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Version of 12 June 1998
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1-42, Mikoyan
       Stealth fighter under development in Russia. If built, it could
       enter service around 2000. Provisional drawings show a twin-
       engined aircraft with a cranked delta wing, canards, twin tail
       fins, jet intakes under the nose, and three-dimensional thrust
       vectoring nozzles. First flown in the summer of 1997.
       Type: 1-42
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 * 180kN Saturn AL-41F
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
1-44, Mikoyan
       Designation applied to the two prototypes of the {1-42}.
1-EA, TsAGI
       First successful Soviet helicopter. The 1-EA had a single main
       rotor, and four anti-torque rotors, in pairs on nose and tail
       booms. One built.
       Type: 1-EA
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1930  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 120hp M-2
       Rotor Span: 11.0m  Length: 12.8m  Height: 3.38m  Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 982kg  Max.Weight: 1145kg
       Speed: 30km/h  Ceiling: 600m  Range: 0.25hrs
1M, Myasichew
       Design preceding the {3M}. It was a derivative of the {SDB} design,
       with the engines still podded, but grouped close to the fuselage.
2-EA, TsAGI
       Experimental autogyro, developed from the Cierva C-19. After
       completion of the test program it was used for propaganda
       flights. One built.
       Type: 2-EA
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1931  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 225hp Gnome-Rhone Titan
       Rotor Span: 12.0m  Length: 6.5m  Height:   Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 765kg  Max.Weight: 1032kg
       Speed: 160km/h  Ceiling: 4200m  Range: 1hr
2I-N1, Polikarpov
       See {DI-1}.
2M, Myasichew "Bison"
       See {M-4}. 
2MG, Bratukhin
       See {Omega}.
3-EA, TsAGI
       Experimental helicopter, similar to the {1-EA}. Made only
       tethered flights. 
3M, Myasichew "Bison"
       See {M-4}.
5, Bisnovat       
       Experimental rocket-engined aircraft. The Bisnovat 5 had a
       bullet-shaped fuselage of elliptical cross-section, and slender,
       swept wings. Like the American {X-1} and {X-2}, it was carried
       into the air by a mother aircraft, and landed on skis. Two were
       built, but no powered flights were ever made.
       Type: 5-2
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * RD-2M3BF
       Wing Span: 6.60m  Length: 11.20m  Height:   Wing Area: 19.87m2
       Empty Weight: 1700kg  Max.Weight: 1900kg
       Speed: (1200km/h)  Ceiling:   Range:
5-EA, TsAGI
       Experimental helicopter, developed from the {1-EA}. The 5-EA
       had an unsual six-blade main rotor, with three large lift blades
       and three smaller control blades. One built.
       Type: 5-EA
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1933  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 120hp M-2
       Rotor Span: 12.0m  Length: 12.8m  Height: 3.11m  Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 1047kg  Max.Weight: 1210kg
       Speed: 20km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 0.14hrs
7-EA, TsAGI
       See {A-7}.
11-EA, TsAGI
       Experimental helicopter. Like the {5-EA}, this used a main rotor
       with separate control and lift blades. The anti-torque rotors
       were no longer on nose and tail booms, but were now fitted to
       the ends of a small wing, and the 11-EA was designed to operate
       also as an autogiro. Not a very successful design.
       Type: 11-EA
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1936  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 630hp Curtiss Conqueror
       Rotor Span: 15.4m  Length:   Height: 3.53m  Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 2600kg
       Speed: 60km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
14-MIR, Beriev
       Wing-in-ground effect aircraft. 1972.
23-01, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {Ye-23DPD}.
23-I1, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {Ye-23IG}.
105, Gorbunov
       See {Gorbunov 105}.
201M, Myasichew
       Renamed {3M}.
218, Alexeev
       The Alexeev 218 was a heavily armoured ground attack aircraft.
       It was a twin-boom pusher aircraft, with the pilot sitting in
       a well armoured cockpit in the extreme nose. A second crewmember
       operated remote-controlled guns in the tail booms. One built.
       Type: 218
       Function: attack 
       Year: 1948  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 2000hp Dobrynin VD-251
       Wing Span: 16.43m  Length: 13.88m  Height:   Wing Area: 45m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 530km/h at 2000m  Ceiling: 6600m  Range: 1200km
       Armament: 6*g23mm 16*r 1500kg
4302, Florov
       See {Florov 4302}.
7211, Borovkov-Florov
       Prototype of the {I-207}.
--A---------------------------------------------------------------------
A-4, TsAGI
       Autogiro, based on the {2-EA}. The A-4 was intended as
       observation aircraft and trainer. About 10 were delivered.
       Type: A-4
       Function: observation
       Year: 1934  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 220kW M-26
       Rotor Span: 13.0m  Length: 7.2m  Height:   Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 1065kg  Max.Weight: 1365kg
       Speed: 175km/h  Ceiling: 4100m  Range: 185km
A-6, TsAGI
       Small autogyro. Remained experimental, but performance was much
       better than that of the {A-4}.
       Type: A-6
       Function: experimental 
       Year: 1933  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Rotor Span: 11.0m  Length: 6.3m  Height: 3.2m  Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 562kg  Max.Weight: 815kg
       Speed: 142km/h  Ceiling: 2000m  Range: 2.5hrs
A-7, Antonov
       Transport glider, a well-streamlined aircraft of wooden
       construction. The A-7 could transport six soldiers. Approx
       400 were built from 1940 onwards.
       Type: A-7
       Function: assault glider 
       Year:   Crew:    
       Wing Span: 19.0m  Length: 11.5m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 1100kg
       Tow Speed: 200km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Load: 6 seats
A-7, TsAGI
       Observation autogiro, designed by Kamov. Seven were built, and
       used in 1941 for reconnaissance duties. They were among the most
       advanced autogyros of their time, and the first to carry any
       armament. 
       Type: A-7
       Function: observation
       Year: 1934  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 480hp M-22
       Rotor Span: 15.2m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 14.7m2
       Wing Span: 10.4m   Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 1300kg  Max.Weight: 2056kg
       Speed: 210km/h  Ceiling: 4800m  Range: 600km
       Armament: 2*mg
A-8, TsAGI
       Development of the {A-6} autogyro. The A-8 had improved
       aerodynamic controls. One built. 
A-10, Mil
       Helicopter, probably related to the {Mi-24}, used to set
       some records.
A-12, TsAGI
       Single-seat autogyro, a small advanced design. It was abandoned
       after a fatal crash. One built.
       Type: A-12
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1936  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 700hp M-25
       Rotor Span: 14.0m  Length: 6.3m  Height:   Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 1343kg  Max.Weight: 1687kg
       Speed: 245km/h  Ceiling: 5570m  Range: 1.5hrs
A-13, TsAGI
       Liaison autogyro, developed from the {A-6} and {A-8}.
       One built.
       Type: A-13
       Function: liaison
       Year: 1936  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Rotor Span: 11.5m  Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 540kg  Max.Weight: 802kg
       Speed: 151kg  Ceiling: 3000m  Range: 250km
A-14, TsAGI
       Autogyro, developed from the {A-6} and {A-8}. One built.
       Type: A-14
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1935  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Rotor Span: 11.0m  Length: 6.3m  Height:   Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 576kg  Max.Weight: 815kg
       Speed: 167km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2.5hrs
A-15, TsAGI
       Fast, wingless autopgyro. Work was halted after the crash of the
       {A-12}. One built.
       Type: A-15
       Function: experimental
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 1 * 750hp M-25V
       Rotor Span: 18.00m  Length: 8.60m  Height: 4.10m  Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 1695kg  Max.Weight: 2560kg
       Speed: 260km/h  Ceiling: 6400m  Range: 
A-20 Havoc, Douglas
       The US delivered 3125 of the twin-engined {A-20} Havoc light 
       bomber to the USSR.
A-40, Beriev
       See {Be-42}.
A-40, Antonov
       See {KT}.
A-50, Beriev 'Mainstay'
       Designation applied to the AEW version of the {Il-76}, developed
       by Beriev. A double pylon carries a rotating radar disc. The A-50
       is a bit too small for the heavy radar equipment, and this
       results in a cramped accomodation and a small range. Otherwise
       it is a capable AEW aircraft. 
A-144, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       This was a {MiG-21} fitted with the wing of the {Tu-144} supersonic
       airliner. Also known as MiG-21I.
AIR-9, Yakovlev
       Two-seat trainer.
AIR-10, Yakovlev
       See {UT-2}.
AIR-14, Yakovlev
       See {UT-1}. The initials AIR were those of a high-ranked member
       of the communist party, A. I. Rykov. When Rykov became a victim of
       one of Stalin's purges, Yakovlev quickly changed his designations...
AIR-16, Yakovlev
       Single-engined, high-wing cabin monoplane.
AIR-17, Yakovlev
       See {UT-3}.
AIR-20, Yakovlev
       Development of the {UT-2} with 120hp Renault engine.
AK, Bratukhin
       See {G-3}.
Albemarle, Armstrong Whitworth
       The USSR accepted 14 examples of the Armstrong Whitworth {Albemarle},
       a medium bomber that was used mostly as transport. 
An-2, Antonov 'Colt'
       A biplane transport, used since 1947 with great succes and in many
       countries, despite its apparent obsolescence. Over 18000 may have
       been built. The An-2 was used as STOL transport, for training, as
       firefighting aircraft, as agricultural aircraft, and in many other
       roles. The An-2 has also been built as floatplane; the normal wheeled
       landing gear can easily be interchanged with skis. There was a
       meteorological version with a cabin in front of the tailfin, and a
       An-2F experimental artillery spotter, with a extensively glazed aft
       fuselage and a slender tail boom with twin fins. For agricultural
       purposes a turboprop-engined version, the {An-3}, was created recently.
       Type: An-2P
       Function: transport
       Year: 1968  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 746kW Shvetsov Ash-62IR
       Wing Span: 18.18m  Length: 14.24m  Height: 4.00m  Wing Area: 71.6m2
       Empty Weight: 3450kg  Max.Weight: 5500kg
       Speed: 258km/h  Ceiling: 4400m  Range: 900km
       Load: 12 seats, 1240kg
An-4, Antonov 'Colt'
       Version of the {An-2} on floats. Military designation is An-2V.
An-6, Antonov 'Colt'
       Wheater reconaissance version of the {An-2}. The An-6 had a
       turbosupercharged engine to increase its operational ceiling. 
An-8, Antonov 'Camp'
       Tactical transport, a twin-engined high-wing design with a
       loading ramp under the tail. Antonov was among the first to
       introduce this classic configuration. Around 100 were built.
       Type: An-8
       Function: transport
       Year: 1955  Crew: 6  Engines: 2 * Aivchenko AI-20D
       Wing Span: 37.0m  Length: 30.74m  Height: 9.7m
       Wing Area: 117.2m2
       Empty Weight: 21250kg  Max.Weight: 38000kg
       Speed: 600km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3500km
       Load: 48 seats
       Armament: 1*g23mm
An-12, Antonov 'Cub'
       A four-engined transport, the nearest Soviet equivalent to the
       {C-130} but larger. The An-12 is a development of the civil
       An-10, which itself was a four-engined development of the {An-8}. 
       Typical for the USSR practice is the position for the tail gunner!
       Around 900 were built. It is also used as ECM, ELINT and ASW
       aircraft. China is still building it as the {Y-8}. 
       Type: An-12BP 'Cub-A'
       Function: transport
       Year: 1960  Crew: 6  Engines: 4 * 4000hp Ivchenko AI-20K
       Wing Span: 38.00m  Length: 33.10m  Height: 10.53m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 28000kg  Max.Weight: 61000kg
       Speed: 777km/h  Ceiling: 10200m	Range: 3600km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
       Load: 20000kg
An-14 Pchelka, Antonov 'Clod'
       Light transport, with a typical box-like fuselage and a tail boom
       carrying twin fins. Used in a variety of roles, including
       ambulance and crop spraying. Approx 300 built.
       Type: An-14
       Function: transport
       Year: 1958  Crew: 1-2  Engines: 2 * 300hp Ivchenko AI-14RF
       Wing Span: 21.99m  Length: 11.44m  Height: 4.63m
       Wing Area: 39.72m2
       Empty Weight: 2000kg  Max.Weight: 3600kg
       Speed: 175km/h  Ceiling: 5000m  Range: 5000km
       Load: 7-9 seats
An-22, Antonov 'Cock'
       Large transport aircraft. It was the largest aircraft in the world
       until the introduction of the {C-5}. The twin tailfins are an
       uncommon characteristic, but otherwise the An-22 has the classic
       configuration of military transports, with a high-set wing,
       a tail loading ramp, and multi-wheel landing gear. Only 66 were
       built. There have been reports that the warplans of the Warsaw
       pact included the delivery of multi-megaton nuclear weapons by
       An-22s. 
       Type: An-22
       Function: transport
       Year: 1974  Crew: 5-6  Engines: 4 * 15000hp Kuznetsov NK-12MA
       Wing Span: 64.4m  Length: 57.9m  Height: 12.53m
       Wing Area: 345m2
       Empty Weight: 114000kg  Max.Weight: 250000kg
       Speed: 679km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 10950km
       Load: 80000kg
An-24, Antonov 'Coke'
       A high-wing turboprop transport, designed as a civil aircraft,
       but used by about 15 air forces too. About 1465 were built. China
       built a reverse-engineered version as the {Y-7}. 
       Type: An-24V
       Function: transport
       Year: 1961  Crew: 3-5  Engines: 2 * 2880hp Ivchenko AI-24A
       Wing Span: 29.2m  Length: 23.53m  Height: 8.32m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 13300kg  Max.Weight: 21000kg
       Speed: 430km/h  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 650km
       Load: 5500kg, 38 seats
An-26, Antonov 'Curl'
       Tactical transport, development of the {An-24}. The An-26 has a
       rear loading ramp and pressurised cabin. It has more powerful
       engines, and like the AN-24RV it has an auxiliary turbojet in
       the right engine nacelle, used for high-and-hot operations. The
       Chinese-built version is the {Y-7}H.
       Type: An-26
       Function: transport
       Year: 1969  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 2074kW ZMKB-Progress AI-24T
				     1 * 7.85kN RU-19-300
       Wing Span: 29.20m  Length: 23.80m  Height: 8.58m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 14750kg  Max.Weight: 24000kg
       Speed: 440km/h  Ceiling: 7500m  Range: 2250km
       Load: 5500kg, 40 seats
An-28, Antonov 'Cash'
       STOL transport, a development of the {An-14} and originally
       called the An-14M. It is still in production, 
       Type: An-28
       Function: transport
       Year: 1975  Crew: 1-2  Engines: 2 * 723kW Glushenko TVD-10B
       Wing Span: 22.06m  Length: 13.1m  Height: 4.9m
       Wing Area: 39.72m2
       Empty Weight: 3900kg  Max.Weight: 6500kg
       Speed: 350km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1300km
       Load: 19 seats, 2000kg
An-30, Antonov 'Clank'
       Cartography aircraft, a development of the {An-24}. The nose was 
       completely redesigned, with large transparencies and a raised
       cockpit. In 1997 the An-30 entered a new role, when it flew
       an "Open Skies" mission over military bases in the USA. 
       Type: An-30
       Function: cartography
       Year: 1974  Crew: 7  Engines: 2 * 2103kW Ivchenko AI-24VT
				     1 * 7.85kN RU 19A-300
       Speed: 540km/h  Ceiling: 8300m  Range: 2630km
An-32, Antonov 'Cline'
       Development of the {An-26}, optimized for hot-and-high conditions.
       The engines are moved to overwing positions instead of underwing,
       to increase the propeller clearance. 
       Type: An-32
       Function: transport
       Year: 1977  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 3812kW Ivchenko AI-20-5
       Wing Span: 29.2m  Length: 23.78m  Height: 9.75m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 16800kg  Max.Weight: 27000kg
       Speed: 530km/h  Ceiling: 9400m  Range: 2000km
       Load: 6700kg, 39 seats
An-38, Antonov
       Replacement of the An-28, currently under development. 
An-40, Antonov
       Designation used for the {An-124} in early stages of design.
An-50, Antonov
       Planned four-engined jet-engined derivative of the An-26. Not
       built.
An-70, Antonov
       After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Antonov has become an
       Ukranian company. The An-70 is a replacement for the {An-12} 'Cub'.
       It has the high wing and tail loading ramp that are typical
       for tactical freight aircraft; a novelty is the use of contra-
       rotating propfans. 
       Type: An-70
       Country: Oekraine
       Function: transport
       Year: 1994  Crew:   Engines:  4 * 10290kW Progress D-27
       Wing Span: 44.06m  Length: 40.25m  Height: 16.1m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 130000kg
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range: 7250km
       Load: 35000kg
An-71, Antonov 'Madcap' 
       This was an AEW version of the {An-72} with a radome on the
       forward swept tailfin. The An-71 was cancelled, because the
       {Yak-44} was preferred. Three built. 
An-72, Antonov 'Coaler'
       STOL transport, featuring engines placed on the wing leading edge,
       blowing the upper surfaces. A maritime patrol version is developed
       in cooperation with the Israeli IAI. There is also the {An-71} AEW
       version and the {An-74} for polar operations. 
       Type: An-72A Coaler-C
       Function: transport
       Year: 1978  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 63.74kN ZMKB Progress D-36
       Wing Span: 31.89m  Length: 28.07m  Height: 8.65m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 19050kg  Max.Weight: 34500kg
       Speed: 705km/h  Ceiling: 11800m	Range: 4800km
       Load: 10000kg
An-74, Antonov 'Coaler' / 'Madcap'
       Development of the {An-72}, optimized for polar operations. Ski
       landing gear is optional, and a different radar was installed. 
       It also has increased fuel. 
An-124 Ruslan, Antonov 'Condor'
       Large jet transport. The An-124 has a bulbuous fuselage with a
       hinged nose and a rear loading ramp. The moderately swept wing
       is set high, with four podded jet engines underneath. The An-124
       was the largest aircraft in the world until the {An-225} appeared.
       Besides the military, it has found commercial users, especially
       for the transport of outsized loads. 
       Type: An-124
       Function: transport
       Year: 1985  Crew: 6  Engines: 4 * 23430kg Lotarev D-18T
       Wing Span: 73.3m  Length: 69.1m  Height: 21.08m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 175000kg  Max.Weight: 405000kg
       Speed: 865km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 16500km
       Load: 150000kg, cabin for 88 seats 
An-170, Antonov
       Enlarged version of the {An-70}, under development.
An-225 Mriya, Antonov 'Cossack'
       The An-225 is a six-engined development of the {An-124}, designed to
       carry the Soviet 'Buran' space shuttle on its back. A new central
       wing section with two more engines was inserted, twin tail fins
       were fitted, the landing gear was reinforced and dorsal attachment
       points were added. The Buran program was abandoned, and the An-225
       has been grounded. 
       Type: An-225
       Function: transport
       Year: 1988  Crew: 6  Engines: 6 * 229.5kN Lotarev D-18T
       Wing Span: 88.40m  Length: 84.00m  Height: 18.10m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 850km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Load:  250000kg
An-400, Antonov
       Designation used for the {An-124} in early stages of development.
Anacler, Anatra
       This was a version of the {Anade} with a Clerget engine.
Anade, Anatra
       Two-seat reconnaissance biplane. The Anade was inspired by the
       German Albatros aircraft. About 170 were built. 
       Type: Anade
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1915  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 100hp Gnome Monosoupape
       Wing Span: 11.5m  Length: 7.7m  Height:   Wing Area: 35m2
       Empty Weight: 515kg  Max.Weight: 865kg
       Speed: 132km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range: 3.5hrs
       Armament: 2*mg
Anadis, Anatra
       See Anatra {D.I}.
Anadwa, Anatra
       See Anatra {VKh}.
Anamon, Anatra
       See Anatra {DM}.
Anasal, Anatra
       See Anatra {DS}.
ANT-3, Tupolev
       The {R-3} reconaissance biplane.
ANT-4, Tupolev
       The {TB-1} bomber.
ANT-5, Tupolev
       Name given to the first prototype of the {I-4}.
ANT-6, Tupolev
       The {TB-3} bomber.
ANT-7, Tupolev
       The {R-6} reconaissance fighter. Development of the {ANT-4}.
ANT-8, Tupolev
       See {MDR-2}.
ANT-9, Tupolev
       High-wing monoplane, a light transport which was built in
       three-engined and twin-engined versions. A few were used by
       the VVS.
       Type: ANT-9
       Function: transport
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 3 * 224kW Wright Whirlwind
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 205km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
ANT-10, Tupolev
       See {R-7}.
ANT-13, Tupolev
       See {I-8}.
ANT-14, Tupolev
       Large monoplane, developed from the {ANT-9}, used for propaganda.
       Type: ANT-14
       Function: propaganda
       Year: 1931  Crew:   Engines: 5 * 480hp Gnome-Rhone Jupiter
       Wing Span: 40.40m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
ANT-16, Tupolev
       See {TB-4}.
ANT-20 Maksim Gorky, Tupolev
       The ANT-20 was a giant eight-engined propaganda monoplane,
       developed from the six-engined {TB-4}. Six engines were in
       the wing leading edge, and two more in tandem in a nacelle
       installed on top of the fuselage. The ANT-20 could have 
       carried 72 passengers, but was equipped as a propaganda
       aircarft. It contained a bar and buffet, a film processing
       lab, and a movie theater, besides a laundry, a pharmacy and a
       printing press! Only one was built, and lost in a mid-air
       collision after less than a year. 
       Type: ANT-20
       Function: propaganda
       Year: 1934  Crew: 10  Engines: 8 * 850hp M-34RN
       Wing Span: 63.63m  Length: 34.1m  Height: 9m  Wing Area: 486m2
       Empty Weight: 28500kg  Max.Weight: 42000kg
       Speed: 260km/h at S/L Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
ANT-20bis, Tupolev
       When the {ANT-20} was destroyed in May 1935, it was decided to
       build a successor. The ANT-20bis was a development of the ANT-20,
       but had only six engines, and had better aerodynamics. It was also
       used as a transport.
       Type: ANT-20bis
       Function: transport
       Year: 1938  Crew: 9  Engines: 6 * 1000hp M-34RNV
       Wing Span: 63m  Length: 34.1m  Height: 10.85m  Wing Area: 480m2
       Empty Weight: 32046kg  Max.Weight: 44000kg
       Speed: 235km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range:
       Load: 64 seats
ANT-21, Tupolev
       See {MI-3}.
ANT-22, Tupolev
       See {MK-1}.
ANT-23, Tupolev
       See {I-12}.
ANT-25, Tupolev
       This long-range aircraft became best known by a flight from
       Moscow to San Jacinto in California, over the pole: 10148km.
       The ANT-25 was also used to set a closed-circuit flight record
       with a flight of 56hrs and 20min. As might be expected, the
       ANT-25 was a clean monoplane with an extremely long wingspan.
       The wing had corrugated metal skinning, covered with fabric
       for smoothness. About 20 were completed as {DB-1} long-range
       bombers. 
       Type: ANT-25-1
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1933  Crew: 3-4  Engines: 1 * 700kW Mikulin M-34R
       Wing Span: 34.98m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 246km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 13000km
ANT-26, Tupolev
       Design for a heavy bomber, with 12 engines (eight on the wing,
       four in nacelles above the wing) and a wing span of 95m. Only
       a small-scale glider, with a wing span of 'only' 20m, was flown. 
ANT-27, Tupolev
       See {MDR-4}.
ANT-29, Tupolev
       Fighter monoplane, armed with a recoilless 103mm APK-8 cannon.
       The ANT-29 was a modern twin-engined design, with a large wing
       and a short fuselage. The cannon muzzle projected from the nose
       and to eliminate the recoil, a weight was ejected by a nozzle
       fitted below the tail. The gun was unpractical and the aircraft
       had bad handling. The designer of the gun, Kurchevski, was arrested
       and 'disappeared'.
       Type: ANT-29
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 760hp M-100
       Wing Span: 19.19m  Length: 11.65m  Height:   Wing Area:
       Empty Weight: 3900kg  Max. Weight: 5300kg
       Speed: 352km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 1*g102mm 2*7.62mm 1*mg7.62mm
ANT-31, Tupolev
       See {I-14}.
ANT-36, Tupolev
       See {DB-1}.
ANT-37, Tupolev
       See {DB-2}.
ANT-38, Tupolev
       Prototype of the {ANT-40} or {SB} fast bomber. The ANT-38 had radial
       engines.
ANT-39, Tupolev
       See {SB}.
ANT-40, Tupolev
       See {SB}.
ANT-41, Tupolev
       See {T-1}.
ANT-42, Tupolev
       See {Pe-8}.
ANT-44, Tupolev
       See {MTB-2}.
ANT-46, Tupolev
       See {DI-8}.
ANT-51, Tupolev
       See {Su-2} / {BB-1}.
ANT-58, Tupolev
       First Prototype of the {Tu-2}.
ANT-59, Tupolev
       Second prototype of the {Tu-2}. 
ANT-60, Tupolev
       Production model of the {Tu-2}. 
ANT-61, Tupolev
       See {Tu-2}. This was the Tu-2S.
ANT-62, Tupolev
       Tu-2D long range version of the {Tu-2}. 
ANT-63, Tupolev
       See {Tu-1}.
ANT-64, Tupolev
       Tu-2F reconaissance version of the {Tu-2}. 
ANT-65, Tupolev
       {Tu-DB} long-range bomber version of the {Tu-2}. 
ANT-68, Tupolev
       {Tu-10} long-range bomber, development of the {Tu-2}. 
ANT-69, Tupolev
       {Tu-8} long-range bomber, development of the {Tu-2}. 
Ar-2, Archangelsky
       The Ar-2 was a development of the {SB} and the {MMN}. About 200
       were built. 
       Type: Ar-2
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1940  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 1100hp Klimov M-105R
       Wing Span: 18.0m  Length: 12.5m  Height:   Wing Area: 48.2m2
       Empty Weight: 5106kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 475km/h at 4700m  Ceiling: 10000m  Range:
       Armament: 1500kg  
ARK-3, Chetverikov
       Flying boat, a relatively small aircraft with two engines in a
       tandem installation over the wing. It was designed for operations
       in the Arctic regions. Seven were built, but the type was
       abandoned after two were lost because of structural failures.
       Type: ARK-3-2
       Function: utility
       Year: 1936  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 730hp M-25A
       Wing Span: 20.00m  Length: 14.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 59.5m2
       Empty Weight: 3642kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 260km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 7hrs
       Armament: 2*mg
ARK-4, Chetverikov
       Designation reported for the production version of the {ARK-3}.
       Unclear if this was really used. 
       Type: ARK-4
       Function: utility and reconaissance
       Year: 1936  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 750hp M-25V
       Speed: 320km/h  Ceiling: 8500m  Range: 1500km
       Armament: 2*mg b1000kg
ARK-5, Polikarpov
       Version of the {R-5} used as transport in the arctic region.
--B---------------------------------------------------------------------
B-5, Bisnovat
       See {5}.
B-5, Bratukhin
       Twin-engined helicopter, developed from the {G-4}, but larger.
       The outriggers that carried the engines and rotors were replaced
       by wings. One built.
       Type: B-5
       Function: 
       Year: 1947  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 550hp AI-26GRF
       Span:   Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 157m2
       Empty Weight: 2932kg  Max.Weight: 4032kg
       Speed: 236km/h  Ceiling: 6400m  Range: 595km
       Load: 6 seats
B-9, Bratukhin
       Ambulance derivative of the {B-5}. Never flown.
B-10, Bratukhin
       Twin-engined, twin-rotor helicopter derived from the {B-9}. The
       fuselage and tail were new. Only one was completed.
       Type: B-10
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1947  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 575hp AI-26GRF
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 157m2
       Empty Weight: 3019kg  Max.Weight: 3900kg
       Speed: 218km/h  Ceiling: 6400m  Range: 440km
       Load: 3 seats, 200kg
B-11, Bratukhin
       Twin-rotor helicopter, a three-seat liaison type. It was
       basically a derivative of the {B-5}. Two built.
       Type: B-11
       Function: liaison
       Year:   Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 575hp AI-26GRF
       Rotor Span:   Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 157m2
       Empty Weight: 3398kg  Max.Weight: 4150kg
       Speed: 155km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 328km
B-12, Bratukhin
       Design for a single-rotor helicopter. Not built.
B-25 Mitchell, North American 'Bank'
       The USSR received 862 of the North American {B-25} medium bomber,
       under lend-lease. After WWII they remained in service for some
       time, so thay were given a NATO codename.
BB-1, Sukhoi
       Renamed {Su-2}.
BB-2, Sukhoi
       See {ShB}.
BB-3, Sukhoi
       This was a derivative of the {BB-1} ({Su-2}) powered by a
       1400hp Mikulin AM-37 in-line engine. It was not built.
BB-22, Yakovlev
       Renamed {Yak-4}.
BB-MAI, Grushin
       Small attack aircraft, a conventional but well-streamlined
       aircraft. The prototype was destroyed during the eastward
       evacuation of 1941.
       Type: BB-MAI
       Function: attack
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1050hp Klimov M-105
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 9.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 16.8m2
       Empty Weight: 2965kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 550km/h at 5000m  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 500km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm 1*mg12.7mm 
BDD, Bolchovitinov
       Design for a heavy four-engined bomber. Not built. 1936.
BDP, Polikarpov
       Design for an assault glider. 
BDP-2, Polikarpov
       Assault glider, a wooden high-wing design with accomodation for
       20 soldiers and a pilot. The wheels for take-off were jettisonable;
       the BDP-2 landed on skis. 
Be-1, Beriev
       Wing-in-ground effect aircraft, a single-engined two-seater. 1963.
Be-2, Beriev
       See {KOR-1}.
Be-4, Beriev
       See {KOR-2}.
Be-6, Beriev 'Madge'
       Twin-engined patrol flying boat. Its configuration resembles that
       of the U.S. {PBM} Mariner: It is a gull-winged aircraft with twin,
       oval tailfins on top of a deep fuselage. It stayed in service until
       the late 1960s.
       Type: Be-6
       Function: reconnaissance / ASW
       Year: 1949  Crew: 7  Engines: 2 * 1715kW Shvetsov ASh-73TK
       Wing Span: 33.0m  Length: 23.57m  Height: 7.64m  Wing Area: 120m2
       Empty Weight: 18827kg  Max.Weight: 29000kg
       Speed: 415km/h  Ceiling: 6100m  Range: 4800km
       Armament: 5*g23mm 4000kg
       Load: 40 seats
Be-8, Beriev 'Mode' or 'Mole'
       Unsuccessful utility amphibian. The Be-8 was a small parasol-wing
       aircraft of all-metal construction. Few were built.
       Type: Be-8
       Function: utility
       Year: 1951  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 700hp Shvetsov Ash-21
       Wing Span: 19.0m  Length: 13.0m  Height:   Wing Area: 40m2
       Empty Weight: 2815kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 268km/h  Ceiling: 5550m  Range: 1100km
       Load: 6 seats
Be-10, Beriev 'Mallow'
       Jet-engined flying boat, the only one its class to enter operation
       service. Yet few Be-10s were built, and the {Be-12} was preferred
       because of its endurance and better rough sea capability. The Be-10
       had highly swept wings, with strong anhedral and floats attached
       to the tips. The engines were placed in the enlarged wing roots. 
       Type: Be-10
       Function: ASW
       Year: 1956  Crew: 4-5  Engines: 2 * 6500kg Lyulka AL-7PB
       Wing Span: 28.6m  Length: 30.72m  Height:   Wing Area: 130m2
       Empty Weight: 26500kg  Max.Weight: 48000kg
       Speed: 912km/h at S/L  Ceiling: 12200m  Range: 3200km
       Armament: 4*g23mm
Be-12 Chaika, Beriev 'Mail'
       A turboprop-engined amphibian. The Be-12 is one of the last
       amphibians in military service. The Be-12 traces its origins
       back to the {Be-6}, but inherited little more than the concept
       of its gull wing and twin oval tailfins. Initially its role was
       ASW patrol, but when newer missiles enabled the USN submarines
       to stay further away from the coast, the Be-12 was converted to
       the Search & Rescue role (Be-12PS). Small numbers are still in
       service. The Be-12 is also operated by Vietnam, and for some
       years a number operated in Egyptian colors, but under Soviet
       control.
       Type: Be-12
       Function: ASW
       Year: 1961  Crew: 5-6  Engines: 2 * 4190hp Ivchenko AI-20D
       Wing Span: 29.71m  Length: 30.17m  Height: 7.00m  Wing Area: 105.00m2
       Empty Weight: 21700kg  Max. Weight: 31000kg
       Speed: 608km/h  Ceiling: 11280m	Range: 7500km
       Armament: 3000kg
Be-40, Beriev
       Proposed maritime patrol version of the {Be-42}.
Be-42 Albatross, Beriev
       Large jet-engined amphibian. The Be-42 is rather an unique aircraft,
       with high-aspect ratio, slightly swept wings, a slender fuselage,
       and booster engines faired in beneath the main engines. It seems
       to have no production future, but Beriev is trying to sell smaller,
       civil developments.
       Type: Be-42
       Function: SAR
       Year: 1989  Crew: 8  Engines: 2 * 15000kg Soloviev D-30KVP
			             2 * 6065lb RD-60
       Wing Span: 41.62m  Length: 43.84m  Height:   Wing Area: 200m2
       Empty Weight: 43900kg  Max.Weight: 86000kg
       Speed: 760km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 5500km
       Armament:
Be-103, Beriev
       Multi-purpose amhibian. The Be-103 has an unusual low-wing
       configuration. It is powered by two engines, installed on
       pylons on the aft fuselage. Prototype rolled out in 1996.
Be-200, Beriev
       Amphibian, developed from the {A-40} / {Be-42} 'Mermaid'. The Be-200
       is smaller. Under development with 107 ordered. 
       Type: Be-200
       Function: transport
       Year: (1997)  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 73.6kN ZMKB Progress D-436T
       Wing Span: 32.7m  Length: 32.05m  Height: 8.9m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 720km/h at 7000m  Ceiling: 11000m  Range: 
       Load: 68 setas, 8000kg
Be-976, Beriev
       See A-50.
BI, Bereznyak-Isaev (Bolkhovitinov)
       Rocket-engined fighter, a small straight-wing aircraft. Eight built.
       The BI was the world's first rocket-engined fighter, but production
       was cancelled after a crash revealed serious handling problems. One
       was fitted with ramjet engines in an attempt to extend the range.
       Type: BI
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100kg Dushkin-Isaev D1A-1100
       Wing Span: 6.48m  Length: 6.40m  Height: 2.06m  Wing Area: 7.00m2
       Empty Weight: 790kg  Max.Weight: 1683kg
       Speed: 990km/h  Ceiling:   Range: max. 15 minutes power endurance.
       Armament: 2*g20mm
BICh-11, Cheranovski
       Small tailless aircraft, built of wood. The BICh-11 was designed to
       be powered by two rocket engines, but it flew only as a glider
       and powered by a piston engine.
       Type: BICh-11
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 35hp ABC Scorpion
       Wing Span: 12.10m  Length: 3.25m  Height:   Wing Area: 20.0m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
BICh-17, Cheranovski
       Single-engined, tailless fighter. Never completed. 
BICh-26, Cheranovski
       Design for a tailless jet fighter. Never built.
BOK-1
       Conversion of the {RD-DB} production version of the {ANT-25} as
       high-altitude research aircraft. It was one of the first aircraft
       with a pressurised cockpit, a large metal cylinder with a number
       of small portholes. One built.
       Type: BOK-1
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1936  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 725hp M-34RN
       Wing Span: 30.00m  Length: 12.86m  Height:   Wing Area: 78.8m2
       Empty Weight: 3482kg  Max.Weight: 4162kg
       Speed: 242km/h at 4000m  Ceiling: 14100m  Range: 4hrs
BOK-2
       Single-seat aerodynamic research aircraft, powered by a M-11
       engine. 1935.
BOK-3
       Four-seat liaison aircraft. One built.
       Type: BOK-3
       Function: liaison
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * M-48
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 7.10m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
BOK-5
       The BOK-5 was an experimental tailless aircraft with full-span
       tandem control surfaces along the trailing edge. It had a short,
       stubby fuselage with a radial engine and a conventional fin.
       Type: BOK-5
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1937  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Wing Span: 9.86m  Length: 4.37m  Height:   Wing Area: 23.15m2
       Empty Weight: 596kg  Max.Weight: 764kg
       Speed: 174km/h at S/L  Ceiling: 4850m  Range: 600km
BOK-6
       Design for a tailless heavy bomber. Never built.
BOK-7
       Conversion of the {RD-DB} production version of the {ANT-25} as
       high-altitude research aircraft. It had a more advanced
       pressurised cabin than the {BOK-1}.
       Type: BOK-7
       Function: experimental
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 1 * 890hp M-34FRN
       Wing Span: 34.00m  Length: 12.90m  Height:   Wing Area: 87.0m2
       Empty Weight: 3900kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
BOK-8
       Armed development of the {BOK-7}, intended as high-altitude
       bomber. 1939. One built. 
BOK-11
       Development of the {BOK-8}. The BOK-11 had a ACh-40 diesel
       engine with both mechanical supercharger and turbocharger,
       and a pressure cabin with two metal cupola's with small portholes.
       Endurance was 72 hours. A production reconnaissance development was
       abandoned.
BOK-15
       High-altitude reconaissance aircraft, designed for a range of
       20000km. It was powered by an ACh-40 diesel. Two built. 1940.
BSh-2, Ilyushin
       Precursor of the {Il-2}. The engine was the Mikulin AM-35, and
       the BSh-2 was a two-seater. From this was developed the single-
       seat Il-2, which was later turned again in the two-seat Il-2M.
--C---------------------------------------------------------------------
C.I, Fokker
       Biplane reconaissance aircraft, very obviously a development of
       the {Fokker D.VII} fighter. The {C.I} was too late to enter
       service with the German air force. After the end of WWI, Anthony
       Fokker managed to transfer a number of aircraft and spare parts
       to the Netherlands. 250 were built, including 42 for the Soviet
       air force and 62 for the Dutch air force. 
       Type: C.I
       Country: Netherlands
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1918  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 138kW BMW IIIa
       Wing Span: 10.50m  Length: 7.23m  Height: 2.87m  Wing Area: 26.25m2
       Empty Weight: 855kg  Max.Weight: 1255kg
       Speed: 175km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range: 620km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 4*b12.5kg
Che-2, Chetverikov 'Mug'
       Twin-engined flying boat, first flown in 1937 and used until the
       1950s. The Che-2 (named MDR-6 until 1941) had a high-set, slightly
       gulled wing, with stabilising floats on the wingtips, that were
       retractable on some models. Later models had Klimov M-105 and even
       M-107 engines. The MDR-6 was the most successful design of
       Chetverikov.
       Type: Che-2 (MDR-6A)
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year: 1939  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 821kW Klimov M-63
       Wing Span: 19.40m  Length: 15.73m  Height: 4.30m  Wing Area: 52.30m2
       Empty Weight: 4100kg  Max.Weight: 7200kg
       Speed: 360km/h  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 2650km
       Armament: 1*mg12.7mm 1*mg7.62mm b1000kg
--D---------------------------------------------------------------------
D, Anatra
       This designation is found for both the {Anade} two-seat biplane,
       and the Anatra {DE} four-seat biplane bomber.
DB, Sukhoi
       The Sukhoi DB was a design for a single-engined long-range
       bomber, developed in 1942. The engine would have been an AM-37
       or a turbosupercharged M-82. A version with two M-82 engines
       was also proposed. None was built. 
DB-1, Tupolev
       Long-range bomber developed from the {ANT-25}. About 20 were
       built, but the type did not enter service.
DB-2, Tupolev
       Twin-engined bomber. The DB-2 was an development of the
       single-engined {ANT-25} long-range aircraft. This origin
       gave it had an extremely long wingspan. After two bomber
       prototypes, two long-distance record-setting aircraft
       followed. Production of the bomber was cancelled in favour
       of the more conventional {DB-3}.
       Type: DB-2
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1935  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 597kW M-85
       Wing Span: 33.2m  Length: 49.2m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 5800kg  Max.Weight: 11200kg
       Speed: 342km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1000kg
DB-2A, Bolchovitinov
       See {DB-A}. This designation was used for the production version. 
DB-3, Ilyushin
       Twin-engined bomber, a low-wing monoplane that first flew in
       1935. The DB-3 had a good performance, but it could not carry
       bombs larger than 100kg internally, and it had poor handling
       characteristics. The DB-3F, a redesigned version with M-88
       engines, a new nose and a thinner wing, was later renamed {Il-4}.
       The DB-3 was used for some attacks on Berlin during WWII, and
       on a larger scale as maritime patrol aircraft and torpedo-bomber.
       1528 were built.
       Type:  DB-3B
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1939  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 950hp M-87A
       Wing Span: 21.44m  Length: 14.22m  Height: 4.19m  Wing Area: 65.50m2
       Empty Weight: 5270kg  Max.Weight: 9500kg
       Speed: 439km/h  Ceiling: 9300m  Range: 3800km
       Armament: 3*mg7.62mm 2500kg
DB-4, Ilyushin
       Twin-engined long-range bomber, intended to replace the {DB-3}.
       The wing was set higher on a better streamlined fuselage, and
       more powerful engines were used. The DB-4 was abandoned because
       of vibrational problems in the tail structure, and because
       the Ilyushin team was already overworked. 
       Type: DB-4
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1940  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 1400hp Mikulin AM-37
       Wing Span: 25.00m  Length: 17.85m  Height:   Wing Area: 83m2
       Empty Weight: 7561kg  Max.Weight: 13000kg
       Speed: 500km/h at 6000m  Ceiling: 10000m  Range: 4000km
       Armament: 3000kg 3*mg7.62mm
DB-240, Yermolayev
       See {Yer-2}.
DB-A, Bolchovitinov
       Four-engined monoplane bomber. The DB-A was an impressive
       aircraft, with a slender fuselage but a large, thick wing.
       The wheels retracted into deep 'trouser' fairings, which also
       contained the radiators. The DB-A was overtaken by the
       development of the {Pe-8}, and only a dozen production aircraft
       were completed. 
       Type: DB-A
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1935  Crew: 7  Engines: 4 * 820hp M-34RN
       Wing Span: 39.5m  Length: 24.4m  Height:   Wing Area: 230.0m2
       Empty Weight: 15400kg  Max.Weight: 21900kg
       Speed: 330km/h at 4000m  Ceiling: 7220m  Range: 4500km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 3*mg7.62mm
DB-LK, Belyayev
       The DB-LK was a flying-wing long-range bomber design. It had a
       very deep wing center section, which connected the two fuselage
       nacelles. Each nacelle had with a radial engine in the front, a
       cockpit and a glazed rear end for a gunner. The T-type tail unit
       was fitted to the center of the trailing edge. The outer wing
       panels tapered sharply and had slight forward sweep. The more
       conservative {Il-4} was preferred. 
       Type: DB-LK
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1940  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 950hp Tumanski M-87B
       Wing Span: 21.60m  Length: 9.78m  Height: 3.65m  Wing Area: 56.87m2
       Empty Weight: 6004kg  Max.Weight: 10672kg
       Speed: 488km/h at 5100m  Ceiling: 8500m  Range: 2900km
       Armament: 6*mg7.62mm 1000kg
DB-PT, Ilyushin
       Torpedo bomber version of the {DB-3}.
DBSh, Ilyushin
       See {BSh-2}.
DDBSh, Sukhoi
       See {Su-8}.
DE, Anatra
       Long range bomber, with the 140hp engine in the nose and
       two 80hp pusher engines in nacelles between the wings. It was
       entended that only the 140hp engine would be used for the return
       flight. The DE was overweight. One built, and flown only once. 
       Type: DE
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1916  Crew: 4  Engines: 1 * 140hp Salmson
				     2 * 80hp Gnome
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 400kg
Dekan, Anatra
       See {Anade}.
DF-1, Fedorov
       Reconnaissance biplane, one of the first built in the USSR. Only
       two were completed.
       Type: DF-1
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year: 1922  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 280hp Maybach
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 10.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 47.5m2
       Empty Weight: 1000kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 170km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
DFS 346
       German experimental aircraft with two 4400kg Walter 509B-1
       rocket engines, swept wings and a prone pilot position. It
       had an estimated top speed of Mach 2.6 at 30500m. The incomplete
       prototype was captured by the USSR in 1945 and flown in 1947,
       with one of the original interned {B-29}s as launch aircraft,
       and a German pilot. On 14 September 1951 the DFS 346 exceeded
       Mach 1, but then it broke up in the air. 
DG-52, Grigorovich
       See {IP-1}.
DG-53, Grigorovich
       See {IP-4}.
DG-54, Grigorovich
       See {IP-2}.
DG-56, Grigorovich
       See {LK-3}.
DG-58, Grigorovich
       See {PB-1}.
D.I, Anatra
       Single-seat fighter develoment of the {Anade} and {Anasal}. The
       rear cockpit was faired over, fixed guns were installed and the
       engine changed. One built. 
       Type: D.I
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1916  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 150hp Hispano-Suiza
       Wing Span: 11.40m  Length: 7.75m  Height:   Wing Area: 37.00m2
       Empty Weight: 655kg  Max.Weight: 1165kg
       Speed: 153km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
DI-1, Polikarpov
       Two-seat biplane fighter, a clean wooden aircraft with a monocoque
       fuselage. The DI-1 had exceptional performance, better than that
       of many single-seat fighters of time. But the design was abandoned
       after the loss of the prototype. One built.
       Type: DI-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1926  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 450hp Napier Lion
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 9.75m  Height:   Wing Area: 27.15m2
       Empty Weight: 1153kg  Max.Weight: 1700kg
       Speed: 268km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3hrs
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm
DI-2, Polikarpov
       Slightly enlarged, two-seat derivative of the {I-3}. One built.
       Type: DI-2
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1929  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 750hp BMW VI 7,3
       Wing Span: 11.80m  Length: 8.20m  Height:   Wing Area: 31.80m2
       Empty Weight: 1557kg  Max.Weight: 2122kg
       Speed: 256km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 510km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
DI-3, Grigorovich
       Two-seat escort fighter, a mixed-construction biplane with twin
       tailfins. The DI-3 was fast, but handling characteristics were
       not satisfactory. No production.
       Type: DI-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1931  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 730hp BMW VI 7,3
       Wing Span: 11.60m  Length: 8.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 30.70m2
       Empty Weight: 1262kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 284km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm
DI-4, Laville
       Two-seat fighter. The DI-4 was a high-wing monoplane, with a gull
       wing and twin tail fins. It had much better performance than the
       DI-3 biplane, but the monoplane design was viewed with some
       suspicion. No production.
       Type: DI-4
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1932  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 600hp Curtiss Conqueror
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 7.80m  Height:   Wing Area: 24.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1030kg  Max.Weight: 1600kg
       Speed: 320km/h  Ceiling: 8200m  Range:
       Armament: 3-4*mg7.62mm
DI-6, Kocherigin
       Two-seat fighter biplane. The DI-6 was of mixed construction and
       had retractable landing gear. The engine was a copy of the Wright
       R-1820 Cyclone. Around 200 were built, and were used in combat in
       the 1939 Manchurian conflict with the Japanese. It ended its career
       as close-support attack aircraft. 
       Type: DI-6
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 720hp M-25
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 7.00m  Height: 3.20m  Wing Area: 25.15m2
       Empty Weight: 1407kg  Max.Weight: 1987kg
       Speed: 372km/h  Ceiling: 8000m  Range: 550km
       Armament: 3*mg7.62mm b40kg
DI-8, Tupolev
       The DI-8 or ANT-46 was a two-seat fighter version of the ANT-40
       or {SB}, a twin-engined bomber. It was armed with two recoilless
       cannon in the outer wing panels. Interest in the gun quickly
       terminated, and the DI-8 was abandoned.
       Type: DI-8
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 800hp Gnome-Rhone 14Krsd
       Wing Span: 20.30m  Length: 12.24m  Height:   Wing Area: 55.70m2
       Empty Weight: 3487kg  Max.Weight: 5553kg
       Speed: 388km/h  Ceiling: 8570m  Range: 1780km
       Armament: 2*g45mm 4*mg7.62mm
DIP, Tupolev
       See {ANT-29}.
DIS, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The DIS was a sleek twin-engined long-range escort fighter. It had
       a typical long-chord wing with sweptback leading edge, and an
       abbreviated nose. It was ordered in production as the MiG-5, but
       shortly thereafter it was decided that the USSR could not afford
       such aircraft. Two were built, one with Mikulan-AM37 and one
       with Shvetsov M-82 engines. 
       Type: DIS
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1700hp Shvetsov M-82F
       Speed: 604km/h  Ceiling: 9800m  Range: 2500km
       Armament: 2*g23mm 4*mg7.62mm
DIP, Tupolev
       See {ANT-29}.
DM, Anatra
       This was a single-seat fighter monoplane with a wooden monococque
       engine. One built.
       Type: DM
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1916  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 100hp Gnome Monosoupape
       Speed: 158km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 1*mg
DS, Anatra
       Improved {Anade}, with a more powerful engine and slightly smaller.
       About 70 built.
       Type: DS
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1916  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 110kW Salmson
       Wing Span: 11.4m  Length: 8.1m  Height:   Wing Area: 37m2
       Empty Weight: 814kg  Max.Weight: 1164kg
       Speed: 144km/h  Ceiling: 4300m  Range: 3.5hrs
       Armament: 2*mg
Dux 1
       First armed aircraft built in Russia, in 1913. A pusher biplane
       with a machine gun in the nose, intended for ground attack.
DVB-102, Myasichew
       KB-102 was the number of Myasichew's detainee design bureau.
       He had been arrested in 1938. The DVB-102 was a long-range,
       high-altitude bomber. Only two prototypes were built, because
       it was decided to copy the {B-29} as the {Tu-4}.
       Type: DVB-102
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1942  Crew:   Engines:   * 2200hp Shvetsoc ASh-71F
       Speed: 565km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2230km
       Armament: 3000kg
--E---------------------------------------------------------------------
E-33, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Version of the {MiG-21} used to set some records.
E-66, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Version of the {MiG-21} used to set some records, with an additional
       3000kg GRDU2 rocket engine.
E-76, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Record-setting version of the {MiG-21}.
E-166, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Cover designation applied to the {Ye-152}M for a record attempt,
       with a speed of Mach 2.51.
E-266, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {Ye-266}.
EI, Kozyov
       Fighter project, 1941. Not flown. 
EOI, Belyayev
       Design for a single-seat fighter of twin-boom layout, powered
       by a Klimov VK-105 pusher engine. The prototype was lost while
       under construction, in 1941. Wing span 11.40m, wing area 19m2.
--F---------------------------------------------------------------------
Florov 4302
       Rocket-powered research aircraft. The had a fat fuselage and a
       thick wing; it was obviously not intended for high-speed trails.
       It was flown only a few times, being overtaken by the development
       of the {I-207}. Three built.
       Type: 4302 No.3
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1946  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1450kg RD-2M-3
       Wing Span: 6.93m  Length: 7.15m  Height:   Wing Area: 8.85m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 1750kg
       Speed: 826km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
--G---------------------------------------------------------------------
G-1, Tupolev
       Transport version of the {TB-1}.
G-2, Bratukhin
       See {Omega II}.
G-2, Tupolev
       Transport version of the {TB-3}.
G-3, Bratukhin
       Operational development of the {G-2}, intended as artillery
       observation helicopter. Like other Bratukhin designs, it had two
       outriggers, that each carried an engine and a rotor. Two built.
       Type: G-3
       Function: observation
       Year: 1945  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 450hp P&W R-985-AN-1
       Span:   Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 2195kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 170km/h  Ceiling: 2500m  Range:
G-4, Bratukhin
       Twin-engined helicopter, designed for the AI-26 engine which was
       optimized for such installations. Layout was similar to that of
       the {G-3}. Maybe half a dozen were completed.
       Type: G-4
       Function: experimental 
       Year: 1947  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 500hp AI-26GR
       Span: 15.3m  Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 93m2
       Empty Weight: 2365kg  Max.Weight: 3002kg
       Speed: 148km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 230km
G-11, Gribovskii
       See {G-29}. G-11M, see {G-30}.
G-27, Gribovskii
       Twin-engined multi-role aircraft. Like the German {Fw 58} Weihe,
       it was intended as utility aircraft and crew trainer. It was a
       wooden aircraft with a monococque fuselage. It did not enter
       production.
       Type: G-27
       Function: trainer / utility
       Year: 1938  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 100hp M-11
       Wing Span: 10.60m  Length: 6.99m  Height:   Wing Area: 17m2
       Empty Weight: 900kg  Max.Weight: 1300kg
       Speed: 240km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range: 
       Armament: 1*mg, b
G-29, Gribovskii
       Assault glider, a simple wooden design. The G-29 was a shoulder-
       wing aircraft. The wheels were dumped after take-off, and the
       G-29 landed on a skid. About 100 were built.
       Type: G-29
       Function: assault glider
       Year: 1941  Crew: 
       Wing Span: 18.00m  Length: 9.80m  Height:   Wing Area: 30.0m2
       Empty Weight: 1200kg  Max.Weight: 2400kg
       Speed: 146km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Load: 11 seats, 1100kg
G-30, Gribovskii
       The G-30 was a powered version of the {G-29}. Engine power was
       sufficient for take-off only when the aircraft was empty.
       Prototype only.
       Type: G-29
       Function: assault glider
       Year: 1941  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Wing Span: 18.00m  Length: 9.80m  Height:   Wing Area: 30.0m2
       Empty Weight: 1500kg  Max.Weight: 2400kg
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Load: 11 seats, 1100kg
G-31, Gribovskii
       Two-seat training glider. One built.
G-31, Grokhovskii
       Powered derivative of the {G-63}, for high-altitude research.    
G-38, Grokhovskii
       See {LK-2}.
G-63, Grokhovskii
       The G-63 glider was designed to carry 16 troops. The unusual
       solution used a sleek fuselage, which housed only the flying
       crew, while the passengers lay prone inside the thick wing.
       A small series was built.
       Type: G-63
       Function: glider
       Year: 1932  Crew: 1
       Wing Span: 28.00m  Length: 13.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 70.0m2
       Empty Weight: 1400kg  Max.Weight: 3200kg
       Load: 16 passengers
GASN, Grigorovich
       Twin-float seaplane. It did not enter production, because of the
       outbreak of the 1917 revolution.
       Type: GASN
       Function: transport
       Year: 1917  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 220hp Renault
       Wing Span: 28.0m  Length: 14.1m  Height:   Wing Area: 150m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 110km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Load: 1450kg
GM-1, Mil
       Prototype of the {Mi-1}.
GN-4, Grokhovskii
       Design for a glider, intended to carry the groundcrews of fighter
       regiments. Pilot and four passengers.
GN-8, Grokhovskii
       Low-wing glider, for a pilot and four passengers. 
Gorbunov 105
       Also referred to as the 'LaGG-3 Light'. It was a development
       of the {LaGG-3} with a redesigned wing and a cut-down aft
       fuselage. The empty weight was reduced by 300kg. The development
       of the superior {La-5} halted its development. 
       Type: 105
       Function: fighter 
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1260hp Klimov M-105PF-1
       Wing Span: 9.80m  Length: 8.81m  Height: 4.40m  Wing Area: 17.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2400kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 623km/h at 4000m  Ceiling:   Range: 1100km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 1*g12.7mm
Gr-1, Grushin
       Twin-engined escort fighter, an all-metal aircraft very similar
       to the Messerschmitt {Bf 110}. It was destroyed by German air
       attack before it could be flown.
       Type: Gr-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 1380hp Mikulin AM-37
       Wing Span: 15.80m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 42.0m2
       Empty Weight: 4900kg  Max.Weight: 7650kg
       Speed: 645km/h at 7200m  Ceiling: 11700m  Range: 1890km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 4*mg7.62mm 500kg
GSh, Gorbunov
       Designation reported for an otherwise unknown two-seat attack
       aircraft, in the category of the {Il-2}. 
GST, Amtorg
       The Consolidated {PBY} Catalina was license-built in the USSR
       as the GST. A small number was built for the Navy.
       Type: GST
       Function: patrol 
       Year: 1939  Crew:   Engines: 2 * M-87
       Wing Span: 31.72m  Length: 20.86m  Height:   Wing Area: 130.14m2
       Empty Weight: 5580kg  Max.Weight: 11800kg
       Speed: 329km/h at 3000m  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 3*mg12.7mm
Gu-1, Gudkov
       Single-seat fighter of concept similar to the Bell {P-39},
       i.e. with the engine behind the pilot. The engine was delayed
       and the aircraft was overweight. It crashed on its first flight,
       and the type was abandoned.
       Type: Gu-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * Mikulan AM-37
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 10.68m  Height:   Wing Area: 20.0m2
       Empty Weight: 3742kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*g37mm
Gu-37, Gudkov
       See {Gu-1}.
Gu-82, Gudkov
       This was the attempt of Gudkov, one of the designers of the
       {LaGG-3}, to reengine the LaGG-3 with the Shvetsov ASh-82 engine.
       It was abandoned even before its first flight, because the
       Lavochkin {La-5} was already in production. One built.
       Type: Gu-82
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1450hp Shvetsov M-82
       Wing Span: 9.80m  Length: 8.71m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.50m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 1.8HRS
       Armament: 2*g20mm
--H---------------------------------------------------------------------
Hurricane, Hawker
       The British sent 2952 Hawker {Hurricane}s to the USSR. Many of
       them were already in a battered condition. In Soviet service,
       the wing armament was often modified by the installation of
       Soviet 20mm cannon. 
--I---------------------------------------------------------------------
I, Bolchovitinov
       A smaller derivative of the {S}, with the same tandem-engine
       installation, intended for use as fighter. Not built. 
I-1, Grigorovich
       Single-seat biplane fighter. The I-1 was of wooden construction,
       with a neatly cowled American engine. Handling and climb were
       unsatisfactory, and the aircraft was redesigned, becoming the
       {I-2}.
       Type: I-1
       Function: fighter 
       Year: 1924  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 400hp Liberty 
       Wing Span: 10.80m  Length: 7.32m  Height:   Wing Area: 26.80m2
       Empty Weight: 1090kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 230km/h  Ceiling: 6000m  Range: 600km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
I-1, Polikarpov
       Wooden low-wing monoplane fighter, powered by a Soviet version
       of the Liberty engine. The idea was advanced, but the actual
       aircraft was disappointing. The series built version was
       overweight and unstable. Only 22 were built. The type was also
       known, in various stages of development, as the IL-400, IL-1,
       IL-2, and IL-3. 
       Type: I-1M-5
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1926  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 400hp M-5
       Wing Span: 10.8m  Length: 7.75m  Height:   Wing Area: 20.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1112kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 263km/h  Ceiling: 6750m  Range: 2.5hrs
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm
I-1, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The I-1, officially called I-370, was an experimental 'frontal'
       fighter, using the same technology and wing as the parallel
       {MiG-19} series, but powered by a single, powerful engine.
       Performance was disappointing, and the type given an uprated
       engine a different wing, then being called the {I-2}. Performance
       was still below specifications, and the design was again modified
       to become the {I-3}, which was never flown. Two built.
       Type: I-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1956  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 8400kg Klimov VK-3
       Wing Span: 9.00m  Length: 12.70m  Height:   Wing Area: 25.00m2
       Empty Weight: 5086kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1960km/h	Ceiling: 17000m  Range: 2500km
       Armament: 2*g30mm
I-2, Grigorovich
       Biplane fighter, developed from the {I-1}. The M-5 engine was a
       Soviet copy of the Liberty 12. The production of the even more
       redesigned I-2bis was 211 aircraft. It was the first indigeneous
       fighter to enter service in substantial numbers. 
       Type: I-2bis
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1926  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 420hp M-5
       Wing Span: 10.80m  Length: 7.32m  Height: 3m  Wing Area: 23.53m2
       Empty Weight: 1152kg  Max.Weight: 1575kg
       Speed: 235km/h  Ceiling: 5400m  Range: 600km
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm
I-2, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Modification of the {I-1} with greater wing sweep, and a more
       powerful version of the Klimov VK-7 engine. Performance was still
       disappointing. 1955.
I-2, Sukhoi
       Design for a twin-engined fighter, a two-seater powered by
       turbosupercharged 2200hp M-71F engines. It was not built. 1942.
I-3, Polikarpov
       Fighter biplane, the first Soviet single-seat fighter that was built
       in substantial numbers. The I-3 was a wooden fighter with clean
       lines, powered by a copy of the BMW 7,3 engine. About 240 served
       with the VVS.
       Type: I-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1929  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 750hp M-17
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 8.01m  Height: 3.35m  Wing Area: 27.85m2
       Empty Weight: 1400kg  Max.Weight: 1846kg
       Speed: 278km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 585km
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm
I-3, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Frontal fighter, developed in parallel with the {I-1}. It resembled
       a scaled up {Ye-2}: tubular fuselage, swept wings. It did not fly
       because the engine was not ready. A development, the I-3U was also
       known as the {U-5}. It too was never flown. 
       Type: I-3U
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1956  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 8400kg Klimov VK-3
       Speed: 1960km/h	Ceiling: 18000m  Range: 1800km
       Armament: 2*g30mm
I-4, Tupolev
       Sesquiplane single-seat fighter. The lower wing was not much
       more than an attachment for the wing struts. It was removed
       altogether in the I-4bis. The I-4 was the first Soviet all-metal
       fighter. The I-4 was also used in tests of the Vakhmistrov concept,
       in which two fighters were carried on top of a bomber's
       ({TB-1})wings. 369 were built. 
       Type: I-4
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1927  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 480hp M-22
       Wing Span: 11.40m  Length: 7.28m  Height:   Wing Area: 23.80m2
       Empty Weight: 978kg  Max.Weight: 1430kg
       Speed: 231km/h  Ceiling: 7100m  Range:
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm 
I-5, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-3}.
I-5, Polikarpov
       Biplane fighter, designed later than the {I-6}. In typical
       Stalinist fashion, it was hurriedly designed by Polikarpov
       and Grigorovich while they were detained. Later, Polikarpov
       was forced to release the work on the I-5 to Sukhoi, and to
       work on Sukhoi's I-6 instead. Later the I-5 was handed back
       to Polikarpov. Compared with contemporary western fighters,
       the performance of the I-5 was only mediocre, but it was
       highly manoeuvrable. Some were still in service as trainers
       in 1941. 803 built.
       Type: I-5
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 480hp M-22
       Wing Span: 10.24m  Length: 6.78m  Height: 3.00m  Wing Area: 21.25m2
       Empty Weight: 943kg  Max.Weight: 1355kg
       Speed: 270km/h  Ceiling: 8100m  Range: 660km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
I-6, Polikarpov 
       Small biplane fighter, originally designed by Sukhoi, but later
       transferred to Polikarpov. The I-6 was abandoned in favour of
       the {I-5}, which climbed faster and was more manoeuvrable. Two
       built. 
       Type: I-6
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1930  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 450hp Gnome-Rhone Jupiter VI
       Wing Span: 9.70m  Length: 6.78m  Height:   Wing Area: 20.50m2
       Empty Weight: 868kg  Max.Weight: 1280kg
       Speed: 280km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 700km
       Armament:
I-7, Heinkel
       Heinkel {HD-37} single-seat biplane fighter. The HD 37 was not
       accepted by the clandestine German air force, but the USSR bought
       a small number and a licence. 134 were built in the USSR as the I-7.
       The BMW VI engine was produced in the USSR as the M-17. 
       Type: HD 37
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1928  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 750hp BMW VI 7,3Z
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 6.95m  Height:   Wing Area: 26.71m2
       Empty Weight: 1296kg  Max.Weight: 1729kg
       Speed: 290km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 700km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
I-7, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The I-7 interceptor was developed from the never flown {I-3}
       and {I-5}. It was reengined, and wing sweepback was slightly
       reduced. Only one was built.
       Type: I-7U
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1957  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * Lyulka AL-7F
       Wing Span: 9.98m  Length: 16.92m  Height:   Wing Area: 31.90m2
       Empty Weight: 7952kg  Max.Weight: 11540kg
       Speed: 1660km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1505km
       Armament: 2*g30mm
I-8, Tupolev
       The I-8 was a small biplane fighter, constructed of steel and
       duraluminium, and covered with fabric. The I-8 was completed by
       donation of unpaid workhours. It was fast, but it was decided not
       to produce its Curtiss Conqueror engine in the USSR. 
       Type: I-8
       Function: fighter 
       Year: 1929  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 600hp Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror
       Wing Span: 9.00m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 960kg  Max.Weight: 1424kg
       Speed: 313km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 440km
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm
I-9, Grigorovich
       Twin-engined fighter design. Not built. 1932.
I-10, Grigorovich
       Fighter design, making extensive use of magnesium alloy. Not
       built. 
I-12, Tupolev
       The I-12 had a central nacelle with a pusher and a tractor 
       engine, and extremely slender twin tail booms. It was armed
       with two recoilless 76mm cannon, incorporated in the hollow
       tail booms! Only a prototype was built.
       Type: I-12
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1931  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 525hp Gnome-Rhone 9AK
       Wing Span: 15.60m  Length: 9.50m  Height:   Wing Area: 30.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 2400kg
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*g76mm
I-14, Tupolew
       The I-14 was the first cantilever monoplane fighter with enclosed
       cockpit and rectractable undercarriage. It was of all-metal
       construction, with flush-riveted smooth skinning over the
       fuselage and corrugated skinning on the wings. The I-14 was 
       flown in 1933. The second prototype, I-14bis, had an open cockpit
       and a different engine. Only 18 were built, because the lighter
       {I-16} was preferred. The engine was a copy of the Wright R-1820
       Cyclone.
       Type: I-14
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 700hp M-25
       Wing Span: 11.25m  Length: 6.11m  Height: 2.74m  Wing Area: 16.93m2
       Empty Weight: 1170kg  Max.Weight: 1540kg
       Speed: 449km/h at 3400m Ceiling: 8800m  Range: 
       Armament: 2*g37mm 2*mg7.62mm
I-15, Polikarpov
       The I-15 was a small biplane fighter with a gulled upper wing. It 
       was used in combat in the Spanish Civil War and proved to be one
       of the best fighter biplanes of its time, with a good performance
       and excellent handling. 674 built.
       Type: I-15
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1934  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 775hp M-25V
       Wing Span: 9.75m  Length: 6.10m  Height: 2.20m  Wing Area: 21.90m2
       Empty Weight: 1012kg  Max.Weight: 1489kg
       Speed: 367km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 720km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
I-15bis, Polikarpov
       See {I-152}.
I-15ter, Polikarpov
       See {I-153}.
I-16, Polikarpov
       The I-16 was revolutionary when it appeared in 1933; the first
       operational cantilever monoplane fighter with rectractable landing
       gear. The original M-25 engine was a copy of the Wright R-1820;
       some I-16s were built in Spain and actually had US-built engines.
       It was very successful in the Spanish civil war; but it was obsolete
       at the outbreak of WWII. Large numbers were still in service in
       1941, and it stayed in front-line service until late 1943. 7005
       single-seaters and 1639 two-seaters were built. The last model
       was the Type 24, which could have a M-62, M-63 or M-25Ye engine, 
       and several armament combinations including 12.7mm and 20mm weapons. 
       Type: I-16 Type 10
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1936  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 730hp M-25A
       Wing Span: 9.00m  Length: 6.07m  Height: 2.56m  Wing Area: 14.54m2
       Empty Weight: 1350kg  Max.Weight: 1715kg
       Speed: 440km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 800km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
       Type: I-16 Type 24
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1938  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 930hp Shvetsov M-63
       Wing Span: 8.88m  Length: 6.04m	Height: 2.41m  Wing Area: 14.87m2
       Empty Weight: 1475kg  Max.Weight: 2060kg
       Speed: 489km/h  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 600km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
I-17, Polikarpov
       The I-17 was a sleek fighter with a water-cooled engine, built
       for comparison with the stubby radial-engined {I-16}. Few were
       built, but some were used in combat in 1941.
       Type: I-17 (TsKB-19)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1935  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 750hp Klimov M-100
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 7.56m  Height: 2.55m  Wing Area: 17.90m2
       Empty Weight: 1560kg  Max.Weight: 1950kg
       Speed: 500km/h  Ceiling: 11000m	Range: 800km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
I-20, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {MiG-1}.
I-21, Pashinin
       The I-21 was intended as a replacement for the ageing {I-16}.
       The I-21 had a wooden monocoque fuselage and a wing of mixed
       construction. The I-21 looked good, but handling and especially
       landing characteristics were far from satisfactory. Modifications
       didn't help. Five built.
       Type: I-21
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1050hp Klimov M-105P
       Wing Span: 9.43m  Length: 8.73m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 1*g23mm 2*mg7.62mm
I-21, Ilyushin
       Advanced single-seat monoplane fighter, first flown in 1936. The
       I-21 had a sleek fuselage, with the cockpit placed well aft, behind
       the wing trailing edge. The wing had a very broad chord, with a
       strongly swept leading edge. A wing evaporation cooling system was
       used to reduce drag even more, but this was heavy and ineffective.
       After three flights, the I-21 was abandoned. Two built.
       Type: I-21
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1936  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1257hp AM-34RNF
       Wing Span: 9.20m  Length: 7.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 14.17m2
       Empty Weight: 1400kg  Max.Weight: 2125kg
       Speed: 550km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 760km
       Armament: 
I-22, Lavochkin, Gorbunov and Goudkov
       Renamed {LaGG-1}.
I-26, Yakovlev
       Renamed {Yak-1}.
I-28, Yakovlev
       Renamed {Yak-5}.
I-28, Yatsenko
       Single-seat fighter, a low-wing monoplane of mixed construction.
       The I-28 had an inverted gull wing and a cockpit positioned well
       back to the tail. Seven were built before the program was
       terminated. One of the problems was that the design was intended
       for the 1500hp M-90 engine, but this or an engine of similar power
       was not available. 
       Type: I-28
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1939  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 930hp Tumansky M-87B
       Wing Span: 10.40m  Length: 8.54m  Height:   Wing Area: 16.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2257kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 576km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 800km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg12.7mm
I-29, Yakovlev
       Fighter version of the {Ya-22}. It did not enter production, and
       the Ya-22 was developed into the {Yak-2} light bomber. 
       Type: I-29
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1939  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 960hp Klimov M-103A
       Wing Span: 14.00m  Length: 10.18m  Height: 3.30m
       Wing Area: 29.40m2
       Empty Weight: 3796kg  Max.Weight: 5023kg
       Speed: 567km/h at 5000m  Ceiling:   Range: 1050km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 1*mg7.62mm
I-30, Yakovlev
       All-metal fighter, development of the {Yak-1}. It was named Yak-3,
       but later abandoned because it was overweight. The name {Yak-3}
       was later reused for an unrelated development of the Yak-1
       series. Two built.
       Type: I-30
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Klimov M-105P
       Wing Span: 9.74m  Length: 8.50m  Height: 3.00m  Wing Area: 17.15m2
       Empty Weight: 2550kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 584km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 900km
       Armament: 3*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm
I-33, Yakovlev
       Version of the {Yak-3} with a 1350hp M-106 engine. A few were
       built in 1943, but the M-106 was too unreliable. 
I-42, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {1-42}. 
I-63, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {MiG-3}.
I-75, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       This was a rebuild of the {I-7}U with a new engine and forward
       fuselage, having a circular intake with a three-shock nose cone
       containing radar. The competing {Su-9} was selected to fill the
       interceptor requirement. One built.
       Type: I-75
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1958  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 9215kg Lyulka AL-7F-1
       Wing Span: 9.98m  Length: 18.27m  Height:   Wing Area: 31.90m2
       Empty Weight: 8274kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: M2.25  Ceiling:	Range:
       Armament:
I-107, Sukhoi
       See {Su-5}.
I-110, Tomashevich
       D. L. Thomashevich was detained after the death of test pilot and
       national hero Valeri Chkalov in the {I-180} fighter, in 1938. In
       1942 his detainee design bureau produced the I-110, a monoplane
       fighter of mixed construction, optimized for mass production by
       unskilled labour. But in 1942 there already were some successful
       fighters in production, and the I-110 remained a prototype.
       Type: I-110
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1650hp Klimov M-107A
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 9.91m  Height:   Wing Area: 18.73m2
       Empty Weight: 3285kg  Max.Weight: 3980kg
       Speed: 610km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1050km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg12.7mm 500kg
I-152, Polikarpov
       Biplane fighter, a development of the I-15 with a straight upper
       wing and a more powerful engine. 2408 were built. The I-152 was
       used in Spain and China, and also fought in WWII. The I-152 was
       not as successful as the {I-15}, because the obsolence of biplane
       fighters was now apparent. 
       Type: I-152
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1937  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 775hp M-25V
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 6.27m  Height:   Wing Area: 22.50m2
       Empty Weight: 1310kg  Max.Weight: 1834kg
       Speed: 364km/h  Ceiling: 8000m  Range: 800km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm b100kg
I-153, Polikarpov
       After the Spanish civil war, the USSR wrongly concluded that there
       would be a role in the future for a manoeuvrable biplane fighter.
       The I-153 was a refinement of the earlier {I-15} and {I-152} with
       retractable landing gear; the gull-wing of the I-15 was employed.
       The traditional biplane armament of rifle-calibre machine guns
       was standard, but some had the 12.7mm UB instead. The I-153 
       entered service after the monoplane {I-16}, and stayed in first
       line service until 1943! 3437 were built.
       Type: I-153
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1939  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1000hp Shvetsov M-62R
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 6.17m  Height: 2.80m	Wing Area: 22.14m2
       Empty Weight: 1452kg  Max.Weight: 2110kg
       Speed: 444km/h  Ceiling: 10700m	Range: 470km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm b100kg
I-180, Polikarpov
       Design for a monoplane fighter powered by the M-87 radial engine.
       It was abandoned in favour of a development of the {I-16}, also
       called {I-180}. Not built.
I-180, Polikarpov
       The I-180 was a wooden monoplane fighter, developed from the
       {I-16}. After a three prototypes and considerable redesign,
       a number of pre-series aircraft was built under the designation
       I-180S. Performance and handling problems led to the program
       being abandoned in favour of the {I-185}.
       Type: I-180S
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1939  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Tumansky M-88R
       Wing Span: 10.09m  Length: 6.88m  Height:   Wing Area: 16.11m2
       Empty Weight: 2046kg  Max.Weight: 2456kg
       Speed: 585km/h  Ceiling: 11600m	Range: 900km
       Armament: 2*mg12.7mm 2*mg7.62mm
I-185, Polikarpov
       The I-185 was a wooden fighter monoplane, designed around the new
       M-90 engine. Later the M-81, M-71 and M-82 were tried; finally the
       M-71 was selected... and the I-185 was abandonded together with this
       engine. Performance was rated, in 1943, to be excellent. 
       Type: I-185R
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2000hp Shvetsov M-71
       Wing Span: 9.80m  Length: 8.05m	Height: 2.50m  Wing Area: 15.53m2
       Empty Weight: 3105kg  Max.Weight: 3750kg
       Speed: 680km/h  Ceiling: 11000m	Range: 950km
       Armament: 3*g20mm b400kg
I-186, Polikarpov
       Proposed production development of the {I-185}.
I-187, Polikarpov
       Development of the {I-185}.
I-190, Polikarpov
       The I-190 was an adavanced biplane fighter, designed to cooperate
       with fast monoplane fighers. It was a derivative of the {I-153}. 
       A development with a pressure cabin was never built. One built.
       Type: I-190
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1939  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Tumanky M-88A
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 6.48m  Height: 2.80m  Wing Area: 22.14m2
       Empty Weight: 1761kg  Max.Weight: 2112kg
       Speed: 450km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm
I-195, Polikarpov
       Development of the {I-190}. Not built. 
I-200, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {MiG-1}.
I-207, Borovkov-Florov
       The I-207 was the smallest possible biplane fighter that could be
       built with a modern, powerful engine. Two {7211} prototypes and
       four I-207 pre-series aircraft were built, the pre-series aircraft
       with a retractable undercarriage. Later three were built with M-63
       engines, and one was fitted with auxiliary ramjet engines. The I-207
       was soon made obsolete by more advanced aircraft, but some saw combat
       against Finland.
       Type: I-207
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1938  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1000hp Shvetsov M-62
       Wing Span: 6.98m  Length: 5.88m  Height:   Wing Area: 18.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 1990kg
       Speed: 467km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 640kg
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
I-210, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       This was an adaptation of the {MiG-3} to use the M-82 radial engine
       instead of the discontinued Mikulan AM-35. The I-210 had aerodynamic
       problems, which resulted in excessive drag, vibration and handling
       problems. After TsAGI testing, redesign was applied and the aircraft
       became the {I-211}. Five built.
       Type: I-210
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1700hp Shvetsov M-82A
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 8.08m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.44m2
       Empty Weight: 2720kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 565km  Ceiling:   Range: 1070km
       Armament: 3*mg12.7mm
I-211, Alexeev
       Twin-engined jet fighter. The I-211 was similar to the Gloster
       {Meteor}: It used twin engines, a mid-wing nacelles. It was
       underpowered, also because the TR-1 engines never delivered
       the expected thrust. It was abandoned in favour of the {I-215}.
       One built. The swept-wing I-211S development never came further
       than the drawing board. 
       Type: I-211
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 1365kg Lyulka TR-1
       Wing Span: 12.25m  Length: 11.54m  Height: 3.68m  Wing Area: 25.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4360kg  Max.Weight: 7450kg
       Speed: 935km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1550km
       Armament: (3*mg37mm)
I-211, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The I-211 was a development of the {I-210}, itself an attempt to
       revive the {MiG-3} by substituting the M-82 radial for the abandoned
       AM-35A engine. The I-211 embodied the modifications recommended
       by the TsAGI, and proved excellent. It came too late, the {La-5} was
       already in production and the MiG-3 had been phased out.
       Type: I-211(Ye)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1850hp Shvetsov M-82FN
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 7.95m  Height: 3.63m  Wing Area: 17.44m2
       Empty Weight: 2528kg  Max.Weight: 3100kg
       Speed: 670km/h  Ceiling: 11300m	Range:	1140km
       Armament: 2*g20mm
I-212, Alexeev
       The I-212 was a larger two-seat version of the {I-211} and {I-215}
       series, powered by Rolls-Royce Nene engines. It was intended
       as long-range all-weather interceptor. Built, but not flown.
I-213, Alexeev
       Larger development of the I-212. Design only. 
I-214, Alexeev
       Development of the I-212 with the rearward-facing remote-
       controlled guns removed, and a tail radar installed. Not built. 
I-215, Alexeev
       The I-215 was a modification of the {I-211} with imported
       Rolls-Royce Derwent engines. Because of the engine installation
       in mid-wing nacelles, this could be done fairly easily. After
       some redesign to strengthen the wing, the I-215D was accepted
       for production. However, the Alexeev bureau was disbanded for
       political reasons, and the I-215 abandoned. Two built. 
       Type: I-215
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 1590kg Rolls Royce Derwent 
       Wing Span: 12.25m  Length: 11.54m  Height: 3.68m  Wing Area: 25.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4010kg  Max.Weight: 6890kg
       Speed: 970km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1700km
       Armament: 
I-216, Alexeev
       Project for a version of the I-211 with two 76mm cannon. Not
       built.
I-217, Alexeev
       Swept-wing, twin-engined jet aircraft. Not built.
I-218, Alexeev
       Twin-boom attack aircraft with a pusher engine, heavily armoured
       and with remote-controlled guns on the booms. It was designed
       to replace the {Il-2}, but only one was built.
       Type: I-218
       Function: attack
       Year: 1948  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 200hp Dobrynin VD-251
       Wing Span: 16.463m  Length: 13.88m  Height:   Wing Area: 45m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 9000kg 
       Speed: 530km/h at 2000m  Ceiling: 6600m  Range: 1200km
       Armament: 4*NR-23, 150 rounds; 2*NR-23, 120 rounds; 1600kg 
I-220, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       First prototype of the I-220 series. See {I-225}.
I-220, Nikitin-Shevchenko
       See {IS-2}.
I-221, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Second prototype of the I-220 series. See {I-225}.
I-222, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Third prototype of the I-220 series. A production version,
       the MiG-7, was cancelled. See {I-225}.
I-224, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Fourth prototype of the I-220 series. See {I-225}.
I-225, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Fifth prototype of the I-220 (-221, -222, -224, -225) series. The
       I-220 was a specialized high-altitude interceptor of advanced
       design. It had a pressure cabin, was well-armoured, carried heavy
       armament, and had a turbo-supercharged engine. But the expected
       high-altitude threat did not materialize, and the I-220 was not
       produced. 
       Type: I-225(A)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2200hp Mikulin AM-42FB
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 9.60m  Height: 3.70m  Wing Area: 20.38m2
       Empty Weight: 3010kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 726km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
I-230, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       First prototype of the I-230 series. See {I-231}. 
       Type: I-230
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1350hp Mikulin AM-35A
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 8.62m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.44m2
       Empty Weight: 2612kg  Max.Weight: 3285kg
       Speed: 660km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1350km
       Armament: 2*g20mm
I-231, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Second prototype of the I-230 series. The I-230 was a less advanced
       backup programme for the I-220 high-altitude fighter, without
       turbochargers or pressure cabin. The I-230 was based on the {MiG-3},
       but longer and mostly of wooden construction. It retained the
       AM-35 engine, which was no longer available, and only 10 were
       built. The I-231 was powered by the AM-39, but was lost in a crash,
       and development was halted.
       Type: I-231
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1700hp Mikulin AM-39
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 8.62m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.44m2
       Empty Weight: 2583kg  Max.Weight: 3287kg
       Speed: 707km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1350km
       Armament: 2*g20mm
I-250(N), Mikoyan-Gurevich
       This was a small mixed-power fighter, with a piston engine in the
       nose and a VRDK 'booster' in the tail, basically a primitive jet
       engine with a compressor driven by the Klimov engine. Less than
       20 were built for the Navy, and were in service until 1950 as
       the MiG-13. 
       Type: I-250(N)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1650hp Klimov VK-107R
				     1 * 300kg Khalshchevnikov VRDK
       Wing Span: 11.05m  Length: 8.75m  Height:   Wing Area: 15m2
       Empty Weight: 3028kg  Max.Weight: 3930kg
       Speed: 825km/h  Ceiling: 11900m	Range: 1820km
       Armament: 1*g23mm 2*mg12.7mm
I-270(ZH), Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The I-270(ZH) was a rocket-powered target defence fighter, with
       straight wings and a T-tail. Both prototypes destroyed, and the
       programme cancelled.
       Type: I-270(ZH)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1450kg RD-2M-3V
       Wing Span: 7.75m  Length: 8.91m  Height: 3.08m  Wing Area: 12.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1546kg  Max.Weight: 4120kg
       Speed: 1000km/h	Ceiling: 18000m  Range: 9 minutes, 3 seconds power.
       Armament: 2*g23mm
I-300, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {MiG-9}.
I-301, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The I-301T was a two-seat trainer development of the {MiG-9}.
       Two built.
I-301, Lavochkin, Goudkov and Gorbunov
       See {LaGG-3}.
I-305, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Version of the {MiG-9} with two Lyulka TR-1 engines. One built.
I-307, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The {MiG-9}F, a development with RD-21 engines.
I-308, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The {MiG-9}FR.
I-310, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {MiG-15}.
I-320, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Twin-engined all-wheater fighter. The engines were fitted in
       tandem, one exhausting just after the wing, the other under
       the tail. A circular nose intake was used with a radar cone
       on the upper lip, and side-by-side seating for the crew members.
       The {Yak-25}, designed to a more advanced requirement, was
       preferred. Three built.
       Type: I-320(R)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1950  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 2270kg Klimov RD-45F
       Wing Span: 14.20m  Length: 15.77m  Height:   Wing Area: 41.20m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 12095kg
       Speed: 1090km/h	Ceiling: 15100m  Range: 1205km
       Armament: 3*g37mm
I-330, Sukhoi
       See {Su-1}.
I-330, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {MiG-17}.
I-340, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The I-340 was a development of the {MiG-17} with two 2200kg
       Mikulin AM-5 engines. This was the engine installation of
       the {I-360} or {MiG-19}. 1952.
I-350, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       This was a single-seat fighter with a Lyulka TR-3 engine, similar
       in general outline to the {MiG-17}, but with a highly swept wing.
       It was designed for sustained supersonic flight. The TR-3 was
       unreliable, and the I-350 was rebuilt with paired Mikulin AM-5
       engines. 
       Type: I-350
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1953  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 4600kg Lyulka TR-3
       Wing Span: 9.73m  Length: 16.65m  Height:   Wing Area: 36.00m2
       Empty Weight: 6125kg  Max.Weight: 8710kg
       Speed: 1240km/h	Ceiling:   Range: 1120km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g23mm
I-360, Sukhoi
       See {Su-3}.
I-360, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The I-360 was a derivative of the {I-350}, designed from the
       outset for two Mikulin AM-5 engines. It became the prototype
       of the {MiG-19}.
       Type: I-360
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1952  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 2700kg Mikulin AM-5F
       Wing Span: 9.04m  Length: 13.90m  Height: 3.95m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
I-370, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-1}.
I-380, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-3}.
I-410, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-3}.
IL-1, Polikarpov
       See {I-1}.
Il-1, Ilyushin
       The Il-1 was a heavily armoured single-seat fighter-bomber, based
       on {Il-2} experience. It was a big low-wing monoplane, first flown
       in mid-1944. At that time, the end of the war was in sight, and
       the further development of this type of aircraft was abandoned.
       One built.
       Type: Il-1
       Function: fighter-bomber
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1973hp Mikulin AM-42
       Wing Span: 13.40m  Length: 11.12m  Height:   Wing Area: 30.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4285kg  Max.Weight: 5320kg
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling: 8600m  Range: 1000km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
IL-3, Polikarpov
       See {I-1}.
Il-2, Ilyushin 'Bark'
       A ground-attack monoplane, with modest performance but heavy armour
       and a sturdy construction, which was the backbone of the Soviet
       ground-attack units in WWII. Probably the military aircraft with the
       largest production ever: 36163. It was derived from the {BSh-2}
       two-seater, but the production began with a single-seat version.
       A second crewman with the gun for rear protection was reintroduced
       in 1942, in the Il-2m version. As a close-support aircraft, it was
       essential for the Red Army. There was also a single prototype of
       an Il-2I single-seat fighter version. 
       Type: Il-2m3
       Function: attack
       Year: 1942  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1720hp Mikulin AM-38F
       Wing Span: 14.60m  Length: 11.65m  Height: 4.17m  Wing Area: 38.50m2
       Empty Weight: 4525kg  Max.Weight: 6360kg
       Speed: 410km/h  Ceiling: 6360m  Range: 765km
       Armament: 2*g23mm 2*mg7.62mm 1*mg12.7mm b1000kg 8*r82mm
IL-3, Polikarpov
       See {I-1}.
Il-4, Ilyushin 'Bob'
       Twin-engined long-range bomber, a redesign of the {DB-3}, and
       originally known as the DB-3F. The Il-4 had aerodynamic
       improvements, of which the much longer nose was the most visible. 
       The Il-4 was not a very advanced aircraft and had some undesirable
       characteristics, but it served as the standard long-range bomber.
       Some attacks on Berlin were highly publicised. Total production
       of the DB-3/Il-4 was approx 6800, that of the Il-4 alone 5256. 
       Type: Il-4
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1943  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 1100hp M-88B
       Wing Span: 21.44m  Length: 14.80m  Height: 4.10m  Wing Area: 66.70m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 11570kg
       Speed: 406km/h  Ceiling: 8750m  Range: 3000km
       Armament: 1*mg12.7mm 2*mg7.62mm b2500kg
Il-6, Ilyushin
       Twin-engined long range bomber, intended to replace the {Il-4}.
       It was of similar layout, but with heavier armament and better
       performance. It was powered by Diesel engines, but these were
       rather unreliable. Additionally, the stalling characteristics
       were bad. It did not enter production. 
       Type: Il-6
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1943  Crew: 6  Engines: 2 * 1900hp Tcharomsky ATch-30BF
       Wing Span: 26.07m  Length: 17.38m  Height:   Wing Area: 84.8m2
       Empty Weight: 11930kg  Max.Weight: 19600kg
       Speed: 464km/h at 6600m  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 5450km
       Armament: 5*g20mm 4000kg
Il-8, Ilyushin
       Ground attack aircraft, a slightly smaller development of
       the {Il-2} powered by an AM-42 engine. It was abandoned in
       favour of the {Il-10}.
       Type: Il-8
       Function: attack
       Year: 1944  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1492kW AM-42
       Wing Span: 14.60m  Length: 12.93m  Height:   Wing Area: 39.0m2
       Empty Weight: 5245kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 470km/h at 2240m  Ceiling: 6800m  Range: 1180km
       Armament: 2*g23mm 2*mg7.62mm 1000kg
Il-10, Ilyushin 'Beast'
       Development of the {Il-2}, completely redesigned. The Il-10 was
       cleaner, smaller, more powerful, and of all-metal construction.
       It was used during the final stages of WWII and in Korea. 14966
       were built in the USSR, and over 7000 more in Czechoslovakia.
       The production ended with the Il-10M, which had a completely
       redesigned and very different wing. 
       Type: Il-10
       Function: attack
       Year: 1945  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 2000hp Mikulin AM-42
       Wing Span: 13.40m  Length: 11.06m  Height: 4.18m  Wing Area: 30m2
       Empty Weight: 4680kg  Max.Weight: 6535kg
       Speed: 507km/h  Ceiling: 7500m  Range: 1000km
       Armament: 2*g23mm 2*mg7.62mm 1*g20mm b400kg 8*r82mm
Il-12, Ilyushin 'Coach'
       Transport, intended as an DC-3 replacement. 663 built according
       to Ilyushin, but figures as high as 3000 are given by other
       sources... The Il-12 had some similarity to the DC-3, but had
       nosewheel landing gear. The Il-12 was used by the armed forces
       as well as by Aeroflot. Performance was marginal, so Ilyushin
       created the redesigned {Il-14}. 
       Type: Il-12
       Function: transport
       Year: 1946  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 1830hp Shvetsov ASh-82FN
       Wing Span: 31.70m  Length: 21.31m  Height:   Wing Area: 100m2
       Empty Weight: 9000kg  Max.Weight: 12750kg
       Speed: 407km/h  Ceiling: 6700m  Range: 2000km
       Load: 21 seats
Il-14, Ilyushin 'Crate'
       Twin-engined transport, development of the {Il-12}. The Il-14 was
       much refined, with a new wing and a more angular tailfin. Over 
       1000 were built, some sources claiming more than 3500. There were
       numerous special versions. 
       Type: Il-14
       Function: transport
       Year: 1953  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1900hp Shvetsov ASh-82T
       Wing Span: 31.70m  Length: 22.30m  Height: 7.90m  Wing Area: 99.70m2
       Empty Weight: 12600kg  Max.Weight: 18000kg
       Speed: 417km/h  Ceiling: 7400m  Range: 
       Load: 26 seats
Il-16, Ilyushin
       Ground-attack monoplane, the last development of the {Il-2} series.
       Essentially a lighter {Il-10}. Only 54 were built, most with the
       less powerful but more reliable AM-42 engine, it never entered
       service. 
       Type: Il-16 (prototype)
       Function: attack
       Year: 1944  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 2300hp Mikulin AM-43NV
       Wing Span: 13.40m  Length: 11.06m  Height: 4.18m  Wing Area: 30m2
       Empty Weight: 4315kg  Max.Weight: 6180kg
       Speed: 657km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 800km
       Armament: 
Il-18, Ilyushin "Clam"
       There were two Il-18s, and this was the first one: A 66-seat
       transport powered by four radials (Diesel engines were originally
       planned). It did not enter production.
       Type: Il-18
       Function: transport
       Year: 1946  Crew:   Engines: 4 * 2600hp Shvetsov ASh-73
       Wing Span: 41.10m  Length: 29.86m  Height:   Wing Area: 140m2
       Empty Weight: 28490km  Max.Weight: 47500kg
       Speed: 565km/h at 9000m  Ceiling:   Range: 2800km
       Load: 66 seats, 5760kg
Il-18, Ilyushin
       There were two Il-18s, and this was the second one. It was a 
       four-engined turboprop airliner. About 800 were built, and
       approximately 25 entered military service as VIP transports.
       It was also developed into the {Il-20} ELINT aircraft and the
       {Il-38} maritime patrol aircraft. Some Il-18s also carried loads
       of electronic equipment, and were oficially described as research
       aircraft.
       Type: Il-18D
       Function: transport
       Year: 1965  Crew: 5  Engines: 4 * 3169kW Ivchenko AI-20M
       Wing Span: 37.40m  Length: 35.90m  Height: 10.17m  Wing Area: 140m2
       Empty Weight: 35000kg  Max.Weight: 64000kg
       Speed: 675km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 6500km
       Load: 90b seats.
Il-20, Ilyushin
       The first Il-20 was a ground attack aircraft, powered by
       a 2700hp AM-47F engine. To give the pilot a good forward view, he
       was seated on top of the engine. This resulted in a deep and
       blunt-nosed fuselage. The wings and tail were based on those of
       the {Il-10}M, but larger. It was inferior to the {Il-10}. One
       built. The designation Il-20 was reused for the civil version of
       the {Il-28} bomber and for the {Il-20} 'Coot' ELINT aircraft.
       Type: Il-20
       Function: attack
       Year: 1948  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * Mikulin M-47F
       Wing Span: 17.00m  Length: 12.59m  Height:   Wing Area: 44.0m2
       Empty Weight: 7500km  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 515km/h at S/L  Ceiling: 7750m  Range: 1680km
       Armament: 2*g23mm 1400kg
Il-20, Ilyushin
       Designation used for disarmed {Il-28} bombers, used as trainers,
       development aircraft and fast transports. 
Il-20, Ilyushin 'Coot-A'
       The third aircraft with the designation Il-20. It is an  electronic
       reconaissance version of the {Il-18} civil transport. The structure
       was identical, but the Il-20 carries as SLAR, infrared line scanners,
       and numerous other sensors.
       Type: Il-20 'Coot-A'
       Function: ECM
       Year: 1978  Crew: 15  Engines: 4 * 4250hp Ivchenko AI-20M
       Speed: 704km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 2600km
Il-22, Ilyushin
       The first Soviet jet bomber, a conventional design that was
       abandoned in favour of the simpler {Il-28}. The Il-22 had a
       rather fat fuselage of circular cross-section, and an unswept
       wing with four jet engines underneath. 
       Type: Il-22
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1947  Crew: 4  Engines: 4 * 1300kg Lyulka TR-1
       Wing Span: 23.06m  Length: 21.05m  Height:   Wing Area: 74.5m2
       Empty Weight: 14950kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 718km/h at 7000m  Ceiling: 11000m  Range: 865km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 1*g23mm 3000kg
Il-22, Ilyushin 'Coot-B'
       Airborne command center version of the {Il-18}.
Il-24, Ilyushin
       Unbuilt derivative of the {Il-22} jet bomber. 
Il-24, Ilyushin
       The Il-24N was an ice reconnaissance version of the {Il-18}D. 
Il-28, Ilyushin 'Beagle' / 'Mascot'
       Tactical jet bomber, the first Soviet jet bomber to enter service
       in large numbers. It was a fairly orthodox design with a straight
       wing, swept tail surfaces, and two big underwing engines, copies
       of the Rolls-Royce Nene. The tail turret was unusual for an aircraft
       this size, but was considered much more efficient than a dorsal
       turret. It was a successful type that was exported to over 20
       countries, and also served as reconnaissance aircraft, torpedo
       bomber, target tug, anti-submarine aircraft, and target drone.
       About 2000 were built.
       Type: Il-28
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1948  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 2740kg Klimov VK-1
       Wing Span: 21.45m  Length: 17.65m  Height:   Wing Area: 60.80m2
       Empty Weight: 12890kg  Max.Weight: 21000kg
       Speed: 900km/h  Ceiling: 12300m	Range: 2180km
       Armament: 4*g23mm b3000kg
Il-30, Ilyushin
       Jet bomber, similar in general outline to the {Il-28} apart
       from its swept wing. It was also twice as heavy. The Il-30 did
       not enter production. 
       Type: Il-30
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1951  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 4600kg TR-3
       Wing Span: 16.50m  Length: 18.70m  Height:   Wing Area: 100m2
       Empty Weight: 22967kg  Max.Weight: 37552kg
       Speed: 1000km/h at 5000m  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 6*g23mm 4000kg
Il-32, Ilyushin
       Transport glider, a high-wing aircraft with a very box-like
       fuselage. The Il-32 was designed to carry light vehicles. Unusual
       for such gliders, it was of all-metal construction. A few were
       built.
       Type: Il-32
       Function: glider 
       Year: 1948  Crew:   
       Wing Span: 35.8m  Length: 24.84m  Height:   Wing Area: 159.5m2
       Empty Weight: 9600kg  Max.Weight: 16600kg
       Load: 7000kg, 60 seats
Il-34, Ilyushin
       Twin-engined derivative of the {Il-32}.   
Il-38, Ilyushin 'Bear'
       For one reason or another the Western press briefly identified
       the {Tu-95} as the Il-38. 
Il-38, Ilyushin 'May'
       Maritime patrol and ASW aircraft, developed from the {Il-18}
       turboprop transport. The position of the wing was changed, so
       that the Il-38 has a short front fuselage and a longer aft
       fuselage, and two bomb bays. About 100 were built.
       Type: Il-38
       Function: reconaissance / ASW
       Year: 1971  Crew: 12  Engines: 4 * 4250hp Ivchenko AI-20M
       Wing Span: 37.40m  Length: 39.57m  Height:   Wing Area:
       Empty Weight: 34500kg  Max.Weight:
       Speed: 724km/h at 6400m  Ceiling: 11000m  Range: 7240km
       Armament: 3000kg
Il-40, Ilyushin 'Brawny'
       Jet-engined armoured ground attack aircraft. It was a rather odd
       design, with two engines in the forward fuselage, armoured tandem
       cockpits, swept wings, and a remote-controlled tail gun turret.
       Only one was completed, because the concept was clearly outdated.
       Type: Il-40
       Function: attack
       Year: 1953  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 2700kg Mikulin AM-5F
       Wing Span: 16.90m  Length: 17.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 47.6m2
       Empty Weight: 8500kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 964km/h  Ceiling: 11600m  Range: 1000km
       Armament: 4*g37mm 2*mg23mm
Il-46, Ilyushin
       Unsuccessful jet bomber design, similar to the {Il-28} but
       actually a straight-wing development of the {Il-30}. Only two
       were built, because the {Tu-16} was preferred.
       Type: Il-46
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1952  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 5000kg Lyulka AL-5
       Wing Span: 29.00m  Length: 24.50m  Height:   Wing Area: 105m2
       Empty Weight: 26300kg  Max.Weight: 52425kg
       Speed: 928km/h at 5000m  Ceiling: 12700m  Range:
       Armament: 2*g23mm 5000kg
Il-54, Ilyushin 'Blowlamp'
       Supersonic jet bomber, a fairly elegant design with a highly
       swept shoulder wing. The engines were in nacelles suspended
       under the wing. The aircraft did not enter production. One
       built.
       Type: Il-54
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1955  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 6500kg Lyulka AL-7
       Wing Span: 17.65m  Length: 28.96m  Height:   Wing Area: 84.6m2
       Empty Weight: 23560kg  Max.Weight: 41600kg
       Speed: 1170km/h at 5000m  Ceiling: 13000m  Range: 
       Armament: 1*g23mm 5000kg
Il-76, Ilyushin 'Candid' / 'Midas ' / 'Mainstay'
       Similar in appearance to the U.S. {C-141} but superior in many
       respects, the Il-76 is the main transport aircraft of the Soviet
       forces. It is also used by civil operators. The military version
       often has a tail gun turret and ECM equipment. It is a much-used
       platform for other missions, including the {Il-78} 'Midas' tanker
       and {A-50} 'Mainstay' AWACS aircraft. A version of the Il-76 as
       a firefighting aircraft carrying 42000 liters of fire retardant
       also exists. Iraq development its own AWACS, called {Adnan-1},
       from the Il-76.
       Type: Il-76T 'Candid-A'
       Function: transport
       Year: 1974  Crew: 7  Engines: 4 * 120kN Soloviev D-30KP
       Wing Span: 50.5m  Length: 46.59m  Height:   Wing Area: 300m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 170000kg
       Speed: 850km/h  Ceiling: 15500m	Range: 6500km
       Load: 47000kg
Il-78, Ilyushin 'Midas'
       Tanker derivative of the {Il-76} transport.
Il-102, Ilyushin
       A low-wing, well-armoured twin-engined ground attack
       aircraft, configurtionally similar to the {Il-40}. The
       Il-102 is a two-seater with the second crewmember in an
       aft-facing position behind the wing, and a remote-controlled
       gun turret in the extreme tail. In all, this aircraft
       looks anachronistic. The {Su-25} was selected for production.
       One built. 
       Type: Il-102
       Function: attack
       Year: 1978  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 18300lb Klimov RD-33
       Wing Span: 16.90m  Length: 17.75m  Height:   Wing Area: 63.5m2
       Empty Weight: 13000kg  Max.Weight: 22000kg
       Speed: 950km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3000km
       Armament: 1*g30mm 1*g23mm
Il-106, Ilyushin
       Design for a large military transport, powered by propfan
       engines. 
IL-400, Polikarpov
       See {I-1}.
Ilya Mourometz, Sikorsky
       Igor Sikorsky built the world's first four-engined aircraft, the
       Rusky Vitaz, in 1913. The Ilya Moroumetz was a bomber development;
       around 80 were used by the Russian heavy bomber units during WWI,
       in several versions and with the available engines. Sometimes only
       two engines were fitted. The V is the third letter of the
       cyrillic alphabet.
       Type: Ilya Moroumetz V
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1915  Crew: 7  Engines: 4 * 110kW Sunbeam
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 120km/h  Ceiling: 3000m  Range:
       Armament: 4-7*mg 520kg
IOP, Sukhoi
       The IOP was a project for a twin-engined fighter armed with
       cannon. It was never built. Engines would have been AM-37
       or AM-38, with turbochargers. 
IP-1, Grigorovich
       Low-wing monoplane fighter. The IP-1 prototype carried two 
       recoilless guns, with five rounds each; two 7.62mm guns were 
       fitted to assist in aiming. But production aircraft carried a
       more conventional armament of two 20mm cannon and six 7.62mm
       guns. 90 were built.
       Type: IP-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1936  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 635hp M-25
       Wing Span: 10.97m  Length: 7.23m  Height:   Wing Area: 19.98m2
       Empty Weight: 1200kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 410km/h at 3000m, 368km/h at S/L  Ceiling: 8300m  Range: 1000km
       Armament: 2*g20m 6*mg7.62mm
IP-2, Grigorovich
       Development of the {IP-1}. Cancelled. 
IP-4, Grigorovich        
       Monoplane fighter, a smaller derivative of the {IP-1}, armed with
       four recoilless 45mm cannon. One built, a second was abandoned
       uncompleted.
       Type: IP-4
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1934  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 640hp Wright Cyclone 9
       Wing Span: 9.60m  Length: 7.08m  Height:   Wing Area: 16.36m2
       Empty Weight: 1080kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 435km/h  Ceiling: 8300m  Range: 830km
       Armament: 4*g45mm 2*mg7.62mm
IS, Grushin
       See {Gr-1}.
IS, Silvansky
       One of the most laughable aircraft ever built in Russia. The IS was
       a low-wing monoplane fighter of mixed construction. It was found out
       that, due to a 'miscalculation' the undercarriage wouldn't fit in the
       wheel wells, so it was shortened. Then the propeller had to be
       cropped to achieve ground clearance. The test pilot managed to get
       it up to 300m and land safely, then declared it unflyable.
       Type: IS
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1939  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Tumansky M-88
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
IS-1, Shevchenko-Nikitin
       The IS-1 was a compromise between biplane and monoplane fighters:
       It was both. The lower wing could be retracted upwards, flush with
       the forward fuselage and the upper wing, while the wheels retracted
       into the lower wing surfaces. Only experimental. One built.
       Type: IS-1
       Function: experimental fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Shvetsov M-63
       Wing Span: 8.60m  Length: 6.79m  Height:   Wing Area: 20.83m2
                                                             13.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1400kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 453km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 600km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
IS-2, Shevchenko-Nikitin
       Development of the {IS-1}. The IS-2 had a smaller-diameter engine
       and generally cleaned up lines. It did not enter production, because
       of concerns about the complexity and vulnerability of the wing
       retraction mechanism. One built.
       Type: IS-2
       Function: experimental fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1150hp Tumansky M-88
       Wing Span: 8.60m  Length: 7.10m  Height:   Wing Area: 20.83m2
                                                             13.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 507km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2*mg12.7mm 2*mg7.62mm
IS-4, Shevchenko-Nikitin
       Projected, but not built, development of the {IS-2}. The IS-4
       would have been powered by a 1215kW M-120 engine and have had
       a top speed of 720km/h!
ITP, Polikarpov
       Heavy cannon-armed fighter. Only two were built, because Yakovlev
       had already adapted the {Yak-9} to carry the 37mm cannon.
       Type: ITP(M-1)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1650hp Klimov M-107P
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 8.95m  Height:   Wing Area: 16.45m2
       Empty Weight: 2960kg  Max.Weight: 3570kg
       Speed: 655km/h  Ceiling: 10400m	Range: 1280km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g20mm b400kg
I-Z, Grigorovich
       Single-seat low-wing monoplane fighter, prototype of the {IP-1}.
       The I-Z was designed to carry a single-shot recoilless gun under
       each wing. The front fuselage was that of the Polikarpov {I-5}
       biplane fighter. After two prototypes, 71 production aircraft
       followed; but because of handling problems, most were used in
       development roles.
       Type: I-Z
       Function: fighter 
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 480hp M-22
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 7.90m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 320km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*g76.2mm 1*mg7.62mm
--J---------------------------------------------------------------------
--K---------------------------------------------------------------------
K-7, Kalinin
       The K-7 was an experimental heavy bomber. Basically it was an
       enormous, thick, elliptical flying wing design, with twin tail
       booms, a nacelle protruding from the leading edge, and four-wheeled
       landing gear -- each two wheels enclosed in enormous fairings, that
       contained internal bomb-bays. The single prototype broke up in the
       air.
       Type: K-7
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1933  Crew: 19  Engines: 6 * 800hp M-34F
       Speed: 225km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range: 1000km
       Armament: 9000kg 3*g20mm 6*mg
K-12, Kalinin
       Tailless bomber prototype. The K-12 had a large, unswept wing
       with endplates at the tips. The fuselage ended in a gun turret,
       and it also had a nose turret. The radial engines were installed
       as tractor engines in conventional nacelles. The type did not
       enter production. All work was halted when Kalinin was arrested.
       Type: K-12
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1936  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 480hp M-22
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
K-37, Gudkov
       This designation was used for an attack derivative of
       the {LaGG-3} fighter, armed with a 37mm cannon firing
       through the propeller hub. Three built.
Ka-8, Kamov
       Precursor of the {Ka-10}. The Ka-8 was a single-seat helicopter
       with a 27hp M-76 engine, boosted to 45hp by using alcohol for
       fuel. 1947.
Ka-10, Kamov 'Hat'
       Single-seat observation helicopter, not much more than an open rig
       with an engine and coaxial rotors. 12 built.
       Type: Ka-10
       Function: observation
       Year: 1950  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 41kW Ivchenko AI-4V
       Speed: 90km/h  Ceiling:	 Range: 95km
       Armament:
Ka-15, Kamov 'Hen'
       The Ka-15 was a small utility helicopter with coaxial rotors. 
       Type: Ka-15
       Function: utility
       Year: 1952  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 225hp Ivchenko AI-14V
       Speed: 150km/h  Ceiling: 3050m  Range:
Ka-18, Kamov 'Hog'
       Utility helicopter, development of the {Ka-15} with a lengthened
       fuselage and more powerful engine. About 200 built.
       Type: Ka-18
       Function: utility
       Year: 1955  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 275hp Ivchenko AI-14VF
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Load: 3 seats
Ka-20, Kamov 'Harp'
       Precursor of the {Ka-25}. The Ka-20 was much larger than the {Ka-18},
       and powered by two 670kW turboshaft engines. 
Ka-22, Kamov 'Hoop'
       Huge compound helicopter. The Ka-22 had side-by-side rotors,
       instead of Kamov's usual coaxial ones. Each engine nacelle, at
       the ends of a wing, had a lifting rotor and a tractor propeller.
       After take-off power was transferred to the propellers, and the
       rotors turned freely. The Ka-22 remained a prototype, the more
       conventional {Mi-6} was already in production. 
       Type: Ka-22
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1961  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 4101kW Solovyov D-25VK
       Span: 46.33m  Length: 26.97m  Height: 10.04m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 25840kg  Max.Weight: 42500kg
       Speed: 345km/h  Ceiling: 3500m  Range: 450km
       Load: 
Ka-25, Kamov 'Hormone'
       ASW helicopter with a short, stubby fuselage and contrarotating,
       coaxial rotors. The contra-rotating rotors eliminated the need for
       an anti-torque tail rotor, and made a very compact design possible,
       with obvious benefits for shipboard operations. The Ka-25B Hormone-A
       is equipped for ASW operations, the Ka-25 Hormone-B for electronic
       warfare and the Ka-25PS Hormone-C for SAR. The Ka-25 is now mostly
       replaced by the {Ka-27}.
       Type: Ka-25 'Hormone'
       Function: ASW, utility and SAR helicopter
       Year: 1965  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 900hp Glushenko GTD-3
       Speed: 193km/h  Ceiling: 3350m  Range: 650km
       Armament:
Ka-26, Kamov 'Hoodlum'
       Small utility helicopter. Most of the fuselage is rectangular,
       removable box. 850 built. 
       Type: Ka-26
       Function: utility
       Year: 1970  Crew: 1-2  Engines: 2 * 325hp Vedeneyev M-14V-26
       Speed: 170km/h  Ceiling: 3000m  Range: 1200km
       Load: 900kg
Ka-27, Kamov 'Helix-A, D'
       Improved version of the {Ka-25}. The fuselage was redesigned to
       give a large increase in cabin room, with only a small increasse
       in external dimensions. This allows the Ka-27 to operate from the
       same ships as the Ka-25. New engines and rotor blades allow a
       significant increase in operating weights. 
       Type: Ka-27 'Helix-A'
       Function: ASW
       Year:   Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 1660kW Isotiv TV3-117V
       Rotor Span: 15.90m  Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 397.11m2
       Empty Weight: 6100kg  Max.Weight: 12600kg
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
Ka-28, Kamov 'Helix-A'
       Export version of the {Ka-27}.
Ka-29, Kamov 'Helix-B'
       Shipboard attack helicopter. The Ka-29 is a development of the
       {Ka-27} with a more rectangular nose, containing a 7.62mm gun,
       and attachment points for more external armament. A Ka-29RJD
       version with an early-warning radar is in development.
       Type: Ka-29TB
       Function: attack
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 * 1660kW Isotov TV3-117VK
       Wing Span: 15.90m  Length: 11.60m  Height: 5.40m  Wing Area: 198.5m2
       Empty Weight: 5520kg  Max.Weight: 12600kg
       Speed: 250km/h  Ceiling: 5000m  Range: 800km
       Armament: 1*mg7.62mm
Ka-30, Kamov
       Version of the {Ka-29}, probably mainly for civil operations.
Ka-31, Kamov
       Radar picket helicopter. 
Ka-32, Kamov 'Helix-C'
       Development of the {Ka-27}. The Ka-32 is assumed to be a civil
       version, but it could find military buyers as well, especially
       in the Ka-32S naval version. 
Ka-40, Kamov
       Design for a replacement of the Ka-27, powered by 1865kW Klimov
       TVA-3000 engines.
Ka-50, Kamov 'Hokum'
       Attack helicopter, a single-seat helicopter with Kamov's familiar
       contra-rotating rotors. Existence of the Ka-50 was denied as late as
       1990; but recently every attempt has made to sell it to foreign
       customers, under the nasty name of 'Werewolf'. The Ka-50 is a good
       performer, but it is thought that the single-seat layout imposes a
       very high workload on the pilot. 
       Type: Ka-50
       Function: attack
       Year:   Crew: 1	Engines: 2 * 1660kW Isotov TV3-117VK
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 310km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range:
       Armament: 1*g30mm
Ka-52, Kamov
       Two-seat development of the {Ka-50}, with side-by-side seating. 
       The prototype was unveiled in 1996, but first flight is not
       expected before early 1997. Its primary intended role is
       battlefield command and control, but it also carries armament. 
       Type: Ka-52
       Function: reconnaissance / command and control / attack
       Year: 1997  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1640kW Klimov TV3-117VLA
       Rotor Span: 14.43m  Length: 15.96m  Height: 4.93m  Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 310km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1200km
       Armament: 1*g30mm 
Ka-60, Kamov
       Light attack helicopter, generally see as a Russian equivalent
       of the RA{H-66}. First flight expected in 1998.
Ka-62, Kamov
       Multi-role helicopter, a civil version of the {Ka-60}.
       The Ka-62 has a very French look, with a streamlined
       fuselage and a "fenestron" tail rotor. About 50% of the
       structure consist of composites. First flight expected in
       1997.
       Type: Ka-62
       Function: multi-role
       Year: (1997)  Crew: 1-2  Engines: 2 * 956kW Rybinsk RD-600
       Rotor Span: 13.5m  Length: 15.6m  Height: 4.2m  Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 6750kg
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling: +5000m  Range: 1165km
       Load: 2500kg, 16 seats
Ka-64, Kamov / Agusta
       Development of the {Ka-60} and {Ka-62}, a joint venture with
       the Italian Agusta. 
Ka-118, Kamov
       Reported designation of a single-engined, medium-sized helicopter
       of NOTAR configuration.
Ka-126, Kamov 'Hoodlum'
       Development of the {Ka-26} with one 720hp TV-0-100 engine.
Ka-136, Kamov 'Hookum'
       See {Ka-50}.
Kasnyanenko 5
       Experimental fighter biplane. The propeller was fitted at the
       extreme tail, behind the tail surfaces, and driven by a long
       shaft by the engine, which was installed in the mid-fuselage.
       Development was abandoned after the prototype was damaged. One
       built.
       Type: 5
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1917  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 100hp Gnome Monosoupape
       Wing Span: 7.25m  Length: 6.96m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*mg
KhAl-1, Nyeman
       The KhAl-1 was a wooden low-wing monoplane. 43 were built for the
       internal airlines of the USSR. Two were later converted to
       bomber-trainers.
KhAl-5, Nyeman
       Wooden low-wing monoplane, a light reconaissance and attack
       aircraft. It entered production as the {R-10}.
Kioni 5 Konyok Gorbunok
       Development of the Anatra {D}. 30 built. Used as trainer until
       replaced by the {U-2}.
KM-2, Amtorg
       More capable development of the {GST}. The engines were ASh-82FN
       radials instead of M-87s. 
KOMTA
       Twin-engined bomber, one built.
KOR-1, Beriev
       The KOR-1 was a small float biplane of metal construction. After a
       long and difficult development, it became the standard catapult
       aircraft for cruisers. There was also a landplane version. 
       Type: KOR-1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1938  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 750hp M-25
       Wing Span: 11.0m  Length: 8.67m  Height:   Wing Area: 29.3m2
       Empty Weight: 1800kg  Max.Weight: 2686kg
       Speed: 240km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 500km
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm b100kg
KOR-2, Beriev
       The KOR-2 was an elegant parasol-wing flying boat. A pylon on
       top of the fuselage carried an enormous radial engine, and the
       inverted gull wing. Production was interrupted by the German
       invasion of 1941, but later restarted. 
       Type: KOR-2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 670kW Shvetsov M-62
       Wing Span: 12m  Length: 10.5m  Height: 4.05m  Wing Area: 25.5 m2
       Empty Weight: 2055kg  Max. Weight: 2760kg
       Speed: 360km/h  Ceiling: 8100m  Range: 950km
       Armament: 1*mg7.62mm 300kg
KOR-3, Beriev
       Three-seat, single-engined, catapult-launched seaplane. Not
       built.
KOR-4, Beriev
       See {Be-8}.
KOR-9, Beriev
       Planned development of the KOR-2 with a ASh-62 engine. Not built.
KR-1
       License-built German Heinkel {HD-55} biplane flying boat.
KR-6, Tupolev
       Long-range escort fighter version of the {R-6} (ANT-7).
KT, Antonov
       The idea behind the KT was to fit biplane wings and twin
       tailbooms to a five-ton tank. A prototype was built and flown
       using a turret-less tank. 
--L---------------------------------------------------------------------
L-29 Delfin, Aero
       The {L-29} was the standard trainer of the WarPac countries, a
       small jet aircraft with a straight wing. Over 2000 were delivered
       to the USSR. Production ended in 1973.
       Type: L-29
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1963  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 890kg Motorlet M 701 VC-150
       Speed: 655km/h  Ceiling: 11000m	Range: 895km
L-39 Albatros, Aero
       The {L-39} was intended to be the standard trainer of WarPac
       countries, as successor to the {L-29}. There also is a single-seat
       attack version. After the breakup of the Warsaw pact, Russia
       no longer buys its jet trainers in Eastern Europe. 
       Type: L-39
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1972  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1720kg Ivchenko AI-25-TL
       Speed: 750km/h  Ceiling: 11000m	Range: 1750km
       Armament:
La-5, Lavochkin
       After designing the {LaGG-1}, the three designers split. It soon
       became obvious that the only cure for the shortcomings of the
       {LaGG-3} was a new, more powerful engine, and that the best
       alternative was the M-82 radial. Lavochkin managed to modify
       the LaGG-3 to accept this engine, despite the lack of official
       support. The La-5  entered service in 1942. In its developed
       La-5FN version it was superior to the German fighters at low
       and medium altitudes. Its disadvantages were primitive equipment,
       a bounce-inducing undercarriage, and in the early stages very
       poor production quality. 9920 were built. 
       Type: La-5FN
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1850hp Shvetsov ASh-82FN
       Wing Span: 9.80m  Length: 8.60m  Height: 2.54m  Wing Area: 17.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2800kg  Max. Weight: 3360kg
       Speed: 648km/h  Ceiling: 9500m  Range: 775km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*b100kg
La-7, Lavochkin
       Development of the {La-5}, incorporating changes recommended
       by the TsAGI to reduce drag. The La-7 also used an increased
       number of metal components, to reduce weight. The La-7 had
       excellent performance and handling, but its standard of equipment
       remained extremely austere. 5753 built. 
       Type: La-7
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 *  1850hp Shvetsov M-82FN
       Wing Span: 9.80m  Length: 8.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2638kg  Max.Weight: 3400kg
       Speed: 680km/h  Ceiling: 9500m  Range: 990km
       Armament: 3*g20mm 200kg
La-9, Lavochkin
       The La-9, alias La-130, was a development of the {La-126}.
       It looked similar to the {La-7}, but it had an entirely new
       all-metal construction. The big problem of the La-9 series was
       the continuing unavailability of new, more powerful engines,
       and it never reached its full potential. 1895 built.
       Type: La-9
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1946  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * Shevtsov ASh-82FN
       Wing Span: 9.80m  Length: 8.62m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.72m2
       Empty Weight: 2660kg  Max.Weight: 3676kg
       Speed: 690km/h  Ceiling: 11130m	Range: 1735km
       Armament: 4*g23mm
La-11, Lavochkin
       The La-11 was developed from the {La-9}, as a long-range escort
       fighter. It could carry wingtip tanks and had a reduced armament.
       The La-11 was used in combat during the Korean war. 1182 built.
       Type: La-11
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * Shvetsov ASh-82FN
       Wing Span: 9.95m  Length: 8.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.70m2
       Empty Weight: 2770kg  Max.Weight: 3995kg
       Speed: 690km/h  Ceiling: 11000m  Range: 2250km
       Armament: 3*g23mm
La-15, Lavochkin 'Fantail'
       Swept-wing jet fighter, a less successful contemporary of the
       {MiG-15}. It was a development of the {La-172}, and initially
       known as the {La-174}D. About 500 were built, less than originally
       planned because of production problems. They were used until 1954.
       Type: La-15
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1949  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * RD-500
       Wing Span: 8.83m  Length: 9m  Height:   Wing Area: 173.95m2
       Empty Weight: 2575kg  Max.Weight: 3850kg
       Speed: 1026km/h	Ceiling: 13760m  Range: 1170km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
La-17, Lavochkin
       Radio-controlled target drone.
La-71, Lavochkin
       Version of the {La-7}??
La-120, Lavochkin
       Bureau designation of the {La-7}.
La-126, Lavochkin
       All-metal fighter aircraft. Despite its similarity to the {La-7},
       the La-126 was an all-new design, with a laminar-flow wing. It was
       the basis for the {La-9} fighter.
       Type: La-126
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1850hp Shvetsov M-82FN
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2*g20mm
La-130, Lavochkin
       Bureau designation of the {La-9}.
La-138, Lavochkin
       Version of the {La-9} with VRD-430 pulse jets slung under the
       wing. When they were not in use the drag was too high, and when
       they were in use the fuel consumption was too high. Some La-9RDs
       and {La-126}PVRDs were also built, with RD-13 pulse jets, and a
       {Yak-7}PVRD had DM-4 pulse jets.
La-140, Lavochkin
       Bureau designation of the {La-11}.
La-150, Lavochkin
       The first jet fighter of the Lavochkin bureau. The La-150 had
       a straight shoulder wing. The engine intake was in the nose,
       the engine outlet ended after the wing, below the tail, to
       reduce trust losses. The engine was a copy of the German Jumo 004,
       and was unsufficiently powerful. Five built.
       Type: La-150
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1946  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 850kg RD-10
       Wing Span: 8.20m  Length: 9.42m  Height:   Wing Area: 12.15m2
       Empty Weight: 2059kg  Max.Weight: 2961kg
       Speed: 805km/h  Ceiling: 12500m	Range: 500km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
La-152, Lavochkin
       Straight-ing jet fighter. The La-152 was a mid-wing aircraft, and
       its wing was also thinner than that of the {La-150}, although its
       design was initiated only a few months later. To avoid duct losses,
       the engine was placed in the extreme nose, with an exhaust under
       the wing trailing edge. Three built; the second and third prototypes
       were known as {La-154} and {La-156}.
       Type: La-152
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1946  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 900kg RD-10
       Wing Span: 8.20m  Length: 9.12m  Height:   Wing Area: 12.15m2
       Empty Weight: 2310kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 778km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 492km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
La-154, Lavochkin
       The second {La-152}. Differences between La-152, -154 and -156 were
       minor. The La-154 had a Lyulka TR-1 engine, but was never flown.
La-156, Lavochkin
       The third {La-152}. Differences between La-152, -154 and -156 were
       minor. The La-156 had an afterburning RD-10F engine which was
       30% more powerful than that of the La-152.
La-160, Lavochkin
       The La-160 was a swept-wing development of the {La-152}. It was the
       first swept-wing Soviet fighter. Used mainly for research, because
       the aircraft was too small to carry much fuel or armament.
       Type: La-160
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1170kg RD-10F
       Wing Span: 8.95m  Length: 10.07m  Height:   Wing Area: 15.90m2
       Empty Weight: 2738kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1060km/h	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2*g37mm
La-168, Lavochkin
       The La-168 had an high-set, swept wing. In contrast with the
       {La-152} / {La-160} / {La-174TK} series, the engine was behind
       the pilot, with an exhaust nozzle at the extreme tail. It was
       designed around the newly-acquired R.R. Nene engine, but lost
       to the competing {MiG-15}.
       Type: La-168
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2270kg R.R. Nene
       Wing Span: 9.50m  Length: 10.56m  Height:   Wing Area: 18.08m2
       Empty Weight: 2973kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1084km/h	Ceiling:   Range: 1275km
       Armament: 2*g23mm 1*g37mm
La-172, Lavochkin
       The La-172 was essentially lighter, smaller {La-186}, with the
       less powerful R.R. Derwent engine. It was intended as a 'frontal
       fighter', rather than as an interceptor. One built.
       Type: La-172
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1600kg NII-1
       Wing Span: 8.83m  Length: 9.56m  Height:   Wing Area: 16.16m2
       Empty Weight: 2433kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1040km  Ceiling:	 Range: 1300km
       Armament: 3*g23mm
La-174D, Lavochkin
       Prototype of the {La-15}, similar to the {La-168} but smaller.
La-174TK, Lavochkin
       The La-174TK was developed in parallel to the {La-172}. It
       reverted to the configuration of the {La-152} and had very
       thin, unswept wings. Performance was inferior than that of
       the La-172, and the development was discontinued. One built.
       Type: La-174TK
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1600kg NII-1
       Wing Span: 8.64m  Length: 9.41m  Height:   Wing Area: 13.52m2
       Empty Weight: 2310kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 965km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 960km
       Armament: 3*g23mm
La-176, Lavochkin
       The La-176 was a swept-wing fighter similar to the {La-168},
       but with increased wing sweep and the more powerful VK-1 engine.
       It was the first Soviet aircraft to exceed Mach 1 in a dive.
       One built, development was abandoned after the loss of the
       prototype in a fatal crash.
       Type: La-176
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2700kg Klimov VK-1
       Wing Span: 8.59m  Length: 10.97m  Height:   Wing Area: 18.25m2
       Empty Weight: 3111kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1010km/h	Ceiling:   Range: 1000km
       Armament:
La-180, Lavochkin
       Factory designation of the La-15UTI two-seat trainer version of
       the {La-15}. Only two built.
La-190, Lavochkin
       The La-190 was designed as an high-speed fighter. At had a highly
       swept, tapering wing, and a sleek fuselage with a nose intake. A
       small radome was installed in the upper lip of the intake. One
       built, only flown eight times, because the engine was unreliable.
       Type: La-190
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1951  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 4600kg Lyulka AL-5
       Wing Span: 9.90m  Length: 16.35m  Height:   Wing Area: 38.93m2
       Empty Weight: 7315kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1190km/h	Ceiling: 15600m  Range: 1150km
       Armament: 2*g37mm
La-200, Lavochkin
       All-wheater fighter. The two VK-1 engines were placed behind
       each other in the fuselage, to reduce drag; the foremost engine's
       exhaust nozzle being under the wing. This was one way of fitting
       two bulky centrifugal jet engines in a low-drag configuration.
       Production was envisaged but later cancelled in favour of fighters
       with a longer range. A extensively modified La-200B was built to
       fulfill the new requirement, but preference was given to the
       {Yak-25}. Several nose intake configurations were tried out.
       Type: La-200
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1949  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 2700kg Klimov VK-1
       Wing Span: 12.92m  Length: 16.59m  Height:   Wing Area: 40.18m2
       Empty Weight: 7090kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1062km/h	Ceiling: 14125m  Range: 1165km
       Armament: 3*g37mm
       Type: La-200B
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1952  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 3100kg Klimov VK-1
       Wing Span: 12.96m  Length: 17.32m  Height:   Wing Area: 40.00m2
       Empty Weight: 8810kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1030km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2800km
       Armament: 3*g37mm
La-250, Lavochkin
       The La-250 was a delta winged all-wheater interceptor. It was an
       enormous aircraft, designed to fly long-range missions at high
       altitude, armed with two large missiles. Only three were built.
       Type: La-250
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1956  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 9000kg Lyulka AL-7F
       Wing Span: 13.90m  Length: 25.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 80.00m2
       Empty Weight: 15000kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 2000km/h	Ceiling: 18000m  Range:
       Armament:
LaG-5, Gorbunov
       This was Gorbunov's attempt at reengining the {LaGG-3} with the
       ASh-82 radial engine. (There were large stocks of this engine,
       hence the choice of the trio for it.) The LaG-5 was accepted,
       but never entered production, because the {La-5} was superior.
       Type: LaG-5
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1700hp Shvetsov M-82
       Speed: 554km/h  Ceiling: 9500m  Range:
       Armament: 2*g20mm
LaGG-1, Lavochkin, Gorbunov and Goudkov
       Monoplane fighter, a small aircraft designed around the M-105
       engine. The LaGG-1 was built from plastic-impregnated wood. 
       The carefully-built, well-polished prototype had, after some
       modifications, a relatively good performance; the heavier,
       poorly-built production aircraft had bad performance and
       dangerous flying characteristics. 
       Type: LaGG-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Klimov M-105P
       Wing Span: 9.80m  Length: 8.81m  Height: 4.40m  Wing Area: 17.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2968kg  Max.Weight: 3380kg
       Speed: 600km/h  Ceiling: 9600m  Range: 660km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm
LaGG-3, Lavochkin, Gorbunov and Goudkov
       Refined {LaGG-1}, with palliatives introduced to cure the worst
       faults of the LaGG-1. The LaGG-3 had outer wings with slats and
       balanced tail surfaces, was lighter, and later also had a more
       powerful engine. It still was disliked intensely by its pilots.
       Production problems continued, some factories delivering unairworthy
       aircraft. Series production aircraft were up to 40km/h slower than
       those tested by the VVS, so the numbers given are optimistic...
       Development resulted in 21 major versions, all simply called
       LaGG-3. 6258 built.
       Type: LaGG-3 series 4 to 7
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Klimov M-105PA
       Wing Span: 9.80m  Length: 8.81m  Height: 4.40m  Wing Area: 17.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2620kg  Max.Weight: 3150kg
       Speed: 549km/h  Ceiling: 9300m  Range: 870km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm 1*mg12.7mm
Lebed VII
       A copy of the Sopwith {Tabloid} with a 80hp Gnome engine.
Lebed X
       The Lebed X biplane was built as a single-seat fighter and two-seat
       reconaissance aircraft. It was underpowered. Prototypes only.
       Type: Lebed X
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1916  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 80hp Gnome
       Wing Span: 10.50m  Length: 7.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 29.00m2
       Empty Weight: 415kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 135km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 1*mg
Lebed XI
       Precursor of the Lebed 12. Only 10 built.
       Type: Lebed XI
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1915  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 110kW Salmson
       Speed: 135km/h  Ceiling: 3500m  Range:
       Armament: 2*mg b90kg
Lebed XII
       Two-seat reconaissance biplane, developed from the German
       Albatros. 214 built.
       Type: Lebed 12
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1916  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 150hp Salmson
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Lebed XIV
       Bomber; the prototype was never flown.
       Type: Lebed XIV
       Function:
       Year: 1915  Crew: 4  Engines: 2*
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Li-2, Lisunov 'Cab'
       Soviet-built {C-47} / DC-3. Over 2800 were built.
Li-3, Lisunov
       Designation given to {Li-2}s that were fitted with US-built
       engines in Yugoslavia.
LK-2, Grokhovskii
       Two-seat, twin-engined heavy fighter. The G-38 was virtually a
       flying wing, with two slender tail booms carrying a taiplane.
       The cockpit was faired into the wing. The LK-2 was built, but
       not flown.
       Type: LK-2
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1936  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 900hp Gnome-Rhone 14K
       Wing Span: 13.40m  Length: 8.80m  Height:   Wing Area: 32m2
       Empty Weight: 2200kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 550km/h  Ceiling: 9500m  Range: 
       Armament: 2*g20mm 6*mg7.62mm
LK-3, Grigorovich
       Design for a twin-engined, heavily armed attack aircraft. Not
       built. 1935.
LL, Tsybin
       Research aircraft with forward swept wings. The LL had a
       streamlined fuselage, like the Bell {X-1}, and swept tail
       surfaces. It seems to have been intended to fit it with a
       rocket engine, but it is not sure whether this was ever done.
LL, Kurchewski-Lavochkin
       A fast single-seat fighter. The cocpit was flush with the top
       of the fuselage, and the pilot was provided with a periscope!
       The air force critisized this design feature rather sharply.
       The project was cancelled later.
LL-143, Beriev
       See {Be-6}.
LR, Kotsjerigin
       Light reconaissance biplane, a development of the {R-5}. The
       {R-Z} was preferred.
       Type: LR
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1934  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 800hp M-34
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2*mg b200kg
LS, TsAGI
       Streamlined, twin-boom glider, built to test a laminar flow wing
       profile. Lost on its first flight. One built.
       Type: LS
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  
       Wing Span: 14.90m  Length: 10.39m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
LSh, Grigorovich
       Light attack aircraft, one of the aircraft designed in a
       detained design bureau. It used many parts of the {R-5},
       with reinforcements and the addition of armour. The LSh
       was discontinued in favour of the {TSh-1}.
       Type: LSh
       Function: attack 
       Year: 1930  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 680hp M-17
       Wing Span: 15.45m  Length: 10.40m  Height:   Wing Area: 51.2m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 225km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 6*mg7.62mm
--M---------------------------------------------------------------------
M-1, Grigorovich
       The M-1 was developed from the French {Donnet-Leveque 1912}
       flying boat. It was a mixed-construction biplane with a pusher
       engine. One built.
       Type: M-1
       Function: reconnaissance 
       Year: 1913  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 50hp Gnome 
       Wing Span: 9.50m  Length: 7.40m  Height:   Wing Area: 18.2m2
       Empty Weight: 420kg  Max.Weight: 620kg
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
M-2, Grigorovich
       Development of the {M-1}. The M-2 was larger, more powerful and
       aerodynamically cleaned up. A small series was built.
       Type: M-2
       Function: reconnaissance 
       Year: 1914  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 100hp Gnome Monosoupape
       Wing Span: 13.68m  Length: 8.0m  Height:   Wing Area: 33.5m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 870kg
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
M-3, Grigorovich
       Development of the {M-2} with a new wing. The M-3 was rejected
       because it wasn't seaworthy.
M-4, Grigorovich
       Development of the {M-2}. A few were built. 1915.
M-4, Myasichew 'Bison'
       Four-engined, swept-wing jet bomber. The engines were buried
       in the wing roots. An unusual feature was the tandem landing
       gear, with small stabilising wheels at the tips of the drooping
       wings, and a nosewheel leg which was extended at take-off to
       achieve the correct angle of incidence. It is said that Tupolev
       selected turboprop engines for the competing {Tu-95} bomber because
       he knew that the required range of 14000km could not be achieved
       with jet engines. The M-4, called 2M by the air force, indeed fell
       far below requirements. Myasichew developed a version known as
       the 3M, with new engines, a larger wing, and a new nose. However,
       the ICBM replaced the missile as delivery vehicle for nuclear
       weapons, and both the 2M and 3M were converted to tankers. 
       Type: M-4 'Bison-A'
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1955  Crew: 8  Engines: 4 * 8700kg Mikulin AM-3D
       Wing Span: 50.53m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 900km  Ceiling: 13000m  Range: 11000km
       Armament: 10*g23mm 10000kg
       Type: 3M 'Bison-B'
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1956  Crew: 7  Engines: 4 * 24250lb VD-7
       Wing Span: 53.14m  Length: 48.76m  Height:   Wing Area: 350.1m2
       Empty Weight: 74430kg  Max.Weight: 203000kg
       Speed: 940km/h  Ceiling: 14900m  Range: 
       Armament: 24000kg
M-5, Grigorovich
       Biplane flying boat. It was a development of the {M-4}. About 300
       were built, and saw service in WWI and in the civil war.
       Type: M-5
       Function: reconnaissance 
       Year: 1915  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 100hp Gnome Monosoupape
       Wing Span: 13.62m  Length: 8.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 37.90m2
       Empty Weight: 660kg  Max.Weight: 960kg
       Speed: 105km/h  Ceiling: 3300m  Range: 4hrs
       Armament: 1*mg7.62mm
M-6, Grigorovich
       Version of the {M-5} with a 150hp Sunbeam engine.
M-6, Myasichew 'Bison'
       Renamed 3M. See {M-4}.
M-6, Tupolev
       Naval version of the {R-6}, with floats. 
M-7, Grigorovich
       Development of the {M-5}.
M-8, Grigorovich
       Development of the {M-5}.
M-9, Grigorovich
       Biplane flying boat, on the same lines as the {M-5} series, but
       again larger, more powerful, and with a redesigned hull shape.
       The M-9 was an excellent aircraft, very seaworthy and suitable
       for air combat. About 500 were built, with several alternative
       engines.
       Type: M-9
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year: 1916  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 150hp Salmson
       Wing Span: 16.00m  Length: 9.0m  Height:   Wing Area: 54.8m2
       Empty Weight: 1600kg  Max.Weight: 1610kg
       Speed: 105km/h  Ceiling: 3000m  Range: 5hrs
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm, 7.5mm, 20mm, or 37mm
M-10, Grigorovich
       Small flying boat. 
M-10, Beriev
       See {Be-10}.
M-11, Grigorovich
       Biplane flying boat fighter. The M-11 was a simple aircraft with
       a psuher engine. There were two-seat and single-seat versions.
       The two-seaters were used only as trainers, but the single-seaters
       were claimed to be the fastest flying boat fighters in the world.
       The M-11 could also be operated on skies, for frozen lakes. It was
       not entirely successful, and only about 60 were built. 
       Type: M-11
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1917  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 110hp Rhone
       Wing Span: 8.75m  Length: 7.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 26.00m2
       Empty Weight: 676kg  Max.Weight: 926kg
       Speed: 148km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2.7hrs
       Armament: 1*mg7.62mm
M-12, Beriev
       AV-MF designation of the {Be-12}.
M-12, Grigorovich
       Development of the {M-11}. The hull was redesigned to improve
       its hydrodynamics, and the structure was made lighter. Performance
       was substantially improved. Only a few were built, and few were
       actually used as fighters.
       Type: M-12
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1917  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 110hp Le Rhone
       Wing Span: 8.75m  Length: 7.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 26.00m2
       Empty Weight: 620kg  Max.Weight: 870kg
       Speed: 140km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2.7hrs
       Armament: 1*mg7.62mm
M-15, Grigorovich
       Biplane flying boat with a pusher engine, designed as a long-
       range reconaissance aircraft. It could also operate on skis.
       About 80 were built.
       Type: M-15
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1916  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 140hp Hispano-Suiza
       Wing Span: 11.9m  Length: 8.4m  Height:   Wing Area: 34.4m2
       Empty Weight: 840kg  Max.Weight: 1320kg
       Speed: 125km/h  Ceiling: 3500m  Range: 5.5hrs
       Armament:
M-16, Grigorovich
       Two-sear reconaissance aircraft. Unlike other Grigorovich
       designs, this was not a flying boat. It was a pusher biplane,
       optimized for operation on skis.
       Type: M-16
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1916  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 150hp Salmson
       Wing Span: 18.0m  Length: 8.6m  Height:   Wing Area: 61.8m2
       Empty Weight: 1100kg  Max.Weight: 1450kg
       Speed: 110km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
M-17, Grigorovich
       Unbuilt development of the {M-5}.
M-17, Myasichev 'Mystic'
       An high-altitude aircraft with an high-aspect ratio {U-2} like wing
       and twin tail booms. The obvious role is reconaissance, but the M-17
       was in fact designed to hunt reconnaissance balloons --- in the '50s
       and also in the '80s, the US used high-altitude balloons for recce
       missions over the USSR. The later {M-55} or M-17RM was twin-engined
       and optimized for reconnaissance. A two-seat version is under
       development and will enter service in 1997. 
       Type: M-17 'Mystic-A'
       Function: balloon interceptor
       Year: 1978  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 117.7kN Koliesev RD-36-51V
       Wing Span: 40.32m  Length: 22.27m  Height: 4.87m  Wing Area: 137.7m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 18400kg
       Speed: 743km/h  Ceiling: 21550m	Range: 1315km
       Armament: 1*g23mm
       Type: M-17RM
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1988  Crew: 1  Engines:  2 * 49kN PS-30V12
       Wing Span: 37.46m  Length: 22.87m  Height: 4.80m  Wing Area: 131.6m2
       Empty Weight: 14000kg  Max.Weight: 23800kg
       Speed: 750km/h  Ceiling: 20000m  Range: 4965km
       Load: 1500kg
M-19, Grigorovich
       Unbuilt development of the {M-5}.
M-20, Grigorovich
       Version of the {M-5} with a 120hp Le Rhone engine.
M-23bis, Grigorovich
       Refined version of the {M-9}. Work began in 1917, but it was
       completed in 1923.
M-24, Grigorovich
       Biplane flying boat. It was based on the obsolete {M-9} design,
       with a more powerful engine. The M-24bis was redesigned to
       eliminate structural defects. 60 built.
       Type: M-24bis
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1923  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 194kW Renault V-8
       Wing Span: 16.00m  Length: 9.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 55m2
       Empty Weight: 1200kg  Max.Weight: 4000kg
       Speed: 140km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range: 
       Armament: 1*mg7.62mm 100kg
M-50, Myasichew 'Bounder'
       One writer commented on the M-50 that it was "an outstanding
       failure which revealed an embarassing lack of understanding
       of the problems of high-speed flight." The truth is that little
       is known about the 'Bounder'. It was a fast jet bomber with
       four engines, two under the wing and two on the tips of its
       truncated delta wing. The intended engines were not available,
       so the M-50 became a technology demonstrator for the {M-52}. 
       Type: M-50
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1960  Crew:   Engines: 4 * 93.16kN Dobrynin VD-7BA
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: M0.99 Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
M-52, Myasichew 'Bounder'
       Second prototype of the {M-50}. The engine installation was
       modified, and a second tailplane added to the top of the fin.
       Type: 
       Function: 
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 4 * 166.70kN Zubets RD16-17
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
M-55, Myasichew 'Mystic'
       Factory designation for the twin-engined version of the {M-17},
       known as M-17RM to the military.
M-62, Bartini
       See {VVA-14}.
M-201, Myasichew
       Version of the {M-4}.
MAI-3, Grushin
       See {Sh-Tandem}.
MB, Mosca
       Monoplane reconaissance fighter, designed by the Italian Mosca.
       More than 50 were built of the MB bis single-seat fighter version;
       the original MB was a two-seat reconaissance aircraft.
       Type: MB bis
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1916  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 80hp Le Rhone
       Wing Span: 7.90m  Length: 6.10m  Height:   Wing Area: 12.00m2
       Empty Weight: 322kg  Max.Weight: 487kg
       Speed: 130km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2*mg
MBR-2, Beriev
       Monoplane flying boat, a shoulder-wing aircarft with a pusher
       engine on high struts. Approx 1400 were built. Later models
       switched to the 830hp Mikulin AM-34N engine, and had enclosed
       crew positions. The MBR-2 was used until the end of WWII. 
       Type: MBR-2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1933  Crew: 4-5  Engines: 1 * 680hp M-17
       Wing Span: 19m  Length: 13.5m  Height:	Wing Area: 55m2
       Empty Weight: 2475kg  Max Weight: 4100kg
       Speed: 248km/h  Ceiling: 6000m  Range: 1200km
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm b300kg
MBR-4, Savoia-Marchetti
       This was the Italian Sovoia-Marchetti {S.62} biplane flying boat.
       24 were bought, and 29 more were licence-built in Taganrog. Some
       modifications were designed by Beriev.
       Type: MBR-4
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year: 1931  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 750hp Isotta-Fraschini Asso
       Wing Span: 16.6m  Length: 12.26m  Height:   Wing Area: 69.52m2
       Empty Weight: 2480kg  Max.Weight: 4300kg
       Speed: 220km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 900km
       Armament: 
MBR-7, Beriev
       Replacement for the {MBR-2}. It was generally similar, but
       redesigned. It was not put in production. 
       Type: MBR-7
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1939  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 950hp M-103
       Wing Span: 13.0m  Length: 10.6m  Height:   Wing Area: 26m2
       Empty Weight: 2418kg  Max.Weight: 3600kg
       Speed: 377km/h  Ceiling: 8500m  Range:1215km
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm 500kg
MDR-1, Grigorovich
       See {ROM-2}.
MDR-2, Tupolev
       All-metal flying boat. No production.
       Type: MDR-2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1931  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 650hp M)17
       Speed: 217km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
MDR-3, Chetverikov
       Four-engined, long-range flying boat. The engines were installed
       in tandem pairs on top of the wing. The MDR-3 was a sound
       aircraft, but performance was insufficient. One built.
       Type: MDR-3
       Function: maritime patrol
       Year: 1932  Crew: 6  Engines: 4 * 680hp BMW VI
       Wing Span: 32.20m  Length: 21.90m  Height:   Wing Area: 153m2
       Empty Weight: 8928kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 210km/h  Ceiling: 2200m  Range: 1600km
       Armament: 8*mg 500kg
MDR-4, Tupolev
       Three-engined development of the {MDR-2}. 15 built.
       Type: MDR-4
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1936  Crew:   Engines: 3 * 950hp M-34R
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
MDR-5, Beriev
       Long-range patrol flying boat. The MDR-5 had a single-step boat
       hull, a shoulder wing, fixed stabilizing floats, and fore and
       aft gun turrets. The second prototype was completed as an
       amhpibian. It did not enter production, because the competing
       {MDR-6} was preferred.
       Type: MDR-5
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1938  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 950hp M-87A
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 335km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1750km
       Armament: 3*mg7.62mm 1000kg
MDR-6, Chetverikov
       See {Che-2}.
MDR-7, Shavrov
       Design for a reconaissance flying boat. Abandoned.
MF.7, Maurice Farman
       The {MF.7} was a French pusher biplane, a 1913 design with a
       rotary engine. It was popular with Russian crews, and in combat
       service until 1917.
MI, Engels
       Seaplane fighter. The MI had a flying-boat fuselage. For
       stabilisation, the tips of the parasol wing were turned down
       and made waterthight. After delivery of two production aircraft,
       work was halted in September/October 1917. Three built. 
       Type: MI
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1916  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 100hp Gnome Monosoupape
       Wing Span: 9.00m  Length: 7.50m  Height:   Wing Area: 14.20m2
       Empty Weight: 385kg  Max.Weight: 555kg
       Speed: 170km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*mg7.62mm
Mi-1, Mil 'Hare'
       Liaison and utility helicopter, also used for training. Several
       hundred built.
       Type: Mi-1
       Function: liaison
       Year: 1949  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 420kW Lyulka Al-26V
       Rotor Span: 14.3m  Length: 12m  Height: 3.3m  Disc Area: 161.5m2
       Empty Weight: 1760kg  Max.Weight: 2550kg
       Speed: 205km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 650km
       Load: 3 seats
Mi-2, Mil 'Hoplite'
       Replacement for the {Mi-1}. Production was undertaken in Poland.
       The Mi-2 was developed from the Mi-1 by fitting turbine engines
       on the cabin roof.
       Type: Mi-2
       Function: utility
       Year: 1961  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 335kW Isotov GTD-350P
       Speed: 210km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range: 580km
       Load: 8 seats, 700kg
MI-3, Tupolev
       Twin-engined multi-seat fighter. The MI-3 was an all-metal monoplane 
       with retractable undercarriage, of stressed-skin construction with 
       partial flush riveting. The engines were copies of the BMW VI. Only
       one MI-3 was built; after it was lost a redesign produced the 
       MI-3D with a single tailfin. The {ANT-29} was then already the
       preferred aircraft, and the MI-3bis did not enter production.
       Type: MI-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1933  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 680hp M-17B
       Wing Span: 20.76m  Length: 11.70m  Height:   Wing Area: 55.10m2
       Empty Weight: 3670kg  Max.Weight: 5500kg
       Speed: 359km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1120km
       Armament: (1*g20mm 3*mg7.62mm)
       Type: MI-3D
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1934  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 680hp M-12B
       Wing Span: 20.76m  Length: 12.30m  Height:   Wing Area: 55.10m2
       Empty Weight: 3800kg  Max.Weight: 5260kg
       Speed: 356km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*g20mm 3*mg7.62mm
Mi-4, Mil 'Hound'
       Utility helicopter, replacing the {Mi-1}. The design of the Mi-4
       was triggered by the use of helicopters of the US forces in Korea.
       About 3500 built.
       Type: Mi-4
       Function: transport
       Year: 1952  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 1700hp Shvetsov ASh-82V
       Rotor Span: 21m  Length: 25.02m  Height: 5.18m  Disc Area: 346m2
       Empty Weight: 5390kg  Max.Weight: 7800kg
       Speed: 210km/h  Ceiling: 5500m  Range: 400km
       Armament:
Mi-6, Mil 'Hook'
       The Mi-6 is a big, powerful transport helicopter. Getting this
       large vehicle in the air was no easy task; the Mi-6 has an
       enormous gearbox, heavier than its engines, and often uses
       short wings to unload the rotor in cruise. It was not only
       for a long time the largest helicopter, it was also the fastest.
       Type: Mi-6
       Function: transport
       Year: 1957  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 5500hp Soloviev D-25V
       Rotor Span: 35m  Length: 41.74m  Height: 9.86m  Disc Area: 962.11m2
       Empty Weight: 27240kg  Max.Weight: 42500kg
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling: 4500m  Range: 650km
       Load: 12000kg
Mi-8, Mil 'Hip'
       The standard medium transport helicopter of the Soviet and many
       WarPac forces. The Mi-8 / {Mi-14} / {Mi-17} family is the world's
       most produced helicopter design. It is a roomy twin-turbine
       helicopter with a five-bladed main rotor. 
       Type: Mi-8
       Function: transport
       Year: 1962  Crew: 2-3  Engines: 2 * 1700hp Isotov TV2-117A
       Rotor Span: 21.29m  Length:   Height: 5.65m  Disc Area: 356m2
       Empty Weight: 7260kg  Max.Weight: 12000kg
       Speed: 260km/h  Ceiling: 4500m  Range: 1200km
       Load: 4000kg
Mi-9, Mil 'Hip'
       The Mi-9 'Hip-G' is a development of the {Mi-8}VZPU 'Hip-D' airborne
       command post.
Mi-10, Mil 'Harke'
       Crane helicopter, built in long-legged and short-legged versions.
       Developed from the {Mi-6}, with a new, shallow fuselage. 
       Type: Mi-10K
       Function: crane helicopter
       Year: 1964  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 5500hp Soloviev D-25V
       Rotor Span: 35m  Length: 41.89m  Height: 7.80m  Wing Area: 962.11m2
       Empty Weight: 24860kg  Max.Weight: 38000kg
       Speed: 200km/h  Ceiling: 3000m  Range: 250km
       Load: 15000kg
Mi-12, Mil 'Homer'
       The Mi-12 was the largest helicopter in the world. Two outriggers
       each carried two engines and a rotor. It set records, but never
       entered service. Two built.
       Type: Mi-12
       Function: transport
       Year: 1969  Crew:   Engines: 4 * 4780kW Soloviev D-25V
       Speed: 240km/h  Ceiling: 3500m  Range: 500km
       Load: 40000kg
Mi-14, Mil 'Haze'
       Shore-based, navalized version of the {Mi-8} 'Hip' with a float
       bottom and ASW equipment. There are alsa SAR and mine-sweeping
       versions.
       Type: Mi-14PL 'Haze-A'
       Function: ASW
       Year: 1978  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 1640kW Isotov TV3-117
       Rotor Span: 21.20m  Length: 25.3m  Height:   Disc Area: 356m2
       Empty Weight: 9000kg  Max.Weight: 14000kg
       Speed: 230km/h  Ceiling: 3500m  Range: 1135km
       Armament: 3000kg
Mi-17, Mil 'Hip'
       Improved {Mi-8}, with more powerful engines for 'hot and high'
       conditions. The designation Mi-17 is for export; the USSR
       armed forces called it Mi-8MT or VT. The Mi-17 can be recognized
       because it has the tail rotor at the starboard side, instead
       of the port side. 
       Type: Mi-17 'Hip-H'
       Function: utility
       Year: 1980  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 1950hp Isotov TV3-117VM
       Rotor Span: 21.2m  Length: 25.3m  Height: 4.70m  Disc Area: 365m2
       Empty Weight: 7100kg  Max.Weight: 13000kg
       Speed: 250km/h  Ceiling: 5000m  Range: 495km
       Load: 4000kg or 24 seats
Mi-18, Mil
       This designation was used first for a version of the {Mi-8} with
       the propulsion systems of the {Mi-14}. It was soon renamed Mi-17.
Mi-18, Mil
       The second Mi-18 was another development of the {Mi-8}. The
       fuselage was made longer, so that it could carry 24 troops.
       Only two prototypes were built. After a review of requirements
       production plans were abandoned.
       Type: Mi-18
       Function: utility
       Year: 1980  Crew:   Engines: 2 * TV3-117MV
       Rotor Span:   Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 270km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Load: 5000kg, 24 seats
Mi-22, Mil 'Hook-C'
       The 'Hook-C' is a development of the {Mi-6}VKP 'Hook-B' airborne
       command post.
Mi-24, Mil 'Hind'
       The Mi-24 is an assault helicopter, carrying a large weapons load,
       but also capable of transporting up to eight troops. Its size may
       have been a consequence of the selection of the {Mi-8}'s propulsion
       system, and is disadvantagous in combat. It saw extensive service
       in Afghanistan and has also been exported to many countries.
       Type: Mi-24D 'Hind-E'
       Function: attack
       Year: 1978  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 2200hp Isotov TV3-117
       Rotor Span: 17.30m  Length: 21.5m  Height: 3.90m  Disc Area: 235m2
       Empty Weight: 8200kg  Max.Weight: 12000kg
       Speed: 322km/h  Ceiling: 4570m  Range:
       Armament: 1*g23mm or 1*g12.7mm; 1275kg
Mi-25, Mil 'Hind'
       Export version of the {Mi-24}.
Mi-26, Mil 'Halo'
       The Mi-26 is now the world's largest transport helicopter. The
       Mi-26 is a straightforward extension of the {Mi-6} series, but
       able to carry 66% more weight.
       Type: Mi-26T
       Function: transport
       Year: 1985  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 11240hp Lotarev D-136
       Speed: 295km/h  Ceiling: 4600m  Range: 800km
       Load: 70 seats, 20000kg
Mi-28, Mil 'Havoc'
       A two-seat attack helicopter, smaller than the {Mi-24} and better
       optimized for the anti-tank role. The Mi-28 has two heavily armoured
       cockpits, a remarkable nose full with electronic equipment, and
       a narrow-X tail rotor. The competing {Ka-50} seems to have been
       selected by the Russian forces.
       Type: Mi-28
       Function: attack
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines: 2 * 2200hp Isotov
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling: 5800m  Range:
       Armament:
Mi-30, Mil
       Experimental tilt-wing design.
Mi-32, Mil
       Development of {Mi-30}.
Mi-35, Mil 'Hind'
       An export version of the {Mi-24} with slightly downgraded electronic
       equipment.
MiG-1, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       This was the first of a distinguished line; but it was an
       unauspicious start. The MiG-1 was the smallest fighter that
       could be built around the AM-35 engine, that was 25% heavier
       than comparable western engines. Nevertheless it was a good
       high-altitude interceptor, but its career was cut short because
       the USSR concentrated on low- and medium altitude fighters, and
       Mikulin dropped the AM-35 engine to concentrate on the AM-38 for
       the {Il-2}.
       Type: MiG-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * Mikulin AM-35A
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 8.16m  Height: 2.62m  Wing Area: 17.44m2
       Empty Weight: 2602kg  Max.Weight: 3099kg
       Speed: 628km/h  Ceiling: 120000m  Range: 730km
       Armament: 3*mg b200kg
MiG-3, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Development of the {MiG-1} with only minor differences, mostly
       palliative measures to cure the least desirable characteristics
       of the MiG-1. 3422 MiG-1's and MiG-3's were built. The designation
       MiG-3U was used for the {I-230}. 
       Type: MiG-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1350hp Mikulin AM-35A
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 8.26m  Height: 3.50m  Wing Area: 17.44m2
       Empty Weight: 2595kg  Max.Weight: 3350kg
       Speed: 640km/h  Ceiling: 12000m	Range: 1250km
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm 1*mg12.7mm
MiG-5, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Designation given to a possible production version of the {DIS}.
       Often confused with the {I-211}.
MiG-7, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-222}.
MiG-8, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Aerodynamic research vehicle. The MiG-8 was a small aircraft with a
       pusher engine, high-set swept wings, and canard foreplances on a
       sharply tapering 'nose-boom'. It was very un-MiG like. 1945.
MiG-9, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       This designation was used briefly for a proposed production version
       of the {I-210}. 
MiG-9, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Fargo'
       The MiG-9 was the first jet fighter of the design bureau. It was an
       orthodox design with a straight wing and a nose intake. Performance
       and handling suffered because of the primitive engines, copies of the
       German BMW 003. 550 built.
       Type: MiG-9F
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 800kg RD-20F
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 9.75m  Height:   Wing Area: 18.20m2
       Empty Weight: 3540kg  Max.Weight: 5500kg
       Speed: 910km/h  Ceiling: 13000m	Range: 1100km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g23mm
MiG-13, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-250}.
MiG-15, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Fagot' / 'Midget'
       The MiG-15 was an unpleasant surprise to the West when it appeared
       over Korea. It had serious shortcomings in handling, equipment and
       armament, but its performance was superior to that of any Western
       fighter. The configuration, with the high-set swept wing, high
       tailplane and nose intake may have been inspired by the German
       {Ta-183} design; the engine was a copy of the Rolls-Royce Nene. 
       'Midget' was the trainer version. The MiG-15 is the most built 
       jet fighter, with over 18000 produced.
       Type: MiG-15bis
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2700kg Klimov VK-1
       Wing Span: 10.08m  Length: 10.86m  Height: 3.70m  Wing Area: 20.60m2
       Empty Weight: 3681kg  Max.Weight: 6045kg
       Speed: 1075km/h	Ceiling: 15500m  Range: 1860km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g23mm 500kg
MiG-17, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Fresco'
       This was a thoroughly redesigned {MiG-15}, with a redesigned aft
       fuselage and a new wing. The MiG-17 was built in large numbers;
       production was also undertaken in Poland, China and Czechoslovakia.
       The aircraft was used by at least 22 countries.
       Type: MiG-17F 'Fresco-C'
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1954  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 3380kg Klimov VK-1F
       Speed: 1145km/h	Ceiling: 15100m  Range: 1470km
       Wing Span: 9.63m  Length: 11.26m  Height:   Wing Area: 22.60m2
       Empty Weight: 3930kg  Max.Weight: 6075kg
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g23mm b500kg
MiG-19, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Farmer'
       The MiG-19 was the USSR's first supersonic fighter. The highly-swept,
       thin, sharply tapering wing was a remarkable characteristic. The
       MiG-19 proved to be a capable and sturdy combat aircraft, maneuvrable
       and armed with powerful 30mm guns. The MiG-19S was a simply fair-
       weather fighter, but the MiG-19P had limited all-weather capability. 
       China is still building developments, and allegedly completed over
       4000, which would be about twice as many as the USSR built. 
       Type: MiG-19SF
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1956  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 3300kg Tumanski RD-9BF
       Wing Span: 9.20m  Length: 12.60m  Height: 3.88m  Wing Area: 25m2
       Empty Weight: 5760kg  Max.Weight: 9100kg
       Speed: 1450km/h	Ceiling: 17900m  Range: 
       Armament: 3*g30mm b500kg
MiG-21, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Fishbed' / 'Mongol'
       This tailed-delta fighter was in production for more than twenty
       years, and the final production aircraft were very different from
       the initial version. The early MiG-21Fs were simple good-weather
       interceptors with only a ranging radar, inadequately armed and with
       a very short operational range. The MiG-21P(F) introduced a limited
       all-weather capability, with a longer shock cone in the nose intake
       for a more powerful radar, a bigger fuselage spine. The second
       generation MiG-21M had a new engine and an again enlarged fuselage
       spine, containing additional fuel. The third generation MiG-21bis
       introduced yet another engine and a new avionics upgrade. The
       MiG-21U 'Mongol' is the trainer version. Recently a series of
       upgrades of MiG-21s has begun, usually with Western electronics.
       India did build MiG-21s until 1987; China still builds MiG-21s,
       exporting them with the {F-7} designation. Over 10,000 must
       have been built. 
       Type: MiG-21F 'Fishbed-C'
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1959  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 5740kg R11F-300
       Wing Span: 7.15m  Length: 13.46m  Height: 4.10m  Wing Area: 23.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4980kg  Max. Weight: 8625kg
       Speed: 2175km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2030km
       Armament: 1*g23mm, 2 missiles
       Type: MiG-21MF 'Fishbed-J'
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1970  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 6600kg Tumanski R-13-300
       Wing Span: 7.15m  Length: 15.76m  Height: 4.50m  Wing Area: 23.0m2
       Empty Weight: 5842kg  Max. Weight: 9400kg
       Speed: 2230km/h  Ceiling: 15250m  Range: 1800km
       Armament: 1*g23mm 2500kg
       Type: MiG-21bis 'Fishbed-N'
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1972  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 61.3kN Tumanski R-25
       Wing Span: 7.15m  Length: 14.70m  Height:   Wing Area: 23.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max. Weight: 
       Speed: 2230km/h	Ceiling: 17980m  Range:
       Armament: 1*g23mm 1500kg
MiG-23, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Flogger'
       The MiG-23 is a compact fighter with variable sweep wings, which
       combines good performance with the ability to operate from small
       and rough airfields. It was developed in parallel with the MiG-23PD
       (which to see). The first production series was the MiG-23S, powered
       by a R-27 engine. The true production model was the MiG-23M, 
       substantially redesigned and powered by an R-29 engine, later
       replaced by the R-35. The MiG-23 was a capable fighter but lacked
       a look-down, shoot-down capability. Over 5800 were built. This
       includes the MiG-23BN ground attack version. A more specialized
       ground attack version was the {MiG-27}.
       Type: MiG-23S
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1969  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 10000kg Khachaturov R-27M-300
       Wing Span: 13.96m / 7.78m  Length: 16.70m  Height:
       Wing Area: 32.10m2 / 29.89m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1280km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1800km
       Armament: 
       Type: MiG-23MF 'Flogger-B'
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1974  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 12500kg Tumanski R-29B
       Wing Span: 14.25m/8.17m  Length: 16.80m  Height: 4.35m  Wing Area: 28m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 20100kg
       Speed: 2445km/h	Ceiling: 18600m  Range: 1300km
       Armament: 1*g23mm
MiG-23PD, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The MiG-23PD was developed in parallel with the {MiG-23}S. The
       MiG-23PD used a tailed delta configuration with lift engines in
       the forward fuselage, the MiG-23S had variable geometry wings.
       The MiG-23S was preferred, and only one MiG-23PD was built.
       Type: MiG-23PD
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1967  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 7800kg Khachaturov R-27-300
                                     2 * 2350kg Koliesov RD-36-35
       Wing Span: 7.72m  Length: 16.80m  Height: 5.15m  Wing Area: 40.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 18500kg
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*g23mm
MiG-25, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Foxbat'
       This was the USSR's answer to the design in the US of fast, high-
       flying aircraft as the {B-70}, {F-108} and S{R-71}. The MiG-25
       lacked technological refinement, but its performance caused much
       concern in the west. It was designed to function both as long-
       range interceptor and reconnaissance aircraft. The center fuselage
       is a big, welded steel fuel tank, so avionics, radar or cameras
       are in the nose. Speed is limited to Mach 2.83 mainly by
       controllability problems. Main versions are the Mig-25P fighter,
       the upgraded MiG-25PD fighter, the MiG-25R reconnaissance aircraft,
       the MiG-25RB 'Foxbat-B' dual-role reconnaissance aircraft and tactical
       bomber, and the MiG-25BM 'Foxbat-F'defence suppression aircraft. 
       There are two-seat trainer versions of both the fighter and the
       reconnaissance version. Production of the fighter ended in 1983.
       The MiG-25 saw combat in several wars in the Middle East. Over 1200
       have been built, of which about 75% were interceptors. 
       Type: MiG-25PD Foxbat-E
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1978  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 11200kg Tumansky R-15D-300
       Wing Span: 14.02m  Length: 21.67m  Height: 6.50m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 36720kg
       Speed: 3000km/h at 13000m, 1200km/h at S/L
       Ceiling: 20700m Range: 1730km 
       Armament: 4 missiles
       Type: MiG-25RB Foxbat-B
       Function: reconaissance / attack
       Year: 1970  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 10210kg Tumansky R-15B-300
       Wing Span: 13.42m  Length: 21.55m  Height: 6.5m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 20755  Max.Weight: 41200kg
       Speed: 3000km/h at 13000m  Ceiling: 23000m  Range: 2900km
       Armament: bombs 4000kg 
MiG-27, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Flogger'
       This is a version of the {MiG-23} optimized for the ground attack
       role, with a new nose, simpler engine intakes and nozzle, and
       other changes. These limit supersonic performance, but reduce
       cost, weight and fuel consumption. 
       Type: MiG-27M 'Flogger-J'
       Function: attack
       Year: 1973  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 *  11500kg Tumanski R-29-300
       Wing Span: 14.25m/8.17m  Length: 16.00m  Height: 4.50m  Wing Area: 27.25m2
       Empty Weight: 10790kg  Max.Weight: 20100kg
       Speed: 1700km/h	Ceiling: 17000m  Range:
       Armament: 1*g23mm 4000kg
MiG-29, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Fulcrum'
       A medium-sized air superiority fighter. 'Fulcrum' is an impressive
       aircraft, with good performance, armament and maneuvrability, and
       the ability to use rough airfields. Range is weak point, and later
       versions were modified to carry more fuel. A navalized version has
       also been flown, but did not enter service. The Russian air force
       prefers the larger {Su-27} and its derivatives, but the development
       of more advanced versions has been funded. Over 2000 have been built. 
       Type: MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A'
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1985  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 81.4kN Klimov (Isotov) RD-33
       Wing Span: 11.36m  Length: 17.32m  Height: 4.73m  Wing Area:
       Empty Weight: 11000kg  Max.Weight: 18500kg
       Speed: Mach 2.3	Ceiling: 18000m  Range: 2100km
       Armament: 1*g30mm
MiG-31, Mikoyan 'Foxhound'
       The MiG-31 long-range interceptor was developed from the {MiG-25}.
       The two-seat MiG-31 fighter has more capable equipment, including
       the powerful 'Zaslon' phased array radar with a range of 200km. 
       It is claimed that an unit of MiG-31 can link their radars together,
       to establish a search pattern -- covering a width of 800-900km with
       four aircraft, spaced at 200km. 
       Type: MiG-31
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1983  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 15500kg Soloviev D-30F-6
       Wing Span: 13.46m  Length: 22.67m  Height: 6.1m  Wing Area: 61.6m2
       Empty Weight: 21825kg  Max.Weight: 46200kg
       Speed: 3000km/h	Ceiling: 20600m  Range: 3000km
       Armament: 1*g30mm
MiG-33, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Reported designation for a {MiG-29} development now under test,
       with canard foreplanes and some degree of trust-vectoring. The
       MiG-33 seems to have been an experimental step in the development
       of the {MiG-35}. 
MiG-35, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Development of the {MiG-29} with larger wings, canards, an
       upgraded cockpit, and thrust vectoring. The engines have been
       moved backwards to make more room for fuel in the fuselage. 
       Expected to make its first flight in 1997.
       Type: MiG-35
       Function: fighter
       Year: (1997?)  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 81.4kN Klimov RD-133
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 17.40m  Height: 470m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 24000kg
       Speed: 2400km/h  Ceiling: 17000m  Range: 4000km
       Armament: 1*g30mm 5000kg
MiG-AT, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       New basic jet trainer, selected to replace the {L-29} and {L-39}.
       The MiG-AT is more conventional than the Yak-130. It has a low-set,
       straight wing, with the engines installed over the wing roots,
       and a T-tail. Two prototypes are being built, and orders are
       hoped to exceed 1200. The MiG-AT has French engines, and is also
       being developed in cooperation with the South-Korean Daewoo. 
       Type: MiG-AT
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1996  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * GRTS Larzac 04-R20
       Wing Span: 10.6m  Length: 11.15m  Height: 4.27m  Wing Area: 21.0m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 6800kg
       Speed: 850km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1200km
MK-1, Grigorovich
       The MK-1 was a large reconaissance flying boat. It featured a
       wooden fuselage, a high-set tail boom, and three tractor
       engines. It did not enter production.
       Type: MK-1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1916  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 220hp Renault
                                     1 * 150hp Salmson
       Wing Span: 30.0m  Length: 16.5m  Height:   Wing Area: 165m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
MK-1, Tupolev
       Twin-hulled flying boat, inspired by the Italian Savoia {S.55}.
       Only one was built.
       Type: MK-1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1934  Crew: 8  Engines: 6 * 830hp AM-34R
       Wing Span: 51m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 223km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 1*g20mm 8*mg7.7mm 6000kg
MK-1 Rybka, Korvin
       Single-seat fighter biplane. The MK-1 had a monocoque fuselage made
       from strips of birch. It was designed for floats, but only flew
       with wheels or skis. The MK-1 was a sound design, but it was
       considered to be already obsolescent. One built.
       Type: MK-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1923  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 200hp Hispano-Suiza
       Wing Span: 7.20m  Length: 6.59m  Height: 3.00m  Wing Area: 21.50m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 190km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
MM, Grigorovich
       Minelaying version of the {ROM-1}. Not completed. 1928.
MMN, Arkhangelsky
       The MMN was an improved version of the {SB}, with a new wing. 
       The fuselage nose and engine nacelles were cleaned up. It
       remained a prototype, and continued development produced the
       {Ar-2}.
       Type: MMN
       Function: bomber 
       Year: 1939  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 1050hp M-105
       Wing Span: 18.0m  Length: 12.78m  Height:   Wing Area: 48.2m2
       Empty Weight: 4820kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 458km/h at 4200m  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 760km
       Armament: 3*mg7.62mm
MP, Polikarpov
       Motorised version of the {BDP-2} assault glider.
       Type: MP
       Function: assault transport
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 108kW M-11F
       Wing Span: 20m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 172km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: mg
MPI, Polikarpov
       Cannon-armed multiseat fighter. Development of the {TsKB-44}.
MPI-1, Polikarpov
       Cannon-armed multiseat fighter. Development of the {VIT-2}. 
MR-1, Polikarpov
       Floatplane version of the {R-1}.
MR-2, Grigorovich
       Improved {MRL}. The airframe was cleaned up and a more powerful
       engine installed, but the performance improvement was outweighed
       by a size increase. It did not enter production.
       Type: MR-2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1926  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 450hp Lorraine-Dietrich 
       Wing Span: 15.6m  Length: 13.6m  Height:   Wing Area: 56.7m2
       Empty Weight: 1770kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 179km/h  Ceiling: 4200m  Range: 900km
       Armament: 
MR-3, Grigorovich
       Development of the {MR-2} with a more powerful engine and a
       a metal hull instead of a wooden one. The MR-3bis reverted to
       a wooden hull of better shape. Neither was accepted for
       production.
       Type: MR-3
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year: 1929  Crew: 2-3  Engines: 1 * 680hp BMW VI 
       Wing Span: 15.60m  Length: 11.40m  Height:   Wing Area: 52.0m2
       Empty Weight: 2027kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 194km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range: 750km
       Armament: 1*mg 
MR-5, Grigorovich
       Alternative designation for the {MR-3}. 
MR-5, Polikarpov
       Floatplane version of the {R-5}.
MR-6, Tupolev
       Torpedo bomber version of the {R-6}.
MRL, Grigorovich
       Flying boat, a biplane with a pusher engine in the Grigorovich
       tradition. It served as basis for the {MR-2}.
       Type: MRL
       Function: reconaissance 
       Year: 1925  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 400hp Liberty 12
       Wing Span: 13.2m  Length: 10.6m  Height:   Wing Area: 50.0m2
       Empty Weight: 1660kg  Max.Weight: 2600kg
       Speed: 185km/h  Ceiling: 3050m  Range: 950km
       Armament: 
MS-5, Beriev
       See {MDR-5}.
MS-8, Beriev
       See {MBR-7}.
MSh, Ilyushin
       Design for a single-seat attack aircraft with the engine behined
       the pilot. Not built. 1942.
MT, Grigorovich
       Biplane torpedo-bomber version of the {ROM-1}. Cancelled. 1928.
MTB-2, Tupolev
       Four-engined flying boat, first flown in 1937.
MU-1, Dudakov-Konstatinov
       Floatplane version of the {U-1} ({Avro 504}K). 73 built.
MU-2, Grigorovich
       Improved development of the {MUR-1}. The hull and tail were
       redesigned, and the engine changed. It did not enter production. 
       Type: MU-2
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1929  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Wing Span: 11.80m  Length: 8.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 35.6m2
       Empty Weight: 820kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 136km/h  Ceiling: 3150m  Range: 380km
MU-4, Michelson / Nikitin
       Biplane amphibian, intended as trainer. The {Scha-2} was
       preferred.
       Type: MU-4
       Function:
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines: 1 * 165hp MG-11F
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
MUR-1, Grigorovich
       Flying boat, a conventional design with a pusher engine derived
       from the {M-5}. It was intended for training. A small series was
       built.
       Type: MUR-1
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1926  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 120hp M-2
       Wing Span: 11.5m  Length: 8.0m  Height:   Wing Area: 33.0m2
       Empty Weight: 700kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 129km/h  Ceiling: 3500m  Range: 360km
MUR-2, Grigorovich
       Modified {MUR-1}, for research and development of planing bottoms
       for flying boats. 
Mya-4, Myasichew
       See {M-4}.
--N---------------------------------------------------------------------
N-2, Antonov
       Ambulance version of the {Shs}, with room for two stretchers.
NBB, Yakovlev
       Night bomber version of the {Yak-6}. 
NB(T), Polikarpov
       Streamlined, twin-engined bomber. First flew in juli 1944, the
       month of Polikarpov's death --- the NB(T) was abandoned, despite
       its promise. It was powered by two 1270kW ASh-82 radial engines,
       had a crew of five, and could fly at 515km/h. 
NM-1, Tsybin
       Technology demonstrator for the {RSR} project. The NM-1 was
       similar in layout but smaller, and had AM-5 engines.
--O---------------------------------------------------------------------
Omega, Bratukhin
       Experimental helicopter. The Omega had an aircraft-like fuselage
       and complex ouriggers that carried the engine nacelles and the
       two rotors. Tests were not entirely satisfactory.
       Type: Omega
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1941  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 220hp MV-6
       Span: 14.2m  Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 76.96m2
       Empty Weight: 1760kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 116km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 250km
Omega II, Bratukhin
       Modification of the {Omega} with improved engines and rotor
       drives, and stiffer outriggers. Flown successfully.
       Type: Omega II
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1944  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 330hp MG-31F
       Span: 14.2m  Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 76.96m2
       Empty Weight: 1880kg  Max.Weight: 2300kg
       Speed: 150km/h  Ceiling: 3000m  Range: 
OKA-38, Antonov
       Soviet version of the Fieseler {Fi 156} Storch. See {Shs}.
OKO-6, Tairov
       See {Ta-1}. 
OKO-7, Tairov
       See {Ta-3}.
OSGA-101, Chetverikov
       Prototype of the {SPL}, without the folding mechanisms.
--P---------------------------------------------------------------------
P-1, Sukhoi
       Experimental fighter. The P-1 two-seat fighter of tailed delta
       configuration. It had oval jet intakes just ahead of the wing
       root, with twin shock cones. Armament was rectractable rocket
       launchers in the nose, behind the radar. The intended engine
       was unavailable, and the big P-1 was underpowered with a single
       Lyulka AL-7F engine. No production.
       Type: P-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1958  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 10600kg Lyulka AL-7F
       Wing Span: 9.50m  Length: 21.30m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 2050km/h	Ceiling: 19500m  Range: 2000km
       Armament: 50*r57mm 1*g37mm
P-I, Krylov
       Designation applied to the {R-II} to indicate its possible use as a
       trainer.
P-2, Sukhoi
       This was the design for a twin-engined version of the {P-1}. It
       was intented to use 5370kg Isotov VK-11 engines. Not built.
P-2, Polikarpov
       Biplane trainer. 55 were built.
       Type: P-2
       Function: trainer 
       Year: 1928  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 224kW M-6
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: (1*mg)
P-39 Airacobra, Bell
       No less than 4924 of this little fighter were delivered to the
       USSR, its most succesfull user. The Bell {P-39} was well fit for
       the low-altitude fighting the USSR used it for.
P-42, Sukhoi
       A stripped version of the {Su-27}, without armament or electronics,
       but with wings optimized for high speed, shorter tail fins, and
       uprated engines. It was used to set time-to-height records.
P-63 Kingcobra, Bell
       The USSR was the only nation to use the {P-63} in combat. 2421
       delivered.
PB-1, Grigorovich
       Two-seat dive-bomber. Cancelled in 1938 after the death of
       Grigorovich. 
PB-100, Petlyakov
       Renamed {Pe-2}.
PBI, Belyayev
       Proposed dive bomber version of the {EOI}. Mock-up only? 
Pe-2, Petlyakov
       The Pe-2 was designed by a team detained at a factory. It was
       conceived as a very advanced high-altitude fighter, the {VI-100}.
       But there was no need for such aircraft, and the Pe-2 went on
       to become a very good fast light bomber. 11427 were built.
       Type: Pe-2
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1941  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 1210hp Klimov VK-105RF
       Speed: 581km/h  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 1770km
       Armament: 6*mg b1000kg
Pe-3, Petlyakov
       The Pe-3 was a multi-role fighter developed from the {Pe-2} bomber.
       Modifications were limited; the cockpit design was different: pilot
       and observer sat back-to-back, and there was no ventral gunner. 
       Only 23 were built before the German invasion caused it to be
       abandoned. Later the Pe-3bis entered production. This was a more
       direct fighter adaptation of the Pe-2 than the Pe-3 had been, and
       about 300 were built. It was also used as nightfighter. 
       Type: Pe-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1100hp Klimov M-105R
       Wing Span: 17.16m  Length: 12.78m  Height: 3.42m  Wing Area: 40.50m2
       Empty Weight: 5870kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 523km/h  Ceiling: 9100m  Range: 1500km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg12.7mm 1*mg7.62mm
       Type: Pe-3bis
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 1100hp Klimov M-105RA
       Wing Span: 17.16m  Length: 12.60m  Height: 3.42m  Wing Area: 40.50m2
       Empty Weight: 5870kg  Max.Weight: 8040kg
       Speed: 540km/h  Ceiling: 9100m  Range: 1700km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg12.7mm 1*mg7.62mm
Pe-4, Petlykov
       {Pe-2} version. Klimov VK-105PF engines.
Pe-8, Petlyakov
       The only four-engined bomber the USSR used during WWII. The
       USSR had no plans for strategic bombardment, and only a few
       such attacks on Germany were made. The Pe-8's most important
       claim to fame is flying Molotov from Washington to Moskow!
       Only 81 were built, some with M-30B diesel engines or M-82
       radials. A few had a fifth engine, to supply compressed air
       to the other engines, enhancing the performance at high altitude. 
       Type: Pe-8
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1940  Crew: 10  Engines: 4 *1350hp Mikulin AM-35A
       Wing Span: 39.10m  Length: 23.59m  Height: 6.20m  Wing Area: 188.68m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 438km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 4700km
       Armament: 2*g7.62mm 2*g20mm 2*g12.7mm b4000kg
PI-1, Grigorovich.
       Monoplane fighter, developed from the {IZ}. The 75mm cannon were
       later replaced by 20mm ShVAK cannon.
       Type: PI-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1934  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 715hp M-25
       Speed: 435km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 1*mg 2*g75mm
PM-2, Polikarpov
       Variation on the {MR-1}, itself a floatplane version of the {R-1}.
       Main difference between the MR-1 and PM-2 was that the PM-2 had
       metal floats, that were lighter, and thus a better performance. 
Po-2, Polikarpov
       See {U-2}. 
PS-4, Junkers
       Soviet designation of the German Junkers {W 33} transport.
PS-84, Lisunov
       See {Li-2}.
PT-7, Sukhoi
       Development of the {T-3}. The radar had separate transmision and
       receiver antennas, installed in the upper and lower lips of the
       nose inlet. The aircraft needed redesign to accept the more
       powerful AL-7F-1 engine, and the fixed inlet design was
       unsuitable. 
PT-8, Sukhoi
       The PT-8 was a development of the {T-3}, with a circular inlet
       with an adjustable nose cone. 
--Q---------------------------------------------------------------------
--R---------------------------------------------------------------------
R-1, Polikarpov
       Soviet-built development of the de Havilland {DH-9}. Production
       continued to 1931! Most R-1s were powered by the M-5, a copy of
       the American Liberty 12 engine. Some had German Mercedes D.IV
       engines, and a version with British Puma engines was known as
       the {R-2}. 
       Type: R-1
       Function: reconaissance 
       Year: 1923  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 298kW M-5
       Wing Span: 14.02m  Length: 9.24m  Height:   Wing Area: 44.54m2
       Empty Weight: 1450kg  Max.Weight: 2200kg
       Speed: 185km/h  Ceiling: 5000m  Range: 700km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 400kg
R-1, Beriev
       Experimental twin-jet flying boat. The R-1 had a gull wing
       on top of a long and slender fuselage. The wing tip floats
       folded. Prototypes only.
       Type: R-1
       Function: maritime patrol
       Year: 1952  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 2740kg Klimov VK-1
       Wing Span: 21.4m  Length: 19.43m  Height:   Wing Area: 58m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 17000kg
       Speed: 800km/h at 7000m  Ceiling: 11500m  Range: 2000km
       Armament: 4*g23mm b1000kg
R-2, Junkers
       The Junkers {Ju 20} in soviet service. They were reengined with
       the Hispano-Suiza 8Fb engine, produced in the USSR as the M-6.
R-2, Polikarpov
       Version of the {R-1} with a Siddeley Puma engine, the same
       as the original DH.9. 130 built. 
R-II, Krylov
       Biplane reconaissance aircraft. The Polikarpov {R-I} was preferred,
       and only one R-II was built.
       Type: R-II
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1925  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 260hp Maybach
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
R-3, Tupolev
       All-metal biplane with corrugated skinning. 100 built, 12 with
       imported Liberty engines, 18 with the locally built M-5
       derived from it, and 79 with Lorraine-Dietrich engines. 
       Type: R-3
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1925  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 400hp M-5
       Speed: 205km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 4*mg 200kg
R-5, Polikarpov
       Reconaissance biplane, used in the Spanish civil war and the
       Manchuria conflict, and still in first-line service in 1941.
       More than 7000 were built.
       Type: R-5
       Function: reconaissance / bomber
       Year: 1928  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 680hp M-17F
       Wing Span: 15.50m  Length: 10.55m  Height:   Wing Area: 50.20m2
       Empty Weight: 1969kg  Max.Weight: 2997kg
       Speed: 228km/h  Ceiling: 6400m  Range: 800km
       Armament: 2*mg7.62mm b400kg
R-6, Tupolev
       Twin-engined reconaissance aircraft and escort fighter, an ugly
       low-wing monoplane derived from the ANT-4 ({TB-1}) bomber. 435
       were built. 
       Type: R-6
       Function: reconaissance fighter
       Year: 1929  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 533kW M-17F
       Wing Span: 23.20m  Length: 15.06m  Height:   Wing Area: 80m2
       Empty Weight: 3856kg  Max.Weight: 6472kg
       Speed: 230km/h  Ceiling: 5620m  Range: 800km
       Armament: 5*mg7.62mm 500kg
R-7, Tupolev
       Refined development of the {R-3}. Cancelled in favour of the {R-5}. 
R-10, Nyeman
       Production version of the {KhAl-5}. The R-10 was a wooden low-wing
       monoplane. They saw combat during the war with Finland, but proved
       to be slow and vulnerable. 490 built.
       Type: R-10
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1938  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 620kW M-62
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 388km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
R-12, Yakovlev
       Reconaissance version of the {Ya-22}.
R-020, Tsybin
       See {RSR}.
R-42, Junkers
       The Junkers {K 30} in Soviet service.
RD, Tupolev
       See {ANT-25}.
RD-DB-1
       Reconaissance bomber development of the {ANT-25}. Few built.
RF-8, Antonov
       See {A-7}.
RK, Bakshayev
       This was one of the weirdest aircraft ever to be flown. The
       RK was a conventional monoplane except for its telescoping wing.
       A thin wing with a high-aspect ratio was to be used for cruising
       flight; for take-off and landing a series of broad-chord wing
       sections would be extended from the fuselage to the wing-tip.
       The RK was a two-seat technology demontstrator with a 100hp M-11
       engine. Flown in 1937.
RK-I, Bakshayev
       This was an attempt to develop a fighter with the telescoping
       wing pioneered by the {RK}. The RK-I used two narrow wings in a
       tandem-wing arrangment. The telescopic wing 'glove' did not cover
       the control surfaces on the trailing edge of the rear wing. Tail
       and fuselage were clean and fairly conventional. Built but never
       flown. Intended for a VK-106 engine. 1940.
ROM-1, Grigorovich
       Flying boat, a parasol wing monoplane with the two engines in
       tandem in a centreline wing nacelle. It was of mixed construction.
       Further development resulted in the {ROM-2}.
       Type: ROM-1
       Function: reconnaissance 
       Year: 1927  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 450hp Lorraine-Dietrich 
       Wing Span: 28.00m  Length: 16.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 104.6m2
       Empty Weight: 4518kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 165km/h  Ceiling: 3470m  Range: 800km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
ROM-2, Grigorovich
       The ROM-2 was derived from the {ROM-1} by installing both engines
       in the wing leading edge. The hull was also redesigned, but the
       wings were retained. Performance was still unsatisfactory.
       Type: ROM-2
       Function: reconnaissance 
       Year: 1929  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 680hp BMW VI
       Wing Span: 26.80m  Length: 17.40m  Height:   Wing Area: 108.2m2
       Empty Weight: 4150kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 180km/h  Ceiling: 4500m  Range: 900km
       Armament:
RS, Tsybin
       Mach 3 reconnaissance vehicle, powered by two ramjets. It was
       intended to be carried into the air by a modified {Tu-95}.
       Cancelled in 1958. Only the Tu-95N carrier aircraft had been
       built. 
RSR, Tsybin
       This was a design for a reconaissance jet that woud fly at Mach 2.8
       at over 30500m. It had a slender fuselage of circular cross-section,
       and a very thin delta wing with engines on the wing tips. Only the
       smaller {NM-1} technology demonstrator was built and flown. 
R-Z, Polikarpov
       The R-Z was a ground attack version of the {R-5}, with a new and
       deeper fuselage and a semi-enclosed cockpit. 1031 were built
       from 1935 to 1937. The R-Z saw combat in the Far East and Spain,
       but was obsolete in 1941. 
       Type: R-Z
       Function: attack
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines:  1 * 750hp AM-34N
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 2230kg  Max.Weight: 3500kg
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2-3*mg7.62mm 500kg
--S---------------------------------------------------------------------
S, Bolkhovitinov
       The S had a very long, slender fuselage that contained two engines
       in tandem in front of the wing, each driving part of a six-bladed
       contra-rotating propellor. The 'greenhouse' cockpit with the two
       seats was well aft of the small wing, so that an enormous length
       of nose stretched in front of it. It was intended as a fast
       bomber, but problems with the engine installation caused it to
       be abandoned. Flown in 1939. No production.
       Type: S
       Function: bomber 
       Year: 1939  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 960hp M-103
       Wing Span: 13.8m  Length: 13.2m  Height:   Wing Area: 26m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 570km/h at 4600m  Ceiling:   Range: 700km
       Armament: 1*mg12.7mm 400kg       
S-1, SIAI
       This designation was used for the Italian SIAI {S.16} biplane
       flying boat. About 80 were used by the Soviet Navy.
S-1, Sukhoi
       Prototype of the {Su-7}. The S-1 and the cancelled {T-1} were
       designed in parallel, and had much in common. But the S-1 had
       a swept wing and the T-1 a delta wing.
       Type: S-1
       Function: experimental 
       Year: 1955  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1000kg Lyulka AL-7F
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 2170km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 3*g30mm (65rpg), 16*r57mm.
S-2, Sukhoi
       Prototype of the {Su-7}. The S-2 was a little more refined than
       the {S-1}. It was longer, with a redesigned inlet and a more
       powerful engine. Production Su-7s were almost identical to the
       S-2.
S-3, Sukhoi
       The S-3 was developed in parallel with the {S-1}, basically
       similar, but equipped as an interceptor. Installation of
       a powerful radar required many detail changes. 
S-6, Sukhoi
       Early 1960 design for a new attack aircraft. Not built. 
S-12, Sikorsky
       Monoplane.
       Type: S-12
       Function:
       Year: 1913  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 80hp Le Rhone
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
S-XVI, RBVZ
       Two-seat biplane designed by I. Sikorsky, intended as escort
       fighter for the Ilya Mourometz bombers. Performance was rather
       low, because no sufficiently powerful engine was available.
       21 built.
       Type: S-XVI
       Function:fighter
       Year: 1915  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 80hp Gnome
       Wing Span: 8.40m  Length: 6.20m  Height: 2.78m  Wing Area: 25.36m2
       Empty Weight: 407kg  Max.Weight: 676kg
       Speed: 120km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm
S-XVII, Sikorsky
       Two-seat reconnaissance biplane, powered by a 150hp Sunbeam
       engine. 1916.
S-XVIII, Sikorsky
       Twin-engine fighter biplane, powered by two Sunbeam engines
       in a pusher installation. Later two Gnome engines were added.
S-XIX, Sikorsky
       This unusual biplane had two tailbooms, with a cockpit in each
       one, and a 150hp Sunbeam engine in a central nacelle. 
S-XX, RBV
       Biplane fighter, designed by Igor Sikorsky. It was inferior to
       contemporary enemy aircraft. Five were built. 
       Type: S-XX
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1917  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 120hp Le Rhone
       Wing Span: 8.60m  Length: 6.50m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.00m2
       Empty Weight: 395kg  Max.Weight: 570kg
       Speed: 190km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 1*g7.7mm
S-22, Sukhoi
       Design bureau designation for the fighter-bomber version of the
       {Su-7}. The S-22I, a Su-7BM modified with pivoting outer wing
       panels, was the prototype of the {Su-17}.
S-23, Sukhoi
       The S-23 was an experimental version of the {Su-7}, with
       ski landing gear designed for rough terrains. Experiments
       resulted in the introduction of a combined wheel-and-ski
       landing gear on the Su-7BKL. 
S-25, Sukhoi
       The S-25 was an experimental version of the {Su-7}, with
       a boundary layer blowing system.
S-26, Sukhoi
       Like the {S-23}, the S-26 was an experimental version of the
       {Su-7}, used to develop rough-terrain landing gear. It had
       skis on the main legs. 
S-32, Sukhoi
       Design bureau designation for the {Su-17}.
S-32, Sukhoi
       Fifth generation fighter aircraft, is now called {S-37}. 
S-37, Sukhoi
       Fifth generation fighter aircraft, flown first on 1 October
       1997. Not that much is known about it, but it is believed
       that this prototype is merely a technology demonstrator.
       The S-37 has a forward swept wing, canards, and twin tail
       fins, canted outwards. 
       Type: S-37
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 * 152.12kN Aviadvigatel D-30F-6
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
S-41, Sukhoi
       This was a development prototype of the {Su-7}. In featured
       a longer nose, a continuously variable inlet spike, surge
       doors and an area-ruled aft fuselage. These features were
       introduced on later production models of the Su-7. 
S-52, Sukhoi
       S-52U is the design bureau designation for the {Su-17}UM,
       a two-seat trainer version. The S-52 designation was used
       for the Su-17M3 single-seater.
S-54, Sukhoi
       Bureau designation for the {Su-17}M4. Later reused for a design
       for a supersonic jet trainer, that was developed into a fighter. 
S-55, Sukhoi
       Design for a new fighter, developed from the {S-54}. The S-55 is
       a single-engined aircraft with twin tail fins and canards,
       obviously inspired on the general configuration of the Su-37.
       The S-55 would be a two-seater. Mock-up construction is underway.
SAM-6, Moskalev
       The SAM-6 was built to test a single-wheel landing gear. It was
       configurationally similar to the {SAM-7}, but had a conventional
       tail unit and was much smaller, with a 65hp engine.
SAM-7, Moskalev
       The SAM-7 was a tailless fighter. It had a straight-tapered,
       unswept wing. At the wingtips large endplates with rudders were
       fitted. The fuselage was deep, with a cabin for the second crew
       member in the extreme tail. One built.
       Type: SAM-7
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1936  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 750hp M-34
       Wing Span: 9.60m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 20.00m2
       Empty Weight: 940kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 486km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 780km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
SAM-13, Moskalev
       A twin-engined push/pull fighter with twin tail booms. The
       SAM-13 was probably inspired by the Dutch Fokker {D.XXIII},
       but was considerably smaller. The tail unit was unconventional
       for a twin-boom design: a single fin was fitted on the center
       of the tailplane. One built, that was destroyed during the
       German invasion of the USSR.
       Type: SAM-13
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 236hp Renault MV-6
       Wing Span: 7.30m  Length: 7.68m  Height:   Wing Area: 9.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 520km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm
Saveljev
       Quadruplane.
       Type: Saveljev
       Function:
       Year: 1916  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 80hp Gnome
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
SB, Sukhoi
       This was a design for a fast bomber powered by two AM-38 engines.
       It was not built. 1941.
SB, Tupolev
       The SB, also known as ANT-40, was a fast twin-engined monoplane
       bomber. The design was very advanced, but lacked refinement, much
       to the dismay of crews and maintenance personnel -- and of Stalin,
       who pointed out that "there are no trivialities in aviation."
       It was successful in the Spanish civil war because it outpaced most
       fighters, but obsolete in 1941. The SB was also used by China,
       Czechoslovakia, and -- after the destruction of that country ---
       by Germany. 
       Type: SB-2-M100A
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1935  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 860hp Klimov M-100A
       Speed: 423km/h  Ceiling: 9560m  Range: 1450km
       Armament: 4*mg7.62mm b600kg
       Type: SB-2-bis
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1936  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 715kW M-103
       Wing Span: 20.33m  Length: 12.57m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 4768kg  Max.Weight: 7880kg
       Speed: 450km/h  Ceiling: 7800m  Range: 2300km
       Armament: 6*mg7.62mm 600kg
SB-2, Tupolev
       Designation unofficially applied to a version of the Tupolev {SB}.
       The official designation 'SB-2-M100A' only indicated that the SB
       had two M-100 engines.
SB-3, Tupolev
       Designation unofficially applied to the {USB}, a version of the
       Tupolev {SB}.
SBB, Arkhangelsky
       Final development of the {SB} and the {Ar-2}, with new outer wing
       panels and twin tail fins. It did not enter production, because
       the {Pe-2} was preferred.
       Type: SBB
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1940  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 1100hp Klimov M-105R
       Wing Span: 16.0m  Length: 12.28m  Height:   Wing Area: 46m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 540km/h at 4600m  Ceiling: 10100m  Range: 880km
       Armament: 
SB-RK, Arkhangelsky
       See {Ar-2}.
SD, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The {MiG-15}bis.
SDB, Myasichew
       Proposed long-range bomber, a design preceding the the {M-4}.
       The SDB would have had podded engines and a smaller wing with
       more taper. 
SF, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Prototype of the {MiG-17}F.
Sh-1, Shavrov
       Small amphibian. Prototype for the {Sh-2}. 
Sh-2, Shavrov
       Amphibian, a slightly larger development of the {Sh-1}. The Sh-2
       was a sesquiplane with a flying boat fuselage. The small lower
       wing served as attachment for the stabilizing floats. Approx 700
       were built. 
       Type: Sh-2
       Function: utility / trainer
       Year: 1930  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Wing Span: 13.00m  Length: 8.20m  Height:   Wing Area: 24.70m2
       Empty Weight: 660kg  Max.Weight: 937kg
       Speed: 140km/h  Ceiling: 4000m  Range:
       Load: 1 seat
Sh-5, Shavrov
       High-wing amphibian, intended for reconaissance and patrol
       missions. Two 360kW M-22 engines. Did not enter production.
Sh-26, Shavrov
       Ambulance version of the {Sh-2}. 16 built.
ShB, Suchoi
       The ShB or BB-3 was an attack development of the {Su-2} with
       more armour and armament, powered by a 746kW M-88A engine. One
       built. It competed for orders with the {Il-2}, which was already
       in production.
Shch-1, Schetinin
       See Grigorovich {M-11}. Schetinin was the factory where this
       aircraft was built. 
Shche-2, Shcherbakov
       A twin-engined, high-winged transport, well streamlined but with
       fixed landing gear. Approx 750 were built. They were used as
       transports, trainers, ambulance aircraft, and paratroop
       transport. 
       Type: Shche-2
       Function: transport
       Year: 1942  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 150hp M-11E
       Wing Span: 20.54m  Length: 14.27m  Height:   Wing Area: 64m2
       Empty Weight: 2235kg  Max.Weight: 3700kg
       Speed: 154km/h  Ceiling: 3000m  Range: 640km
       Load: 14 seats
ShON, Grigorovich
       The designation means "Special-Purpose Attack Aircraft" but
       this was actually a counter-insurgency aircraft, designed
       for use against resistance in Turkmenistan. The ShON was
       satisfactory, but the fighting was over before it was ready.
       It was a derivative if the {R-5}, carried light armour and had
       folding wings.
       Type: ShON
       Function: attack
       Year: 1932  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 680hp M-17
       Wing Span: 15.50m  Length: 10.30m  Height:   Wing Area: 51.2m2
       Empty Weight: 1610kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 225km/h  Ceiling: 6100m  Range: 730km
       Armament: 8*mg7.62mm
Shs, Antonov
       Soviet version of the German Fieseler {Fi 156} Storch liaison
       aircraft. The Argus engine was replaced by a French Renault,
       copied as the MV-6, and the fuel load was increased, but otherwise
       it was an exact copy. Nevertheless the STOL capacities were
       degraded considerably. The production was ended prematurely
       by the German attack of 1941.
       Type: Shs
       Function: liaison
       Year: 1940  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 270hp MV-6
       Wing Span: 14.28m  Length: 10.3m  Height:   Wing Area: 26.0m2
       Empty Weight: 980kg  Max.Weight: 1343kg
       Speed: 173km/h  Ceiling: 4400m  Range: 515km
Sh-Tandem, Grushin
       Attack aircraft. The Sh-Tandem used tandem wings, although the
       aft one was considerably smaller than the front wing. A gun
       turret was fitted at the rear of the fuselage. It was of wooden
       construction. One built.
       Type: Sh-Tandem
       Function: attack
       Year: 1937  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 930hp Tumanskii M-87
       Wing Span: 11.0m  Length: 8.50m  Height:   Wing Area: 30.4m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 488km/h at 4200m  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 5*mg7.62mm 200kg
SI, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-330}.
SI-16, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {MiG-17}.
ShB, Suchoi
       Armoured version of the {Su-2} / BB-1. Remained experimental.
       1500hp M-90 engine.
SK-1, Bisnovat
       High-speed research aircraft, the smallest aircraft that could
       be built around the M-105 liquid-cooled V-12 engine. It was of
       all-metal construction. The streamlining of the small SK-1 went
       as far as making the cockpit roof flush with the top of the
       fuselage. The pilot's seat could be raised for take-off and landing. 
       Type: SK-1
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1939  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1050hp Klimov M-105
       Wing Span: 7.20m  Length: 8.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 9.5m2
       Empty Weight: 1505kg  Max.Weight: 2100kg
       Speed: 710km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1000km
SK-2, Bisnovat
       The SK-2 was a fighter development of the {SK-1}. The SK-2 had a
       normal cockpit, but its disadvantages still outweighed its high
       performance. One built.
       Type: SK-2
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1050hp Klimov M-105
       Wing Span: 7.30m  Length: 8.28m  Height: 2.60m  Wing Area: 9.57m2
       Empty Weight: 1850kg  Max.Weight: 2300kg
       Speed: 665km/h at 4900m  Ceiling:   Range: 0.75hrs
       Armament: 2*mg12.7mm 1*mg7.62mm
SK-3, Bisnovat
       Twin-engined, two-seat fighter design. The SK-3 would have been
       an avanced monoplane powered by AM-37 engines. It was cancelled
       at the end of 1940. 
SKh, Antonov
       See {An-2}.
Slyusarenko
       Wooden monoplane fighter. One built.
       Type: Slyusarenko
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1918  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 130hp Clerget
       Speed: 163km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
SM-1, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-340}.
SM-2, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {I-360}.
SM-7, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Prototype of the {MiG-19}. 
SM-9, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Prototype of the {MiG-19}.
SM-10, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Experimental {MiG-19} version with flight refuelling probe.
SM-12, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The SM-12 was a development of the {MiG-19}, intended as a
       back-up for the {MiG-21} program. The original intake was
       replaced by a sharp-edged circular one with a radar nose
       cone, the guns were deleted and missile armament installed.
       Later it also adopted a different engine, and the final
       modification included a ventral rocket engine pack. Three were
       built.
       Type: SM-12PM
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1957  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 3600kg Sorokin R3-26
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1720km/h	Ceiling: 17400m  Range: 1700km
       Armament:
SM-20, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       This was a version of the {MiG-19}, modified to be carried
       by the {Tu-95} bomber. This assisted in the development of
       the Kh-20 missile, which was about the same size of the
       MiG-19. The SM-20 was unmanned, the SM-20P was piloted. 
SM-30, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Experimental ramp-launched {MiG-19} version, with a PRD-22 rocket
       booster.
SM-50, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Experimental version of the {MiG-19} with a 3200kg U-19 rocket
       engine added.
SM-51, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Development of the {SM-50}.
SM-52, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Development of the {SM-50}.
SN, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Experimental attack aircraft, a version of the {MiG-17} with
       lateral intakes. This made room in the nose for three 23mm
       cannon, two to starboard and one to port, one a variable
       elevation mounting in the nose. It was abandoned because of
       developments in missiles. One built.
       Type: SN
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1953  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2900kg VK-1A
       Wing Span: 9.63m  Length: 12.33m  Height: 3.80m  Wing Area: 22.60m2
       Empty Weight: 4152kg  Max.Weight: 5620kg
       Speed: 1058km/h  Ceiling: 14500kg  Range: 
       Armament: 
SP-1, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       All-wheater version of the {MiG-15}.
SP-2, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Experimental all-wheater version of the {MiG-17}.
SPB, Polikarpov
       Dive bomber version of the {VIT-2}. Two built.
SPD, Ilyushin
       See {Il-18} "Clam".
SPL, Chetverikov
       Small reconaissance aircraft for submarines. The SPL was unusual
       in its category, being a flying boat. The engine was mounted
       above the fuselage, and for stowage it was folded backwards to
       fit between the twin tail booms. It did not enter service. One
       built.
       Type: SPL
       Function: reconaissance 
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Wing Span: 9.50m  Length: 7.40m  Height:   Wing Area: 13.4m2
       Empty Weight: 592kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 186km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 400km
SR-2, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Experimental version of the {MiG-17} with a 3100kg Klimov VK-5F
       engine. Intended as tactial reconaissance aircraft.
SRB, Golubkov
       Twin-engined, high-speed reconnaissance bomber. Very little is
       known about it. 1940.
Stal-6, Bartini
       The Stal-6 was an experimental fighter, a streamlined monoplane
       of steel construction. It had tandem-wheel landing gear, with
       stabilizing skis under the wingtips, surface evaporation cooling,
       and a cockpit was flush with the top of the fuselage. It was
       fast, but unpractical.
       Type: Stal-6
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 630hp Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror
       Wing Span: 9.0m  Length: 6.88m  Height: 2.23m  Wing Area: 14.3m2
       Empty Weight: 850kg  Max.Weight: 1080kg
       Speed: 420km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
Stal-8, Bartini
       The Stal-8 was a more practical development of the Stal-6, with
       a normal cockpit and two 7.62mm guns in the engine cowling.
       The engine was an 860hp M-100A. It was not completed.
Stal-MAI, Grigorovich
       This aircraft was an experiment in stainless steel aircraft
       construction. It was a low-wing monoplane with elegant lines,
       but had corrugated skinning. The design was abandoned after the
       prototype crashed. 1934.
SU, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Ground-attack derivative of the {MiG-15}, armed with paired 23mm
       cannon in articulated mountings. Abandoned. 1951.
Su-1, Sukhoi
       Specialized high-altitude interceptor. It was an aerodynamically
       clean design, that relied on two TK-2 turbochargers to achieve its
       desired performance. But the superchargers were very unreliable,
       despite continuous tinkering. One built.
       Type: Su-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Klimov M-105P
       Wing Span: 11.50m  Length: 8.42m  Height: 2.71m	Wing Area: 19.00m2
       Empty Weight: 2495kg  Max.Weight: 2875kg
       Speed: 641km/h  Ceiling: 12500m	Range: 720km
       Armament: 1*g23mm 2*mg7.62mm
Su-2, Sukhoi
       Light monoplane bomber, a clean low-wing design which looked
       very promising. But when war broke out, the Su-2 suffered heavy
       losses. Replacing the M-88 engine with the more powerful M-82 did
       not help. Production was halted in 1942, in favour of the better
       {Il-2} and {Pe-2}. They were later used as squadron hacks and in
       other secondary roles. Over 500 built.
       Type: Su-2
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1940  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 746kW M-88B
       Wing Span: 14.3m  Length: 10.25m  Height: 3.94m  Wing Area: 29.0m2
       Empty Weight: 6338kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 455km/h  Ceiling: 8800m  Range: 1200km
       Armament: 5-6*mg7.62mm b600kg
Su-3, Sukhoi
       The Su-3 was a development of the {Su-1}. The changes did not
       include the replacement of the unreliable turbochargers, but a
       new, smaller wing was fitted. The main faults of the Su-1 were
       inherited, and only one was built.
       Type: Su-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Klimov M-105P
       Wing Span: 10.10m  Length: 8.42m  Height: 2.71m  Wing Area: 17.00m2
       Empty Weight: 2490kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 638km/h  Ceiling: 11900m  Range: 700km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm
Su-4, Sukhoi
       The name Su-4 was used for a number of derivatives of the {Su-2},
       powered by M-90, AM-37 or M-82 engines. Only the M-82 engined
       type entered production; about 60 were built.
       Type: Su-4
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1270kW M-82
       Wing Span: 14.3m  Length: 10.46m  Height: 3.95m  Wing Area: 29.0m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 4900kg
       Speed: 512km/h; 459km/h at SL  Ceiling: 8400m  Range: 605km
       Armament: 6*mg7.62mm 600kg
Su-5, Sukhoi
       This mixed-power design was competing with the Mikoyan-Gurevich
       {I-250}. It had a VK-107 reciprocating engine and a VRDK jet
       booster. The Su-5 was a small aircraft, but due to the volume
       of the additional power unit, the fuselage was very deep. The
       Su-5 had a laminar flow wing. But the mixed-power concept
       did not have a feature, and only one Su-5 was built.
       Type: Su-5
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1650hp Klimov M-107A
				     1 * Khalshchevnikov VRDK
       Wing Span: 10.56m  Length: 8.51m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.00m2
       Empty Weight: 2954kg  Max.Weight: 3804kg
       Speed: 810km/h  Ceiling: 12000m	Range: 600km
       Armament: 1*g23mm 2*mg12.7mm
Su-6, Sukhoi
       Ground attack aircraft. Suchoi developed four prototypes,
       two single-seaters and two two-seaters. The last prototype
       had the liquid-cooled AM-42 instead of the M-71 radial.
       Although it was clearly more advanced, the Su-6 could not
       replace the {Il-2}, which had the advantage that it was
       already in production. The versions with M-71 engines were
       doomed anayway because of the failure of this engine. 
       Type: Su-6 (S2A)
       Function: attack
       Year: 1942  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 2200hp ASh-71F
       Wing Span: 13.58m  Length: 9.24m  Height:   Wing Area: 26.0m2
       Empty Weight: 3725kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 526km/h at 2500m  Ceiling: 8000m  Range: 973km
       Armament: 2*g37mm 2*mg7.62mm 1*mg12.7mm b400kg
Su-7, Sukhoi
       Single-seat high-altitude fighter development of the {Su-6}
       attack aircraft. The M-82 replaced the M-71, buit with the
       M-82 the performance was inferior to that of fighters
       already in development. It was decided to add a rocket
       engine in the tail, but this was underdeveloped and
       unreliable. One built.
       Type: Su-7
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1850hp Shvetsov ASh-82FN
				     1 *  300kg Korolev-Glushko RD-1KhZ
       Wing Span: 13.50m  Length: 9.14m  Height: 2.85m	Wing Area: 26.00m2
       Empty Weight: 2600kg  Max.Weight: 4360kg
       Speed: 705km/h  Ceiling: 12750m	Range: 990km
       Armament: 2*g20mm
Su-7, Sukhoi 'Fitter' / 'Moujik'
       The Su-7 began life as a Mach 2 tactical fighter, but it was
       developed into a big, but fairly simple fighter-bomber. It
       had a nose intake for its single jet engine, and highly swept
       wings. The weapons load and range of the initial Su-7B were
       limited, but it had good performance at low level, was an
       excellent gunnery platform, and was extremely robust. The
       Su-7BM, with an additional pair of wing pylons, was more
       capable. There was also a trainer version, elongated to
       install a second cockpit. Performance was much improved by
       the {Su-17} series with variable geometry wings. 
       Type: Su-7BM
       Function: attack
       Year: 1965  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 9600kg Lyulka Al-7F-1-150
       Wing Span: 9.31m  Length: 16.61m  Height: 3.83m  Wing Area: 34.0m2
       Empty Weight: 8370kg  Max.Weight: 13830kg
       Speed: 2200km/h @ 13000m, 1200km/h @ SL  Ceiling: 18500  Range: 1450km
       Armament: 2*g30mm (65rpg), 2000kg
Su-8, Sukhoi
       Twin-engined, long-range attack aircraft. The Su-8 was
       designed to support the army during offensives, and to
       combine heavy armament with a good performance. It had
       a very slim fuselage and was powered by M-71 radials.
       After the demise of the M-71 a version with AM-42 engines
       was designed, but not built. Operational needs for the Su-8
       had disappeared.
       Type: Su-8
       Function: attack
       Year: 1943  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1490kW M-71
       Wing Span: 20.50m  Length: 13.58m  Height: 5.09m  Wing Area: 60.0m2
       Empty Weight: 9168kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 552km/h at 4600m  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 
       Armament: 2*g45mm 5*mg7.62mm 1*mg12.7mm
Su-9, Sukhoi
       This twin-engined jet fighter was conceptually similar to
       the German {Me 262}. The engines were copies of the Junkers
       Jumo 004. It was advised that the Su-9 would enter production,
       but Stalin rejected it because of its similarity to the Me 262.
       Type: Su-9
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1946  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 900kg RD-10
       Wing Span: 11.21m  Length: 10.57m  Height: 3.72m  Wing Area: 20.24m2
       Empty Weight: 4060kg  Max.Weight: 6380kg
       Speed: 900km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1140km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g23mm 500kg
Su-9, Sukhoi 'Fishpot'
       The Su-9 had the same configuration as the {MiG-21}, a tailed
       delta, but was larger and heavier. Its origins were in the
       {T-3} prototype, which was developed in parallel with the {S-1},
       the prototype of the {Su-7}. The Su-9 was a specialized all-weather
       interceptor for the PVOS, armed with four large AAMs. It was built
       in large numbers, probably over 1000. There was also a two-seat
       trainer version.
       Type: Su-9
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1959  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 9060kg Lyulka Al-7F
       Wing Span: 8.43m  Length: 16.70m  Height:   Wing Area: 26.25m2
       Empty Weight: 8750kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1915km/h  Ceiling: 16800m  Range:
       Armament: msl
Su-10, Sukhoi
       Four-engined jet bomber, a straight-wing design with a T-tail.
       The engines were in pods on the wings, one above and one below
       the wing in each pod. A prototype was built, but never flown.
       Type: Su-10
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1948  Crew: 4  Engines: 4 * 1500kg Lyulka TR-1A
       Wing Span: 20.60m  Length: 19.55m  Height: 6.55m  Wing Area: 71.3m2
       Empty Weight: 11500kg  Max.Weight: 21230kg
       Speed: 850km/h at 6000m  Ceiling: 12000m  Range: 1500km
       Armament: 3*g20mm 4000kg
Su-11, Sukhoi
       This was a development of the first {Su-9}. The Su-11 was
       the first Soviet fighter powered by indigenous jet engines,
       but the unsatisfactory performance of those caused its
       demise. One built.
       Type: Su-11
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 1300kg Lyulka TR-1
       Wing Span: 11.80m  Length: 10.57m  Height: 3.72m  Wing Area: 21.40m2
       Empty Weight: 4495kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 940km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 910km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g23mm 500kg
Su-11, Sukhoi 'Fishpot' / 'Maiden'
       Development of the (second) {Su-9} with a new engine,
       a new radar and improved armament. This limited all-weather
       interceptor was built as an interim type, pending introduction
       of the {Su-15}. 
       Type: Su-11
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1967  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 10100kg Lyulka Al-7F-2
       Wing Span: 8.54m  Length: 18.23m  Height: 4.70m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 8562kg  Max.Weight: 13986kg
       Speed: 2340km/h @ 15000m  Ceiling: 18000m  Range: 1125km
       Armament: msl
Su-12, Sukhoi
       Artillery observation aircraft. The Su-12 was a twin-boom
       aircraft with an extensively glazed cockpit. Probably
       inspired by the German {Fw 189}, it was a far more powerful
       aircraft. Performance was good, but nevertheless it was 
       too vulnerable in the jet age. One built.
       Type: Su-12
       Function: observation
       Year: 1947  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 1565kW Shvetsov ASh-82V
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 530km/h  Ceiling: 11000m  Range: 1140km
       Armament: 4*g20mm
Su-13, Sukhoi
       Twin-engined jet aircraft with variable geometry wings. Never
       flown. 
Su-15, Sukhoi
       Single-seat all-weather interceptor. The two jet engines were
       installed in tandem, behind the deep intake in the nose. The
       forward engine exhausted under the fuselage, the aft engine at
       the extreme tail. The cockpit was offset to left to make room
       for the airfeed of the aft engine. The radar was put on the
       upper lip of the nose intake. The first Su-15 prototype crashed
       because of flutter. Development was abandoned.
       Type: Su-15
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1949  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 2270kg RD-45F
       Wing Span: 12.87m  Length: 15.44m  Height:   Wing Area: 36.00m2
       Empty Weight: 7409kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1032km/h  Ceiling: 15000m  Range: 1600km
       Armament: 2*g37mm
Su-15, Sukhoi 'Flagon'
       The Flagon combined the tailed delta configuration of the {Su-9}
       with twin engines, side intakes and large radar nose. It was the
       first really capable all-wheater interceptor of the PVOS. A later
       version had a larger radar and a new wing, with reduced sweep on
       the outboard section and a longer span. There also was a two-seat
       trainer. About 1500 were built. The Su-15 became infamous when
       one shot down a Korean Air Lines 747.
       Type: Su-15 'Flagon-F'
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1967  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 70.6kN Tumansky R-13F2-300
       Wing Span: 10.53m  Length: 20.50m  Height: 5.00m  Wing Area: 36.0m2
       Empty Weight: 12250kg  Max.Weight: 16000kg
       Speed: 2655km/h  Ceiling: 20000m  Range: 2250km
       Armament: 1500kg
Su-17, Sukhoi
       The first Su-17 was an experimental transsonic aircraft, but
       also a potential operational fighter. It was built, but not
       flown, because of the flutter problems with the {Su-15} and
       because the design bureau was disbanded in 1949. It had a
       nose inlet, a long cylindrical fuselage, an anhedralled swept
       wing at the mid-fuselage position, and a high-set tailplane.
       Type: Su-17
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1949  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 4600kg TR-3
       Wing Span: 9.60m  Length: 15.25m  Height: 4.52m  Wing Area: 27.5m2
       Empty Weight: 5932kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1252km/h  Ceiling: 14500m  Range: 855km
       Armament: 2*g37mm, 40rpg
Su-17, Sukhoi 'Fitter'
       The Su-17 was a significant step in the development of the {Su-7}
       to a more useful attack aircraft. The most important change was
       the introduction of swivelling outer wing panels. Although only
       the outer half of the wing span moved, and weight increased, the
       modification considerably improved take-off and landing performance,
       and allowed a larger weapons load to be carried. The Su-17M
       introduced the smaller, lighter and more powerful AL-21F engine.
       The Su-17M3 and M4 versions had an enlarged dorsal spine aft of
       the cockpit, originally designed for the second seat of the trainer
       version, but now filled with fuel. The {Su-20} and {Su-22} were
       export versions. 
       Type: Su-17
       Function: attack
       Year: 1969  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 9600kg Lyulka AL-7F-1-250
       Wing Span: 13.66m to 9.64m  Length: 16.42m  Height: 4.96m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 10090kg  Max.Weight: 16950kg
       Speed: 2150km/h  Ceiling: 16300m  Range: 1450km
       Armament: 2*g30mm (80rpg), 3000kg
       Type: Su-17M4
       Function: attack
       Year: 1980  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 11200kg Lyulka AL-21F-3
       Wing Span: 13.68m to 10.03m  Length: 17.34m  Height: 5.13m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 10800kg  Max.Weight: 19400kg
       Speed: 1830km/h  Ceiling: 15200m  Range: 2650km
       Armament: 2*g30mm (80rpg), 4000kg
Su-19, Sukhoi
       Designation used, in error, in old sources to refer to the {Su-24}.
Su-20, Sukhoi 'Fitter'
       Export version of the {Su-17}M 'Fitter-C'. Modifications were
       small and mainly affected avionics fit. The Su-20 was in
       production from 1973 to 1976.
Su-21, Sukhoi 'Flagon'
       Designation reported for late model {Su-15}s. 
Su-22, Sukhoi 'Fitter'
       Export version of the {Su-17}M2. The Su-22 had the Tumansky
       R-29B-300 engine instead of the Lyulka AL-21F. The larger
       diameter of the engine required changes to the aft fuselage.
       It resulted in a degraded performance, but in 1976 production
       for export began. Later models had the avionics fit of the
       Su-17M3 or M4. 
Su-24, Sukhoi 'Fencer'
       A variable geometry strike/attack aircraft, obviously inspired
       by the U.S. {F-111}, but more optimized for the low-level
       tactical strike role, and with a generally lower performance.
       There also are reconnaissance versions.
       Type: Su-24MK
       Function: attack
       Year: 1974  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 110kN Lyulka AL-21F3A
       Wing Span: 17.63m--10.36m  Length: 24.53m  Height: 6.19m
       Wing Area: 55.16m2
       Empty Weight: 22320kg  Max.Weight: 39700kg
       Speed: M1.35  Ceiling: 17500m  Range: 2850km
       Armament: 1*g30mm
Su-25, Sukhoi 'Frogfoot'
       Heavily armoured attack and anti-tank aircraft. The Su-25 is a
       well-armoured aircraft, capable of carrying a large load under
       its shoulder wing. Compared to its US counterpart, the {A-10},
       it is faster and more agile. The Su-25 saw combat in Afghanistan,
       and experience there led to major improvements. A navalized version
       was built for the large carriers. Late models have more powerful
       R-195 engines. 
       Type: Su-25 'Frogfoot-A'
       Function: attack
       Year: 1978  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 4100kg Tumansky R-95Sh
       Wing Span: 14.36m  Length: 15.53m  Height: 4.80m  Wing Area: 30.1m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 38790kg
       Speed: 970km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 1250km
       Armament: 1*g30mm (250rpg), 4400kg
Su-27, Sukhoi 'Flanker'
       The Su-27 is a big long-range air superiority fighter,
       comparable to the U.S. {F-15} but superior in many respects.
       It is a twin-engined aircraft with a blended wing and fuselage,
       and twin tail fins. At airshows the Su-27 demonstrated an
       exceptional controllability at high angles of attack. A shipboard
       version of the Su-27, also known as the {Su-33}, with canards and
       folding wings, has been tested on Russia's first big carriers.
       There also is a two-seat attack version, the Su-27IB or {Su-34},
       with side-by-side seating in a reshaped nose.
       Type: Su-27
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1986  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 12500kg Lyulka AL-31F
       Wing Span: 14.70m  Length: 21.93m  Height: 5.93m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 30000kg
       Speed: M2.35  Ceiling: 18000m  Range: 4000km
       Armament: 1*g30mm msl
Su-28, Sukhoi 'Frogfoot'
       Bureau designation for Su-25UT, the two-seat trainer version of
       the {Su-25}.
Su-30, Sukhoi
       Two-seat long-range version of the {Su-27}, intended as long-range
       interceptor, 'Wild Weasel' aircraft and strike. There are also
       plans for a version called Su-30MK-2, which would incorporate
       features of the {Su-37}.
Su-32FN, Sukhoi
       For mysterious reasons, this name was introduced for the former
       {Su-34}. Not to be confused with the {Su-32} training aircraft,
       which was renamed {Su-39} at the same time!
Su-32, Sukhoi
       See {Su-39}.
Su-33, Sukhoi
       Carrier-fighter derivative of the {Su-27}, called Su-27K by the
       military. Canards were added, folding outer wing panels were
       fitted, the vertical fins shortened, the undercarriage was
       strengthened and twin nosewheels fitted, and an arrester hook
       was installed. The use of thrust-vectoring nozzles on the
       production aircraft is considered. Both catapult launch and
       jump-ramp takeoff procedures were studied, and the latter was
       preferred.
       Type: Su-27K
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1987  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * Lyulka AL-31F
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
Su-34, Sukhoi
       Sukhoi designation for the Su-27IB, a two-seat ground-attack
       version of the {Su-27}. The Su-27IB has side-by-side seating
       for two crewmembers in a widened, flattened nose, with extended
       wing roots and canards, a larger tail boom with rearward-looking
       radar, and twin-wheel landing gear. The VVS intends to replace
       all {Su-24}s with the Su-34. Recently, Sukhoi used the name
       Su-32FN for the aircraft.
       Type: Su-34
       Function: fighter-bomber
       Year: 1994  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 13300kg AL-31FM
       Wing Span: 14.70m  Length: 25.20m  Height: 6.20m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 44360kg
       Speed: M1.8 at 11000m, M1.15 at S/L  Ceiling:   Range: 4000km
       Armament: 1*g30mm GSh-30-1, 8000kg
Su-35, Sukhoi
       Improved 'glass cockpit' version of the {Su-27}, with canard
       foreplanes, more powerful radar, more powerful engines, and
       an electronics upgrade.
       Type: Su-35
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1994?  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 137.3kN AL-31MF
       Wing Span: 15.16m  Length: 21.96m  Height: 6.84m  Wing Area: 62m2
       Empty Weight: 18400kg  Max.Weight: 34000kg
       Speed: 2440km/h	Ceiling: 18000m  Range: 3500km
       Armament: 1*g30mm 8200kg
Su-37, Sukhoi
       Multi-role combat version of the Su-27, developed from the Su-35.
       The Su-37 uses full digital FBW controls in combination with two-
       dimensional thrust vectoring nozzles. Like the Su-35, it has
       canards. The Su-37 is not yet in production. 
       Type: Su-37
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1996  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 137kN Saturn AL-37FU
       Wing Span: 14.70m  Length: 22.10m  Height: 6.32m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 18500kg  Max.Weight: 34000kg
       Speed: 2400km/h  Ceiling: 17800m  Range: 
       Armament: 1*g30mm 8000kg
Su-39, Suchoi
       Primary trainer, designed to replace the {Yak-52}. The Su-39 is a
       tandem-two seat aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear.
       It is derived from the Su-26 and Su-29 aerobatic competition
       aircraft. Currently in development. 
       Type: Su-39
       Function: trainer
       Year: (1996)  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 300kW Vedeneyev M-14PF
       Wing Span: 8.50m  Length: 7.28m  Height: 2.60m  Wing Area: 12.20m2
       Empty Weight: 850kg  Max.Weight:
       Speed: 370km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 1500km
SVB, Polikarpov
       Dive bomber, development of the {VIT-2}.
--T---------------------------------------------------------------------
T-1, Sukhoi
       Precursor of the {Su-9}. The T-1 was developed in parallel with
       the {S-1}, but had delta wings instead of swept wings. The T-1
       was intended as tactical fighter, the {T-3} as the interceptor
       version. The T-1 prototype was under construction when it was
       cancelled. 
T-1, Tupolev
       Torpedo bomber, developed from the {SB}.
T-3, Sukhoi
       This was a development of the {T-1} design. The T-3 had an
       oval nose intake with a pointed radome above it for the search
       radar, and a smaller spherical radome for the tracking radar
       inside the inlet. Tests indicated that the inlet configuration
       needed more development. This resulted in the development of
       the {PT-7}, {PT-8}, and {T-5}.
       One built. 
       Type: T-3
       Function: fighter 
       Year: 1956  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 9060kg Lyulka AL-7F
       Wing Span: 8.43m  Length: 16.75m  Height:   Wing Area: 24.20m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 2100km/h  Ceiling: 18000m  Range: 1840km
       Armament:
T-4, Sukhoi
       Prototype of the {Su-9}.
T-4, Sukhoi
       The T-4 was designed as a reconaissance-strike aircraft, with an
       additional function as interceptor. The T-4 had a striking
       similarity to the {B-70} Valkyrie, but was very different in
       detail design. Construction was entirely of titanium. It was a
       big four-engined jet with a double-delta wing and canards. Four
       engines were fitted under the fuselage and wing roots, in a
       broad rectangular bath with sharp rectangular intakes. It was
       fitted with a 'droop snoot' that offered good visibility in the
       landing configuration, but almost none in the high-speed
       configuration; a periscope was fitted for the pilot. The T-4 was
       the first Soviet aircraft with FBW controls. Several prototypes
       were under construction when the project was cancelled; only one
       has flown. 
       Type: T-4
       Function: reconnaissance / bomber / interceptor
       Year: 1972  Crew: 2  Engines: 4 * 16000kg Kolesov RD36-41
       Wing Span: 22.00m  Length: 44.50m  Height: 11.20m  Wing Area: 296m2
       Empty Weight: 55600kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 3200km/h  Ceiling: 24000m  Range: 7000km
       Armament: 
T-5, Sukhoi
       Conversion of a {T-3} prototype. The afterbody fuselage
       flared out to contain two Tumansky R-11F-300 engines,
       making the T-5 look very odd. The inlet design was that
       of the {T-43}. Despite an internal division of the inlet
       system, the engines interfered with each other. The T-5
       was also tail-heavy. One built.
T-6, Sukhoi
       Experimental attack aircraft. The fuselage of the T-6.1 was
       similar to that of the {Su-24} in outline, but it had four
       lift engines for STOL performance, and fixed wings of cranked
       delta planform. The T-6.2I, T-6.3I, and T-6.4I did have
       a varibale sweep wing and boi lift engines. They served as
       prototypes of the {Su-24}.
       Type: T-6.1
       Function: attack
       Year: 1967  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * Tumansky R-27F2-300
                                     4 * Kolesov RD36-35
       Wing Span: 10.41m  Length: 23.72m  Height: 6.37m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 5932kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
T-7, Sukhoi
       Precursor of the {Su-9}. Nose intake with rotating upper and
       lower lips.
T-8, Sukhoi
       Prototype of the {Su-25}. 
T-10, Sukhoi
       Prototypes of the {Su-27}. There was considerable redesign
       between the first T-10 and the production Su-27. The T-10-1
       and T-10-3 had very different contours, although the general
       configuration was the same, and the T-10-1 had different
       engines. 
       Type: T-10-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1977  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 11200kg Lyulka AL-21F-3
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
T-37, Sukhoi
       Interceptor, derived from the {T-3} series. The T-37 was
       designed to reach 3000km/h, and carry an automated
       interception system. It was abandoned while the prototype
       was under construction. 
T-39, Sukhoi
       A prototype of the {T-3} series, modified with water injection
       for its engine. One built.
T-43, Sukhoi
       This was the final prototype of the {Su-9}. It was developed
       from the {T-3}, but some T-43 airframes had been built as
       {PT-8}s. A circular intake with an adjustable center cone was
       adopted. Several versions were studied, with different radars
       and armament. 
T-47, Sukhoi
       Prototype of the {Su-11}. It was developed from the {T-43}
       ({Su-9}), but had the inlet of the {PT-8}. 
T-49, Sukhoi
       Experimental development of the {T-3} series, actually a modified
       {T-39}. The T-49 was used to develop a better inlet design,
       compatible with a big radar. The radar was in a fixed nose cone, 
       at the sides of which two sharp-edged 'sector' intakes were placed.
       Testing was abandoned after an accident.
T-58, Sukhoi
       Prototype of the {Su-15}. 
T-431, Sukhoi
       Record-setting aircraft, _probably_ a version of the {Su-9} /
       {Su-11} series.
TA, Chetverikov
       All-metal transport amphibian. It was an ungainly shoulder-wing
       aircraft. Two TAs and one {TAF} were built, because in 1948 the
       Chetverikov bureau ceased to exist.
       Type: TA-1
       Function: transport
       Year:   Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 700hp ASh-21
       Wing Span: 17.80m  Length: 14.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 43.6m2
       Empty Weight: 4510kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 328km/h at 1700m  Ceiling:   Range: 700km
       Load: 6-8 seats, 1000kg
TA-1, Tairov
       Twin-engined escort figher. The TA-1 was a compact monoplane of
       mixed construction. The second prototype (TA-1bis) had twin tailfins
       to cure a directional stability problem. Development was continued
       as the {TA-3}.
       Type: TA-1bis
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 1100hp Tumansky M-88R
       Wing Span: 12.66m  Length: 9.83m  Height: 3.76m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 6000kg
       Speed: 595km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1060km
       Armament: 4*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm
TA-3, Tairov
       The TA-3 was based on the {TA-1}, but with a larger wing and heavy
       cannon armament. Performance was good, but production plans were 
       cancelled because of the difficult military situation in 1942. 
       Type: TA-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 1150hp M-89
       Wing Span: 14.00m  Length: 12.20m  Height: 3.76m  Wing Area: 33.50m2
       Empty Weight: 4500kg  Max.Weight: 6626kg
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2065km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g20mm
TAF, Chetverikov
       Photographic reconnaissance version of the {TA}. One built. 
TB-1, Tupolev
       An angular monoplane, of all-metal construction with corrugated
       skinning. The TB-1 was similar to the German Junkers designs,
       and very modern for its time. In 1929, one made a flight from
       Moscow eastward to New York. The TB-1 was the backbone of the
       Russian bomber force for many years. 212 were built, 66 in the
       TB-1P torpedo-bomber version. After they were obsolete, they
       were converted to {G-1} transport aircraft. 
       Type: TB-1
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1929  Crew: 6  Engines: 2 * 680hp M-17
       Wing Span: 28.70m  Length: 18.01m  Height:   Wing Area: 120m2
       Empty Weight: 4520kg  Max.Weight: 6810kg
       Speed: 207km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1000km
       Armament: 6*mg7.62mm 1000kg
TB-2, Junkers
       See {R-42}.
TB-2, Polikarpov
       Sesquiplane bomber. No production, because the {TB-3} was preferred.
       Type: TB-2
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1930  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 680hp BMW VI
       Speed: 216km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1200km
       Armament: 800kg
TB-3, Tupolev
       Angular mid-wing monoplane with fixed landing gear, a four-engined
       development of the {TB-1}. For some time, the USSR had the largest
       heavy bomber force in the world and the TB-3 was one of the most
       impressive heavy bombers. In WWII some were used as transports,
       but then the aircraft was completely obsolete; they were retired
       after 1942. 818 built.
       Type: TB-3
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1930  Crew: 8  Engines: 4 * 610kW AM-34
       Speed: 250km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 2000km
       Armament: 10*mg7.62mm
TB-4, Tupolev
       Six-engined bomber. Four engines were installed in the wings, and
       a tandem pair above the fuselage. The TB-4 was a development of
       the {TB-3}.
       Type: TB-4
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1933  Crew:   Engines: 6 * 620kW M-34
       Wing Span: 54m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 200km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*g20mm 10*mg 10000kg
TB-5, Grigorivich
       Monoplane bomber, designed by a detainee design bureau. The
       TB-5 had a fabric-covered metal structure. It was a shoulder-wing
       aircraft with twin tailfins. It was designed for two engines,
       but these later had to be replaced later by four less powerful
       engines in tandem, underwing nacelles. Performance was poor, and
       the TB-5 prototype was lost in a crash. No more were built.
       Type: TB-5
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1931  Crew: 6  Engines: 4 * 450hp Bristol Jupiter VI
       Wing Span: 31.00m  Length: 22.10m  Height: 5.80m
       Wing Area: 150.0m2
       Empty Weight: 7483kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 180km/h  Ceiling: 2600m  Range:
       Armament: 6*mg7.62mm
TB-6, Tupolev
       See {ANT-26}.
TB-7, Petlyakov
       See {Pe-8}.
TB-16, Tupolev
       Six-engined bomber, 1933. Did not enter production. 
Tereshchenko 7
       Two-seat reconaissance fighter. The Tereshchenko No 7 had side-by-
       side seating, was of wooden construction with fabric covering, and
       had slightly sweptback biplane wings. One built.
       Type: 7
       Function: reconaissance / fighter
       Year: 1916  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 100hp Gnome
       Wing Span: 8.00m  Length: 6.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 22.00m2
       Empty Weight: 500kg  Max.Weight: 860kg
       Speed: 140km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
Tikhonravov 302P
       The 302P was a straight-wing aircraft of conventional layout, but
       powered by a rocket engine in the tail and two ramjets beneath the
       wings. Only flown as a glider.
       Type: 302P
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 3100lb RD-1400
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
TIS, Polikarpov
       The TIS was a twin-engined heavy escort fighter. It was an advanced
       aircraft, but it was abandoned after the death of Polikarpov, when
       his design bureau was disbanded. 
       Type: TIS(A)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1400hp Mikulin AM-37
       Wing Span: 15.50m  Length: 11.70m  Height: 4.35m  Wing Area: 34.85m2
       Empty Weight: 6281kg  Max.Weight: 8968kg
       Speed: 535km/h  Ceiling: 10250m	Range: 1720km
       Armament: 10*mg7.62mm 2*g20mm
TK-1, Bolchovitinov
       Planned 'cruiser' development of the {DB-A} with three 20mm
       cannon and 5 machineguns. Not built. 
Torpedo, Olkhovksy
       Two-seat monoplane fighter with a wooden monococque fuselage, the
       first such aircraft built in Russia. One built.
       Type: Torpedo
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1917  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 110hp Le Rhone 9J
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:	Ceiling: 5000m	Range:
       Armament:
TS-1, Shcherbakov
       See {Shche-2}.
Ts-25, Tsybin 'Mist'
       Cargo glider, first observed in 1949.
TSh-1, Grigorovich
       Attack aircraft, derived from the {R-5}. It was extensively
       armoured, but this resulted in an overweight aircraft, and the
       engine overheated. It was abandoned in favour of the {TSh-2}.
       Type: TSh-1
       Function: attack
       Year: 1931  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 680hp M-17
       Wing Span: 15.5m  Length: 10.56m  Height:   Wing Area: 51.2m2
       Empty Weight: 2495kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 200km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 650km
       Armament: 12*mg7.62mm
TSh-2, Grigorovich
       Armoured ground-attack biplane, derived from the {TSh-1}, with
       new lower wing panels that made the internal installation of guns
       possible. Ten were built, but the project was already outdated. 
       Type: TSh-2
       Function: attack
       Year: 1931  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 680hp M-17
       Wing Span: 15.5m  Length: 10.56m  Height:   Wing Area: 51.2m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 213km/h  Ceiling: 4220m  Range: 650km
       Armament: 12*mg7.62mm
Tsibin
       See {LL}.
TsKB-1, Kotsjerigin
       See {LR}.
TsKB-3, Polikarpov
       See {I-15}.
TsKB-5, Grigorovich
       See {LSh}.
TsKB-6, Grigorovich
       See {TSh-1}.
TsKB-8, Grigorovich
       See {TB-5}.
TsKB-11, Kocherigin
       See {DI-6}.
TsKB-12, Polikarpov
       See {I-16}.
TsKB-15, Polikarpov
       First prototype of the {I-17}.
TsKB-16, Ilyushin
       Design for a flying wing bomber. Not built.
TsKB-19, Polikarpov
       See {I-17}.
TsKB-21, Grigorovich
       See {TSh-1}.
TsKB-23, Grigorovich
       See {ShON}.
TsKB-26, Ilyushin
       Original prototype of the {DB-3}. It had a wooden monocoque
       fuselage, Gnome-Rhone engines, an open cockpit, and no armament.
       Type: TsKB-26
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1935  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 765hp Gnome-Rhone 14K Mistral Major
       Wing Span: 21.40m  Length: 13.70m  Height:   Wing Area: 65.5m2
       Empty Weight: 4100kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 390km/h at 3250m  Ceiling: 10000m  Range: 4000km
TsKB-30, Ilyushin
       Prototype of the {DB-3}, derived from the {TsKB-26}, but with a
       metal fuselage, an internal bomb bay, and defensive armament.
       The prototype was used for some long-distance flights.
TsKB-32
       See Ilyushin {I-21}.
TsKB-33, Polikarpov
       Development of the {I-17} with evaporative cooling. Cancelled.
TsKB-34, Polikarpov
       Development of the {I-17} with a Hispano-Suiza engine. Cancelled.
TsKB-44, Polikarpov
       Close support aircraft, a twin-engined low-wing monoplane powered
       by two 716kW M-103 engines. It had a max speed of 450km/h. 1937,
       prototype only.
TsKB-55, Ilyushin
       See {BSh-2}.
TsKB-56, Ilyushin
       See {DB-4}. 
TsKB-57, Ilyushin
       Prototype of the single-seat version of the {Il-2}. It was
       derived from the {TsKB-55}. 
Tu-1, Tupolev
       The Tu-1 was a development of the {Tu-2}S light bomber. It was
       intended as an all-weather fighter, carrying a derivative of
       the German FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 radar in the nose. Like
       other nations, the USSR was already considering piston-engined
       fighters obsolete. One built.
       Type: Tu-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 3  Engines: 1950hp Mikulin AM-43V
       Wing Span: 18.86m  Length: 13.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 48.80m2
       Empty Weight:   Max. Weight: 14460kg
       Speed: 641km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2250km
       Armament: 4*g23mm
Tu-2, Tupolev 'Bat'
       A fast twin-engined bomber, built from 1942 to 1948. The Tu-2
       was the USSR's second important twin-engined bomber, and brought
       Tupolev back into favour after a period of detention. 2527 were
       built, of which about 1100 before the end of WWII. It also fought
       in the Korean war. 
       Type: Tu-2S
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1943  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 1850hp Shvetsov ASh-82FN
       Wing Span: 18.86m  Length: 13.80m  Height: 4.55m  Wing Area: 48.80m2
       Empty Weight: 7474kg  Max.Weight: 11360kg
       Speed: 550km/h  Ceiling: 10970m	Range: 2500km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 3*mg12.7mm b1500kg
Tu-4, Tupolev 'Bull'
       This was a copy of the Boeing {B-29} Superfortress. The US refused
       to deliver the B-29 to the USSR, but some made emergency landings
       on Soviet territories during attacks on Japan. The USSR, then not
       at war with Japan, confiscated them. The Tu-4 was not, as is often
       said, an exact copy of the B-29; changes were made to armament and
       construction, partly because of inability of the industry to produce
       some advanced parts and partly because the construction had to be
       adapted to metric measures. But the study of its technology was a
       big step forward. Over 420 were built. China acquired some,
       powered by AI-20 turboprop engines, and used them as AEW
       aircraft. 
       Type: Tu-4
       Function: Bomber
       Year: 1947  Crew:   Engines: 4 * 1790kW Shvetsov ASh-73TK
       Wing Span: 43.08m  Length: 30.19m  Height:   Wing Area: 161.70m2
       Empty Weight: 35270kg  Max.Weight: 66000kg
       Speed: 558km/h  Ceiling: 11200m  Range: 5100km
       Armament: 10*12.7mm, 20mm or 23mm. 8000kg
Tu-6, Tupolev
       Development of the {Tu-2} for high altitude reconaissance.
Tu-8, Tupolev
       Development of the {Tu-2}. 1946. 
Tu-10, Tupolev
       Post-WWII development of the {Tu-2}. About 50 were built, with
       1490kW AM-42 engines. 
Tu-12, Tupolev
       Twin-engined jet bomber, using the wing and tail of the {Tu-2},
       but with tricycle landing gear. Producton was limited to about 50.
       Type: Tu-12
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1947  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 2268kg R.R. Nene
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
Tu-14, Tupolev 'Bosun'
       The Tu-14 was an early jet bomber, built only in small numbers
       (about 100) because of the succes of the {Il-28}. Most went to
       the AV-MF. There were also reconnaissance and torpedo-bomber
       versions. 
       Type: Tu-14
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1947  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 2700kg Klimov VK-1
       Speed: 845km/h  Ceiling: 11200m	Range: 3010km
       Armament: 2*g23mm 3000kg
Tu-16, Tupolev 'Badger'
       A jet-engined medium bomber. The use of only two, but very powerful,
       engines was a surprise. The Tu-16 also featured moderate wing sweep,
       and landing gear which folds into streamlined pods on the wings.
       It was initially armed with free-fall bombs, but later models
       carried cruise missiles. The Tu-16 is also used for ECM and ELINT
       missions, and as tanker. Small numbers have been built in China
       as the H-6. 
       Type: Tu-16 Badger-G
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1954  Crew: 7  Engines: 2 * 9500kg Mikulin RD-3M
       Wing Span: 32.93m  Length: 36.25m  Height: 14.00m  Wing Area: 164.65m2
       Empty Weight: 37200kg  Max.Weight: 75800kg
       Speed: 992km/h  Ceiling: 12300m  Range: 7250km
       Armament: 7*g23mm 9000kg
Tu-20, Tupolev 'Bear'
       This was intended to be the official designation of the {Tu-95}
       "Bear". It became better known under its factory designation,
       and in the end this was officially adopted. 
Tu-22, Tupolev 'Blinder'
       Supersonic medium-range bomber, a swept-wing aircraft with two
       engines positioned as the base of the tailfin. Its limited range
       was its main disadvantage. About 250 were built. Some were
       exported to Lybia and Iraq. 
       Type: Tu-22
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1960  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 11800kg Dobrynin VD-7M
       Wing Span: 23.50m  Length: 42.60m  Height: 10m  Wing Area: 162m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 92000kg
       Speed: 1610km/h  Ceiling: 18300m  Range: 2200km
       Armament: 1*g23mm 12000kg
Tu-22M, Tupolev 'Backfire'
       In the past, this aircraft has also been described as the
       {Tu-26}, because it has virtually nothing in common with
       the {Tu-22} "Blinder". The Tu-22M is a big jet bomber with a
       variable geometry wing. It is used as cruisee missile carrier
       and naval patrol aircraft. Despite its size, Backfire has
       D-shaped or rectangular (C version) wing root intakes, just
       like a fighter. About 240 are now assumed to be in service.
       Upgrades are planned, because a replacement will probably not
       be available.
       Type: Tu-22M3 'Backfire-C'
       Function: bomber
       Year:   Crew: 4	Engines: 2 * 245.3kN Kuznetsov NK-25
       Wing Span: 34.28m / 23.30m  Length: 42.46m  Height:
       Wing Area: 183.58m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 126400kg
       Speed: 2000km/h	Ceiling: 13300m  Range: 12000km
       Armament: 1*g23mm 12000kg
Tu-24, Tupolev 'Moss'
       Possibly the service designation of the {Tu-126}.
Tu-26, Tupolev 'Backfire'
       This is the designation originally reported for the 'Backfire'
       bomber. During arms reduction talks, the US claimed that the
       Tu-26 was an all-new aircraft and a strategic bomber; the USSR
       said that the 'Backfire' was a development of the 'Blinder' and
       had no strategical capability. It is almost certain that 'Backfire'
       is an entirely new design, but lacks the range for a strategic
       role -- Tupolev now claims a radius of action of only 2200km.
       The USSR designated it {Tu-22M}, allegedly because this made it
       easier to get budgets approved. 
Tu-28, Tupolev 'Fiddler'
       This was the prototype of the {Tu-128}P.
Tu-70, Tupolev
       Passenger-carrying derivative of the {Tu-4}. 
Tu-72, Tupolev
       Project for a three-engine bomber. 
Tu-73, Tupolev
       Tactical bomber, flown in 1947. The {Il-28} was preferred. 
Tu-74, Tupolev
       Reconaissance version of the {Tu-73}. 
Tu-75, Tupolev
       Transport aircraft developed from the {Tu-70}. One built. The
       Tu-75 was armed (the Tu-70 was not) with three gun turrets. 
Tu-77, Tupolev
       Design bureau designation of the {Tu-12}.
Tu-80, Tupolev
       Heavy bomber, a much redesigned derivative of the {Tu-4}. With
       a longer fuselage a much bigger wing, it carried more fuel. A
       conventional stepped windscreen was fitted. Performance did
       not meet requirerements. No production.
       Type: Tu-80
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1949  Crew:   Engines: 4 * 1790kW ASh-73TKFN
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 650km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 8200km
       Armament: 10*g23mm
Tu-81, Tupolev
       Design bureau designation of the {Tu-14}.
Tu-82, Tupolev
       Swept-wing jet bomber. No production.
       Type: Tu-82
       Function: bomber
       Year:   Crew:   Engines:
       Speed: 934km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Tu-85, Tupolev 'Barge'
       Bomber, a scaled-up {Tu-80} with intercontinental range, able
       to carry five tons over 12000km. But production was undertaken,
       because jet fighters had made it obsolete. The swept-wing {Tu-95}
       was much more promising. The Tu-85 was the last Soviet bomber
       with reciprocating engines. Two were built, the second one with
       4500hp Shvetsov ASh-2K engines. 
       Type: Tu-85
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1951  Crew: 8  Engines: 4 * 4300hp Dobrynin VD-4K
       Wing Span: 56m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 107300kg
       Speed: 638km/h at 10000m Ceiling:   Range: 13000km
       Armament: 10*g23mm 18000kg
Tu-86, Tupolev
       Jet bomber project, a derivative of the {Tu-14} with a swept wing.
       Powered by TR-3 engines. Abandoned, because the {Tu-88} design was
       preferred.
Tu-88, Tupolev
       Prototype of the {Tu-16}.
Tu-91, Tupolev 'Boot'
       Naval attack bomber. The operational need for the Tu-91 disappeared
       after Stalin's death, when the ship-building programme was cut back
       and the carriers cancelled. The Tu-91 had a powerful turboprop in the
       mid fuselage behind the cockpit, with split exhausts behind the wing
       roots, driving a big three-bladed contra-rotating propeller on the
       nose. The Tu-91 had straight wings, but slightly swept tail surfaces. 
       Type: Tu-91
       Function: attack
       Year: 1955  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 7650hp TV-2M
       Wing Span: 16.4m  Length: 17.7m	Height: 5.06m  Wing Area: 47.48 m2
       Empty Weight: 12850kg  Max.Weight: 14400kg
       Speed: 800km/h  Ceiling: 11000m	Range: 2350km
       Armament: 1500kg
Tu-93, Tupolev
       Version of the {Tu-14} with more fuel-efficient VK-5E engines. 
Tu-95, Tupolev 'Bear'
       The Tu-95 is in many respects an unlikely aircraft. It is an
       heavy bomber with a slender fuselage, swept wings, and four
       extremely powerful turboprop engines driving contrarotating
       propellers. Originally an intercontinental bomber (Bear-A)
       armed with freefall nuclear bombs. The Tu-95K Bear-B carried
       the Kh-20 stand-off missile, and Tu-95KM Bear-C the Kh-20M.
       The Tu-95RT Bear-D was a maritile reconnaissance version,
       and the Tu-95MR Bear-E a reconnaissance aircraft. The
       Tu-95K-22 Bear-G was armed with the conventional K-22 anti-ship
       missile. The redesigned {Tu-142} (Bear-F and Bear-J) was a
       dedicated maritime patrol aircraft. The new airframe was
       also used by the Tu-95MS Bear-H cruise missile carrier. More
       than 30 years after its first appearance, the Tu-95 was still
       in production. 
       Type: Tu-95 Bear-A
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1955  Crew: 9  Engines: 4 * 12000hp Kuznetsov NK-12
       Wing Span: 50.04m  Length: 46.17m  Height:   Wing Area: 283.7m2
       Empty Weight: 73230kg  Max.Weight: 156080kg
       Speed: 890km/h  Ceiling: 11800m  Range: 12100km
       Armament: 10890kg 6*g23mm
       Type: Tu-95KM 'Bear-C'
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1961  Crew: 9  Engines: 4 * 14795hp Kuznetsov NK-12MV
       Wing Span: 50.04m  Length: 48.7m  Height:   Wing Area: 283.7m2
       Empty Weight: 79400kg  Max.Weight: 165150kg
       Speed: 860km/h  Ceiling: 11600m  Range: 
       Armament: 10700kg 6*g23mm
       Type: Tu-95MS Bear-H
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1979  Crew: 7  Engines: 4 * 14795hp Kuznetsov NK-12MP
       Wing Span: 50.04m  Length: 49.13m  Height:   Wing Area: 289.9m2
       Empty Weight: 81670kg  Max.Weight: 167880kg
       Speed: 830km/h  Ceiling: 10500m  Range: 
       Armament: 6*g23mm, six cruise missiles
Tu-96, Tupolev
       High-altitude bomber development of the {Tu-95}. Originally
       intended with 12500hp NK-16 engines, but NK-12M engines were
       installed instead in the prototype. It was made obsolete by
       the appearance of guided missiles. One built.
       Type: Tu-96
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1956  Crew: 8  Engines: 4 * 15000hp NK-12M
       Wing Span: 51.4m  Length: 46.2m  Height:   Wing Area: 345.5m2
       Empty Weight: 64310kg  Max.Weight: 312000kg
       Speed: 880km/h  Ceiling: 12400m  Range: 15000km
       Armament: 6*g23mm
Tu-98, Tupolev 'Backfin'
       Jet bomber. The Tu-98 was a swept-wing aircraft with engine
       intakes high on the forward fuselage, halfway the cockpit and
       the wing leading edges. There was no production, but from 1956
       to 1960 Western sources claimed that the aircraft was in service
       as the 'Yak-42'. The {Tu-102} and {Tu-128} were derived from it. 
       Type: Tu-98
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1955  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * Lyulka AL-7
       Speed: 1240km/h	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Tu-102, Tupolev 'Fiddler'
       Design bureau designation of the prototype of the {Tu-28}, the
       prototype of the {Tu-128}P. It was derived from the {Tu-98} bomber.
Tu-104, Tupolev 'Camel'
       Civil transport derivative of the {Tu-16} bomber, with a new
       fuselage. A small number was used by the VVS for training and
       personnel transport.
       Type: Tu-104B
       Function: transport
       Year: 1959  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 9700kg Mikulin AM-3M-500
       Wing Span: 34.54m  Length: 40.05m  Height: 11.90m  Wing Area: 183.50m2
       Empty Weight: 41600kg  Max.Weight: 76000kg
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Load: 
Tu-105, Tupolev 'Blinder'
       Designer's designation of the {Tu-22}.
Tu-107, Tupolev
       Experimental military transport version of the {Tu-104}.
Tu-110, Tupolev
       Four-engined development of the {Tu-104}. Only a prototype was
       built, that was used by the VVS after Aeroflot rejected the
       type. 
Tu-114, Tupolev 'Cleat'
       Airliner derivative of the {Tu-95}. It has a wider fuselage,
       positioned higher relative to the wing. 
Tu-116, Tupolev
       This was a minimal adaptation of the {Tu-95} bomber with a
       VIP interior. Two were built, intended for Krushev and Bulganin,
       but were never used by them. Instead, the Tu-116 was used by
       Tu-95 units to transport technical staff. 
Tu-119, Tupolev
       Project for a nuclear-powered bomber. One proposal was a
       derivative of the {Tu-95} with conventional NK-12 outboard
       engines and nuclear NK-14 inboard engines. A reactor was
       flown on a modified Tu-95, but did not contribute to the
       propulsion. 
Tu-124, Tupolev 'Cookpot'
       Jet airliner, a smaller derivative of the {Tu-104} with turbofan
       instead of turbojet engines. A small number was used by the
       military.
       Type: Tu-124
       Function: transport
       Year: 1962  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 5400kg Soloviev D-20P
       Wing Span: 35.55m  Length: 30.58m  Height: 8.08m  Wing Area: 119m2
       Empty Weight: 22500kg  Max.Weight: 38000kg
       Speed: 970km/h  Ceiling: 11700m  Range: 
       Load: 56 seats
Tu-126, Tupolev 'Moss'
       The {Tu-114}, a civil development of the {Tu-95} 'Bear' with a more
       capacious fuselage, was the basis for the first Soviet AWACS
       aircraft, the 'Moss'. A large rotating radar dish is carried on a
       pylon on top of the fuselage. Its (lack of) capability has been
       the subject of many contradictory assesments. Eight built between
       1965 and 1967. Carries two complete 12-man crews.
       Type: Tu-126
       Function: AWACS
       Year: 1968  Crew: 24  Engines: 4 * 14795hp Kuznetsov NK-12MV
       Wing Span: 51.4m  Length: 51.4m  Height: 15.5m  Wing Area: 311.1m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 155172kg
       Speed: 790km/h  Ceiling: 10700m	Range: 7000km
       Armament:
Tu-128P, Tupolev 'Fiddler'
       The Tu-28 is a development of the {Tu-98} bomber. It is probably
       the largest fighter ever built, and armed with outsized missiles.
       About 200 were built, to patrol to vast areas of Siberia, which
       are not protected by a SAM screen. It was retired in 1990.
       Type: Tu-28P
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1966  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 11000kg Lyulka AL-7F-4
       Wing Span: 17.50m  Length: 30.00m  Height:   Wing Area:
       Empty Weight:   Max. Weight: 43000kg
       Speed: 1900km/h	Ceiling: 18300m  Range: 3200km
       Armament:
Tu-134, Tupolev
       Jet airliner, a development of the {Tu-124} with two engines
       attached to the aft fuselage. Some are in military service
       to train to pilots of the {Tu-22M} or the {Tu-160}.
       Type: Tu-143A
       Function: transport
       Year: 1962  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 3090kg Soloviev D-30-II
       Wing Span: 29.00m  Length: 37.05m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 29050kg  Max.Weight: 47000kg
       Speed: 885km/h  Ceiling: 11890m  Range: 
       Load: 84 seats 
Tu-142, Tupolev 'Bear'
       The Tu-142 was a anti-submarine warfare development of the
       {Tu-95} 'Bear'. It had a new wing with a supercritical profile,
       a redesigned cockpit, a longer front fuselage, hydraullically
       boosted controls, and larger fuel tanks. The later developments
       of the Tu-95 adopted this new fuselage. The first Tu-142 batch
       had 12-wheel maingear bogies, because the AV-MF wanted to operate
       this enormous aircraft to operate from dirt strips, but later
       conventional four-wheel bogied were fitted. The Tu-142MR Bear-J
       is a communications relay aircraft, with a trailing antenna wire
       system for long-wave communications with submarines. 
       Type: Tu-142 'Bear-F'
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year:   Crew: 	Engines: 4 * 14795hp Kuznetsov NK-12MV
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 289.9m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*g23mm
Tu-160, Tupolev 'Blackjack'
       Variable geometry bomber, similar in appearance to the American
       Rockwell {B-1} but much bigger. A small number is operational, but
       production has been halted and it is reported that few are in
       operational condition. 
       Type: Tu-160 'Blackjack-A'
       Function: bomber
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 4 * 25015kg Samara Trud Nk-231
       Wing Span: 55.70m/35.60m  Length: 54.10m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 275000kg
       Speed: M1.88  Ceiling: 13715m  Range: 12000km
       Armament: 16330kg
Tu-200, Tupolev
       This appeared in Western journals as the designation of a
       Soviet six-engined bomber, equivalent to the {B-26}. It
       did not exist. Probably the basis of these rumours was
       provided by the designs 471 and 485 for a bomber with six
       ASh-473TK engines. 
Tu-245, Tupolev
       Factory designation for an upgraded version of the {Tu-22M}.
Tu-330, Tupolev
       High-wing jet-engined STOL transport, development of which began in
       1994. The goal is for a 103500kg aircraft, with a maximum payload
       of 35000kg. It is not clear what will be done with the design,
       after the {An-70} was selected as the future tactical transport of
       the Russian Air Force.
Tu-DB, Tupolev
       Long-range version of the {Tu-2}, powered by 1640kW AM-44TK
       engines. 
--U---------------------------------------------------------------------
U-1, Dudakov-Konstatinov
       From 1923 to 1931 the British {Avro 504}K was built in Leningrad.
       664 built.
U-2, Polikarpov
       Trainer biplane. The U-2 (Later it was renamed {Po-2}) was built
       from wood and fabric and had a rather mediocre performance. It
       flew first in 1928; when production ended over 33000 had built
       --- possibly close to 40000. The U-2 flew combat missions as 
       night attack aircraft during WWII and in Korea. It was so
       successful that the Germans began to use training aircraft in
       this role too. 
       Type: U-2
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1928  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 125hp M-11D
       Wing Span: 11.40m  Length: 8.70m  Height: 3.10m  Wing Area: 33.15m2
       Empty Weight: 770kg  Max.Weight: 1350kg
       Speed: 150km/h  Ceiling: 3000m  Range: 530km
       Armament: 1*mg7.62mm b250kg
U-22, Sukhoi
       Design bureau designation for the trainer version of the {Su-7}.
U-43, Sukhoi
       Design bureau designation for the trainer version of the {Su-9}.
U-58, Sukhoi
       Design bureau designation for the trainer version of the {Su-15}.
USB, Tupolev
       Training version of the {SB}, also known as SB-3.
UT-1, Yakovlev
       Acrobatic trainer, a single-engined low-wing monoplane. 1241 were
       built. In 1941 a few were used as light attack aircraft. 
       Type: UT-1
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1936  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 100hp M-11
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
UT-2, Yakovlev
       Two-seat monoplane trainer, a simple aircraft with fixed landing
       gear. 7243 were built, and they served until long after the war.
       Type: UT-2
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1937  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 150hp M-11E
       Wing Span: 10.20m  Length: 7.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.12m2
       Empty Weight: 6161kg  Max.Weight: 856kg
       Speed: 230km/h  Ceiling: 3500m  Range: 500km
UT-3, Yakovlev
       Three-seat crew trainer, powered by two 2120hp MV-6 engines.
       Only  about 30 were built.
UTB-2, Sukhoi
       The UTB-2 was a trainer derivative of the {Tu-2}. The UTB-2 was
       structurally similar, but because of the elimination of combat
       equipment it was much lighter, and this allowed the use of less
       powerful engines. The front fuselage was widened to make room
       for a trainee and instructor side-by-side.
       Type: UTB-2
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1946  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 522kW ASh-21
       Wing Span: 18.86m  Length: 13.99m  Height: 4.45m  Wing Area: 48.8m2
       Empty Weight: 5385kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 391km/h at 2100m  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 950km
       Armament: 1*mg12.7mm 200kg
UTI-1, Polikarpov
       Trainer version of the {I-5}. About 20 built.
UTI-4, Polikarpov
       Trainer version of the {I-16}.
UTI-26, Yakovlev
       Trainer version of the {Yak-1}. Renamed {Yak-7}V.
--V---------------------------------------------------------------------
V-50, Kamov
       Design for an attack helicopter with tandem rotors (rather than 
       the usual Kamov coaxial rotors). The V-50 was designed for a speed
       of 400km/h. Abandoned. 1969. 
V-60, Kamov
       Design for a light (3500kg) attack helicopter. Abandoned. 1980s. 
V-80, Kamov
       Design for a fighter helicopter, intended to combat other
       helicopters. Abandoned. 1971. Later the designation V-80 was
       reused for the design of the {Ka-50}. 
V-100, Kamov
       Design for a heavy attack helicopter. The V-100 design had rotors
       on the tips of a wing, and a pusher propeller to exceed the speed
       of 400km/h. Abandoned. 
Vb-109, Myasichew
       High-altitude bomber development of the {Pe-2}.
       Type: Vb-109
       Function: bomber
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 * 1850hp Klimov VK-108
       Speed: 710km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 4000kg
VI, Anatra
       The Anatra VI (Voisin Iwanov) was a development of the French
       Voisin {LAS} pusher biplane with minor changes. 1916. Over 150
       built.
VI-100, Petlyakov
       The VI-100 was an all-metal monoplane interceptor, designed to be
       equipped with a pressure cabin and turbo-superchargers, but these
       were not available when the prototype was built. The requirement
       for an high-altitude fighter was dropped, and the VI-100 was
       modified to become the PB-100, prototype of the famous {Pe-2}
       light bomber. 
       Type: VI-100
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1939  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1050hp Klimov M-105
       Wing Span: 17.16m  Length: 12.60m  Height:   Wing Area: 40.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 620km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1500km
       Armament: 4*g20mm 1*mg7.62mm
VIT-1, Polikarpov
       Anti-tank aircraft, developed from the {TsKB-44}. 1937.
VIT-2, Polikarpov
       Anti-tank aircraft. 1937.
VKh, Anatra
       The VKh used two Anatra {D} or {DS} fuselages, joined by a new wing.
       Two built.
       Type: VKh
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1917  Crew: 6  Engines: 2 * 140hp Salmson
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
VM-24, Myasichew
       Late 1940s design for a tactical jet bomber. Rejected. 
VM-T, Myasichew
       A rather unique modification of the {M-4} 'Bison' bomber to carry
       huge loads on its back. The tail unit has been replaced by one
       with twin, very big, rectangular fins. A typical photograph shows
       the VM-T carrying a pod with a cross-section twice that of its own
       fuselage! VM-T was built for the Buran space-shuttle programme
       and the Energia launcher.
VNP, Bratukhin
       See {B-10}.
VP(K), Polikarpov
       Design for a high-altitude interceptor. Abandoned after the death of
       Polikarpov in July 1944.
VT-2, Yakovlev
       Floatplane version of the {UT-2}.
VT-11, Polikarpov
       Prototypes of the {I-5}. VT means 'State Prison' and is indicative
       of the status that the designers had.
VT-12, Polikarpov
       See {VT-11}.
VT-13, Polikarpov
       See {VT-11}.
VVA-14, Bartini-Beriev
       The VVA-14 was an extraordinary ground-effect aircraft. It had a
       big fuselage and two enormous 'pods' connected to the fuselage by
       large aerofoil fairings, containing in all 12 lift jet engines for
       vertical take-off. Two engines were fitted to the forward fuselage
       would create an air cushion by blowing their exhaust in the narrow
       channels between fuselage and 'pods'. Two more engines were fitted
       on top of the fuselage, above a slender wing fitted well back.
       Three prototypes were built. It is believed that the lift engines
       were never fitted.
       Type: VVA-14
       Function: ASW
       Year: 1972  Crew:   Engines:  4 * Soloviev D-30N
				    12 * Koliesev RD36-35PR
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
--W---------------------------------------------------------------------
--X---------------------------------------------------------------------
--Y---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ya-10, Yakovlev
       Prototype of the {UT-2}.
Ya-20, Yakovlev
       See {UT-2}.
Ya-22, Yakovlev
       Twin-engined fighter and reconaissance aircraft. The Ya-22 had a
       high performance, and {I-29} fighter and {R-12} reconnaissance
       versions were proposed. It was insisted that the aircraft would
       be developed into a light bomber, the {Yak-4}, but this aircraft
       had lower performance because of the added armament.
       Type: Ya-22
       Function: Fighter / reconaissance
       Year: 1939  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 960hp Klimov M-103
       Wing Span: 14.00m  Length: 10.18m  Height: 3.30m  Wing Area: 29.40m2
       Empty Weight: 3796kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 567km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1050km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 1*mg7.62mm
Yak-1, Yakovlev
       The Yak-1 was the first of a line of small, nimble fighters,
       relatively primitive in many respects, but easy to build and
       maintain, and with fine performance and handling at low
       altitude. They were lightly armed and had low performance at
       higher altitude. The Yak-series was the most important Soviet
       fighter of WWII. 8721 Yak-1s were built.
       Type: Yak-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Klimov M-105PA
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 8.47m  Height: 1.70m	Wing Area: 17.15m2
       Empty Weight: 2410kg  Max.Weight: 2895kg
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 850km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm b200kg
Yak-2, Yakovlev
       Precursor of the {Yak-4} light bomber, 1940.
Yak-3, Yakovlev
       See {I-30}. This was not related to the later {Yak-3}, although both
       were derivatives of the {Yak-1}.
Yak-3, Yakovlev
       The Yak-3 was a lightweight interceptor development of the {Yak-1}.
       It was one of the lightest and nimblest fighters of WWII, with a
       maximum TO weight of only 2660kg. This resulted in a fighter that
       had some limitations, but excelled in fighter vs. fighter combat
       at low altitudes. The VK-107 engine originally planned was available
       too late for combat in WWII, and most had the old VK-105 engine.
       There was also an one-off model with a M-82 radial engine. 4848
       were built.
       Type: Yak-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1300hp Klimov VK-105PF-2
       Wing Span: 9.20m  Length: 8.49m	Height: 2.42m  Wing Area: 14.83m2
       Empty Weight: 2105kg  Max.Weight: 2550kg
       Speed: 655km/h  Ceiling: 10800m	Range: 900km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg12.7mm
Yak-4, Yakovlev
       Development of the {Ya-22}. The Yak-4 was a twin-engined,
       good-looking light bomber, but too vulnerable for ground-attack
       missions. The few built were later used for high-altitude
       reconnaissance. Total production of the Yak-4 and {Yak-2}
       combined was about 600.
       Type: Yak-4
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 783kW Klimov M-105R
       Wing Span: 14.00m  Length: 9.34m  Height:   Wing Area: 29.70m2
       Empty Weight: 4000kg  Max.Weight: 5200kg
       Speed: 545km/h  Ceiling: 9500m  Range: 1200km
       Armament: 2-3*mg7.62mm b800kg
Yak-5, Yakovlev
       The Yak-5 was developed in parallel with the {Yak-1} and
       looked very similar, but it was a dedicated high-altitude
       fighter. It had a mechanical two-stage supercharger, which
       was too troublesome. Therefore the Yak-5 did not enter
       production. Three built.
       Type: Yak-5
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1220hp Klimov M-105PD
       Wing Span: 9.20m  Length: 8.49m	Height: 2.42m  Wing Area: 14.83m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 650km/h  Ceiling: 12000m  Range: 460km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg7.62mm b200kg
Yak-6, Yakovlev
       Light transport, originally designed as a night bomber. The Yak-6
       was a wooden low-wing monoplane. It was used in a variety of
       transport and liaison roles, and could also fly combat missions
       as night bomber (also called {NBB}) or support aircraft. About
       1000 were built. 
       Type: Yak-6
       Function: transport
       Year: 1943  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 150hp M-11E
       Wing Span: 14.00m  Length: 10.35m  Height:   Wing Area: 29.60m2
       Empty Weight: 1433kg  Max.Weight: 2500kg
       Speed: 180km/h  Ceiling: 5000m  Range: 880km
       Armament: 1-2*mg7.62mm b500kg, or 6 seats, 500kg
Yak-7, Yakovlev
       The Yak-7V was developed as a trainer version of the {Yak-1}.
       A second cockpit was added aft of the original one, and wing
       span was increased. It was found that the extra space for the
       second cockpit could be used for fuel or armament too, and that
       the performance of the Yak-7 almost equalled that of the Yak-1.
       Thus the Yak-7 was again developed to a close support fighter.
       The two-seat version was also used in combat, for reconnaissance
       missions. 6399 built. There was also a single prototype with a
       M-82 radial engine, and an extensively redesigned fuselage to
       accomodate this. 
       Type: Yak-7B
       Function: fighter-bomber
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1210hp Klimov VK-105PF
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 8.47m  Height: 2.75m	Wing Area: 17.15m2
       Empty Weight: 2480kg  Max.Weight: 3030kg
       Speed: 613km/h  Ceiling: 10200m	Range: 825km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 1*g12.7mm b200kg
Yak-8, Yakovlev
       The Yak-8 was a slightly larger development of the {Yak-6}. 
       It did not enter production, because the desired uprated engines
       were not available. 
Yak-9, Yakovlev
       The definitive development of the {Yak-1} series. The Yak-9 was
       a development of the {Yak-7} with metal wing spars. It was built
       in long-range fighter, ground attack and trainer versions. The 
       Yak-9T carried a 37mm cannon, and the Yak-9B had an internal 
       bomb bay, despite its small size. From mid-1944 onwards the Yak-9 
       was the numerically most important Soviet fighter. During WWII 
       14579 were built; production continued until 1948 and totalled 
       16769. 
       Type: Yak-9D
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1360hp Klimov VK-105PF-3
       Wing Span: 9.74m  Length: 8.55m	Height: 3.00m  Wing Area: 17.15m2
       Empty Weight: 2770kg  Max.Weight: 3080kg
       Speed: 602km/h  Ceiling: 10600m	Range: 1410km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 1*mg12.7mm
Yak-10, Yakovlev
       Liaison aircraft, a single-engined high-wing monoplane. About 40
       were built. 1944.
Yak-11, Yakovlev 'Moose'
       Trainer, developed from the {Yak-3} fighter but fitted with metal
       wings, a radial engine, and an elongated cockpit. It was widely
       used as intermediate trainer. 
       Type: Yak-11
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1946  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 700hp Shvetsov ASh-21
       Wing Span: 9.4m  Length: 8.5m  Height: 3.2m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 1831kg  Max.Weight: 2475kg
       Speed: 225kts  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*mg12.7mm 100kg
Yak-12, Yakovlev 'Creek'
       Small high-wing liaison aircraft. Large numbers were built,
       including production in Poland and China. 
       Type: Yak-12M
       Function: liaison
       Year: 1946  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 175kW Ivchenko AI-14R
       Speed: 180km/h  Ceiling: 4160m  Range: 760km
       Load: 3 seats, 300kg
Yak-13, Yakovlev
       Probably an internal design bureau designation. It was a low-wing
       liaison aircraft, built for comparison with the {Yak-10}. It did
       not enter production. 1945.
Yak-14, Yakovlev
       Internal bureau designation of the {Yak-10}? 
Yak-14, Yakovlev 'Mare'
       Transport glider, 1948.
Yak-15, Yakovlev 'Feather'
       The Yak-15 used the fuselage and wings of the {Yak-3} fighter, but
       was powered by a jet engine, which was installed in the nose with
       the exhaust under the wing. In this way the pilots had an easy
       introduction to jet engines. The engine itself was a copy of the
       German Jumo 004. About 280 built.
       Type: Yak-15
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 910kg RD-10
       Wing Span: 9.20m  Length: 8.70m  Height: 2.27m  Wing Area: 14.85m2
       Empty Weight: 2350kg  Max.Weight: 2635kg
       Speed: 786km/h  Ceiling: 12500m	Range: 600km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
Yak-16, Yakovlev
       Small civil transport aircraft, built in limited numbers. The
       military used some as trainers and liaison aircraft.
       Type: Yak-16
       Function: transport
       Year: 1948  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 750hp Shvetsov ASh-21
       Speed: 290km/h  Ceiling: 5000m  Range: 1000km
       Load: 10 seats
Yak-17, Yakovlev 'Feather' / 'Magnet'
       Development of the {Yak-15}. The Yak-17 had nosewheel landing gear,
       which was only partially retractable because most of the nose was
       occupied by the engine. It also had wingtip tanks. Around 430
       were built.
       Type: Yak-17
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1000kg RD-10A
       Wing Span: 9.20m  Length: 8.78m  Height:   Wing Area: 14.85m2
       Empty Weight: 2430kg  Max.Weight: 3323kg
       Speed: 750km/h  Ceiling: 13000m	Range: 740km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
Yak-18, Yakovlev 'Max'
       Trainer, a development of the {UT-2} with retractrable landing
       gear and enclosed cockpit. Some 3500 must be still in service
       in various countries; over 9000 were built. 
       Type: Yak-18A
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1946  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 200hp Ivchenko AI-14R
       Wing Span: 10.30m  Length: 8.07m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 263km/h  Ceiling: 5060m  Range: 710km
Yak-19, Yakovlev
       The Yak-19 was a jet fighter with a straight laminar-flow wing.
       It was the first Soviet fighter to fly with an afterburner. The
       Yak-19 was abandoned in favour of aircraft with more powerful
       engines. Two built.
       Type: Yak-19
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1100kg RD-10F
       Wing Span: 8.70m  Length: 8.36m  Height:   Wing Area: 13.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2192kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 907km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 550km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
Yak-21, Yakovlev 'Feather'
       Two-seat conversion trainer version of the {Yak-15}. 
Yak-23, Yakovlev 'Flora'
       This was a straightforward extrapolation of the {Yak-15} and
       {Yak-17} series, but with a wing similar to that of the {Yak-19}.
       The 'Flora' could claim little technological advance, but its
       handling was highly praised and climb was excellent. The more
       advanced {MiG-15} entered service at the same time. Therefore
       the Yak-23 was mainly built for export, also licence-production
       in the Eastern Block. 
       Type: Yak-23
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1600kg Tumansky RD-500
       Wing Span: 8.73m  Length: 8.13m  Height: 3.31m  Wing Area: 13.50m2
       Empty Weight: 1980kg  Max.Weight: 3384kg
       Speed: 975km/h  Ceiling: 14800m	Range: 1400km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
Yak-24, Yakovlev 'Horse'
       Yakovlev's only production helicopter, a tandem-rotor design beset
       with technical problems. Around 100 were built.
       Type: Yak-24
       Function: transport
       Year: 1952  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 1270kW Shvetsov ASh-82V
       Rotor Span: 20.00m  Length:   Height:   Disc Area: 314.15m2
       Empty Weight: 10670kg  Max.Weight: 14270kg
       Speed: 175km/h  Ceiling: 4200m  Range: 265km
       Load: 24 seats, 4000kg
Yak-25, Yakovlev
       Single-seat jet fighter, a derivative of the {Yak-19}. It also had
       a straight laminar-flow wing, but the cross-section was different,
       with a thickness of 9% instead of 12%. The tail surfaces were swept
       back. Two were built.
       Type: Yak-25
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1947  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1625kg R.R. Derwent
       Wing Span: 8.88m  Length: 8.65m  Height:   Wing Area: 14.00m2
       Empty Weight: 2285kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 972km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1445km
       Armament: 3*g23mm
Yak-25, Yakovlev 'Flashlight' 'Mangrove' 'Mandrake'
       The second Yak-25 was a two-seat all-wheater interceptor, a
       swept-wing aircraft with engines under the wing. The Yak-25
       carried fuel for 2.5hr patrols, and was equipped with a large
       radar weighing 500kg. There was also a tactical reconaissance
       version (Yak-125) and a bomber version (Yak-26), but these did not 
       enter production. The Yak-25RV 'Mandrake' high altitude
       reconaissance aircraft, with its wing span of 23.4m, was more
       successful: 165 were built, including two unmanned versions.
       The production of the fighter ended after 480 aircraft. 
       Type: Yak-25F
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1955  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 2630kg Tumansky RD-9
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 15.67m  Height: 4.32m  Wing Area: 28.94m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1090km/h  Ceiling: 13900m  Range: 2730km
       Armament: 2*g37mm
       Type: Yak-25RV
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1959  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 3900kg R-11B-300
       Speed: 850km/h  Ceiling: 20500m	Range: 3500km
Yak-26, Yakovlev
       Tactical bomber developed from the {Yak-25}. Nine built.
Yak-27, Yakovlev 'Flashlight' / 'Mangrove'
       The Yak-27 was an all-weather fighter, derived from the {Yak-25}
       via the {Yak-26} light bomber. It looked very similar to the
       Yak-25, but had a pointed nose radome instead of the blunt one
       of the Yak-25. It never became operational. The 'Mangrove' Yak-27R
       reconnaissance version was more successful, and about 180 were
       built. This version had a glazed nose which replaced the radar.
       There was also a Yak-27V with an auxiliary rocket engine. 
       Type: Yak-27R 'Mangrove'
       Function:
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines: 2 * RD-9AF
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1285km/h	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Yak-28, Yakovlev 'Brewer' / 'Maestro' / 'Firebar'
       The Yak-28 is a streamlined, swept-wing aircraft with large
       engine nacelles under the wing. It is not a derivative of the
       {Yak-25} and {Yak-27}, but a new design, although it has the
       same configuration. The 'Brewer' was a bomber, the 'Firebar'
       a fighter, and the 'Maestro' a trainer. Some remained in
       service until recently, mainly as electronic warfare aircraft. 
       Type: Yak-28I 'Brewer-C'
       Function: ECM aircraft
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines: 2 * 5750kg Tumansky R-11AF-300
       Speed: 1900km/h	Ceiling: 16200m  Range: 2630km
       Armament: 1*g23mm 3000kg
       Type: Yak-28PM
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1967  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 58.35kN Tumansky R-11AF-2-300
       Wing Span: 11.64m  Length: 20.65m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1890km/h  Ceiling: 16000m  Range: 2630km
       Armament:
Yak-30, Yakovlev
       Development of the {Yak-25} single-seat fighter. The Yak-30 had
       swept wings. It competed with the {MiG-15}. Due to the succes of
       the latter it didn't enter production. Two built.
       Type: Yak-30
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1948  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1590kg RD-500
       Wing Span: 8.65m  Length: 8.58m  Height:   Wing Area: 15.10m2
       Empty Weight: 2415kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1025km/h	Ceiling: 15000m  Range: 1500km
       Armament: 3*mg23mm
Yak-30, Yakovlev
       Two-seat jet trainer. The USSR decided to buy the Czech {L-29}.
       Type: Yak-30
       Function: trainer
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines: 1 * 900kg RU-19
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Yak-32, Yakovlev
       Single-seat development of the {Yak-30} trainer.
Yak-36, Yakovlev 'Freehand'
       Experimental VTOL fighter. Six built. The Yak-36 had a large split
       nose intake, with the engines fitted in the front fuselage, and the
       two rotating nozzles below the wings. In hover it was controlled
       by small 'puffer' nozzles at the wingtips, tail and in the enormous
       nose probe.
       Type: Yak-36
       Function: experimental fighter
       Year: 1963  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 6350kg R-27-300
       Speed: 1009km/h	Ceiling: 12000m  Range: 370km
       Armament: 1*g23mm
Yak-36M, Yakovlev 'Forger'
       Prototypes and pre-series version of the {Yak-38}.
Yak-38, Yakovlev 'Forger'
       VTOL fighter-bomber, employed on the small aircraft carriers of
       the Kiev-class. Formerly identified as the {Yak-36M}P. The Yak-38
       uses a main engine with two aft rotating nozzles and a set of small
       lift engines. It is of limited usefulness, with a high accident
       rate. 231 built.
       Type: Yak-38M
       Function: fighter-bomber
       Year: 1975  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 6940kg R-27V-300
				     2 * 3250kg RD-38
       Wing Span: 7.32m  Length: 15.50m  Height: 4.37m  Wing Area: 18.50m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 11700kg
       Speed: 1010km/h  Ceiling: 15250m  Range:
       Armament: 3600kg 
Yak-41, Yakovlev 'Freestyle'
       The Yak-41 is the world's first supersonic VTOL fighter.
       It operates with lift engines in the forward fuselage and
       a vectoring nozzle on the main engine, placed well forward,
       between twin tail booms. The Yak-41 seems to be more a
       technology demonstrator than an actual fighter aircraft, and
       the need to use afterburner for take-off is a distinct problem.
       Development is continuing, after being halted temporarily.
       Type: Yak-41
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1989  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 15500kg Soyuz R-79V-300
				     2 *  4100kg Rybinsk RD-41
       Wing Span: 10.10m  Length: 18.30m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 19500kg
       Speed: 1800km/h	Ceiling: +15000m  Range: 2100km
       Armament: 1*g30mm 2600kg
Yak-44, Yakovlev
       Carrier-borne AEW aircraft, developed for the Soviet Navy. The
       Yak-44 is a twin-turboprop engined aircraft similar to the US
       {E-2} Hawkeye. The official requirement was abandoned in 1993.
Yak-50, Yakovlev
       This was a limited all-wheater development of the {Yak-30}.
       It adopted a tandem-wheel undercarriage, and magnesium alloys
       were used to reduce the weight. The Yak-50 was fast, but handling
       was unsatisfactory, especially during landing. Three built.
       Type: Yak-50
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1949  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2700kg Klimov VK-1
       Wing Span: 7.98m  Length: 11.20m  Height:   Wing Area: 16.00m2
       Empty Weight: 3125kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1170km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1100km
       Armament: 2*g23mm
Yak-52, Yakovlev
       Development of the {Yak-18}.
Yak-120, Yakovlev
       Design bureau designation of the {Yak-25}.
Yak-125, Yakovlev
       Tactical reconnaissance version of the {Yak-25}. 
Yak-130, Yakovlev
       Two-seat jet trainer, developed by Yakovlev in cooperation
       with Aermacchi. The Yak-130 has a compound-delta wing with
       leading-edge extensions and winglets, underwing jet intakes,
       and fly-by-wire controls. It is obviously designed to emulate
       the characteristics of a modern fighter. It flew first in April
       1996. Ten have been ordered.
       Type: Yak-130
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1995  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 21.57kN Progress RD-35M
       Wing Span: 10.42m  Length: 11.30m  Height: 4.72m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1000km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2000km
       Armament:
Yak-131, Yakovlev
       Light fighter version of the {Yak-130}.
Yak-140, Yakovlev
       Lightweight jet fighter, a sweptwing aircraft with a nose intake
       and tandem landing gear. The Yak-140 design with the new AM-11
       engine had a very good trust-to-weight ratio. But all that was
       built was a single prototype with an AM-9D engine and this was
       never flown. Obviously the {MiG-21} was preferred. 
       Type: Yak-140
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * AM-11
       Wing Span: 8.00m  Length: 12.95m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 1360km/h  Ceiling: 16800m  Range: 1900km
       Armament: 3*g30mm 
Yak-141, Yakovlev 'Freestyle'
       Prototype of the {Yak-41}, as modified for record attempts.
Yak-1000, Yakovlev
       The Yak-1000 was a high-speed research aircraft. It was the smallest
       aircraft that could be buit around the powerful AL-5 engine, with
       a tubular fuselage, a circular nose intake, short-span cropped-delta
       wings, and bicycle landing gear. The outcome of high-speed taxying
       trials was such that it was not attempted to fly the Yak-1000.
Yak-RD, Yakovlev
       The Yak-RD was externally very similar to the {Yak-15}, but it was
       a new design, with a modified wing profile, tail and landing gear.
       But the {Yak-15} was preferred, because it had more in common with
       the {Yak-3}. 
Ye-?, Mikoyan-Gurevich.
       A 1956 Tushino photograph shows a twin-engined tailed-delta aircraft
       with an oval nose intake, probably a MiG design.
Ye-1, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Single-seat jet fighter design. When the more powerful AM-9 engine
       replaced the AM-5 in the design stage, the type was renamed {Ye-2}.
Ye-2, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Faceplate'
       Single-seat jet fighter. The fuselage was very similar to that of
       the early {MiG-21}, but the Ye-2 had a swept wing instead of a delta.
       NATO thought that this aircraft was in service as the MiG-21 and
       assigned the codename 'Faceplate'. Actually it was the delta-winged
       {Ye-5} that entered production as the MiG-21. Two built, the second
       one with the 5100kgp Tumansky AM-11 engine. 
       Type: Ye-2
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1955  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 3250kg AM-9B
       Wing Span: 8.11m  Length: 13.23m  Height:   Wing Area: 21.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4340kg  Max.Weight: 6250kg
       Speed: 1900km/h  Ceiling: 18000m  Range: 2000km
       Armament: 2*g30mm
Ye-4, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Tailed-delta fighter prototype. Performance was about equal
       to the {Ye-2} which was very similar but had a plain swept
       wing. Another prototype was ordered, the {Ye-5}, from which
       the production {MiG-21} was derived. The Ye-4 was powered by
       an AM-9 engine. 1955.
Ye-5, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Development of the {Ye-4} with the more powerful AM-11 engine,
       built in parallel with the second (and similarly powered) Ye-2.
       1956. Development continued as the {Ye-6}.
Ye-6, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Pre-series version of the early {MiG-21}, development of the
       {Ye-5}. Some were fited, in the same way as some {Ye-152}s, with
       small canard foreplanes. 
Ye-7, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Prototype of the {MiG-21}PF series.
Ye-8, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Experimental fighter. The Ye-8 was a single-seat, single-engined
       aircraft with a delta wing and tail surfaces similar to that of
       the {MiG-21}, but also with canard foreplanes. The fuselage was
       similar to that of the {X-31} or {Eurofighter 2000}, with a
       rectangular variable geometry intake under the front fuselage,
       ahead of the wing roots. Two built.
       Type: Ye-8
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1962  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 15900lb Metskhvarisvili R-21
       Wing Span: 7.15m  Length: 14.90m  Height:   Wing Area: 23.13m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 8200kg
       Speed: 2230km/h  Ceiling: 20000m  Range:
       Armament:
Ye-9, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Prototype of the {MiG-21}PFMA.
Ye-23DPD, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Faithless'
       STOL fighter of tailed delta configuration, fitted with two
       lift engines in the forward fuselage. The variable geometry concept
       of the {Ye-23IG} was preferred.
       Type: Ye-23DPD
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1966  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 10000kg Lyulka AL-7F
				     2 * 2000kg Koliesov RD-35-36
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Ye-23IG, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Prototype of the {MiG-23}.
Ye-26, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Prototype of the {MiG-25}.
Ye-50, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       The Ye-50 was a version of the {Ye-2} 'Faceplate' fitted with a
       small jet engine and a rocket engine at the base of the tailfin.
       It was intended as a point defence interceptor. Top speed was
       Mach 2.3, and the Ye-50 may have been considered as a possible
       Lockheed {U-2} interceptor. After three prototypes, a production
       batch of 50 was ordered, but these were not built because the
       rocket engines were unavailable.
       Type: Ye-50/1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1956  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 3800kg Tumansky AM-9Ye
                                     1 * 1300kg Dushkin S-155
       Wing Span: 8.11m  Length: 13.62m  Height:   Wing Area: 21.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 2460km/h  Ceiling: 23000m  Range: 450km
       Armament: 
Ye-150, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Flipper'
       Technology demonstrator for an all-weather interceptor. The Ye-150
       was a tailed delta, optimized for the short-range interceptor role,
       possibly as an {U-2} interceptor. One built. The operational version
       would have been the {Ye-152}. The Ye-150 was also intended to test
       the Tumansky R-15 engine. 
       Type: Ye-150
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1958  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 10150kg Tumansky R-15-300
       Speed: 2816km/h	Ceiling:   Range: 1500km
       Armament:
Ye-152, Mikoyan-Gurevich 'Flipper'
       The Ye-152 was an operational interceptor development of the
       {Ye-150}. The first Ye-152A had two R-11 engines because the
       large R-15 was still in development, and in consequence it flew
       before the Ye-150 it was derived from. The Ye-152/1 and Ye-152/2,
       which were powered by a single R-13, flew later. The Ye-152 was
       seen in Tushino in 1961, hence the assignment of a NATO code
       name, but it never entered service. Mikoyan chose to concentrate
       on the development of the {Ye-155} ({MiG-25}). 
       Type: Ye-152A
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1959  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 5740kg Tumansky R-11F-300
       Wing Span: 8.49m  Length: 19.00m  Height:   Wing Area: 34.02m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 13960kg
       Speed: 2500km/h  Ceiling: 19800m  Range: 2300km
       Armament:
       Type: Ye-152/2
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1961  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 10210kg R-15-300
       Wing Span: 8.79m  Length: 19.66m  Height:   Wing Area: 42.02m
       Empty Weight: 10900kg  Max.Weight: 14350kg
       Speed: 2510km/h  Ceiling: 22670m  Range: 1470km
       Armament: 
Ye-155, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       Prototype of the {MiG-25}. 
Ye-166, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {E-166}.
Ye-266, Mikoyan-Gurevich
       See {Ye-155}.
Yer-2, Yermolayev
       This almost unknown bomber took part in some nocturnal attacks
       on Berlin. It originated as a derivative of the STAL-7 transport
       designed by Bartini. The Yer-2 was a gull-winged aircraft, with the
       engines and landing gear nacelles fitted at the crank in the wing;
       it had twin tailfins. Around 320 were built. Sukhoi modified
       three into VIP transports, with a nine-passenger cabin. 
       Type: Yer-2
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1941  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 1100hp Klimov M-105
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 6500kg  Max.Weight: 11920kg
       Speed: 500km/h  Ceiling: 7700m  Range: 4100km
       Armament: 1*mg12.7mm 2*mg7.62mm b1000kg
Yer-4, Yermolayev
       Development of the {Yer-2} with ACh-30BF diesel engines. One
       built
--Z---------------------------------------------------------------------
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