SCIENCE 08 CHEMISTRY
Notebook Page EEXPERIMENT # 5
ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
PROBLEM:
1. To observe the properties of some representative elements and to classify these elements according to similarities in their properties.
2. To identify patterns in the Periodic Table based on similarities in the properties of the elements.
HYPOTHESIS:
There will be major types of elements and they will be distinguishable on the basis of suchproperties as , , ,
, and . It (will, will not) also be possible to identify a pattern in the location on the Periodic Table of elements with similar properties.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:
Sample of each element listed in Table I.
Conductivity apparatus consisting of two batteries connected to a lamp and ammeter connected in series.
PROCEDURE:
1. Observe samples of each of the elements listed in Table I and record the symbol, colour, shininess, malleability, and room temperature phase. Shininess and malleability in most cases are not applicable to liquids or gases except mercury.
Malleability can be judged on the basis of whether the element is an irregularly shaped lump (brittle) or has been in any way formed or shaped with at least some smooth sides (malleable).
* DO NOT ATTEMPT TO BEND OR HANDLE THE SAMPLES AS MANY ARE POTENTIALLY POISONOUS IF TAKEN INTERNALLY. ELEMENTS ON THE FOLLOWING LIST ARE EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS AND POTENTIALLY FATAL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED!
ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, BISMUTH, BROMINE, CADMIUM, CHLORINE, LITHIUM, MERCURY, SODIUM
2. Measure the electrical conductivity of those elements for which this procedure is safe or practical by carefully but firmly touching the probes of the conductivity apparatus to the samples. Do not allow the two probes to touch each other as this will cause a short circuit. However the proper functioning of the conductivity apparatus can be tested by briefly brushing the two probes together. A reading of about 80 milliamps indicates proper function.
For those elements whose conductivity is impractical or too dangerous to measure in the classroom setting the conductivity will be demonstrated by your instructor or be already given in Table I.
OBSERVATIONS:
Record all observations and conductivity measurements in Table I.
DIAGRAM:
Draw a properly set up and labelled diagram of your conductivity apparatus. The proper format for scientific diagrams is summarized on Page A8 of the Introduction Section of your notebook. Label the following apparatus and materials:
BATTERIES, CONNECTING WIRE, ELEMENT SAMPLE, AMMETER, LAMP, PROBE
EXPERIMENT #5: ELEMENTS Page 2 Notebook Page E ___
DISCUSSION:
Answer the following questions in complete sentences unless otherwise specified.
1. In three vertical columns of five each print the names of the elements observed in Table I that have ALL THREE of the following properties in common. These elements are called METALS.
They are SHINY unless tarnished.
They are MALLEABLE meaning they can be bent, stretched, and formed.
They are GOOD CONDUCTORS of electricity. (THERE ARE 15 CORRECT ANSWERS)
2. Print the names of the three elements observed in Table I that have ONLY ONE OR TWO of the following properties in common. These elements are called semi-metals.
They may be SHINY.
They may be MALLEABLE. } have any ONE or TWO of these properties
They may be GOOD CONDUCTORS of electricity. (THERE ARE 3 CORRECT ANSWERS)
3. In three vertical columns of two or three each print the names of the elements observed in Table I that have ALL THREE of the following properties in common. These elements are called NON-METALS.
They are DULL.
They are BRITTLE meaning they are easily breakable, often powdered or lumpy. They are NON CONDUCTORS of electricity. (THERE ARE 8 CORRECT ANSWERS)
4.
On the Periodic Table colour squares for the metals that you listed in Question #1 RED. Toward which side of the Periodic Table are the metals located (left, along the zig-zag line, or right) ?5. On the Periodic Table colour squares for the semi-metals that you listed in Question #1 GREEN. Toward which side of the Periodic Table are the semi-metals located (left, along the zig-zag line, or right) ?
6. On the Periodic Table colour squares for the non-metals that you listed in Question #3 BLUE. Toward which side of the Periodic Table are the non-metals located (left, along the zig-zag line, or right) ?
7. Which type of element are there more of, metals or non-metals; and in approximately what proportion ?
8. What is the colour and phase of most of the metals at room temperature ?
9. How many elements in total are liquids at room temperature ? Which is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature ? Which is the only non-metal that is a liquid at room temperature ?
10. How many elements in all are gases at room temperature ? Of these gases list the six that are classified as "Noble Gases" and explain why they are said to be "inert". List the two very reactive gases that are classified along with three other elements as "Halogens". List the other three gases.
CONCLUSION:
1. Make a judgment statement concerning your original hypothesis.
2. Define a metal in terms of its location in the Periodic Table and at least five typical properties.
3. Define a semi-metal in terms of its location in the Periodic Table and some typical properties.
4. Define a non-metal in terms of its location in the Periodic Table and at least five typical properties.
EXPERIMENT #5: ELEMENTS Notebook Page E ____
TABLE I: PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
ELEMENT SYMBOL COLOUR SHINY MALLEABLE PHASE GOOD OR NON
OR DULL ? OR BRITTLE ? (s,l,g) CONDUCTOR ?
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARGON NON
ARSENIC
BISMUTH
BROMINE NON
CADMIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE NON
COPPER
HYDROGEN NON
IODINE
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MERCURY MALLEABLE
NICKEL
NITROGEN NON
OXYGEN NON
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
SULPHUR
TIN
ZINC
EXPERIMENT #5: ELEMENTS Notebook Page E ____
On the basis of the properties observed in Table
I and the instructions given in "Discussion" questions #4-6 colour the following Periodic Table.In addition colour in the boxes for the following elements that you were unable to observe in the experiment according to the same code as for the elements you did observe:
BORON NON CONDUCTOR GERMANIUM SEMI-CONDUCTOR POLONIUM GOOD CONDUCTOR
XENON NON CONDUCTOR COBALT GOOD CONDUCTOR KRYPTON NON-CONDUCTOR
INDIUM GOOD CONDUCTOR TELLURIUM SEMI-CONDUCTOR HYDROGEN NON-CONDUCTOR
CALCIUM GOOD CONDUCTOR FLUORINE NON-CONDUCTOR BERYLLIUM CONDUCTOR
BARIUM GOOD CONDUCTOR CHROMIUM CONDUCTOR STRONTIUM GOOD CONDUCTOR
SELENIUM NON_CONDUCTOR HELIUM NON-CONDUCTOR NEON NON-CONDUCTOR
GALLIUM GOOD CONDUCTOR POTASSIUM GOOD CONDUCTOR PHOSPHORUS NON-CONDUCTOR
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg A
l Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Cr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Sr Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Ba Hg Pb Bi Po