A. Pressure for peace
1. The Nobel Peace Prize was set up as a reward each year for a individual
2. Organizations like the Women�s International League for Peace and Freedom gave women a way to voice their problems and concerns.
3. The First Universal Peace Conference brought together leaders of many nations in The Hague in the Netherlands.
B. Aggressive Nationalism
1. France and Germany had a strong sense of nationalism.
2. Russia sponsored Pan-Slavism, in which all Slavic peoples shared a common nationality.
3. Countries like Austria-Hungary worried that nationalism might foster rebellion among the many minority populations within its empire.
C. Economic and Imperial Rivalries
1. Germany�s new, modern factories out produced Britain�s old factories.
2. Germany thought that other great powers did not give them enough respect.
3. Britain and France began to form closer ties against Germany.
D. Militarism and the Arms Race
1. The rise in social militarism grew partly out of the ideas of the ideas of Social Darwinism.
2. The countries increased their arms as international tensions grew.
3. Fear of war gave military leaders more influence.
E. A Tangle of Alliances
1. Nations signed treaties pledging to defend each other.
2. A rival bloc took shape in 1894, when France and Russia signed an alliance.
3. Rather than easing tensions, the growth of rival alliance systems made government increasingly nervous.
II. The Guns of August
A. A Murder With Millions of Victims
1. The Serbians were outraged that Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary would visit Sarajevo, the capital of neighboring Bosnia, on June 28.
2. Against many warnings, the archduke still dictated his telegram for his daughter on June 28.
3. Princi wasn�t executed because he was under 20, but he die in jail from tuberculosis.
B. Peace Unravels
1. On July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia.
2. Russia began to mobilize for war.
3. Britain had to decide quickly whether or not to support its ally France.
C. Whose Fault?
1. All the powers believed that their own causes were just.
2. Serbia was encouraging terrorism and Austria wanted to punish them for that.
3. Germany wanted to stand the Austrian ultimatum in an effort to oppress the Slavic people.
III. A New Kind of Conflict
A. The Western Front
1. On the Western Front, the warring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenches, stretching from the Swiss frontier to the English Channel.
2. Millions of soldiers roasted under the broiling summer sun or froze through the long winters.
3. Modern weapons added greatly to the destructiveness of the war.
B. Other European Fronts
1. On the Easter Front, battle lines swayed back and forth, sometimes over large areas.
2. In August 1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany.
3. Southeaster Europe was another battleground.
C. The War Beyond Europe
1. Though most of the fighting took place in Europe, WWI was a global conflict.
2. The Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers in 1914.
3. In January 1916, after 10 months and more than 200,000 casualties, the Allies finally withdrew from the Dardanelles.
IV. Winning the War
A. Effects of the Stalemate
1. Nations realized that a modern, mechanized war required the total commitment of their whole society.
2. Governments raised taxes and borrowed huge amounts of money to pay the costs of war.
3. Allied propaganda often played up Germany�s invasion of Belgium as a barbarous act.
B. Women at War
1. As millions of men left to fight, women took over their jobs and kept national economics going.
2. Military nurses shared the dangers of the men whose wounds they tended.
3. War work gave women a new sense of pride and confidence.
C. Collapsing Morale
1. Germany was sending 15-year-old recruits to the fronts.
2. Some French units mutinied because of collapsing morale.
3. In the spring of 1918, the Central Powers stood ready to achieve the great breakthrough they had sought so long.
D. The United States Declares War
1. The United States, which so far had stayed out of the fighting, declared war on Germany.
2. One major reason was German submarine attacks on merchant and passenger ships carrying American citizens.
3. In May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British liner Lusitania.
E. Campaign to Victory
1. A final showdown got underway in early 1918.
2. In March, the Germans launched a huge offensive that pushed the Allies back 40 miles by July.
3. At 11 AM on November 11, 1918, the Great War at last came to an end.
V. Making the Peace
A. The Costs of War
1. The human and material costs of the war were staggering.
2. More than 8.5 million people were dead, double that number had been wounded, many handicapped for life.
3. The flu killed more than the war did.
B. The Paris Peace Conference
1. Woodrow Wilson seemed a symbol of hope to the weary and angry world.
2. Wilson was one of the three strong personalities who dominated the Paris Peace Conference.
3. Many people who had been ruled by Russia, Austria-Hungary, or the Ottoman Empire now demanded national states of their own.
C. The Treaty of Versailles
1. The Germans were ordered to sign the treaty drawn up by the allies.
2. The German delegates read the document with growing horror.
3. The Germans signed because they had no choice.
D. Other Settlements
1. The Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers.
2. European colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacifica had looked to the Paris Peace Conference with high hopes, but they were disappointed.
3. A mandate is a territory that is administered by western power.
E. Hopes for Global Peace
1. The Paris Peace Conference offered one beacon of hope in the League of Nations.
2. Millions of people looked to the league to ensure the peace.
3. The league was powerless to prevent aggression or war