a. The rulers of the Minoan civilization lived in a palace called the palace at Knossos palace. The palace at Knossos house rooms for the royal family, religious shrines, banquet halls, and working areas for artisans
b. By 1400 the Minoan civilization had vanished and Archaeologists aren�t sure, but think it may have been a volcanic eruption on another island, or a earthquake followed by a tidal wave.
c. The Minoan civilization was based on trade and not on conquest
II. Rulers of Mycenae
a. The Mycenaeans were Indo-European people who dominated the Aegean world from about 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.
b. The Mycenaeans took part in the legendary Trojan war, which took place around 1250 B.C.
c. The conflict of the Trojan War may have originated in economic rivalry between the Mycenaeans and Troy, a rich trading city in present-day Turkey. Troy controlled the vital straits of the Mediterranean and Black seas.
d. Greek legend states that the Trojan War was caused by a romantic conflict.
e. The Trojan war went on for ten years, until the Trojans used the Trojan horse to get inside of the city and burn the city to the ground.
III. The Age of Homer
a. Homer wrote the two great epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey.
b. Homer was a blind poet who wandered from village to village, playing his harp and singing of heroic deeds.
c. The Iliad is the best source of information about the Trojan war.
IV. Looking Ahead
a. For centuries after the Dorian invasions, the Greeks lived in small, isolated villages.
b. Overtime the stories they heard about Crete and Mycenae became Greek heritage.
V. The Greek Homeland
a. Greece is part of the Balkan Peninsula that is divided by mountains.
b. The Greeks farmed the valleys or settled on the scattered islands and did not create a large empire, and instead built many small city-states, which were isolated from each other by either land or water.
c. Each city-state included a city and its countryside.
d. The seas were a vital source of travel and connected Greece to the rest of the world.
VI. The Polis
a. A acropolis is a high city. Polis was built on two levels, with the acropolis on a hill and on the lower level the walled main city which included the market place, theater, public buildings, and homes.
b. A monarchy is a government in which a king or queen exercises central power.
c. Aristocracy is the rule a landholding elite.
d. Oligarchy is a type of government that power is in the hands of small, powerful elite, usually form the business class.
VII. A Nation of Soldiers
a. Many of the invaders turned the conquered people into state-owned slaves, called helots, and would usually make the work the lang.
b. A Spartan prepared to be part of the military from childhood age seven.
c. Spartan women were trained to exercise so that they could bare good strong boys, however like other Greek women, they had to obey there husbands and faster, although they did have the right to inherit property.
d. The Spartans were forced to stay onto there island because they looked down to trade and wealth.
VIII. A Limited Democracy
a. Athens government was at first a monarchy and then turned into a aristocracy.
b. Merchants and soldiers wanted more power and felt they should have more power because of the duty they served to there people
c. Solon was appointed as archon(chief official) in 594 B.C.
d. Democracy-government by the people
e. Tyrants-people who gained power by force
f. Legislature-lawmaking body
g. Boys went to school to learn how to read and write and to study poetry and music, also to become skilled public speakers.
IX. Forces for Unity
a. The Greeks were polytheistic.
b. Greeks called non-Greeks barbaroi feeling superior to them.
c. Greeks honored there gods with temples and festivals.
X. The Persian Wars
a. Greek was the wealthiest city-state by 500B.C.
b. Greece faced a threat because the Persians had conquered and empire stretching from Asia minor to the border of India.
c. The Persian army came to Marathon, just north of Athens, in 490 B.C.
d. In 480 B.C. Darius sent a force to conquer Greece, and the force marched forward and burned the completely empty city of Athens.
XI. Athens in the Age of Pericles
a. Periles though that all male citizens� citizens should take part in the government, no matter how wealthy or what social class.
b. Direct democracy is which a large before number of male citizens took part in the day-today
c. Athens prospered in the Age of Pericles they rebuilt Acropolis
XII. Greek Against Greek
a. In the Peloponnesian War the Athens could not fight the Spartans on sea because they were inland.
b. When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from the surrounding country side to move inside of the city walls for protections against the Spartans.
c. In 404b.c. the Spartans captured Athens with the help of the Persian Navy
d. After the war the Athenian democratic government suffered.
XIII. Lovers of Wisdom
a. Greeks call thinkers philosophers, meaning �lovers of wisdom�
b. To the group of thinkers called the Sophists success was more important than moral truths.
c. Rhetoric- the art of skillful speaking
d. Socrates was a outspoken critic of the Sophists, an Athenian stonemason and philosopher, who lived from 469 B.C. to 399 B.C.
XIV. Death of a Philosopher
a. Most of what we know about Socrates come from his student Plato, because Socrates did not write any books.
b. Socrates challenges his friend Euthyphro to define what actions are pious, or holy.
c. When he was about 70 he was put on trial because his enemies accused him of corrupting the cities youth and that he was failing to respect the gods.
d. Socrates was condemned to death.
XV. Ideas About Government
a. When Plato returned to Athens he set up his academy that lasted for more then 900 years.
b. At his academy he taught and wrote about his own ideas. And learn how to organize an ideal society.
c. Plato emphasized the importance of reason, and argued that people could discover unchanging ethical values, recognize perfect beauty.
d. Aristotle was Plato�s most famous student
e. Aristotle set up a school, the Lyceum, for the study of all braches of knowledge.
XVI. The Search for Beauty and Order
a. The most well known Greek temple, the Parthenon, was devoted to the goddess Athena.
b. A etowing sculpture of Athena made in gold and ivory used to stand inside of the Parthenon, but did not survive.
c. The only Greek paintings to survive are on vases and other pottery.
d. The Greek paintings offer captivating views of Greek life.
XVII. Poetry and Drama
a. Homer�s tales inspired later writers.
b. Greece set the standards for classic style.
c. The first Greek plays evolved out of religious festivals
d. The Greek plays were usually based on myths and legends.
e. Some of the Greek playwrights were comedies, and tragedies.
XVIII. The Writing of History
a. Greeks applied observation, reason, a logic to the study of history.
b. Herodotus cast a critical eye on his sources, noting bias and conflicting accounts, and he is also called the father of history.
c. Athens and Greek both lost there independence.
d. Thucydides, a few years younger that Herodotus, wrote about the Peloponnesian war.
XIX. Macedonian Ambitions
a. The mountainous kingdom of Macedonia was a backward, half civilized land to the Greeks
b. When Philip gained the Macedonian throne in 359 B.C., he dreamed of conquering the prosperous, warring city-states to the south.
c. He proposed to lead a force to Macedonians and Greeks to conquer the Persian Empire.
XX. A mighty Conqueror
a. Alexander was already and experienced soldier at age 20, because as a boy he had heard tales of Achilles, hero of the Iliad.
b. Like his father, Alex planned to invade Persia, and with Greece subdued, he started to organize the forces to invade.
c. Alexander won the first battle against the Persians at the Granicus River.
d. Alex died suddenly by a fever, and left his empire to �the strongest� as he stated.
XXI. The Legacy of Alexander
a. Alex married a Persian woman and urged his solders to follow his example.
b. Women where no longer restricted to there homes in the Hellenistic period.
c. Alexandria was a city that stood in the heart of Egypt, located on the sea lanes between Europe and Asia, its markets boasted a wide range of goods, from Greek marble to Arabian spices to East African ivory.
XXII. Hellenistic Civilization
a. There was a rise of new schools because of the political turmoil of the Hellenistic age.
b. The Hellenistic age saw important advances in the sciences and mathematics.
c. In 400b.c. Greeks started to study the causes of illnesses and finding cures, his Hippocratic oath set ethical standards for doctors.
d. Physicians swore to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but never with a view to injury and wrong, and to protect the privacy of patients.
XXIII. Looking Ahead
a. Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean world.
b. Greek ideas of laws, freedom, justice and government influenced think of today.
c. Greek legacy influenced the civilizations of Rome and Western Europe.