| CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
The laboratory, at the
request of Dr. Christopher, supplied the following analysis of Cayenne:
CAYENNE Capsicum minimum (SOLANACEAE) pods, berries Capsicum Frutescens
VITAMINS AND MINERALS
Ca .26%
p .09
K .17
Na tr
CI tr
Mg .31
Fe .0006
Mn tr
Cu tr
Zn tr
Carotene-various
carotenoid pigment. no carotene
A 12,137 Mg/Ib
B-1 78
B-2 12
C (ascorbic acid)
493
OTHER
albumen 2.4%
pectin 2.33
gums 1.3
starch 2.0
capsicaine .43
capsacutin oil 16.35
pentosans totaling
8.59 solaine
xanthenes .82
oleic acid
palmitic acid 1.85
steanc acid
fatty acids
In addition, the
reader may be interested in the following research analyzing Capsicum:
Constituents. In
1876 Thresh extracted the drug with petroleum, treated the extract with
aqueous alkali, and by passing carbon dioxide through the alkaline liquid
precipitated crystals of an intensely pungent compound, capsaicin. As may
be inferred from the method of preparation, capsaicin is of phenolic nature.
Capsaicin (Vanillyl
amide of isodecenoic acid)
The pungent phenolic
fraction of capsicum also contains a proportion of 6,7 - dihydrocapsaicin.
The capsaicin content of fruits varies appreciably in a range up to 1.5
per cent and is much influenced by environmental conditions and age of
the fruit. It occurs principally in the dissepiment of the fruits, for
example, entire fruit 0.49; pericarp O. 1 O; dissepiment 1.79; seed 0.07.
The pungency of capsicum is not destroyed by treatment with alkalis (distinction
from gingerol, which also contains the vanillyl group) but is destroyed
by oxidation with potassium dichromate of permanganate. Chilies also contain
ascorbic acid (0.1-0.5 per cent), thiamine, red carotenoid such as capsanthin
and capsorubin and fixed oil (about 4-16 percent). They yield about 20-25
per cent of alcoholic extract (capsicin) and about 5 percent (official
limit 8 percent) of ash. Hungarian capsicums or ‘Paprika’ are derived from
a mild race of C annuum and are a convenient source of ascorbic acid. According
to Bennett and Kirby the pungent principle of C annuum is composed of capsaicin
69 percent, dihydrocapsaicin 22 per nordihydrocapsaicin 7 percent, homo-capsaicin
1 percent and homodihydrocapsaicin 1 percent. The presence of the three
minor components was established by mass spectroscopy.
A number of colorimetric
assays can be used the quantitative determination of capsaicin (see p.
213); The B.P.C. utilizes ultra-violet absorption at 248 and 296 nm.
Biogenesis of Capsaicin.
Work by Leete and Louden on C frutescens and by Bennett and Kirby on C
annuum has shown that phenylalanine is incorporated into the C6-C 1 vanillyl
unit of capsaicin, the C-3 of phenylalanine giving the methylene group
of the vanillylamine residues; the incorporation probably proceeds via
cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic and protocatechuic acids. Tyrosine did not
appear to be a probable precursor. Leete’s feeding experiments with baline-U
14 C have given incorporation consistent with the hypothesis that the C
10 isodecanoic acid is formed from isobutyryl coenzyme A and three acetate
units. (Treaxardevans).
The United States
Department of Agriculture analyzed a raw chili pepper for nutritional content;
their results follow.
|
Immature green
pods, excluding seeds
|
Mature Red pods,
including seeds |
Mature Red pods,
excluding seeds
|
Mature red dried
pods
|
|
WATER (percent)
|
88.8
|
74.3
|
80.3
|
12.6
|
|
FOOD ENERGY
(calories)
|
37
|
93
|
65
|
321
|
|
PROTEIN (grams)
|
1.3
|
3.7
|
2.3
|
12.9
|
|
FAT (grams)
|
.2
|
2.3
|
.4
|
9.1
|
|
CARBOHYDRATES
(grams)
|
9.1
|
18.1
|
15.8
|
59.8
|
|
FIBER
|
1.8
|
9.0
|
2.3
|
26.2
|
|
ASH (grams)
|
.6
|
1.6
|
1.2
|
7.4
|
|
CALCIUM (milligrams)
|
10
|
29
|
16
|
130
|
|
PHOSPHORUS (milligrams)
|
25
|
78
|
49
|
240
|
|
IRON (milligrams)
|
.7
|
1.2
|
1.4
|
7.8
|
|
SODIUM (milligrams)
|
--
|
--
|
25
|
373
|
|
POTASSIUM (milligrams)
|
--
|
--
|
564
|
1,201
|
|
VITAMIN A (I.U.)
|
770
|
21,600
|
21,600
|
77,000
|
|
THIAMINE (milligrams)
|
.09
|
.22
|
.1
|
.23
|
|
RIBOFLAVIN (milligrams)
|
.06
|
.36
|
.2
|
1.33
|
|
NIACIN (milligrams)
|
1.7
|
4.4
|
2.9
|
10.5
|
|
ASCORBIC ACID
(milligrams)
|
235
|
369
|
369
|
12
|
—(U.S. Handbook
No. 8, 1975)
DR.
CHRISTOPHER’S COMBINATIONS CONTAINING CAYENNE
As we might expect,
since Cayenne is a superior carrier for other herbs, many of Dr. Christopher's
Combinations contain Cayenne.
Prospallate,
the combination used to heal and tone the prostrate and related organs,
features Cayenne.
Nu-Fem,
the female tonic, contains Cayenne,
Fen LB,
the formula to heal and tone the bowel, contains Cayenne.
Panc Tea,
the formula which heals the pancreas and helps in blood-sugar related diseases,
contains Cayenne.
BPE,
the formula which regulates blood pressure features Cayenne.
Herbal Composition
Powder, as we mentioned before, which
is used for colds, flu, and many other ailments, features Cayenne.
Adrenetone,
the formula to strengthen the adrenal glands and improve stamina, contains
Cayenne.
Herbal Eyebright,
the toning eyewash, contains Cayenne.
AR-1,
the arthritis and rheumatism formula, contains Cayenne.
Mem,
the formula to improve memory and strengthen brain functions, contains
Cayenne.
Relax-eze,
the formula to rebuild frayed nerves, contains Cayenne.
Professor Cayenne
Penetrating Deep Heating Balm
features Cayenne.
X-Ceptic,
the best herbal antiseptic available, features Cayenne.
The Antispasmodic
Tincture contains Cayenne.
Cayenne Extract,
a potent fourteen-day extract, is made of Japanese, African, and American
peppers.
Smoke Outan
aid to stop smoking contains Cayenne.
Metaburna
dieting formula contains Cayenne.
Vitalerbs
the whole food vitamin & mineral formula contains Cayenne.
Cayenne is in Bilbrite,
used to improve healthy circulation to the eye.
Mascutone
a male tonic contains Cayenne.
Sha Tea
and Ephedrateannot
only work well together for colds, sinus,and allergies but both also contain
Cayenne.
CURRENT
FINDINGS
Recent research has
focused on the extraction and isolation of the constituents of Capsicum.
Lee et al. devised a mass fragmentographic method for the quantitative
microanalysis of Capsaicin, the major medicinal constituent of Capsicum
(Journal of Chromatography, 21 July 1976). Salzer, noting that most industrially
prepared quick foods are relying on seasoning extracts rather than the
more easily deteriorated spices themselves, discovered that the main flavoring
constituent of Capsicum is capsaicin (Critical Reviews in Science and Nutrition,
1977).
Of most interest
medicinally, Frischkorn and Frischkorn researched the debilitating tropical
disease, schistosomiasis, or snail fever, which is contracted through the
skin by contact with snail larvae in fresh water. They estimate that up
to half of the people in the third world are afflicted with this disease.
Aside from chemotherapeutic treatment and water treatment, they discovered
that the oil of Capsicum annuum, which is high in capsaicin, kills the
larvae, and that frequent ingestion of Capsicum can help treat the disease
(Naturwissenschaften, September, 1978)
Of particular interest
to herbalists who are interested in the reasons why Capsicum is so valuable
in heart disease, Kanner et. al. analyzed Capsicum annuum for tocopherol
content. They found that of all the edible plants, Capsicum annuum contained
the most natural Vitamin E, which is in a peculiarly stable form. In fresh,
ripe pepper fruits, they found 3-10 mg./100 grams, which shows that the
vegetable could become a significant source of Vitamin E in the diet. Vitamin
E is often used to treat heart conditions. Because there is also a goodly
amount of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in the peppers, the two vitamins are
well balanced naturally, which the authors considered a fact of great importance
in nutritional and technological considerations (Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry, November-December, 1979, pp. 1316-8).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Heiser, Charles B.,
Jr. Nightshades. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1969.
Hutchens, Alma R.
Indian Herbology of North America. Kumbakonam, S. India: Homeo House Press,
1970.
Grieve, M., Mrs.
A Modern Herbal. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1980.
Herbalist Magazine,
Vol. I #1, March, 1979.
Johnson, Fredrick,
Ed. Water Control Systems of the Telruacor Valley, Vol. 4. Austin, TX:
University of Texas Press, 1972.
Common Herbs For
Natural Health. New York: Sctoken: 1976. Christopher, John R. School of
Natural Healing. Provo, Utah, 1975.
Trease, G.E. and
Evans, Charles, Pharmacognosy, London: Baillerie Tirdal, 1978.
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