A. The Mexican Revolution
1. The dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years, winning reelections as president again because all the people in Mexico loved him.
2. Prosperity benefited wealthy landowners, business people, and foreign investors. But most Mexicans were peasants who lived in desperate poverty.
3. After the battles there were power struggles that followed. During these power struggles that followed, several radical leaders emerged. Among them was Francisco Villa.
B. Reforms
1. Nationalization or government takeover, of natural resources. The church land was made � the property of the nation� the constitution set a minimum wage for workers.
2. At first, the constitution was just a set of goals to be achieved sometime in the future. But in the 1920s, as the government finally restored order.
3. The PRI started in 1929, when the government leaders organized what later became the institutional revolutionary party. It has dominated Mexican politics.
C. Rising Tide of Nationalism
1. Economic nationalism, during the 1920s and 1930s, world events affected Latin American economics. After World War I, trade fell off with Europe.
2. A tide of economic nationalism swept Latin American countries. They were determined to develop their own economics and end foreign economic control.
3. By the 1920s, an upsurge of national feeling led Latin American writers, artist, and thinkers to reject European influences. Instead they took pride on their own work.
D. The �Good Neighbor� Policy
1. During and after World War I, investments by the United States in the nations of Latin America soared, especially as British influence declined.
2. During the Mexican Revolution, the United States supported leaders who it thought would protect American interests. In 1914, it bombarded the port of Vera Cruz.
3. During 1920s, anti-Americanism increased. In Nicaragua, Augusto Cesar Sandino led a guerrilla movement against U.S. forces occupying his country.
II. Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East
A. Movements for change in Africa
1. During the early 1900s, more and more Africans felt the impact of the colonial rule. In Kenya and Rhodesia, for example, white settlers forced Africans off the best land.
2. They imposed a system of racial segregation that became known as apartheid. The goal was to ensure white economic power. Ando so they separated the whites from the blacks.
3. Other laws further chipped away at the rights of blacks. In one South African province, educated blacks who owned property had been allowed to vote in local elections.
B. Growing Self- Confidence
1. During the 1920s, a movement known as Pan- Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit. Pan- Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of Africa.
2. Led by the African American W.E.B. DuBois, Pan- Africanists tried to forge a united front. DuBois organized the first Pan-African congress in 1919.
3. French speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean further awakened self-confidence among Africans. They expressed pride in their African roots.
C. Modernization in Turkey and Iran
1. Nationalism brought immense changes to the Middle East in the after math of World War I. The defeated Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1918.
2. Led by the determined and energetic Mustafa Kemal, Turkish nationalist over threw the sultan, defeated western occupation forces, and declared Turkey a republic.
3. In a move that swept away centuries-old traditions, Ataturk replaced Islamic law with a new law code based on European models. He discarded the Muslim calendar.
D. Arab Nationalism and European Mandates
1. Arab nationalism blossomed after World War I and gave rise to Pan-Arabism. This nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs who lived in lands from the Arab.
2. Since Roman times, Jews had dreamed of returning to Palestine. In 1897, Theodor Herzl responded to growing anti-Semitism in Europe by founding the modern Zionist movement.
3. At first, some Arabs welcomed the money and modern technical skills that the newcomers brought with them, but as Jews poured into the land of Palestine.
III. India Seeks Self-Rule
A. Moves toward Independence
1. The tragedy at Amritsar was linked to Indian frustrations after World War I. During the war, more than a million Indians had served overseas, suffering heavy casualties.
2. To quiet nationalist demands, the British promised India greater self-government after the war. But when the fighting ended, Britain proposed only a few minor reforms.
3. Since 1885, the congress party had pressed for self-rule within the British Empire. After Amritsar, it began to call for full independence.
B. Mohandas Gandhi
1. Mohandas Gandhi went to England when he was only 19 to study law, but when he came home to India, he realized that many Indians had gone to south Africa to become servants, and so he joined an Indian law firm.
2. Gandhi tried hard to fight against injustice in South Africa to help his fellow Indian people, but he developed a way to end the injustice by nonviolence.
3. Gandhi was a great peaceful man and would do anything to help his Indians as long as it was in a peaceful manner; he would go into fasting and would not eat until every person from India stops fighting.
C. The Salt March
1. To Gandhi, the government salt monopoly was an evil burden on the poor and a symbol of British oppression.
2. Even though natural salt was available in the sea, Indians were forbidden to touch it and they could only but salt sold by the government.
3. On March 12, Gandhi set out on a 240-mile march to the sea along with 78 of his followers and even though Gandhi himself was arrested, other kept collecting salt while he was in prison.
C. Looking Ahead
1. While India came closer to independence, the Muslim feared the increasingness of the Hindus.
2. While millions of Muslims responded to Gandhi�s campaigns. Tensions till rose among Hindus and Muslims, which often erupted to violence.
3. India was moving toward independence when a new world war exploded which was World War II where Britain outraged Indian leaders by postponing further action on independence and then bringing India into the war without consulting them.
IV. Upheavals in China
A. The Chinese Republic
1. In 1911, in china, the Qing dynasty collapsed and Sun Yixian tried to rebuild china again, however, it made no progress leading chaos all over.
2. Because Sun Yixian did not have anymore confidence, he stepped down as president and let Yuan Shikai take over hoping that he would be able to restore order and create a strong central government.
3. On May 4, 1919, student protests erupted in Beijing and later spread to cities across China, startling evens in those days.
B. Leaders for a New China
1. Jiang Jieshi took over the Guomindang after Sun Yixian died; he had received military training in Japan and was determined to reunite China.
2. Mao Zedong believed that communists should seek support not among the small urban working class but among the large peasant masses.
3. Jiang Jieshi was still determined to destroy the communists and led the Guomindang in a series of extermination campaigns against them.
D. Japanese Invasion
1. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in the northeastern China, adding it to the growing Japanese empire.
2. In 1937, the Japanese attacked again- airplanes bombed Chinese cities; highly disciplined and well-equipped Japanese troops overran eastern China.
3. The bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1914 brought the United States not only into the war against Japan but into an alliance with the Chinese as well.
V. Empire of Rising Sun
A. Liberal changes of the 1920s
1. Political parties in Japan grew stronger, and elected member of the Diet, the Japanese parliament, exerted their power.
2. During WWI, the Japanese economy enjoyed phenomenal growth, and they, as a country, were doing very well.
3. However, the economy died down and grew more slower in the 1920s than at the time since Japan has modernized.
B. The Nationalist Reaction
1. In 1929, the Great Depression affected Japan and trade, Japan�s economic lifeline, suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afford Japanese silks and other exports.
2. In Japan, thousands of people were becoming unemployed, while in the countryside, peasants were only a mouthful from starvation.
3. In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers provoked an incident that would provide an excuse to seize Manchuria; they blew up tracks on a Japanese owned railroad line and calmed the Chinese had done it.
C. Militarists in Power
1. By the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquests and a tough stand against the western powers.
2. To please these ultranationalists, it cracked down on socialists and ended most democratic freedoms.
4. Japan was doing very well after invading parts of China, but in 1939, while these two nations were locked in deadly combat, World war II broke out in Europe causing a very brutal wide-ranging conflict around Europe, and Asia.