for some Christian soldiers to help fight the Turks
c. The pope issued many soldiers to help go fight along side Alexius
Impact of Crusades
a. In the aftermath of the Crusades, they resulted in many more trade routes
b. Also after the Crusades, the churches became more independent
c Another subject he Crusades brought was the economic and serdom of empires grew
The Crusading Spirit and Reconquista
a. The Muslims were no more and Christians were dominant
b. Ferdinand and Isybella married and that linked 2 powerfull empires
c. They tried to create unity between their peoples but it didn't work
Medieval Universities
a. Many cathedrals turned into schools to train clergy
b. The student life at one of these schools was not very good
c. The classes were held in the choir room or rented out rooms
Europeans Acquire �new� learning
a. By the 1100s, the new translations were seeping into western Europe
b. Thomas Aquinas was influenced by the writing to teach them
c. The Greeks and Arabs started to use the systems of math and sciences as classes to teach
Education for Women
a. Christina de Pizan was a women that received an education
b. She used a pen to record her and other women's achievements
c. Although women could get an education, the men were still dominant
Medieval Literature
a. Many students and philosophers wrote heroic epics
b. Dantee left a journal telling a story of a heroic epic
c. Chaucers Wit wrote the Caunterbury Tale
Splendors in Stone
a. There were about 1,000 monastaries and home made of stone in the Romanesquie
b. In 1140 Abbot Suger wanted to make a gothic church
c. Some religious people made stones with religious liens from the bible in stone
The Black Death
a. The bubonic plague spread across the country by fleas
b. The plague struck with tons of speed dropping the population rapidly
c. This disease had no cure at the time so everyone was terrified
Upheaval in the Church
a. Because there was no one able to provide support for the church, they were desperate to find a leader
b. Because the church was in trouble, many people decided that they would like to challenge the part of leading
c. A Czech Republican started reforms
The Hundred Years' War
a. The English won many straight victories
b. Joan of Arch helped uncrown the king of France
c. After Joan's death took the offensive with powerful new weapons