a. The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas � political, social, economic, and cultural.
b. The Renaissance produced new ideas about culture throughout much of Europe.
c. The Renaissance supported a spirit of adventure and wide-ranging curiosity that led people to explore new worlds.
2. Italian Beginnings
a. The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid-1300s then spread through the rest of Europe.
b. Italy was different from the rest of the world because Italy�s cities had survived the Middle Ages.
c. Patron: financial supporter.
3. Humanism:
a. Humanism: an intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance.
b. Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual�s creative powers.
c. Fransesco Patrarch was a Florentine who lived from 1304-1374, was an early Renaissance humanist.
4. A Golden Age of the Arts
a. The Renaissance reached its most glorious expression in its paintings, sculpture, and architecture.
b. Perspective: An art rule that made things further away than they appeared.
c. Some women overcame the limits on education and training to become professional artists.
5. Writings for the New Age
a. Poets, artists, and scholars mingled with politicians at the courts of Renaissance rulers.
b. Castiglione�s ideal courtier was a well-educated, well-mannered aristocrat who has a mastered many fields, poetry to music to sports.
c. Machiavelli�s advice was a handbook called, �The Prince�, which talked about how rulers should use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals.
6. Artists of the Northern Renaissance
a. The Northern Renaissance began in the 1400s in the prosperous cities of Flanders.
b. Albrecht Durer had a wide range of interests, which extended far beyond art; he is often called the �German Leonardo�.
c. Northern artists used rich details to add to the realism of art to produce strong colors and a hard surface that could survive the centuries.
7. Northern Humanists
a. Like Italian humanists, northern European humanist scholars stressed education and a revival of classical learning.
b. The great Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament and a much- improved Latin translation of the same text.
c. Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia, which talked of people who lived in a peaceful land with harmony.
8. Literature of the Northern Renaissance
a. Rebelais wrote a book and used his characters for both comical and political subjects such as education and religion.
b. William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays between 1590 and 1613.
c. The Renaissance in Spain in the early 1600s produced its own great works.
9. The Printing Revolution
a. The Chinese had learned to make paper and had printed books centuries earlier.
b. The printing revolution brought immense changes. Printing influenced both religious and secular thought.
c. The new presses contributed to the religious turmoil that engulfed Europe in the 1500s.
10. Abuses in the Church
a. Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
b. During the Renaissance, popes, like other Renaissance rulers maintained a lavish lifestyle.
c. Indulgence: a pardon for sins committed during a person�s lifetime,
11. Luther�s Protest
a. Protests against the Church abuses continued to grow and in 1517, these protested erupted into a full-scale revolt.
b. Recant: Give up his views.
c. Martin Luther argues that salvation could be achieved only by faith alone.
12. Spread of Lutheran Ideas
a. By 1530, the Lutherans changed their name to Protestants for all those who �protested� papal authority.
b. In 1524, a Peasant�s Revolt broke out in Germany because they demanded an end to serfdom.
c. The Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion-Catholic or Lutheran-would be followed in his lands. Most Northern German states chose Lutheran, while southern German states chose Catholic.
13. John Calvin
a. Predestination: the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.
b. Theocracy: Government run by the church leaders.
c. In Scotland, a Calvinist preacher named John Knox led a religious rebellion.
14. Radical Reformers
a. As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up.
b. Anabaptists: These people felt that only adults could receive the sacrament of
baptism.
c. Today, Protestant dominations such as Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists.
15. The English Reformation
a. In England, religious leaders such as John Wycliffe had called for Church reform as early as the 1300s.
b. Annul: Cancel.
c. Common Book of Prayer: it imposed a moderate form of Protestant service but preserved many Catholic doctrines.
16. Elizabeth I Restores Unity to England
a. Elizabeth I was far more popular being Protestant than Mary Tudor who became queen in 1554.
b. Elizabeth adopted a policy of religious compromise.
c. She established England as a Protestant nation.
17. The Catholic Reformation
a. Council of Trent: the council reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, which Protestants had challenged.
b. Inquisition: a Church court that was set up to root out heresies during the Middle Ages.
c. By the late 1500s, Europe was still divided into a Catholic south and a Protestant north.
18. Widespread Persecution
a. Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.
b. At this time, people believed in witches and magic and were very superstitious.
c. Ghetto: A place, in 1516, where only Jews could live and they could live nowhere else.
19. Changing Views of the World
a. Heliocentric: Sun-centered.
b. Most experts rejected that the sun was the center of the universe because previous thought was that the Earth was at the center.
c. Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus� theory.
20. Newton Ties It All Together
a. Isaac Newton was a student at Cambridge University.
b. Gravity: A single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.
c. Newton�s work seemed to link physics and astronomy, to bind the new science together as gravity itself held the universe together.
21. More Scientific Advances
a. Chemistry slowly freed itself from the magical notions of alchemy.
b. Medieval physicians relied on the ancient works of Galen.
c. In the early 1600s, William Harvey, and English scholar, described the circulation of blood for the first time.
22. Bacon and Descartes
a. Both of these men rejected Aristotle�s scientific assumptions.
b. Bacon stressed experiment and observation.
c. Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding.
Chapter 18 Outline
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution.
1. A World of Progress and Reason
a. In the 1700s, other scientists expanded European knowledge.
b. Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lanvoisier built the framework for modern chemistry.
c. Natural Laws: laws that govern human nature.
2. Two Views of the Social Contract
a. In the 1600s, two English thinkers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, set forth ideas that were to become the key to the Enlightenment.
b. Social contract: an agreement by which they gave up the state
c. Natural Rights: rights that belonged to all humans from birth.
3. Montesquieu�s Spirit of the Laws
a. Montesquieu studied the governments of Europe, from Italy to England.
b. In 1748, Montesquieu published The Spirit of the Laws.
c. Montesquieu thought that each branch of government could serve as a check on the other two, an idea that we call checks and balances.
4. The World of Philosophes
a. Philosophes: �lovers of wisdom�
b. Denis Diderot: took 25 years to produce the 28 volume Encyclopedia.
c. 20,000 copies were printed between 1751 and 1789 of the Encyclopedia.
5. Rousseau: A Controversial Figure
a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the most controversial philosophe.
b. IN 1762, Rousseau set forth his ideas about government and society in The Social Contract.
c. Rousseau influenced political and social thinkers for more than 200 years.
6. Limited �Natural Rights� for Women
a. The slogan �free and equal� during the Enlightenment did not apply to women.
b. Women questioned the notion that they were by nature inferior to men and that men�s denomination of women was therefore part of �nature�s plan.�
c. Wollstonecraft was the best known of the British female critics.
7. New Economic Thinking
a. Physiocrats: Focused on economic reforms.
b. Laissez faire: allowing businesses to operate with little or no government interference.
c. Free market: The natural forces of supply and demand.
8. The Challenge of New Ideas
a. The ideas of the Enlightenment spread quickly through many levels of society.
b. Government and Church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order.
c. Writers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau sometimes disguised their ideas in works of fiction.
9. Salons
a. Salons: informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and other exchanged ideas.
b. The salon originated in the 1600s, when a group of noblewomen in Paris began inviting a few friends to their homes for poetry readings.
c. Salonieres were the drawing rooms of homes where middle-class citizens would meet with the nobility to discuss and spread Enlightenment ideas.
10. The Salon in the Rue Saint Honore
a. In 1713, Marie-Therese Rodes (14) married Francois Geoffrin (48).
b. Madame Geoffrin entertained poets and philosophers, artists and musicians in her salon.
c. By the end of the 1700s, the influence of women�s salons had ended.
11. Enlightened Despots
a. Enlightened despots: absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change.
b. The King of Prussia (1740-1786) exerted extremely tight control over his subjects.
c. The most radical enlightened despot was the Hapsburg emperor Joseph II, son and successor of Maria Theresa.
12. The Arts and Literature
a. Baroque: the grand complex style of the 1600s and 1700s.
b. New kinds of musical entertainment evolved in the baroque era,
c. In 1762, Mozart burst onto the European scene to gain instant celebrity as a composer and performer.
13. Lives of the Majority
a. Most Europeans were untouched by either courtly or middle-class culture.
b. Peasant life varied across Europe.
c. In central and Eastern Europe, serfdom was very rooted.
14. Global Expansion
a. England�s location made it well placed to control trade during the Renaissance.
b. England offered a more favorable climate to business and commerce than its European rivals.
c. England grew by merging with neighboring Scotland.
15. Growth of Constitutional Government
a. A government whose power is defined and limited by law.
b. Two political parties, the Tories and the Whigs, emerged in England in late 1600s.
c. Prime Minister: the leader of the majority party in the Parliament and in time the chief official of the British government.
16. Politics and Society
a. The age of Walpole was a time of peace and prosperity.
b. The right to vote was a limited to a relatively few male property owners, and their votes were often openly bought.
c. A small but growing middle class included successful merchants and manufacturers.
17. George III Reasserts Royal Power
a. In 1760, George III embarked on a 60-year reign.
b. Britain�s loss of its American colonies discredited the king.
c. The British came to see the prime minister as their real political leader.
18. The 13 English Colonies
a. By 1750, a string of 13 prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America.
b. Britain applied mercantilist policies to its colonies.
c. Colonists shared common values, respect for individual enterprise, and a growing self-confidence.
19. Growing Discontent
a. After 1763, relations between Britain and the 13 colonies grew strained.
b. Colonists bitterly resented what they saw as an attack on their rights.
c. The Declaration claimed that people had the right �to alter and abolish� unjust governments � a right to revolt.
20. The American Revolution
a. The Continental Congress had few military resources and little money to pay its soldiers.
b. A turning point in the war came with the American triumph over the British in 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga.
c. American, British, and French negotiators signed the Trey of Paris ending the war.
21. A New Constitution
a. A national government set up by a document that Americans called the Articles of Confederation was too weak to rule the new United States effectively.
b. In 1789, the Constitution became law.
c. The Enlightenment ideals hat had inspired American colonists brought changes in Europe.